Biology, 7e (Campbell)
Chapter 34: Vertebrates
Chapter Questions
1) Which of the following is not a shared characteristic of all chordates?
A) pharyngeal clefts
B) post-anal tail
C) notochord
D) dorsal, hollow nerve cord
E) four-chambered heart
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 34.1
Skill: Knowledge
2) What is one characteristic that separates chordates from all other animals?
A) true coelom
B) dorsal, hollow nerve cord
C) blastopore, which becomes the anus
D) bilateral symmetry
E) segmentation
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 34.1
Skill: Knowledge
3) Which of these are characteristics of all chordates during at least a portion of their development?
A) a dorsal, hollow nerve cord
B) pharyngeal clefts
C) post-anal tail
D) A and B only
E) A, B, and C
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 34.1
Skill: Knowledge
4) Pharyngeal slits appear to have functioned first as
A) the digestive system's opening.
B) suspension-feeding devices.
C) components of the jaw.
D) gill slits for respiration.
E) portions of the inner ear.
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 34.1
Skill: Knowledge
5) Which of the following statements would be least acceptable to most zoologists?
A) The extant cephalochordates are contemporaries, not ancestors, of vertebrates.
B) The first fossils resembling cephalochordates appeared in the fossil record around 550 million years ago.
C) Recent work in molecular systematics supports the hypothesis that cephalochordates are the most recent common
ancestor of all vertebrates.
D) The extant cephalochordates are the immediate ancestors of the fishes.
E) Cephalochordates display the same method of swimming as do fishes.
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 34.1
Skill: Comprehension
6) Which extant chordate group is postulated to be most like the earliest chordates in appearance?
A) Cephalochordata
B) adult Urochordata
C) Amphibia
D) Reptilia
E) Chondrichthyes
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 34.1
Skill: Knowledge
7) Which are extinct organisms that may represent a transition between cephalochordates and vertebrates?
A) Haikouella and Haikouichthys
B) Archaeopteryx
C) Acanthostega
D) conodonts
E) acanthodians
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 34.2
Skill: Knowledge
8) A new species of aquatic chordate is discovered that closely resembles an ancient form. It has the following
characteristics: external armor of bony plates, no paired fins, and a suspension-feeding mode of nutrition. In addition
to these, it will probably have which of the following characteristics?
A) legs
B) no jaws
C) an amniotic egg
D) metamorphosis
E) endothermy
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 34.2
Skill: Application
9) Lampreys differ from hagfishes in
A) lacking jaws.
B) having a cranium.
C) having pharyngeal clefts that develop into pharyngeal slits.
D) having a notochord throughout life.
E) having a notochord that is surrounded by a tube of cartilage.
Answer: E
Topic: Concepts 34.2, 34.3
Skill: Knowledge
10) Parasitism is to most species of lampreys as ________ seems to have been to the extinct conodonts.
A) herbivory
B) suspension feeding
C) predation
D) filter feeding
E) absorptive feeding
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 34.3
Skill: Knowledge
11) What do hagfishes and lampreys have in common with the extinct conodonts?
A) lungs
B) the jawless condition
C) bony vertebrae
D) their mode of feeding
E) swim bladders
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 34.3
Skill: Comprehension
12) The earliest known mineralized structures in vertebrates are associated with which function?
A) reproduction
B) feeding
C) locomotion
D) defense
E) respiration
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 34.3
Skill: Knowledge
13) The exoskeletons of marine arthropods are made of calcified ________, and the endoskeletons of vertebrates
are mostly composed of calcified ________.
A) cartilage; cartilage
B) silica; bone
C) chitin; silica
D) dentin; enamel
E) chitin; cartilage
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 34.3
Skill: Knowledge
14) A team of researchers has developed a poison that has proven effective against lamprey larvae in freshwater
cultures. The poison is ingested and causes paralysis by detaching myomeres from the skeletal elements. The team
wants to test the poison's effectiveness in streams feeding Lake Michigan, but one critic worries about potential
effects on lancelets, which are similar to lampreys in many ways. Why is this concern misplaced?
A) A chemical poisonous to lampreys could not also be toxic to organisms as ancestral as lancelets.
B) Lamprey larvae and lancelets have very different feeding mechanisms.
