Gingival swelling could be caused by...
Edema due to inflammation
Intake of anti-epileptic medications
Monocytic leukemic cell infiltration
All of the above
None of the above
A decrease in organ size (atrophy) may be a result of each of the following,
EXCEPT...
lack of innervation
reduction of blood supply
aging
hypoplasia
reduction of hormonal stimulation
Dystrophic calcification is....
associated with an elevated serum calcium level
commonly observed in the lungs, stomach and small intestine
frequently associated with renal impairment
generally seen in foci of degeneration and necrosis
observed in tissues which normally secrete acid
The presence of squamous epithelium in the lower trachea of a 42-year-old
female with a history of smoking is called.....
Dysplasia
Aplasia
Anaplasia
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
In apoptosis, the caspase serves to.....
crosslink the proteins
dissolve the cytoskeleton
puncture the cell membrane
recognize a virally-infected cell
tear up the DNA at every 110 base pairs
During autolysis, loss of cellular basophilia is due to...
An increase in glycogen
A decrease in glycogen
A decrease in nucleoproteins
An increase in nucleoproteins
An increase in water
A 27-year-old man has multiple, irregular lightly pigmented 1 to 5 cm macular
(flat) skin lesions scattered on the skin of his trunk and extremities. He also has
multiple firm, non-tender 0.5 to 1 cm dermal nodules. He has scoliosis. He
develops an astrocytoma of the left parietal lobe. No other family members are
similarly affected. Which of the following is the most likely genetic basis for his
condition?
Heterozygous LDL receptor mutation
Germ line mutation in FBN-1 gene
Spontaneous new NF-1 mutation
Two acquired abnormal genes that encode type I procollagen
Homozygosity for a mutation leading to increased GM2 ganglioside in
lysosomes
Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) produces predominantly a...
dose-related hepatocellular damage
fatty infitration of the liver
hypersensitivity reaction
cholestatic reaction
hemolytic reaction
In apoptosis, the caspase serves to.....
crosslink the proteins
dissolve the cytoskeleton
puncture the cell membrane
recognize a virally-infected cell
tear up the DNA at every 110 base pairs
Which of the following would LEAST likely directly lead to anoxic cell injury?
Carbon monoxide poisoning
Cyanide poisoning
Drowning
Hemorrhagic shock
Hypoglycemia
A 44-year-old man has a total serum bilirubin of 1.0 mg/dL, albumin 3.1 g/dL,
alkaline phosphatase 45 U/L, aspartate aminotransferase 77 U/L, and alanine
aminotransferase of 55 U/L. On physical examination, his liver span is
increased. An abdominal CT scan reveals marked hepatomegaly and the liver
shows decreased attenuation in relation to the spleen. Based upon these
findings and the microscopic appearance shown here, which of the following
conditions is most likely to have led to these findings:
Septicemia with Pseudommonas aeruginosa
Congestive heart failure
Chronic alcoholism
Metastatic adenocarcinoma
Generalized atherosclerosis
A cranial epidural abscess is usually mirrored in the cerebrospinal fluid by...
increased cells
elevated protein
decreased protein
elevated glucose
no change in cells, protein or glucose
A lymph node involved in antibody formation in response to a stimulus will
morphologically exhibit...
sinus hyperplasia
paracortical proliferation
follicular hyperplasia
atrophic changes
no change
An acquired decrease in the size of a normally developed tissue or organ is....
hypoplasia
neoplasia
metaplasia
atrophy
aplasia
Glycogen storage diseases include which of the following, except ?
hexoseaminidase A deficiency (Tay-Sachs disease)
acid maltase deficiency (Pompe's disease)
debrancher enzyme deficiency, Cori disease
muscle phosphorylase deficiency (McArdle's disease)
glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) deficiency (Von Gierke's disease)
Metastatic calcification is a complication of:
Hypoparathyroidism
Decrease in blood calcium levels
Osteomalacia and vitamin D deficiency
Chronic renal failure
Hemosiderosis
Which one of the following best describes the phenomenon of epithelial
dysplasia?
