Electronic Supplementary Material
Table S1. Selected studies about screening programs for chronic kidney disease in children
Country
[reference]
Japan
[Murakami]
Study
period
1974-2002
Study population
Taiwan
[Lin]
1992-1996
Population-based
6-15 years of age
10,288,620
Korea
[Cho]
1998-2004
Population-based
6-18 years of age
 5,000,000
Australia
[Haysom]
2002-2004
Selected population
4-14 years of age
2,266
Canada
[Silverberg]
China
[Zhai]
Finland
[Vehaskari]
Iran
[Shajari]
Mexico
[Koshy]
Pakistan
[Jafar]
Singapore
[Ramirez]
United
Kingdom
NA
Selected population
5-14 years of age
Selected population
School age children
Selected population
8-15 years of age
Selected population
6-7 years of age
Selected population
0-18 years of age
Selected population
5-15 years of age
Population-based
12 years of age
Selected population
5-16 years of age
2003-2005
NA
NA
2006-2007
1990-1994
1999-2000
1967-1969
Population-based
6-14 years of age
Number of
cases
 300,000 –
600,000 per
year
Screening criteria
Main findings
Prevalence of Pu: 0.07% in 6-11 years,
0.35% in 12-14 years after 2nd screening
51,146
Urine dipstick positivity
Referral for medical
evaluation if 2 positive
tests
Heavy Pu (Pu > 100
mg/dl)
CKD (SCr > 1.7 mg/dl)
Urine dipstick positivity
Referral for medical
evaluation if 2 positive
tests
Urine dipstick positivity
Albuminuria (urine
albumine/creatinine ratio
≥ 3.4 mg/mmol)
Urine dipstick positivity
46,171
Urine dipstick positivity
8,594
Urine dipstick positivity
1,601
Urine dipstick positivity
240
3,621
Urine dipstick positivity
Calculated GFR
Urine dipstick positivity
Prevalence of Pu: 7.3%
Prevalence of albuminuria: 7.3%
Persistence of albuminuria at 2-year
follow-up: 1.5%
Prevalence of confirmed Pu: 0.5% in
girls, 0.3% in boys
Prevalence of Pu and/or Hu in 2
specimens: ~ 1%
Prevalence of Pu: 2.5% in 2 specimens,
0.1% in 4 specimens
Prevalence of Pu: 3.6%. Persistent Pu
and/or Hu: 1.3%
Persistent Pu and/or Hu: 16%
CKD ≥ stage 3: 1.7%
Prevalence of Pu: 3.3%
2,083
Urine dipstick positivity
Prevalence of Pu: 1.3%
2,122
Urine dipstick positivity
Prevalence of Pu: 0.8% in 2 specimens
Prevalence of heavy Pu: 5.81x10-4
Prevalence of CKD: 0.18x10- 4
Prevalence of Pu: 0.2%
[Meadow]
United States
[Mueller]
1988-1994
Representative
selected population
8-18 years old
4,088
Albuminuria (urine
albumine/creatinine ratio)
Prevalence of albuminuria > 30 mg/g:
12%
Prevalence of albuminuria > 200 mg/g:
2.4%
Abbreviations: Pu proteinuria, Hu hematuria, SCr serum creatinine, CKD chronic kidney disease, RRT renal replacement therapy, NA not
available
Electronic Supplementary Material: References
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Haysom L, Williams R, Hodson E, Lopez-Vargas P, Roy LP, Lyle D, Craig JC (2009) Risk of CKD in Australian indigenous and
nonindigenous children: a population-based cohort study. Am J Kidney Dis 53:229-237
Silverberg DS, Allard MJ, Ulan RA, Beamish WE, Lentle BC, McPhee MS, Grace MG (1973) City-wide screening for urinary
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Vehaskari VM, Rapola J (1982) Isolated proteinuria: analysis of a school-age population. J Pediatr 101:661-668
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Koshy SM, Garcia-Garcia G, Pamplona JS, Renoirte-Lopez K, Perez-Cortes G, Gutierrez ML, Hemmelgarn B, Lloyd A, Tonelli M (2009)
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Meadow SR, White RH, Johnston NM (1969) Prevalence of symptomless urinary tract disease in Birmingham schoolchildren. I. Pyuria
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Mueller PW, Caudill SP (1999) Urinary albumin excretion in children: factors related to elevated excretion in the United States
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