Biology II
Chapter 35 Practice Test
Word List:
A.
ABC model
FF.
leaf trace
3 K.
root system
B.
adventitious
GG.
lenticels
3 L.
sapwood
C.
annual
HH.
meristem
3 M.
sclerenchyma cell
D.
apical meristem
II.
meristem identity gene
3 N.
sclereid
E.
bark
JJ.
mesophyll
3 O.
secondary growth
F.
biennial
KK.
morphogenesis
3 P.
secondary plant body
G.
blade
LL.
node
3 Q.
shoot system
H.
bundle sheath
MM.
organ
3 R.
sieve plate
I.
collenchyma cell
NN.
organ identity genes
3 S.
sieve-tube member
J.
companion cell
OO.
palisade mesophyll
3 T.
spongy mesophyll
K.
cork cambium
PP.
parenchyma cell
3 U.
stele
L.
cuticle
QQ.
pattern formation
3 V.
stem
M.
derivatives
RR.
perennial
3 W.
stoma
N.
dermal tissue system
SS.
pericycle
3 X.
systems biology
O.
determinate growth
TT.
periderm
3 Y.
taproot system
P.
endodermis
UU.
petiole
3 Z.
terminal bud
Q.
epidermis
VV.
phase change
4 A.
tissue
R.
fiber
WW.
phloem
4 B.
tissue system
S.
fibrous root system
XX.
pit
4 C.
tracheid
T.
fusiform initials
YY.
pith
4 D.
vascular bundle
U.
ground tissue system
ZZ.
plasticity
4 E.
vascular cambium
V.
guard cells
3 A.
polarity
4 F.
vascular cylinder
W.
heartwood
3 B.
positional information
4 G.
vascular tissue system
X.
herbaceous
3 C.
preprophase band
4 H.
vein
Y.
indeterminate growth
3 D.
primary growth
4 I.
vessel element
Z.
initials
3 E.
primary plant body
4 J.
vessels
AA.
internode
3 F.
protoplast
4 K.
xylem
BB.
lateral meristem
3 G.
ray initials
4 L.
zone of cell division
CC.
lateral root
3 H.
root
4 M.
zone of elongation
DD.
leaf
3 I.
root cap
4 N.
zone of maturation
EE.
leaf primordia
3 J.
root hair
Biology II
Chapter 35 Practice Test
Definitions:
____ 1.
In plants, a vascular bundle in a leaf.
____ 2.
A cone of cells at the tip of a plant root that protects the apical meristem.
____ 3.
A cylinder of meristematic tissue in woody plants that adds layers of secondary vascular tissue
called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem.
____ 4.
A cylinder of meristematic tissue in woody plants that replaces the epidermis with thicker,
tougher cork cells.
____ 5.
A flexible plant cell type that occurs in strands or cylinders that support young parts of the plant
without restraining growth.
____ 6.
A flowering plant that completes its entire life cycle in a single year or growing season.
____ 7.
A flowering plant that lives for many years.
____ 8.
A flowering plant that requires two years to complete its life cycle.
____ 9.
A lack of symmetry. Structural differences in opposite ends of an organism or structure, such as
the root end and shoot end of a plant.
____ 10.
A leaflike structure of a seaweed that provides most of the surface area for photosynthesis. (2)
The flattened portion of a typical leaf.
____ 11.
A lignified cell type that reinforces the xylem of angiosperms and functions in mechanical
support; a slender, tapered sclerenchyma cell that usually occurs in bundles.
____ 12.
A living cell that conducts sugars and other organic nutrients in the phloem of angiosperms.
They form chains called sieve tubes.
____ 13.
A long, tapered water-conducting cell that is dead at maturity and is found in the xylem of all
vascular plants.
____ 14.
A meristem that thickens the roots and shoots of woody plants. The vascular cambium and cork
cambium are _____________________.
____ 15.
A microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows
gas exchange between the environment and the interior of the plant.
