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Evolutionary Anthropology (EVANTH)
Professor Pusey, Chair; Associate Professor of the Practice Digby, Director of Undergraduate Studies; Professors
Glander, Kay, Myers (biomedical engineering), Smith (biology), Terborgh (biology), Yoder (biology), and Wray
(biology); Associate Professors Alberts (biology), Brannon (Psychology), Churchill, Drea, Pratt (neuroscience),
Roth (biology), Schmitt, and Taylor (physical therapy); Assistant Professor Hare; Professors Emeriti Hylander and
Simons; Research Professor Cartmill; Associate Research Professor Wall; Associate Professor of the Practice
Digby; Adjunt Professor Lambert, Rose and Struhsaker, Adjunct Associate Professor Ankel-Simons; Adjunct
Assistant Professors Bergl, Chatrath, Hanna, Linder and Steenhuyse; Research Associates Carreno, Griffen,
Horvath, and Madden.
A major or a minor is available in this department.
Evolutionary Anthropology is an interdisciplinary department centering on the origin and evolution of human
beings and their close biological relatives. The department and its course offerings have three general focuses:
primate behavior, ecology, and cognition; primate paleontology; and functional and comparative anatomy.
Significant opportunities for independent research are found at the Duke Lemur Center, which houses a unique and
diverse range of nonhuman primates, especially prosimians from Madagascar. Advanced students can study original
fossils and casts at the division of fossil primates (Duke Lemur Center) and in the department's laboratories, which
also afford opportunities to study comparative anatomy from an adaptive and evolutionary perspective.
89S. First-Year Seminar. Topics vary each semester offered. Instructor: Staff. One course.
101. Introduction to Evolutionary Anthropology. NS, STS The study of human origins, anatomy, and behavior
from an evolutionary perspective. The historical development of pre-Darwinian evolutionary thinking and Darwin's
contribution to evolutionary theory; genetics; microevolution and macroevolution; the modern synthesis framing the
study of human origins and behavior in the context of modern evolutionary biology; primate behavioral ecology and
evolution; a survey of primate and human paleontology, adaptation and variation; the origins of human social
organization and culture; the impact of modern humans on biodiversity. Instructor: Digby, Glander. One course.
101D. Introduction to Evolutionary Anthropology. NS, STS The study of human origins, anatomy, and behavior
from an evolutionary perspective. The historical development of pre-Darwinian evolutionary thinking and Darwin's
contribution to evolutionary theory; genetics; microevolution and macroevolution; the modern synthesis framing the
study of human origins and behavior in the context of modern evolutionary biology; primate behavioral ecology and
evolution; a survey of primate and human paleontology, adaptation and variation; the origins of human social
organization and culture; the impact of modern humans on biodiversity. Lecture is the same as Evolutionary
Anthropology 101, but adds a 50 minute discussion section with hands-on access to fossil casts, etc. Instructor:
Staff. One course.
118FS. Introduction to Evolutionary Genomics and Analysis Methods. NS, STS One course. C-L: see Genome
Sciences and Policy 128FS
140. Next of Kin: Understanding the Great Apes. NS, STS Survey of ape (gibbons, orangutans, chimpanzees,
bonobos, and gorillas) morphology, ecology and behavior. Topics include evolutionary history, locomotion, social
interactions, mating systems, reproduction, parental care, infanticide, medicinal use of plants, cooperative hunting,
alliances, warfare, conflict resolution, and cross-species measures of intelligence. Intended for non-majors.
Instructor: Digby or staff. One course.
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180. Natural History of Humans: The Evolution of our Anatomy, Physiology and Behavior. NS, STS What it
means to be human. The fundamental mechanism of evolution with a specific emphasis on the interplay of
environmental and genetic factors. The unique characters of human beings including our anatomy, art, tool-making,
burial, and eventual control of the environment and how those features came to be. Modern human biological
variation as it relates to global health and discussion of biological aspects of race. Course intended for non-majors.
Instructor: Schmitt. One course.
190A. Duke-Administered Study Abroad: Special Topics in Biological Anthropology and Anatomy. DukeAdministered Study Abroad: Special Topics in Evolutionary Anthropology. One course.
190FS. Focus Program Special Topics. NS Special topics seminar open only to students in the Focus Program.
Instructor: Staff. One course.