C) Lancelets do not have myomeres.
D) Lancelets live only in salt-water environments.
E) Lancelets and lamprey larvae eat different kinds of food.
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 34.3
Skill: Application
15) The lamprey species whose larvae live in freshwater streams, but whose adults live most of their lives in
seawater, are similar in this respect to certain species of
A) chondrichthyans.
B) actinopterygians.
C) lungfishes.
D) coelacanths.
E) hagfishes.
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 34.4
Skill: Comprehension
16) In which extant class did jaws occur earliest?
A) Cephalaspidomorphi
B) Chondrichthyes
C) Actinopterygii
D) Dipnoi
E) Placodermi
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 34.4
Skill: Knowledge
17) According to one hypothesis, the jaws of vertebrates were derived by the modification of
A) scales of the lower lip.
B) skeletal rods that had supported pharyngeal (gill) slits.
C) one or more gill slits.
D) one or more of the bones of the cranium.
E) one or more of the vertebrae.
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 34.4
Skill: Knowledge
18) All of these might have been observed in the common ancestor of chondrichthyans and osteichthyans, except
A) a mineralized, bony skeleton.
B) scales.
C) lungs.
D) gills.
E) a swim bladder.
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 34.4
Skill: Comprehension
19) What is a distinctive feature of the chondrichthyans?
A) an amniotic egg
B) unpaired fins
C) an acute sense of vision that includes the ability to distinguish colors
D) a cartilaginous endoskeleton
E) lack of jaws
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 34.4
Skill: Knowledge
20) To which of these are the scales of chondrichthyans most closely related in a structural sense?
A) osteichthyan scales
B) reptilian scales
C) mammalian scales
D) bird scales
E) chondrichthyan teeth
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 34.4
Skill: Knowledge
21) Which of these statements accurately describes a similarity between sharks and fishes?
A) The skin is typically covered by flattened bony scales.
B) They are equally able to exchange gases with the environment while stationary.
C) They are highly maneuverable due to their flexibility.
D) They have a lateral line that is sensitive to changes in water pressure.
E) A swim bladder helps control buoyancy.
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 34.4
Skill: Comprehension
22) Which group's members had (have) both lungs and gills during their adult lives?
A) sharks, skates, and rays
B) lungfishes
C) cephalochordates
D) paramphibians
E) ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 34.4
Skill: Comprehension
23) There is evidence that bony fishes (osteichthyans) originally evolved
A) in response to a crisis that wiped out the chondrichthyans.
B) directly from lampreys and hagfish.
C) early in the Cambrian period.
D) directly from cephalochordates.
E) in freshwater environments.
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 34.4
Skill: Knowledge
24) Which are the most abundant and diverse of the extant vertebrates?
A) bony fishes
B) avian reptiles
C) amphibians
D) non-avian reptiles
E) mammals
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 34.4
Skill: Knowledge
25) The bony fishes are characterized by
A) a bony endoskeleton, operculum, and usually a swim bladder.
B) a cartilaginous endoskeleton.
C) an amniotic egg.
D) teeth that are replaced regularly.
E) a lateral line system and ears with three semicircular canals.
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 34.4
Skill: Knowledge
26) The swim bladder of bony fishes
A) was probably modified from simple lungs of freshwater fishes.
B) developed into lungs in saltwater fishes.
C) first appeared in sharks.
D) provides buoyancy, but at a high energy cost.
E) both C and D
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 34.4
Skill: Knowledge
27) All of the following belong to the lobe-fin clade, except
A) chondrichthyans.
B) Australian lungfishes.
C) African lungfishes.
D) coelacanths.
E) tetrapods.
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 34.4
Skill: Comprehension
28) Arrange these taxonomic terms from most inclusive (i.e. most general) to least inclusive (i.e. most specific).
1. lobe-fins
2. amphibians
3. gnathostomes
4. osteichthyans
5. tetrapods
A) 4, 3, 1, 5, 2
B) 4, 3, 2, 5, 1
C) 4, 2, 3, 5, 1
D) 3, 4, 1, 5, 2
E) 3, 4, 5, 1, 2
Answer: D
Topic: Concepts 34.4, 34.5
Skill: Comprehension
29) An extinct transitional form linking aquatic and terrestrial lobe-fins is
A) the coelacanth.