____ 16.
A model of flower formation identifying three classes of organ identity genes that direct
formation of the four types of floral organs.
____ 17.
A plant gene that promotes the switch from vegetative growth to flowering.
____ 18.
A point along the stem of a plant at which leaves are attached.
____ 19.
A protective covering around a leaf vein, consisting of one or more cell layers, usually
parenchyma.
____ 20.
A relatively unspecialized plant cell type that carries out most of the metabolism, synthesizes
and stores organic products, and develops into a more differentiated cell type.
____ 21.
A rigid, supportive plant cell type usually lacking protoplasts and possessing thick secondary
walls strengthened by lignin at maturity.
____ 22.
A root system common to eudicots consisting of one large, vertical root (the taproot) that
produces many smaller lateral, or branch, roots.
Biology II
Chapter 35 Practice Test
____ 23.
A root system common to monocots consisting of a mat of thin roots spreading out below the
soil surface.
____ 24.
A root that arises from the outermost layer of the pericycle of an established root.
____ 25.
A segment of a plant stem between the points where leaves are attached.
____ 26.
A shift from one developmental phase to another.
____ 27.
A short, irregular sclerenchyma cell in nutshells and seed coats and scattered through the
parenchyma of some plants.
____ 28.
A short, wide, water-conducting cell found in the xylem of most angiosperms and a few
nonflowering vascular plants. Dead at maturity, vessel elements are aligned end to end to form
micropipes called vessels.
____ 29.
A small vascular bundle that extends from the vascular tissue of the stem through the petiole
and into a leaf.
____ 30.
A specialized center of body function composed of several different types of tissues.
____ 31.
A strand of vascular tissues (both xylem and phloem) in a stem or leaf.
____ 32.
A system formed by xylem and phloem throughout a vascular plant, serving as a transport
system for water and nutrients, respectively.
____ 33.
A term describing any plant organ that grows in an atypical location, such as roots growing from
stems.
____ 34.
A thinner region in the walls of tracheids and vessels where only primary wall is present.
____ 35.
A tiny extension of a root epidermal cell, growing just behind the root tip and increasing surface
area for absorption of water and minerals.
____ 36.
A type of growth characteristic of most animals and some plant organs, in which growth stops
after a certain size is reached.
____ 37.
A type of growth characteristic of plants, in which the organism continues to grow as long as it
lives.
____ 38.
A type of plant cell that is connected to a sieve-tube member by many plasmodesmata and
whose nucleus and ribosomes may serve one or more adjacent sieve-tube members.
____ 39.
A vascular plant organ consisting of an alternating system of nodes and internodes that support
the leaves and reproductive structures.
____ 40.
A waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves that acts as an adaptation to prevent
desiccation in terrestrial plants.
____ 41.
All of a plant’s roots that anchor it in the soil, absorb and transport minerals and water, and store
food.
____ 42.
All tissues external to the vascular cambium, consisting mainly of the secondary phloem and
layers of periderm.
____ 43.
An approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological
systems.
____ 44.
An end wall in a sieve-tube member, which facilitates the flow of phloem sap in angiosperm
sieve tubes.
____ 45.
An integrated group of cells with a common function, structure, or both.
Biology II
Chapter 35 Practice Test
____ 46.
An organ in vascular plants that anchors the plant and enables it to absorb water and nutrients
from the soil.
____ 47.
An organism’s ability to alter or molditself in response to local environmental conditions.
____ 48.
Cells that remain within an apical meristem as sources of new cells.
____ 49.
Cells within the vascular cambrium that produce elongated cells such as trocheids, vessel
elements, fibers, and sieve-tube members.
____ 50.
Cells within the vascular cambrium that produce xylem and phloem rays, radial files that consist
mostly of parenchyma cells.
____ 51.
Continuous water-conducting micropipes found in most angiosperms and a few nonflowering
vascular plants.
____ 52.
Embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots that supplies cells for the
plant to grow in length.