220. Human Evolution. NS Evolutionary biology of the hominidae. Anatomical and behavioral adaptations and
phylogeny of fossils and living primates including Homo sapiens. Prerequisite: Evolutionary Anthropology 101 or
equivalent. Instructor: Churchill or staff. One course.
220S. Human Evolution Seminar. NS, W A writing-intensive seminar version of Evolutionary Anthropology 220.
Prerequisite: Evolutionary Anthropology 101 or equivalent. Instructor: Churchill or Staff. One course.
221S. The Ape-Human Transition. NS, R Fossil casts, literature, and discussion used to explore critical periods in
evolutionary transition from ape to human. Anatomical changes in fossil primates of the Miocene and Pliocene
epochs (~24-1.8 mya), a time period during which ape species and human ancestors differentiated. Will discuss
findings in genomics relevant to the transition (e.g. language acquisition) and aspects of social complexity reflected
in the fossil record or by inference from living primates). Instructor: Williams. One course.
230. Bodies of Evidence: Introduction to Forensic Anthropology. NS, STS An introduction to medicolegal
anthropology and death investigation. Topics include crime scene protocol and body recovery, basics of osteology,
determining time since death, making personal identification, determining the manner and mode of death,
postmortem modification of skeletal remains, protocols for mass disasters, human rights applications, and courtroom
testimony. Open to both majors and non-majors. Instructor: Churchill. One course.
231L. Anatomy of the Lower Extremities. NS Introduction to the functional anatomy of the lower extremities.
Students locate, identify, and dissect all major muscular, nervous, vascular, bony, and soft tissue structures using
cadaveric specimens. Students participate in the dissection. Instructor: Moorman. One course.
235L. Primate Anatomy. NS The comparative anatomy of primates from the perspective of adaptation and
phylogeny. Laboratory includes some dissection or prosection of human and nonhuman primates. Prerequisite:
Evolutionary Anthropology 101. Instructor: Williams. One course.
236L. The Primate Skeleton. NS, R The osteology of modern and fossil primates. Focus on skeletal anatomy
relevant to primate evolution. Primate systematics, the anatomy of bone, the primate fossil record, and the
comparative method. Prerequisite: Evolutionary Anthropology 101. Instructor: Williams. One course.
240S. Partnering and Parenting: An Interdisciplinary Approach to the Study of Human Relationships. CCI,
EI, NS, SS, STS Examines current patterns of human mating and family dynamics across cultures from
interdisciplinary perspective. Using guest lectures from natural sciences, social sciences and humanities, field
exercises, problem solving assignments students apply biological, societal and institutional knowledge and methods
to address questions in three main areas: 1) how much does biology determine mating and parenting behavior? 2)
How much do institutions determine mating and parenting behavior? 3) Can anyone be a "good" mate or "good"
parent? Each section is tied to ethical questions such as "should governments define what it means to be a good
parent?" Problem-centric approach will guide discussion. Instructor: Hare, Shannahan. One course. C-L: Sociology
216S, Study of Ethics 272S
246. Sociobiology. NS, STS Sociobiological theory reviewed and applied to the social behavior of non-human
animals, hominids, and humans; the evolution of altruism, cooperation, competition, mating strategies, parental care
and morality. Prerequisite: Evolutionary Anthropology 101 or Biology 102L. Instructor: Digby. One course.
246S. Sociobiology Seminar. NS, STS Sociobiological theory reviewed and applied to the social behavior of
nonhuman primates, hominids, and humans. A seminar version of Evolutionary Anthropology 246. Prerequisite:
Evolutionary Anthropology 101 or Biology 102L. Instructor: Digby. One course.
253. Primate Ecology. NS, R The study of ecology using primates as examples. Primate diversity and
biogeography; dietary specializations, use of space; plant-animal interactions, community ecology; the concept of
the niche and methods used in ecology. The basics of human ecology and the role of ecology in conservation.
Includes occasional labs. Pre-requisite: Evolutionary Anthropology 101 or Biology 102L. Instructor: Digby or staff.
One course.
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257. Ecology and Adaptation of Hunters and Gatherers. CCI, NS The ecology of extant and extinct foraging
societies; focus on human behavioral solutions to subsistence problems associated with different environments
(tropical/neotropical forest, boreal forest, coastal, arctic, grassland/savannah, desert). Topics include edible resource
distribution in varied environments and its relationship to mobility and subsistence strategies in modern huntergatherers; and the archeological and fossil evidence for the evolution of human subsistence behavior. Prerequisite:
Evolutionary Anthropology 101 or Biology 102L. Instructor: Churchill. One course.