B) Archaeopteryx.
C) Haikouichthys.
D) Acanthostega.
E) Ardipithecus.
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 34.5
Skill: Knowledge
30) A trend in the evolution of the earliest tetrapods was
A) the appearance of jaws.
B) the appearance of bony vertebrae.
C) feet with digits.
D) the mineralization of the endoskeleton.
E) the ability to move in a fish-like manner.
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 34.5
Skill: Comprehension
31) What should be true of fossils of the earliest tetrapods?
A) They should show evidence of internal fertilization.
B) They should show evidence of having produced shelled eggs.
C) They should indicate limited adaptation to life on land.
D) They should be transitional forms with the fossils of chondrichthyans that lived at the same time.
E) They should feature the earliest indications of the appearance of jaws.
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 34.5
Skill: Comprehension
32) What permits reptiles to thrive in arid environments?
A) Their bright coloration reflects the intense UV radiation.
B) A large number of prey and a limited number of predators are available in the desert.
C) A cartilaginous endoskeleton provides needed flexibility for locomotion on sand.
D) Their scales contain the protein keratin, which helps prevent dehydration.
E) They have an acute sense of sight, especially in bright sunlight.
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 34.6
Skill: Comprehension
33) Which of these is not considered an amniote?
A) amphibians
B) non-avian reptiles
C) avian reptiles
D) egg-laying mammals
E) placental mammals
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 34.6
Skill: Knowledge
34) Why is the amniotic egg considered an important evolutionary breakthrough? It
A) has a shell that increases gas exchange.
B) allows incubation of eggs in a terrestrial environment.
C) prolongs embryonic development.
D) provides insulation to conserve heat.
E) permits internal fertilization to be replaced by external fertilization.
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 34.6
Skill: Comprehension
35) Which era is known as the "age of reptiles"?
A) Cenozoic
B) Mesozoic
C) Paleozoic
D) Precambrian
E) Cambrian
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 34.6
Skill: Knowledge
36) Which of these characteristics added most to vertebrate success in relatively dry environments?
A) the amniotic egg
B) the ability to maintain a constant body temperature
C) two pairs of appendages
D) claws
E) a four-chambered heart
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 34.6
Skill: Knowledge
37) From which of the following groups are snakes most likely descended?
A) dinosaurs
B) plesiosaurs
C) lizards
D) crocodiles
E) synapsids
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 34.6
Skill: Knowledge
38) All of the following are characteristics of most extant non-avian reptiles, except
A) ectothermy.
B) brachiation.
C) the amniotic egg.
D) keratinized skin.
E) conical teeth that are relatively uniform in size.
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 34.6
Skill: Knowledge
39) When did dinosaurs and pterosaurs become extinct?
A) Cretaceous "crisis"
B) Permian extinctions
C) Devonian "disaster"
D) Phanerozoic eon
E) Hadean eon
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 34.6
Skill: Knowledge
40) Which of the following are the only extant animals that descended directly from dinosaurs?
A) lizards
B) crocodiles
C) snakes
D) birds
E) mammals
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 34.6
Skill: Knowledge
41) Examination of the fossils of Archaeopteryx reveals that, in common with extant birds, it had
A) a long tail containing vertebrae.
B) feathers.
C) teeth.
D) both A and B
E) A, B, and C
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 34.6
Skill: Knowledge
42) Why is the discovery of the fossil Archaeopteryx significant? It supports the
A) phylogenetic relatedness of birds and reptiles.
B) contention that birds are much older than we originally thought.
C) claim that mammals and dinosaurs coexisted.
D) idea that the first birds were ratites.
E) hypothesis that some extinct reptiles were endothermic.
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 34.6
Skill: Comprehension
43) What is the single unique characteristic that distinguishes extant birds from other extant animals?
A) a hinged jaw
B) feathers
C) an amniotic egg
D) flight
E) a gizzard
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 34.6
Skill: Knowledge
44) Which of the following structures are possessed only by birds?
A) enlarged pectoral muscles and heavy bones
B) a four-chambered heart
C) feathers and keeled sternum
D) a short tail and mammary glands
E) a large brain and endothermy
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 34.6
Skill: Knowledge
The following questions refer to the phylogenetic tree shown in Figure 34.1.
