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Title
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Abstract
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This experiment was conducted in Cacak region (Western Serbia) in 2008-2010 to
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determine the effects of Myrobalan rootstock (Prunus cerasifera Ehrh.) and Blackthorn
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interstock (P. spinosa L.) on the tree growth, productivity and fruit quality traits of five
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apricot cultivars (P. armeniaca L.) grown under dry, sandy-loam and acidic soil
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conditions. The orchard established in 2007 at a 5.5 m × 3 m planting distance. The
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results showed that apricots grafted on Myrobalan appears to induce higher tree growth,
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yield (YI), cumulative yield (CY) and fruit weight (FW) when compared with the
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Blackthorn. Blackthorn showed a tendency to reduce a high vigour of apricot trees on
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Myrobalan, YI and fruit size. This interstock induced higher soluble solids/titratable
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acidity ratio (SS/TA ratio or RI) than Myrobalan.....
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Keywords: Keyword; Keyword; Keyword; Keyword; Keyword; Keyword
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Makalenin Türkçe Başlığı (Turkish Title)
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Özet (Turkish Abstract)
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Bu çalışma, Myrobalan anacı (Prunus cerasifera Ehrh) ve Blackthorn ara anacının (P.
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spinosa L.) kıraç, kumlu ve asidik topraklarda yetiştirilen beş kayısı (P. armeniaca L.)
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çeşidinde büyüme, verim ve meyve kalitesine etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla, 2008-2010
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yıllarında Batı Sırbistan’ın Cacak bölgesinde yapılmıştır. Bahçe 5.5 m x 3 m dikim
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aralığında 2007 yılında kurulmuştur. Myrobalan üzerine doğrudan ara anacı
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kullanmadan aşılı kayısılarda Blackthorn ara anacı kullanmaya göre daha kuvvetli
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büyüme, verim, kümülatif verim ve meyve ağırlığında artışlar gözlenmiştir. Blackthorn,
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ara anacının kayısı ağaçlarının doğrudan Myrobalan’a aşılamaya göre verim ve meyve
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boyutunda azaltma eğilimi gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Bu ara anaç, Myrobalan’dan daha
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yüksek bir suda çözünebilir katı madde miktarı/titre edilebilir asitlik oranı beraberinde
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getirmiştir. Bu sonuçlara göre Myrobalan anacının doğrudan kullanılması, Blackthorn
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ara anacı kullanılması durumunda ağaçların kuru, killi kumlu ve asidik topraklara daha
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iyi adaptasyon göstermiştir....
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Anahtar Kelimeler: Anahtar kelime; Anahtar kelime; Anahtar kelime; Anahtar kelime;
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Anahtar kelime; Anahtar kelime
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1. Introduction
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The apricot (P. armeniaca L.) fruit is highly appreciated by consumers and is one of the
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most important fruit species grown in the world. The greatest amount of the world’s
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apricot production comes from the countries around the Mediterranean Sea, that is,
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Turkey (Güner & Gezer 2001) Spain, Italy, France, and Greece (Drogoudi et al 2008).
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Serbia has a great potential to produce many different kinds of fruits as a result of the
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wide variety of soil and environmental conditions. Apricot is one of them by 27 to 41
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thousand tons yearly production (FAOSTAT 2011)....
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The most important apricot growing area in Serbia is the Region of Cacak located in
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Western Serbia. However, the major factors limiting the intensive spread of apricot in
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Serbia include: blossoms killed by spring frosts, sudden (premature) wilting - Apoplexy,
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winter killing of flower buds prior to bloom, Plum pox virus infection in apricot trees
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and the absence of quality rootstock (Milošević et al 2010)....
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2. Material and Methods
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2.1. Plant material and field trial
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The trial was conducted at an experimental orchard located in Prislonica near Cacak,
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Western Serbia (43°53’N latitude; 20°21’E longitude; 340 m altitude). The trees, spaced
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at 5.5 m × 3 m, were planted in 2007; training system was open vase. This training
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system controlled tree vigor by pruning in the summer. The orchard was managed
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following the usual standard procedures under non-irrigated practices. The experiment
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was established in a randomized block design with five trees for each stock-scion and
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stockinterstock-scion combination in four replicates. Tree growth, YI, YE and fruit
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quality traits were evaluated over three consecutive years (2008-2010), i.e. from second
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to fourth year after planting....
