Name: ________________________________________________ Date: _____________________ Period: __________
Introduction to Covalent Bonding
Review: Ionic Bonding - Transferring Electrons

An ________________________________ is an _______________________ attraction between
_____________________________ charged and ________________________ charged ions in an
_______________________________________.

Occurs between ______________________________________ and
_______________________________________ on the periodic table.
Covalent Bonds – Sharing Electrons

A __________________________ bond is a chemical bond formed when atoms _______________
electrons.

Elements that are ______________________ together on the periodic table are
________________________ to __________________ electrons than to __________________ electrons.

Recall: _________________________________________________
o In forming bonds, electron _______________________ usually occurs so that atoms
attain the _________________________________________ of _______________________________.

We call compounds that are formed by sharing electrons (covalent bonds)
________________________________________________.
Covalent Carbon Compounds

Covalent Carbon Compounds are really important in living things!
o Include cell molecules such as _____________________________________________________.
o These are called ___________________ compounds.
Properties of Covalent Compounds

Consist of ____________________ or more _____________________________.

Can be __________________________, ______________________, or _________________________ at room
temperature.

Usually have lower melting and boiling points than ionic compounds.

Most solutions __________________ conduct electricity.
Sharing Electrons

A __________________________________ represents the covalent bonds by
__________________________________ showing the arrangement of covalently bonded atoms.

Draw the picture:

A _________________________ is the sharing of ______________ pair of electrons between
atoms.

A ________________________ is the sharing of __________________ pairs of electrons.

A _________________________ is the sharing of ________________ pairs of electrons.

__________________________ are stronger than single or double bonds.

Double bonds are ___________________________ than single bonds and ______________ than
triple bonds.
Diatomic Elements

There are ________________________ elements that are diatomic molecules (meaning,
they consist of _______________________).

List the diatomic elements:
Coordinate Covalent Bond

A coordinate covalent bond is when _____________ atom contributes ________________ of
the bonding electrons.

Once formed, it is like any other covalent bond.
Polyatomic Ions

A polyatomic ion consists of atoms joined by covalent bonds that act as a unit, but
have _____________________________________________________ that allow it to bond
__________________.

Therefore, these ions have both __________________________________________________.

Examples of polyatomic ions:
Exceptions to the Octet Rule

The octet rule cannot be satisfied in molecules whose total number of electrons is an
______________ number. These are also molecules in which an atom has fewer, or more,
than a complete octet of valence electrons. (For example: _____________ or _____________)

A few atoms, even expand the octet rule (especially phosphorus and sulfur) to
_____________________________________________.
Bond Dissociation Energy

The amount of energy required to break two covalently bonded atoms.

A _______________________ dissociation energy corresponds to a _________________ bond.
Characteristics of Ionic and Covalent Compounds
Characteristic
Representative Unit
Bond Formation
Types of Elements
Physical State
Melting Point
Solubility of Water
Electrical Conductivity of
Aqueous Solution
Ionic Compound
Covalent Compound