Figure 34.1
45) The organisms represented by 8 most likely are
A) avian reptiles.
B) mammals.
C) non-avian, terrestrial reptiles.
D) aquatic reptiles.
E) all mammals except humans.
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 34.6
Skill: Comprehension
46) Which organisms are represented by 6?
A) avian reptiles
B) mammals
C) non-avian, terrestrial reptiles
D) aquatic reptiles
E) all mammals except humans
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 34.6
Skill: Comprehension
47) Which pair of numbers represents extinct reptiles that had returned to an aquatic life?
A) 1 and 2
B) 3 and 4
C) 5 and 7
D) 6 and 8
E) 7 and 9
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 34.6
Skill: Comprehension
48) Which pair of numbers most likely represents extant, non-avian reptiles?
A) 1 and 2
B) 3 and 4
C) 5 and 7
D) 6 and 8
E) 7 and 9
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 34.6
Skill: Comprehension
49) Whose forelimbs are most analogous to those of keeled birds and bats?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 7
E) 9
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 34.6
Skill: Comprehension
50) Whose DNA would have had the most sequence homologies with amphibian DNA?
A) 5
B) 6
C) 7
D) 8
E) 9
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 34.6
Skill: Comprehension
51) Which pair of numbers includes extant endotherms?
A) 3 and 4
B) 4 and 5
C) 6 and 8
D) 3 and 8
E) 6 and 7
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 34.6
Skill: Comprehension
52) According to modern systematics, which of these terms is now more narrowly applied than it has been in the
past?
A) lobe-fins
B) osteichthyans
C) fishes
D) reptiles
E) gnathostomes
Answer: C
Topic: Concepts 34.4-34.6
Skill: Comprehension
53) During chordate evolution, what is the sequence (from earliest to most recent) in which the following structures
arose?
1. amniotic egg
2. paired fins
3. jaws
4. swim bladder
5. four-chambered heart
A) 2, 3, 4, 1, 5
B) 3, 2, 4, 1, 5
C) 3, 2, 1, 4, 5
D) 2, 1, 4, 3, 5
E) 2, 4, 3, 1, 5
Answer: A
Topic: Concepts 34.3-34.6
Skill: Comprehension
54) Structures that are made of keratin include which of the following?
A) avian feathers
B) reptilian scales
C) mammalian hair
D) A and C only
E) A, B, and C
Answer: E
Topic: Concepts 34.6, 34.7
Skill: Knowledge
55) A sheet of muscle called the diaphragm is found in extant
A) birds.
B) mammals.
C) non-avian reptiles.
D) both A and B
E) A, B, and C
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 34.7
Skill: Knowledge
56) Differentiation of teeth is greatest in
A) sharks.
B) bony fishes.
C) amphibians.
D) reptiles.
E) mammals.
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 34.7
Skill: Knowledge
57) Which is not characteristic of all mammals?
A) a four-chambered heart that prevents mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
B) giving birth to live young (viviparous)
C) having hair during at least some period of life
D) having glands to produce nourishing milk for offspring
E) having a diaphragm to assist in ventilating the lungs
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 34.7
Skill: Knowledge
58) Which of these would a paleontologist be most likely to do in order to determine whether a fossil represents a
reptile or a mammal?
A) Look for the presence of milk-producing glands.
B) Look for the mammalian characteristics of a four-chambered heart and a diaphragm.
C) Because mammals are eutherians, look for evidence of a placenta.
D) Use molecular analysis to look for the protein keratin.
E) Examine the teeth.
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 34.7
Skill: Comprehension
59) Which of the following classifications do not apply to both dogs and humans?
A) class Mammalia
B) order Primates
C) phylum Chordata
D) kingdom Animalia
E) subphylum Vertebrata
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 34.7
Skill: Comprehension
60) Which of these is not a trend in primate evolution?
A) enhanced depth perception
B) well-developed claws for clinging to trees
C) a shoulder joint adapted to brachiation
D) increased brain to body ratio
E) a long period of parental care of offspring
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 34.7
Skill: Knowledge
61) How are primates different from all other mammals?
A) placental embryonic development
B) hairy bodies
C) arboreal lifestyles
D) ability to produce milk
E) opposable thumbs in many species
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 34.7
Skill: Comprehension
62) In which vertebrates is fertilization exclusively internal?