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2.2. Soil and weather conditions
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Soil in the trial was dry, shallow and acidic, with 1.68% organic matter, 0.16% NTOT,
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178 mg kg-1 P2O5, 220 mg kg-1 K2O, 0.39% CaO, 6.2 mg kg-1 MgO, and a sandy-
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loam texture. The soil pH in 0.01M KCl was in the range from 4.86 (0-30 cm) to 4.33
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(31-60 cm soil depth). In general, soil conditions were poor for normal vegetative and
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reproductive growth of apricot trees, as previously reported (Son & Küden 2003) ....
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2.3. Computation and data analysis
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Eddy thermal diffusivity, as well as sensible, latent, and soil heat fluxes, were calculated
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by using the following equations (Weng et al 1981):
100 N M R ,ex ,i  M R , pre,i
 M
N i 1
R ,exp, i
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P
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1
RMSE  
N
 M
N
i 1
N
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2 
 (M
i 1
R ,ex ,i
(1)
 M R , pre,i 
2
R ,ex ,i



1/ 2
(2)
 M R , pre,i ) 2
Nz
(3)
3
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Where; MR,ex,I, experimental humidity ratio; MR,pre,I, approaximate moisture value; N,
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sample size and z , constant numerical value....
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3. Results and Discussion
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3.1. Evaluation of tree growth characteristics
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Tree vigor, as measured by TCSA, was significantly affected by the stocks and cultivars
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starting from the second year after planting (Table 2). Myrobalan produced significantly
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higher final TCSA value than Blackthorn for 28.60%. The greatest final TCSA was
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observed in ‘Biljana’ and the lowest in ‘Vera’; in the rest cultivars tree vigor was
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intermediate (Table 2). Additionally, on Myrobalan, the greatest TCSA was observed in
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‘Biljana’ and lowest in ‘Vera’ (Figure 1a). In contrast, on Blackthorn, the lowest TCSA
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was registered in ‘Biljana’ and the highest in ‘Harcot’ (Figure 1b). This data show that
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trees of cultivars on Blackthorn grow more slowly than on Myrobalan rootstock
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(Crossa-Raynaud & Audergon 1987).....
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3.2. Evaluation of fruit quality traits
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The values of major fruit quality traits for Myrobalan rootstock and Blackthorn
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interstock grafted with five apricot cultivars were presented in Table 3. Differences
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between rootstock and interstock for mean SS, TS, TA and FF values were little and
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insignificant. In the case of cultivars, the lowest SS was found in ‘Roxana’, and the
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highest value registered in ‘Aleksandar’. From this point, all cultivars in both treatments
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showed SS values higher than 12 ºBrix. Some authors reported that apricot genotypes
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which have a SS content >12 ºBrix, characterized by an excellent gustative quality
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(Egea et al 1994; Drogoudi et al 2008). Also, Ruiz & Egea (2008) stated that SS is a
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very important quality attribute, influencing notably the fruit taste, whereas Daza et al
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(2008) reported that genotype has important.....
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4. Conclusions
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On dry, sandy-loam and acidic soil growing conditions, apricot trees grafted on
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Myrobalan rootstock appears to induce higher vigour, yield, cumulative yield and fruit
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weight whereas Blachthorn interstock showed higher value of ripening index. Yield
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efficiency, soluble solids, were similar in both treatments. In the case of cultivars, the
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more yield, cumulative yield, yield efficiency and fruit size was found in ‘Roxana’,
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whereas some major fruit quality traits was observed in ‘Aleksandar’ and ‘Vera’. In
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general, only by long-term testing of above stocks on specific soils with desired
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cultivars can best choices be made.