260. Human Cognitive Evolution. NS, SS Survey of methods/theories used in the study of human cognitive
evolution; development of cognition in children; brain damaged patients; cognitive abilities of great apes;
paleoanthropology of early and modern humans and evidence for mental abilities and culture; cross-cultural and sex
differences in human cognition; genetics and the evolution of cognition. Prerequisite: Evolutionary Anthropology
101 or Psychology 102. Instructor: Hare. One course. C-L: Psychology 255
276. Human Biology. NS, STS Introduction to human biology from an evolutionary perspective. Biological
variability and its genetic and ecological underpinnings, with emphasis on modern variation and adaptation.
Discussion of biological and social factors that determine health. Principles of heredity, development, evolution,
adaptation, and epidemics presented using examples from a cross cultural perspective. Students develop scientific
reasoning skills and examine the role of human biology in society. Impact of major problems facing humanity today,
such as population displacement and global warming.Pre-requisite: Evolutionary Anthropology 101 or
Biology102L. Instructor: Staff. One course.
280. Introduction to the Evolution of Human Culture, Behavior, and Institutions. CCI, NS, SS One course. CL: see Philosophy 208
330. Human Anatomy and Physiology: An Evolutionary Perspective. NS Interface between human gross
anatomy and physiology from a functional and evolutionary perspective. Systems-based and regional approach that
differs from both a standard anatomy and physiology course by examining each system (musculosketal, circulatory
etc.) and regional units (liver, heart, limb muscles) from a functional stand-point considering their anatomy and their
physiological role together. Focus on human anatomy but will consider differences between humans and other
vertebrates to illustrate functional aspects of anatomical structures. Prerequisites: Evolutionary Anthropology 101D
or Biology 102; introductory physics recommended. Not open to students who have had Biology 278LA or 329L.
Instructor: Schmitt. One course.
332. Human Anatomy. NS Survey of human anatomy in lecture format.Focus on evolutionary and functional
approach to anatomy. Occassional visits to the Gross Anatomy Lab. Pre-requisite Evolutionary Anthropology 101;
not open to students who have taken Evolutionary Anthropology 333L. Instructor: Staff. One course.
333L. The Human Body. NS Human gross anatomy seen from a functional and evolutionary perspective.
Laboratory involving study of prosected cadavers and other anatomical preparations. Not open to students who have
taken Evolutionary Anthropology 332. Instructor: Wall or staff. One course.
334L. Anthropology of the Skeleton. NS An introduction to the basics of human osteological analysis.
Identification and siding of all the bones of the human body and the major osteological landmarks on each bone;
basics of bone histology, development and growth; and fundamentals of anthropological analysis of human skeletal
remains (archeological treatment of burials; determination of gender, populational affinities, stature;
paleopathological analysis; medicolegal applications). Prerequisite: Evolutionary Anthropology 101 or Biology
102L. Instructor: Churchill or Staff. One course.
336S. Dance Science: An Evolutionary Approach to Functional Anatomy. ALP, NS, R Human skeletal and
muscular anatomy taught from an evolutionary perspective. Focus on anatomy relevant to dancers and other
performing artists. Students participate in anatomy laboratories and discussions and conduct original research on
topics such as posture, movement, injury. Instructor: Williams. One course. C-L: Dance 377S
341. Primate Sexuality. NS, STS A comparative and integrative study of primate sex and reproduction. The
material is presented in three sections: the first focuses on primate social organization, mating systems, and
reproductive strategies; the second focuses on the endocrine system and behavioral endocrinology, and; the third
focuses on sexual differentiation of morphology, brain and behavior. In each section, this course places human
sexuality within the broader context of the primate order. Prerequisites: Evolutionary Anthropology and Anatomy
101D or Biology 102L. Instructor: Drea. One course. C-L: Biology 321
341D. Primate Sexuality. NS, STS A comparative and integrative study of primate sex and reproduction. The
material is presented in three sections: the first focuses on primate social organization, mating systems, and
reproductive strategies; the second focuses on the endocrine system and behavioral endocrinology, and; the third
focuses on sexual differentiation of morphology, brain and behavior. In each section, this course places human
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sexuality within the broader context of the primate order. Note: course is the same as Evolutionary Anthropology
341 but with an additional required 50 minute discussion. Prerequisites: Evolutionary Anthropology 101D or
Biology 102L. Instructor: Drea. One course. C-L: Biology 321D
344L. Primate Field Biology. NS, R, W Survey of field methods used to document primate behavior. Laboratory
includes observations of free-ranging and captive primates at the Duke Lemur Center. Focus on the scientific
process; writing of formal research papers. Prerequisite: Evolutionary Anthropology 101 or Biology 102L.