A) chondrichthyans, osteichthyans, and mammals
B) amphibians, mammals, and reptiles
C) chondrichthyans, osteichthyans, and reptiles
D) reptiles and mammals
E) reptiles and amphibians
Answer: D
Topic: Concepts 34.5-34.7
Skill: Knowledge
For the following items, match the vertebrate groups below with the descriptions that follow. Each choice may be
used once, more than once, or not at all.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
amphibians
non-avian reptiles
chondrichthyans
mammals
avian reptiles
63) their scales closely resemble teeth in both structure and origin
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 34.4
Skill: Knowledge
64) internal fertilization, amniotic egg, skin that resists drying, heavy bones
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 34.6
Skill: Knowledge
65) three major groups: egg-laying, pouched, and placental
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 34.7
Skill: Knowledge
66) may have lungs, or gills, and may use skin as a respiratory surface
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 34.5
Skill: Knowledge
67) honeycombed bones, females with one ovary, no teeth
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 34.6
Skill: Knowledge
68) Arrange the following taxonomic terms from most inclusive (i.e. most general) to least inclusive (i.e. most
specific):
1. hominoids
2. hominids
3. Homo
4 anthropoids
5. primates
A) 5, 1, 4, 2, 3
B) 5, 4, 1, 2, 3
C) 5, 4, 2, 1, 3
D) 5, 2, 1, 4, 3
E) 5, 2, 4, 1, 3
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 34.8
Skill: Comprehension
69) The adaptation to arboreal life by early human ancestors can explain, at least in part, all of the following human
characteristics except
A) limber shoulder joints.
B) dexterous hands with opposable thumbs.
C) excellent eye-hand coordination.
D) enhanced depth perception.
E) reduced body hair.
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 34.8
Skill: Comprehension
70) Which of these hominid traits seems to have occurred before the others?
A) tool use
B) increased brain size
C) symbolic thought
D) language
E) bipedalism
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 34.8
Skill: Knowledge
71) Which of these traits is not directly associated with the adoption of bipedalism?
A) shortening of jaw
B) shortening of limbs
C) straightening and shortening of digits
D) loss of ability to oppose big toe
E) repositioning of foramen magnum
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 34.8
Skill: Comprehension
72) Which of the following statements about human evolution is correct?
A) Modern humans are the only human species to have evolved on Earth.
B) Human ancestors were virtually identical to chimpanzees.
C) Human evolution occurred by anagenetic change within an unbranched lineage.
D) The upright posture and enlarged brain of humans evolved simultaneously.
E) Fossil evidence indicates that early anthropoids were arboreal, and cat-sized.
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 34.8
Skill: Comprehension
73) Humans and apes are presently classified in the same category as all of the following levels except
A) class.
B) genus.
C) kingdom.
D) order.
E) phylum.
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 34.8
Skill: Comprehension
74) Which of the following are not considered hominoids?
A) gibbons
B) gorillas
C) rhesus monkeys
D) orangutans
E) chimpanzees
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 34.8
Skill: Knowledge
75) The most primitive hominid discovered to date
A) may have hunted dinosaurs.
B) lived 1.2 million years ago.
C) closely resembled a chimpanzee.
D) walked on two legs.
E) had a relatively large brain.
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 34.8
Skill: Comprehension
Match the taxonomic terms below with the descriptions that follow. Options may be used once, more than once, or
not at all.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
H. heidelbergensis
H. erectus
H. ergaster
H. habilis
H. sapiens
76) the first of these species to have been adapted for long-distance bipedalism
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 34.8
Skill: Knowledge
77) the first of these species to craft stone tools
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 34.8
Skill: Knowledge
78) the first of these species to show a trend toward reduced sexual dimorphism
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 34.8
Skill: Knowledge
79) the first of these species to have some members migrate out of Africa
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 34.8
Skill: Knowledge
80) the species currently thought to be the direct ancestor of H. neanderthalensis
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 34.8
Skill: Knowledge
81) the species that demonstrates symbolic thought, art, and full-blown language
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 34.8
Skill: Knowledge
82) With which of the following statements would a biologist be most inclined to agree?
A) Humans and apes represent divergent lines of evolution from a common ancestor.
