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Electronic Supplementary Material
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Tsai, C. H. and Fordyce, R. E. 2014. Ancestor-descendant relationships in evolution: Origin of the
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extant pygmy right whale, Caperea marginata.
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Phylogenetic analysis
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Two TNT files for performing phylogenetic analyses are attached separately. Character descriptions
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and scorings are in the TNT files. TNT program (v.1.1) [1] is used to perform heuristic parsimony
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analyses. Detailed settings include: 10,000 maximum trees in the “Memory” option, 10,000 random
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stepwise-addition replicates and tree bisection reconnection (TBR) branch swapping, saving 10 trees
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pre replicate, and unordered characters. Both equally weighted and implied weighting (k=3) are
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conducted. Synapomorphies that recognise †Miocaperea and Caperea (adult and/or juvenile) are listed
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below for each analysis.
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Figure S1. Full phylogeny of Figure 1a (equally weighted), using the Fordyce and Marx 2013 matrix
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[2]. The number above each branch indicates how many characters change between each taxon and the
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node. Dagger (†) indicates extinct species.
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Synapomorphies for recognising †Miocaperea and juvenile Caperea in the Fordyce and Marx 2013
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matrix [2]:
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Character 24. Straight posterior border of supraorbital process in dorsal view
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Character 56. Anterior tip of zygomatic process of squamosal posterior to the
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postorbital process
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Character 98. poorly developed caudal tympanic process
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Figure S2. Full phylogeny of Figure 1b (implied weighting, k=3), using the Fordyce and Marx 2013
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matrix [2]. The number above each branch indicates how many characters change between each taxon
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and the node. Dagger (†) indicates extinct species.
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Synapomorphies for recognising †Miocaperea and Caperea (adult and juvenile) in the Fordyce and
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Marx 2013 matrix [2]:
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Character 4. Premaxilla anterior to nasal opening narrows or remains the same width anteriorly in
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dorsal view
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Character 23. Anterior edge of supraorbital process lateral to ascending process of maxilla pointing
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posteriorly
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Character 25. The lateral skull wall above the supraorbital formed by parietal only
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Character 50. Anteriormost point of supraoccipital in line with the anterior half or anterior edge of the
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supraorbital process in dorsal view
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Character 61. Transverse width of squamosal lateral to exoccipital width less than 15% of that distance
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Character 68. Presence of squamosal cleft
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Figure S3. Full phylogeny of Figure 1c (equally weighted), using the Bisconti 2012 matrix [3]. The
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number above each branch indicates how many characters change between each taxon and the node.
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Dagger (†) indicates extinct species.
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Synapomorphies for recognising †Miocaperea and adult Caperea in the Bisconti 2012 matrix [3]:
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Character 46. Supraorbital process of frontal abruptly depressed from interorbital region
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Character 48. Short supraorbital process of frontal
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Character 75. Presence of strong concavity in temporal fossa posterior to emergence of supraorbital
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process of frontal
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Character 85. Cranio-mandibular joint approximately under the orbit and elongated dorsoventrally.
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Character 92. Zygomatic process of squamosal projecting anteriorly in dorsal view (lateral border)
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Character 94. Postglenoid process of squamosal projecting ventrally much more than zygomatic
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process
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Character 107. Convex lateral borders of supraoccipital
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Figure S4. Full phylogeny of Figure 1d (implied weighting, k=3), using the Bisconti 2012 matrix [3].
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The number above each branch indicates how many characters change between each taxon and the
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node. Dagger (†) indicates extinct species.
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Synapomorphies for recognising †Miocaperea and adult Caperea in the Bisconti 2012 matrix [3]:
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Character 46. Supraorbital process of frontal abruptly depressed from interorbital region
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Character 48. Short supraorbital process of frontal
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Character 75. Presence of strong concavity in temporal fossa posterior to emergence of supraorbital
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process of frontal
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Character 85. Cranio-mandibular joint approximately under the orbit and elongated dorsoventrally.
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Character 92. Zygomatic process of squamosal projecting anteriorly in dorsal view (lateral border)
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Character 107. Convex lateral borders of supraoccipital
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References
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S1.
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Cladistics 24(5), 774-786. (doi:10.1111/J.1096-0031.2008.00217.X).
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S2.
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cetotheres. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280(1753), 1-6.
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(doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.2645).
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S3.
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the first fossil pygmy right whale genus and species (Cetacea, Mysticeti, Neobalaenidae). Zoological
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Journal of the Linnean Society 166(4), 876-911. (doi:10.1111/J.1096-3642.2012.00862.X).
Goloboff P.A., Farris J.S., Nixon K.C. 2008 TNT, a free program for phylogenetic analysis.
Fordyce R.E., Marx F.G. 2013 The pygmy right whale Caperea marginata: the last of the
Bisconti M. 2012 Comparative osteology and phylogenetic relationships of Miocaperea pulchra,
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Table S1. List of examined living Caperea skeletal specimens.
Species
Catalogue number
1
Caperea marginata
AMNH M36692
2
Caperea marginata
NMNZ MM2119
3
Caperea marginata
NMNZ MM2232
4
Caperea marginata
NMNZ MM2898
5
Caperea marginata
NMNZ MM2959
6
Caperea marginata
NMV C27881
7
Caperea marginata
NMV C28531
8
Caperea marginata
NMV C35946
9
Caperea marginata
NMV C35964
10
Caperea marginata
OM VT227
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Caperea marginata
SAM M6110
12
Caperea marginata
SAM M6111
13
Caperea marginata
SAM M9079
5
14
Caperea marginata
SAM M11493
15
Caperea marginata
SAM M12791
16
Caperea marginata
SAM M13635
17
Caperea marginata
SAM M13636
18
Caperea marginata
SAM M13974
19
Caperea marginata
SAM M14465
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Caperea marginata
SAM M14466
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Caperea marginata
SAM M15024
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Caperea marginata
SAM M15374
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Caperea marginata
SAM M15712
24
Caperea marginata
SAM M16978
25
Caperea marginata
SAM M17362
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Caperea marginata
SAM M17363
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Caperea marginata
SAM M17364
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Caperea marginata
SAM M21460
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Caperea marginata
SAM M23548
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Caperea marginata
SAM M23549
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Caperea marginata
SAM M23577
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Caperea marginata
SAM M23863
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Caperea marginata
SAM M24453
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Caperea marginata
SAM M25607
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Caperea marginata
USNM550146
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Institutional abbreviation:
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NMNZ, National Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington, New Zealand; NMV,
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Museum Victoria Mammalogy Collection, Melbourne, Australia; SAM, South Australian Museum,
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Adelaide, Australia; USNM, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington
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DC, USA.
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