Instructor: Digby. One course.
350S. Thought in Action: The Origins of Human Tool Use (B, C). NS, R, SS, STS One course. C-L: see
Psychology 350S
355. Food For Thought: The Biology of Nutrition. NS, R, STS Food as medicine and medicine as food. The
medicinal and dangerous properties of fruits, herbs, vegetables, and fungi. How human cultures impact diet (for
example, eating disorders/addictive behaviors); how modern technology and non-invasive data collection techniques
currently allow for studies of eating patterns, nutrition, ties between diet and society in terms of historical and
evolutionary perspectives. Instructor: Glander. One course.
359S. Primate Conservation. EI, NS, STS Concepts, practice, and ethics of conservation biology, both at the
species and community level. Relevant aspects of biogeography, ecology, behavior and demography; human impact
(deforestation, hunting); conservation strategies/policies (objectives, design of protected area networks, impact on
local human populations). Impact of cultural, political, ethical considerations on primate conservation. Evolutionary
Anthropology 101 recommended. Instructor: Staff. One course.
363S. Evolution of Primate Social Cognition. NS, R Social life of primates, with a focus on cognitive implications
of social complexity. Primary emphasis on how social organization and social behavior influence the acquisition,
expression, and transmission of information or knowledge. Topics include: tool use and causality; discrimination
and insight learning; social influences on learning (for example, facilitation, inhibition, observation, imitation);
knowledge of the social domain (individual recognition, kinship, hierarchies); coalitions, alliances, cooperation, and
reciprocity; social conflict and reconciliation; traditions and cultural transmission; vocal and gestural
communication; tactical deception and social manipulation; visual monitoring; intentionality; and instruction.
Instructor: Drea. One course.
381. Biometry. QS Introductory course covering univariate and bivariate statistics as applied in biological
anthropology; characteristics of populations and variables; parametric statistical methods emphasized. Not open to
students who have taken another 200+ level statistics course. Instructor: Wall. One course.
390. Current Issues in Evolutionary Anthropology. NS Selected topics in methodology, theory, or area.
Instructor: Staff. One course.
390A. Duke-Administered Study Abroad: Advanced Special Topics in Biological Anthropology and Anatomy.
Duke-Administered Study Abroad: Advanced Topics in Evolutionary Anthropology. One course.
390L. Current Topics in Evolutionary Anthropology. NS Same as Evolutionary Anthropology 390 except in
laboratory format. Instructor: Staff. One course.
390S. Current Topics in Evolutionary Anthropology. NS Same as Evolutionary Anthropology 390 except in
seminar format. Instructor: Staff. One course.
391. Independent Study. Directed reading, tutorial, or individual project in Evolutionary Anthropology, under the
supervision of a faculty member, resulting in a substantive paper or other approved product. Open only to qualified
students, who, before being given permission to register, must submit to the faculty advisor a written proposal
outlining the area of study and listing course goals and meeting schedule. Consent of instructor and director of
undergraduate studies required. Instructor: Staff. One course.
393. Research Independent Study. R Individual research in a field of special interest, under the supervision of a
faculty member, resulting in a substantive paper or written report containing significant analysis and interpretation
of a previously approved topic. Open to qualified students, who, before being given permission to register, must
submit to the faculty advisor a written proposal outlining the area of study and listing the goals and meeting
schedule. Consent of instructor and director of undergraduate studies required. Instructor: Staff. One course.
460. Research in Cognitive Evolution. R Research and readings in cognitive evolution and anthropology. Students
are expected to formulate research questions, develop research protocols, collect and analyze data; participation in
group discussions. Instructor: Hare. One course.
495S. Advanced Research in Evolutionary Anthropology. NS, R, W Advanced research in Evolutionary
Anthropology topic, typically leading to Graduation with Distinction. Course includes a one-hour weekly seminar
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on topics such as hypothesis testing, writing propososals, research design, data analysis with a strong emphasis on
writing. Students will complete the introduction (literature review) and methods of their thesis along with a tentative
results. Students are also expected to work with a faculty mentor conducting original research equivilent to a
research independent study. Instructor consent required. Instructor: Digby. One course.
