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Logframe - A Critique Robert Chambers and Jethro Pettit Logical
Framework Analysis (Logframe) and its variants as a required method for planning and
monitoring illustrate how procedures can reinforce relationships of power and control. With
origins in management practices for infrastructure projects, the logframe embodies a linear logic
associated with things rather than people, with simple and controlled conditions, and with closed
systems. It has what has been called vertical and horizontal logic, required in a matrix form. The
vertical logic down the matrix is concerned with ends and means - with objectives, goals and
purposes, then outputs, then the activities intended to achieve the outputs. The horizontal logic
across the matrix is from narrative summary to objectively verifiable indicators and means of
verification. A final vertical column is used to identify assumptions about the external
environment that enable or hinder the realization of activities, outputs and purpose. In many
instances, in its time, the logframe has served well to focus attention on the links between
activities and their intended effects, and, hence, to sharpen interventions. For example, at the UK
Department for International Development (DFID), the logframe was found to be useful in
shifting the focus from technology toward people, and in demanding evidence of the connections
between proposed activities and their impacts on poverty. This signals that certain procedures
have their time and place; but changing conditions may require their reassessment and
replacement. In its heyday, the logframe gave rise to a small army of practitioners who trained
others in the technique, and then helped them to carry it out. Some agencies have now abandoned
it or do not require it - although there are indications that a new generation of policy makers are
favouring it as a requirement for funding proposals. Most critics of the logframe recognize the
value of thinking through some of the vertical logic of a project, but find the experience of using
it costly and disempowering. Donor-induced logframe meetings rarely include poor people, yet
participatory poverty assessments present much evidence that the priorities of poor people often
differ from those perceived by outsiders and local elites. Often, expatriates dominate and the
language is English. The idea in ZOPP (Ziel-Orienterte Projekt Planung), a close relative of the
logframe developed by the German aid agency Deutsche Gesellschaft for Technische
Zusammenarbeit, is that stakeholders should brainstorm until they agree on one single core
problem. This involves a reductionism that flies in the face of multiple and changing realities.
Logframe analysis more generally inhibits process and participation and is often experienced as
rigid and constraining. When the actual and sensible activities being undertaken differ from those
in the frame, reporting can become a nightmare, and the eventual external ‘purpose-to-outcome'
evaluation can be perceived as a looming threat rather than an opportunity to learn and do better.
The common experience has been a control orientation that discourages innovation and learning,
and reinforces unequal power relations. The reluctance of disempowered recipients to tell
powerful donors how bad they find the logframe and how it generates frustration and anger
seems likely to have been a factor in prolonging its life. External practitioners, well-meaning
intermediaries and some NGOs have found a niche industry in supplying expertise to prepare and
report on logframes for others, sparing them those demotivating and time-consuming tasks. 'How
to do it' guides have been produced for contexts, especially problematical for logframes.
Whatever their merits, these are liable to perpetuate the logframe, the myths that surround it and
the unequal power relationships that it induces and sustains. Adapted from Robert Chambers
and Jethro Pettit Shifting Power to Make a Difference in "Inclusive Aid : Changing power and
relationships in international development" by Leslie Groves and Rachel Hinton, (2004)
Earthscan, London
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