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Acknowledgements
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This work is part of the ………. project financially supported by the Ministry of
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Science. We express our sincerest gratitude to them for their support.……..
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Abbreviations and Symbols
a, b, c, d
model coefficient
C0
condenser capacitance, pF
EMD
average relative error, %
f
frequency, MHz
M
moisture content, % d.b.
N
number of samples
Sy
estimated standard error
V
air velocity, m s-1
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References
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Doymaz I (2003). Drying kinetics of white mulberry. Journal of Food Engineering
61(3): 341-346
FAO (2013). Classifications and standards. Retrieved in February, 10, 2013 from
http://www.fao.org/economic/ess/ess-standards/en/
Lawrence K C, Funk D B & Windham W R (2001). Dielectric moisture sensor for
cereal grains and soybeans. Transactions of the ASAE 44(6): 1691-1696
Mohsenin N N (1970). Physical Properties of Plant and Animal Materials. Gordon and
Breach Science Publishers, New York
Rizvi S S H (1986). Thermodynamic properties of foods in dehydration. In: M A Rao &
S S H Rizvi (Eds), Engineering Properties of Foods, Marcel Dekker, New York, pp.
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Yağcıoğlu A, Değirmencioğlu A & Cağatay F (1999). Drying characteristics of laurel
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565–569
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FIGURES
Figure 1- Myrobalan rootstock (a) and Blackthorn interstock (b) influence on trunk
cross-sectional area (TCSA) of five apricot cultivars from the second (2008) to fourth
(2010) year after planting. Vertical lines indicate LSD at P ≤ 0.05
Şekil 1- Dikimin ardından ikinci ve dördüncü yıllar arasında, Myrobalan anacı (a) ve
Blackthorn ara anacının (b) beş kayısı çeşidindeki gövde enine kesitine etkisi. Dikey çizgiler
P ≤ 0.05 seviyesindeki LSD yi göstermektedir(Turkish)
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Figure 2- Segregation of seven blackberry cultivars according to their fruit quality
attributes determined by principal component analysis (PCA). Vectors represent the
loadings of quality traits data along with the principal component scores
Şekil 2- Yedi böğürtlen çeşidinin temel bileşenler analizi (PCA) ile belirlenmiş meyve kalite
özelliklerine göre ayrılması. Vektörler temel bileşen değerleri kalite özellikleri ile birlikte veri
yükleri temsil eder (Turkish)
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TABLES
Table 1- Model coefficients and comparison criteria at an air temperature of 60 °C
Çizelge 1- 50 °C de sıcak hava ile kurutmada matematiksel modellerin katsayıları ve
kıyaslama kriterleri (Turkish)
a
k, min-
Henderson and
Pabis
0.994
0.021
Two-term
Lewis
Page
0.168
0.007
0.021
0.031
1
b
0.851
k0,
0.027
-1
min
m
0.910
2
r
0.9955
0.9968
0.9911
0.9928
EMD,
9.74
7.08
11.93
11.02
%
ERMS
6.17x10-3
4.49x10-3
6.86x10-3
6.67x10-3
2
-3
-3
-3
χ
0.78x10
0.23x10
0.97x10
0.91x10-3
a ve b, model coefficients; k ve k0, drying ratio coefficient, min-1
Table 3- Means and standard errors of Hunter colour values of dehydrated garlic
slices
Çizelge 3- Kurutulmuş domatesin ortalama renk değerleri ve standart hataları
(Turkish)
Taze
69.530.357a
-4.520.121a
16.980.425a
104.880.671a
L*
a*
b*
H
E
P<0.05
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69.490.616a
1.420.153b
24.830.386b
86.740.313b
9.930.339a
Air temperature (°C)
50
60
b
66.220.592
64.480.653c
b
1.900.168
2.910.171c
22.760.212b
23.390.663b
85.240.377b
82.860.554c
9.320.385a
11.200.152b
P
0.028
0.032
0.038
0.037
0.025
Note: Title and Abstract, Tables and Figures Captions are translated into Turkish by editor
for authors whose native language is not Turkish.
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