514. Genomic Perspectives on Human Evolution. NS, R, STS, W One course. C-L: see Biology 554; also C-L:
Genome Sciences and Policy
520. The Primate Fossil Record. NS A survey of fossil primates including early humans. The diversity, anatomy,
and behavior of primates as related to the origin and spread of past primates. The radiation of each main group of
primates in the succession leading to humans illustrated with slides, casts, and fossils. Topics include geochemical
dating, timing of molecular clocks, and various procedures for classifying primates. Prerequisite: Evolutionary
Anthropology 101 and 200 or 300-level paleontology or anatomy course. Instructor: Simons or Staff. One course.
522. The Hominid Fossil Record. NS Origin and successive stages of development of human ancestors. Detailed
analysis of adaptive types and cultural developments. Personalities and current controversies in the study of hominid
paleontology. Prerequisite: Evolutionary Anthropology 101 and 220, or consent of instructor. Instructor: Simons or
Staff. One course.
523S. Hominid Socioecology. NS, R Analysis of how socioecological studies of human foragers and nonhuman
primates can inform the interpretation of the hominid fossil/archaeological record. Summary of documented
historical changes during hominid evolution, and identification of approaches required to develop testable
reconstructions. Models for the evolution in hominids of bipedalism, ranging and foraging, hunting, food sharing,
intersexual relationships and sexual division of labor, communication (including language), culture, technology, life
history, parental care, and social organization, as well as their mutual relationships. Prerequisite: Evolutionary
Anthropology and Anatomy 101D and 220. Instructor: Staff. One course.
530. Human Functional Anatomy. NS Basics of functional morphology (including elementary biomechanics), an
overview of connective tissue structure and mechanics, and a systematic overview (from head to toe) of human
anatomy from a functional perspective. Emphasis on connective and other tissues involved in functioning of the
musculoskeletal system (primarily bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, and muscle). Prerequisite: Evolutionary
Anthropology 101 and 333L or 334L. Instructor: Churchill or Staff.
534L. Advanced Human Osteology. NS, R Advanced laboratory techniques for human osteological analysis;
identification and sizing of fragmented skeletal elements and teeth; differences between human and non-human
bone; biomechanical analysis, functional morphology, hominin osteology; case studies of human skeletons used to
produce written skeletal report. Pre-requisite: 100-level course in osteology or general anatomy. Instructor: Staff.
One course.
535L. Comparative Mammalian Anatomy. NS A practical survey of anatomical diversity in mammals. An
emphasis on dissections of a broad variety of mammals. A broader perspective on specific anatomical features
provided in the lectures. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Staff. One course.
537S. Orthopedic Biomechanics. NS, R Seminar discussions and research addressing fundamental theoretical and
practical aspects of clinical biomechanics of the human musculoskeletal system. Readings from primary literature
will be assessed in class along with proposals for future research. Students will select a research question, develop
an appropriate data collection protocol and collect preliminary data, the results of which are presented to the class as
part of a formal poster presentation. Prerequisites: Evolutionary Anthropology 101, Physics 141L and 200 or 300level anatomy course. Instructor: Schmitt. One course.
543S. Comparative Primate Ecology. NS, R Advanced readings and discussion of current papers and monographs
in primate ecology with special emphasis on comparative studies. Prerequisites: Evolutionary Anthropology 101,
200 or 300-level ecology course. Instructor: Glander. One course.
544L. Methods in Primate Field Ecology. NS, R Survey of field methods used in the study of primate ecology,
including habitat assessment, mapping, and behavioral observations using computer technology. Laboratory
includes observations of primates at the Duke Lemur Center. Prerequisite: Evolutionary Anthropology 101; 200 or
300-level behavior or ecology course. Instructor: Glander. One course.
546S. Primate Social Evolution. NS, R cological determinants of, and biological constraints on, social strategies
and systems, with an emphasis on primates. Prerequisite: Evolutionary Anthropology 101 and 200 or 300-level
behavior course. Instructor: Staff. One course.
560S. Primate Cognition. NS Advanced readings and discussion in the evolution of primate cognition. Topics
include evolution of social tolerance, communication, cooperation, competition, etc.; role these behaviors play in the
evolution of cognitive abilities. Instructor: Hare. One course.