____ 53.
Embryonic tissue at the tip of a shoot, made up of developing leaves and a compact series of
nodes and internodes.
____ 54.
Fingerlike projections along the flanks of a shoot apical meristem, from which leaves arise.
____ 55.
Ground tissue that is internal to the vascular tissue in a stem; in many monocot roots,
parenchyma cells that form the central core of the vascular cylinder.
____ 56.
Growth produced by apical meristems, which lengthen stems and roots.
____ 57.
Growth produced by lateral meristems, which thickens the roots and shoots of woody plants.
____ 58.
Loosely arranged photosynthetic cells located below the palisade mesophyll cells in a leaf.
____ 59.
Microtubules in the cortex (outer cytoplasm) of a cell that are concentrated into a ring.
____ 60.
New cells that are displaced from an apical meristem and continue to divide until the cells they
become specialized.
____ 61.
Older layers of secondary xylem, closer to the center of a stem or root, that no longer transport
xylem sap.
____ 62.
One or more layers of elongated photosynthetic cells on the upper part of a leaf; also called
palisade parenchyma.
____ 63.
One or more tissues organized into a functional unit connecting the organs of a plant.
____ 64.
Outer layers of secondary xylem that still transport xylem sap.
____ 65.
Plant homeotic genes that use positional information to determine which emerging leaves
develop into which types of floral organs.
____ 66.
Plant tissue that remains embryonic as long as the plant lives, allowing for indeterminate
growth.
____ 67.
Plant tissues that are neither vascular nor dermal, fulfilling a variety of functions, such as
storage, photosynthesis, and support.
____ 68.
Referring to nonwoody plants.
____ 69.
Signals to which genes regulating development respond, indicating a cell’s location relative to
other cells in an embryonic structure.
____ 70.
Small raised areas in the bark of stems and roots that enable gas exchange between living cells
and the outside air.
Biology II
Chapter 35 Practice Test
____ 71.
The aerial portion of a plant body, consisting of stems, leaves, and (in angiosperms) flowers.
____ 72.
The central cylinder of vascular tissue in a root.
____ 73.
The contents of a plant cell exclusive of the cell wall.
____ 74.
The dermal tissue system of nonwoody plants, usually consisting of a single layer of tightly
packed cells
____ 75.
The development of body shape and organization.
____ 76.
The ground tissue of a leaf, sandwiched between the upper and lower epidermis and
specialized for photosynthesis.
____ 77.
The innermost layer of the cortex in plant roots; a cylinder one cell thick that forms the boundary
between the cortex and the vascular cylinder.
____ 78.
The main photosynthetic organ of vascular plants
____ 79.
The ordering of cells into specific three-dimensional structures, an essential part of shaping an
organism and its individual parts during development.
____ 80.
The outer protective covering of plants.
____ 81.
The outermost layer of the vascular cylinder of a root, where lateral roots originate.
____ 82.
The protective coat that replaces the epidermis in plants during secondary growth, formed of the
cork and cork cambium.
____ 83.
The stalk of a leaf, which joins the leaf to a node of the stem.
____ 84.
The tissues produced by apical meristems, which lengthen stems and roots.
____ 85.
The tissues produced by the vascular cambium and cork cambium, which thicken the stems and
roots of woody plants.
____ 86.
The two cells that flank the stomatal pore and regulate the opening and closing of the pore.
____ 87.
The vascular tissue of a stem or root.
____ 88.
The zone of primary growth in roots consisting of the root apical meristem and its derivatives.
New root cells are produced in this region.
____ 89.
The zone of primary growth in roots where cells complete their differentiation and become
functionally mature.
____ 90.
The zone of primary growth in roots where new cells elongate, sometimes up to ten times their
original length.
____ 91.
Vascular plant tissue consisting mainly of tubular dead cells that conduct most of the water and
minerals upward from roots to the rest of the plant.
____ 92.
Vascular plant tissue consisting of living cells arranged into elongated tubes that transport sugar
and other organic nutrients throughout the plant.