An increase in epithelial thickness due to an increase in the number of
cells
An increase in epithelial thickness due to an increase in cell volume
A decrease in epithelial thickness due to a decrease in number of dividing
cells
An irregular proliferation and maturation of cells throughout the layers of
the epithelium
Absence of epithelium because of lack of cell proliferation
An increase in the number of cells normally present in an organ or tissue is
termed...
inflammation
hypertrophy
metaplasia
hyperplasia
dysplasia
A 21-year-old woman has bilaterally diminished hearing . Audiometry confirms a
conduction hearing loss. She has had several rib fractures, a right femoral
fracture, and a left humeral fracture, as well as a left wrist fracture over the past 8
years. Her dentist notes deformities of multiple teeth, but no caries. The sclerae
of her eyes demonstrate a faint slate-blue colour. A biochemical defect in
formation of which of the following is most likely to produce these findings?
Fibrinogen
Collagen
Keratin
Hyaluronic acid
Elastin
Fibronectin
Dermatan sulfate
In the picture attached the effect is predominantly.......
anaplasia
dysplasia
hyperplasia
hypertrophy
metaplasia
When many cells undergo necrosis at once, a definable patern of necrosis is
produced. From the following pictures select the sequence of necroses which
corresponds to the order of the pictures.
a.
A.Caseous necrosis B. liquefactive necrosis C.coagulative necrosis D.fat
necrosis
b.
A.fat necrosis B.liquefactive necrosis C.Coagulative necrosis D.Caseous
necrosis
c.
A.fat necrosis B. Liquefactive necrosis C.Caseous necrosis
D.Coagulative necrosis
d.
A.Caseous necrosis B.Coagulative Necrosis C.Liquefactive necrosis
D.Fat necrosis
The myocardium of a 53-year-old male who is suffering from a heart attack from
coronary occlusion has an irreversible injury when...
Glycogen is depleted
Cytoplasmic sodium increases
Nuclei undergo karyorrhexis
Intracellular pH diminishes
Blebs form on cell membranes
At autopsy the patient's myocardium with H&E stain showed no evidence of
ischemic changes, but there was diffuse intersitital fibrosis. Iron stain of the
myocardium (see attached histopathology) suggests that he most likley had each
of the following EXCEPT....
decreased liver function
decreased serum ferritin
diabetes mellitus
increased brown pigment in the heart muscle fibers
increased pressure in the portal vein
The enzyme defect in phenylketonuria is a deficiency in a/an....
oxidase
hydroxylase
decarboxylase
transaminase
phosphorylase
A 59-year-old female had a cerebral infarction. Months later, a CT scan
shows a cystic area in her cerebral cortex. The CT finding is a consequence
of resolution from.......
Liquefactive necrosis
Atrophy
Coagulative necrosis
Caseous necrosis
Apoptosis
Each of the following is an example of hyperplasia EXCEPT ...
enlargement of one kidney after surgical removal of the other kidney
changes in the thyroid gland in response to increased demand for thyroid
hormone
changes in breast tissue during pregnancy
enlargement of lymph nodes during a viral infection
enlargement of skeletal muscles after weight training
Hemosiderin:
Stored primarily in the brain
Accumulates in atrophic organs in old people
Hemoglobin derived pigment devoid of iron
Brownish pigment
Effects of carbon tetrachloride on the liver includes..
fatty change
damage to cell membranes by free radicals
both
neither
With regard to thromboemboli, which statement is incorrect?
Occurs most frequently in the coronary arteries
Prolonged bedrest is one of the most common predisposing conditions
Commomnly originates in arteries
Are not lethal unless there is extensive infarction
Each of the following is an example of hyperplasia EXCEPT ...
enlargement of one kidney after surgical removal of the other kidney
changes in the thyroid gland in response to increased demand for thyroid
hormone
changes in breast tissue during pregnancy
enlargement of lymph nodes during a viral infection
enlargement of skeletal muscles after weight training
Each of the following is an example of apoptosis EXCEPT .......
Deletion of autoreactive T cells from the thymus
Destruction of hepatocytes in chronic hepatitis
Elimination of epithelial cells from the gastrointestinal tract
Remodeling of embryonic hand to form fingers
Stroke caused by thrombosis of middle cerebral artery
In which of the following situations is metaplasia most likely to have occurred?
Tanning of the skin following sunlight exposure
Lactation following pregnancy
Vitamin A deficiency
Acute myocardial infarction
Urinary obstruction from an enlarged prostate