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582S. Primate Adaptation. NS A study of primate adaptation from an evolutionary perspective. Topics vary
according to student interests but may include history and functional significance of locomotor and feeding
adaptations, craniofacial morphology, sense organs, reproductive systems, and language in primates, including
humans. Seminar format but, depending on topic, may include laboratory analysis of materials. Prerequisite: 200 or
300-level anatomy or morphology course and consent of instructor. Instructor: Williams. One course.
588. Macroevolution. NS One course. C-L: see Biology 558S
590L-1. Special Topics Laboratory. NS Special topics in methodology, theory, or area. Consent of instructor
required. Instructor: Staff. One course.
590L-2. Special Topics Laboratory. NS Special topics in methodology, theory, or area. Consent of instructor
required. Instructor: Staff. One course.
590S. Special Topics. NS Special topics in methodology, theory, or area. Consent of instructor required. Instructor:
Staff. One course.
THE MAJOR
For the A.B. Degree
Prerequisite. Evolutionary Anthropology 101 or 101D.
Corequisite. Biology 202L.
Major Requirements. NNine courses are required (not including the above prerequisite) of which eight courses
must be 200-level or above and one course must be a capstone course (see pre-approved list in the departmental
handbook). One course is required in each of the following areas: 1) human/primate paleontology or anatomy and 2)
primate behavior or ecology (see listings in the Handbook for Majors). At least five courses must be taken in
Evolutionary Anthropology; up to four courses may be taken in related departments based on a pre-approved list of
electives or with pre-approval by the director of undergraduate studies. One course must be a lab/field experience in
Evolutionary Anthropology (research independent study may count toward this requirement). Note that no more
than two independent studies may be counted toward the nine courses required. Evolutionary Anthropology offers
two optional concentrations (see below).
For the B.S. Degree
Prerequisite. Evolutionary Anthropology 101 or 101D.
Corequisites. Biology 201L and 202L; Chemistry 101DL and 201DL; Mathematics 111; Physics 141L;
introductory statistics (any level). Equivalent courses can be approved by the director of undergraduate studies.
Major Requirements. Eight courses numbered 200 or above are required (not including the above corequisites)
of which one course must be a capstone course (see pre-approved list in the Handbook for Majors). One course is
required in each of the following areas: 1) human/primate paleontology or anatomy and 2) primate behavior,
ecology or cognition (see listings in the Handbook for Majors). At least five courses must be taken in Evolutionary
Anthropology; up to three courses may be taken in related departments based on a pre-approved list of electives or
as pre-approved by the director of undergraduate studies. One course must be a lab/field experience in Evolutionary
Anthropology (research independent study may count toward this requirement). Note that no more than two
independent studies may be counted toward the major. Evolutionary Anthropology offers two optional
concentrations.
Areas of Concentration
Students may elect to complete courses representing an in-depth study of a given area within evolutionary
anthropology. There are currently two area concentrations available: 1) Anatomy and Paleoanthropology and 2)
Behavior, Ecology and Cognition. Concentrations require that three of the five courses in Evolutionary
Anthropology (as required by the major) be taken in the area of concentration. Pre-approved courses for each area
can be found in the Handbook for Majors.
Departmental Graduation with Distinction
To qualify for the graduation with distinction program, students must have a G.P.A. of 3.0 overall and 3.5
within Evolutionary Anthropology. To earn distinction, students typically spend one year conducting independent
research with a faculty mentor and writing a substantial senior thesis. Students must be enrolled in an independent
study course within Evolutionary Anthropology. Exceptions must be approved by the Director of Undergraduate
Studies. Students must submit a brief (one- to two-paragraph) description of the honors project, the names of the
faculty comprising the examination committee, and the signature of the student’s faculty mentor to the Director of
Undergraduate Studies by the end of the first week of classes of the student’s next-to-last semester (e.g., fall
semester for May graduates). The examination committee should consist of three faculty members, at least two of
whom are in the Department of Evolutionary Anthropology.
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THE MINOR
Requirements. Evolutionary Anthropology 101 or 101D; one course in primate/human paleontology or
anatomy; one course in primate behavior or ecology; two elective courses numbered 200 or above in evolutionary
anthropology. Approved courses for each of the above subfields are listed in the Handbook for Majors.