B) Humans evolved from New World monkeys.
C) Humans have stopped evolving and now represent the pinnacle of evolution.
D) Apes evolved from humans.
E) Humans and apes are the result of disruptive selection in a species of gorilla.
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 34.8
Skill: Knowledge
83) Which of these statements about human evolution is true?
A) The ancestors of Homo sapiens were chimpanzees and other apes.
B) Human evolution has proceeded in an orderly fashion from an ancestral anthropoid to Homo sapiens.
C) The evolution of upright posture and enlarged brain occurred simultaneously.
D) Different features have evolved at different rates.
E) Mitochondrial DNA analysis indicates that modern humans are genetically very similar to Neanderthals.
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 34.8
Skill: Comprehension
84) Rank the following in terms of body-size differences that are attributed to sexual dimorphism, from most
dimorphic to least dimorphic.
1. Homo sapiens
2. Chimpanzees and bonobos
3. Australopithecus afarensis
4. Homo habilis
A) 1, 2, 3, 4
B) 1, 3, 2, 4
C) 3, 2, 4, 1
D) 2, 3, 4, 1
E) 4, 3, 2, 1
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 34.8
Skill: Comprehension
85) Based on current evidence, which of the following statements best describes the evolution of humans?
A) Humans evolved from the chimpanzee.
B) Humans evolved in a single, orderly series of stages in which each stage became more advanced than the
predecessor.
C) The various characteristics that we associate with humans evolved in unison over long periods of time.
D) Humans and apes diverged from a common ancestor about 5-10 million years ago.
E) Humans are more closely related to gorillas than to chimpanzees.
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 34.8
Skill: Knowledge
86) The oldest fossil remains of Homo sapiens found so far date from about
A) 6 million years ago.
B) 1.6 million years ago.
C) 160,000 years ago.
D) 60,000 years ago.
E) 16,000 years ago.
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 34.8
Skill: Knowledge
87) The common ancestors of all humans alive today lived in Africa until about
A) 5 million years ago.
B) 500,000 years ago.
C) 50,000 years ago.
D) 5,000 years ago.
E) There is no evidence available that could answer this question.
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 34.8
Skill: Knowledge
88) Which of the following statements is false in regards to Homo erectus?
A) Their fossils are limited to Africa.
B) On average, H. erectus had a larger brain than H. habilis.
C) H. erectus had a level of sexual dimorphism similar to that of modern humans.
D) H. erectus was able to use tools.
E) H. erectus evolved after the rise of H. habilis.
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 34.8
Skill: Knowledge
89) Why is it thought that the Neanderthals contributed little to the gene pool of modern humanity?
A) Recent studies of human and Neanderthal DNA show significant differences in base sequences.
B) The fossils found in the Neander Valley were a hoax and the "Neanderthals" never really existed.
C) Neanderthals had degenerated brain capacity and thus could not have contributed to human ancestry.
D) There is no evidence that Neanderthals were capable of walking upright or using tools.
E) Humans, the "naked apes," have nothing in common with the Neanderthals, the "hairy apes."
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 34.8
Skill: Comprehension
Match the taxonomic terms below with the descriptions that follow. Each option may be used once, more than once,
or not at all.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
hominoids
Homo
anthropoids
hominids
primates
90) Which is the most inclusive (most general) group, all of whose members have foramina magna centrally
positioned in the base of the cranium?
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 34.8
Skill: Comprehension
91) Which term is most nearly synonymous with "apes"?
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 34.8
Skill: Comprehension
92) Which is a genus that has only one extant species?
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 34.8
Skill: Knowledge
93) Which is the most inclusive (most general) group, all of whose members have fingernails instead of claws?
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 34.8
Skill: Comprehension
94) Which is the most inclusive (most general) group, all of whose members have fully opposable thumbs?
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 34.8
Skill: Comprehension
95) Which is the most specific group in which prosimians can be included?
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 34.8
Skill: Comprehension
96) Which is the most specific group that includes both the Old World monkeys and the New World monkeys?
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 34.8
Skill: Comprehension
Match the genes below with the descriptions that follow.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Hox
Dlx
Otx
FOXP2
more than one of these
97) At least one of these has been found in all species of animals studied thus far.
