Appendix 1. List of studies used for meta-analysis
1. Brenes-Arguedas, T., Coley, P.D. & Kursar, T.A. 2008. Divergence and diversity in
the defensive ecology of Inga at two Neotropical sites. Journal of Ecology 96: 127–
135.
2. Coley,P.D., Lokvam, J., Rudolph, K., Bromberg, K., Sackett, T.E., Wright, L.,
Brenes-Arguedas, T., Dvorett, D., Ring, S., Clark, A., Baptiste, C., Pennington, T.
& Kursar, T.S. 2005. Divergent defensive strategies of young leaves in two species
of Inga. Ecology 86: 2633–2643.
3. Del Val, E. & Dirzo, R. 2003. Does ontogeny cause changes in the defensive
strategies of the myrmecophyte Cecropia peltata? Plant Ecology 169: 35–41.
4. Dodson, C.D., Dyer, L.A., Searcy, J., Wright, Z. & Letourneau, D.K. 2000.
Cenocladamide, a dihydropyridone alkaloid from Piper cenocladum.
Phytochemistry 53: 51-54.
5. Dyer, L.A., Dodson, C.D., Beihoffer, J. & Letourneau, D.K.. 2001. Trade-offs in
antiherbivore defenses in Piper cenocladum: ant mutualists versus plant secondary
metabolites. Journal of Chemical Ecology 27: 581-592.
6. Dyer, L.A, Letourneau, D.K., Dodson, C.D., Tobler, M.A., Stireman III, J.O. & Hsu,
A. 2004. Ecological causes and consequences of variation in defensive chemistry of
a neotropical shrub. Ecology 85: 2795–2803.
7. Eck, G., Fiala, B., Linsenmair, K.E., Hashim, R.B. & Proksch, P. 2001. Trade-off
between chemical and biotic antiherbivore defense in the South East Asian plant
genus Macaranga. Journal of Chemical Ecology 27: 1979-1996.
8. Federle, W., Maschwitz, U., Fiala, B., Riederer, M. & Hölldobler, B. 1997. Slippery
ant-plants and skilful climbers: selection and protection of specific ant partners by
epicuticular wax blooms in Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae). Oecologia 112: 217–224.
9. Fincher, R.M., Dyer, L.A., Dodson, C.D., Richards, J. L., Tobler, M.A., Searcy, J.,
Mather, J.E., Reid, A.J., Rolig, J.S. & Pidcock, W. 2008. Inter- and intraspecific
comparisons of antiherbivore defenses in three species of rainforest understory
shrubs. Journal of Chemical Ecology 34: 558–574.
10. Folgarait, P.J. & Davidson, D.W. 1994. Antiherbivore defenses of myrmecophytic
Cecropia under different light regimes. Oikos 71: 305-320.
11. Heil, M., Fiala, B., Linsenmair, K.D. & Boller, T. 1999. Reduced chitinase activities
in ant plants of the genus Macaranga . Naturwissenschaften 86: 146–149.
12. Heil, M., Delsinne, T., Hilpert, A., Schürkens, S., Andary, C., Linsenmair, K.E.,
Sousa S., M. & McKey, D. 2002. Reduced chemical defence in ant-plants? A
critical re-evaluation of a widely accepted hypothesis. Oikos 99: 457–468.
13. Katayama, N. & Suzuki, N. 2011. Anti-herbivory defense of two Vicia species with
and without extrafloral nectaries. Plant Ecology 212:743–752.
14. Korndörfer, A.P. & Del-Claro, K. 2006. Ant defense versus induced defense in
Lafoensia pacari (Lythraceae), a myrmecophilous tree of the Brazilian Cerrado.
Biotropica 38: 786–788.
15. Letourneau, D.K. & Barbosa, P. 1999. Ants, stem borers, and pubescence in
Endospermum in Papua New Guinea. Biotropica 31: 295-302.
16. Madden, D. & Young, T.P. 1992. Symbiotic ants as an alternative defense against
giraffe herbivory in spinescent Acacia drepanolobium. Oecologia 91: 235-238.
17. Moraes, S.C. & Vasconcelos, H.L. 2009. Long-term persistence of a Neotropical
ant-plant population in the absence of obligate plant-ants. Ecology 90: 2375–2383.
18. Nomura, M., Itioka, T. & Itino, T. 2000.Variations in abiotic defense within
myrmecophytic and non-myrmecophytic species of Macaranga in a Bornean
dipterocarp forest. Ecological Research 15: 1-11.
19. Piovia-Scott, J. 2011. Plant phenotype influences the effect of ant mutualists on a
polymorphic mangrove. Journal of Ecology 99: 327–334.
20. Rehr, S.S., Feeny, P.P & Janzen, D.H. 1973. Chemical defence in Central American
non-ant-acacias. Journal of Animal Ecology 42: 405-416.
21. Rudgers, J.A., Strauss, S.Y. & Wendel, J.F. 2004. Trade-offs among anti-herbivore
resistance traits: insights from Gossypieae (Malvaceae). American Journal of
Botany 91: 871–880.
22. Steward, J.L. & Keeler, K.H. 1988. Are there trade-offs among antiherbivore
defenses in Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae)? Oikos 53: 79-86.
23. Turner, I.M. 1995. Defences and habitat adversity of three woody plant
communities in Singapore. Functional Ecology 9: 279-284.
24. Ward, D. & Young, T.P. 2002. Effects of large mammalian herbivores and ant
symbionts on condensed tannins of Acacia drepanolobium in Kenya. Journal of
Chemical Ecology 28: 921-937.
25. Waterman, P.G., Ross, J.A.M. & McKey, D.B. 1984. Factors affecting levels of
some phenolic compounds, digestibility, and nitrogen content of the mature leaves
of Barteria fistulosa (Passifloraceae). Journal of Chemical Ecology 10: 387-401.