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 34.1
Skill: Knowledge
98) This is a code for transcription factors involved in the evolution of innovations in early vertebrate nervous
systems and vertebrae.
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 34.3
Skill: Knowledge
99) This is a gene linked to the development of speech in hominids.
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 34.8
Skill: Knowledge
Media Activity Questions
100) Which one of these chordate groups lacks a post-anal tail and a notochord as adults?
A) lancelets
B) tunicates
C) amphibians
D) mammals
E) reptiles
Answer: B
Topic: Web/CD Activity: Characteristics of Chordates
101) The common ancestor of all these chordate groups except the ________ probably had paired appendages.
A) mammals
B) amphibians
C) lampreys
D) ray-finned fishes
E) reptiles
Answer: C
Topic: Web/CD Activity: Characteristics of Chordates
102) ________ are the oldest known primate group.
A) Apes
B) Prosimians
C) Anthropoids
D) Hominids
E) Monkeys
Answer: B
Topic: Web/CD Activity: Primate Diversity
103) Which of these primate groups lives in trees in Central and South America and have nostrils that are wide open
and far apart?
A) hominids
B) apes
C) New World monkeys
D) anthropoids
E) Old World monkeys
Answer: C
Topic: Web/CD Activity: Primate Diversity
104) Evidence indicates that ________ was the first hominid to use fire.
A) Australopithecus
B) Homo erectus
C) Ardipithecus
D) Homo habilis
E) Homo sapiens
Answer: B
Topic: Web/CD Activity: Human Evolution
Self-Quiz Questions
105) Vertebrates and tunicates share
A) jaws adapted for feeding.
B) a high degree of cephalization.
C) the formation of structures from the neural crest.
D) an endoskeleton that includes a skull.
E) a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord.
Answer: E
106) Some animals that lived 530 million years ago resembled lancelets but had a brain and a skull. These animals
may represent
A) the first chordates.
B) a "missing link" between urochordates and cephalochordates.
C) early craniates.
D) marsupials.
E) non-tetrapod gnathostomes.
Answer: C
107) Chondrichthyans can be distinguished from osteichthyans by the
A) presence in osteichthyans of a skull.
B) presence in osteichthyans of a lateral line system.
C) presence in condrichthyans of unpaired fins.
D) absence in chondrichthyans of a swim bladder and lungs.
E) absence in chondrichthyans of paired sensory organs.
Answer: D
108) Which of the following could be considered the most recent common ancestor of living tetrapods?
A) a sturdy-finned, shallow-water lobe-fin whose appendages had skeletal supports similar to those of terrestrial
vertebrates
B) an armored, jawed placoderm that had two sets of paired appendages
C) an early ray-finned fish that developed bony skeletal supports in its paired fins
D) a salamander that had legs supported by a bony skeleton but moved with the side-to-side bending typical of
fishes
E) an early terrestrial caecilian whose legless condition had evolved secondarily
Answer: A
109) Mammals and living birds share all of the following characteristics except
A) endothermy.
B) descent from a common amniotic ancestor.
C) a dorsal, hollow nerve cord.
D) teeth specialized for diverse diets.
E) the ability of some species to fly.
Answer: D
110) Unlike eutherians, both monotremes and marsupials
A) lack nipples.
B) have some embryonic development outside the mother's uterus.
C) lay eggs.
D) are found in Australia and Africa.
E) include only insectivores and herbivores.
Answer: B
111) Which of the following characteristics of monkeys is specific to New World monkeys?
A) distinct "seat pads"
B) eyes close together on the front of the skull
C) use of the tail to hang from a tree limb
D) occasional bipedal walking
E) downward orientation of the nostrils
Answer: C
112) Which clade does not include humans?
A) synapsids
B) lobe-fins
C) diapsids
D) craniates
E) osteichthyans
Answer: C
113) As humans diverged from other primates, which of the following appeared first?
A) the development of technology
B) language
C) a partial erect stance
D) tool-making
E) an enlarged brain
Answer: C
114) Studies on DNA indicate which of the following?
A) Homo erectus had an Asian origin.
B) Homo sapiens originated in Africa.
C) Neanderthals are the ancestors of modern humans in Europe.
D) Australopiths migrated out of Africa.
E) North America had the first population of modern humans.
Answer: B