EOC Coverage Sheet for Biology
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Lipids – composed of fatty acids or glycerol– functions: energy storage, insulation, protective coverings
Yeast – gives off CO2 - goes through anaerobic respiration
DNA replication occurs in the nucleus
DNA and RNA are nucleic acids
Phosphate, sugar, nitrogen base makes up a nucleotide (DNA and RNA –nucleic acids)
DNA – backbone (deoxyribose sugar), phosphate, held together by a weak hydrogen bond – double
stranded - found in the nucleus
DNA nitrogen bases – A-T-C-G
Sequence of nitrogen bases on DNA makes 2 species different
RNA nitrogen bases – A-U-C-G
Transcription and translation
Transcription – occurs in the nucleus (DNA – inside the chromosomes)
Translation – occur in the ribosomes (cytoplasm)
The function of tRNA is to bring amino acids to the ribosomes
Codon/Anticodon
Amino acid chart
Seed coat – protection
Mitochondria – produces ATP (energy)- site of protein synthesis
Enzymes – classified as proteins – aka catalysts – lock and key method – anything that ends in ase is an
enzyme – Function – speeds up or increases the rate of a chemical reaction – Parts: enzyme, substrate,
active site, new product
Ose – sugar also known as a carbohydrate or monosaccharide
Punnett squares
Homozygous
Heterozygous
Phenotype
Genotype
Pedigree
DNA fingerprinting – gel electrophoresis
Karyotype
XX-Female
XY-Male
Nondisjunction
Chance of down syndrome increases with the age of the mother (younger or older age)
Parts of the flower
Parts of the leaf
Sexual and asexual reproduction
Mitosis – same – identical as the parent cell – It happens in somatic cells (skin, body, tissue cells),
asexual reproduction
Mitosis steps – interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase – 2 daughter cells
Meiosis – ½ the number as the parent cell- occurs in sex cells (gametes - sperm and egg), sexual
reproduction
Meiosis – 4 haploid daughter cells
Type A,B dominant
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Type O - recessive
Type AB – codominant
Polygenic inheritance – skin color, AABBCC – very dark, aabbcc – no color (albino), AaBbCc – medium
skin color, so it depends on the number of dominant alleles there are
Sperm > fertilizes egg > zygote > embryo > fetus (She Eats Zebra Every Friday)
Pollination > fertilization > seed formation > seed germination (Please Forgive Sister Faye and Sister
Gertrude)
Angiosperms – produce flower and seed enclosed in a fruit – monocots, dicots (angi loves flower) –
produces seeds in an ovary
Gymnosperms – seed produced on cones (Gym loves cones)
Endosperm – food storage
Cell theory – 1) Cells are the basic unit of organization, 2) cells come from preexisting cells, 3) organisms
are made up of one or more cells
Plasma membrane
Chemosynthesis
Photosynthesis – 6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight > C6 H12O 6 + 6O2
The sun is the ultimate source of energy
Aerobic respiration (cellular respiration) – produces more ATP(energy) than anaerobic respiration –
needs oxygen
Cell parts and functions
Folds on the inside of the mitochondria, called cristae, increases the surface area
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic
Cells > tissues > organs > organ systems
A fresh plant in salt water – hypertonic – shrink
A fresh plant in fresh water – isotonic – stays the same
Salt in fresh – hypotonic – swell
Homeostasis
pH scale
Active transport – needs energy – low to high – against the concentration gradient – endocytosis,
exocytosis, carrier proteins
Passive transport – no energy – high to low – down or with the concentration gradient – osmosis,
diffusion, simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion (with transport proteins)
Osmosis is the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high
concentration to an area of low concentration (passive transport – no energy)
Autotrophic/heterotrophic
Abiotic/biotic
Food chain/food web
Symbiosis – parasitism, mutualism, commensalism
Lichens – pioneer species
Succession – rock, lichen, mosses, grasses, shrubs, pines, hardwoods
Climax community
Density-dependent factors – disease, competition, parasites, food – increases as the population
increases
Density-independent factors – affects all populations regardless of density – temperature, storms,
floods, drought, and habitat disruption
Energy pyramid
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Biological magnification
Carbon cycle – 2 major processes involved – photosynthesis and cellular respiration
Dichotomous key
Selections – Disruptive, Directional, and Stabilizing
Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species (King Phillip Came Over From Great Spain)
Chordate/Chordata – means backbone
Gills in fish have the same function as lungs in mammals – gills : fish as lungs : birds
Stomata : leaf as lungs : humans
Primary succession – no soil – occurs after an avalanche, volcano
Secondary succession – soil already exists – occurs after human activity or natural disaster
Muscles
Gall bladder
Efficiency of a 4-chamber heart compared to a 3-chamber heart is it separates oxygenated blood from
deoxygenated blood
Innate behavior – behavior we are born with, an inherited, genetically based behavior in animals,
includes automatic responses and instinctive behaviors: Ex. - mouse running away when a cat appears,
duck flying south for the winter, toads sticking out their tongue to capture prey, baby sucking a bottle
or thumb
Imprinting – duck, when a baby duck hatches, the first image it sees it imprints that as its mother
Circadian rhythm – a 24-hour cycle of behavior (flower opens in the day and closes at night), (an owl
hunting at night and sleeping in the day)
Trial and error – a mouse going through a maze
Conditioning – Ex. Pavlov’s dog
Carolus Linnaeus originally used plants and animals in his classification system
Open-ended circulatory system – blood moves through vessels and into open spaces and the body
organs – Ex. Mollusks, squid, slugs, clams and snails
Closed-ended circulatory system – blood moves through the body enclosed entirely in a series of blood
vessels – Ex. Octopuses
Gastrovascular – a large cavity in which digestion takes place in cnidarians, hydras, jellyfish, Portuguese
man of war and sea anemones
You do not use protein for energy (it’s used for a last resort for energy)
Starch – Iodine (Lugols) – positive test: color black/blue – carbohydrate – polysaccharides are the
building blocks of starch
Proteins – Biuret – positive test : color – pink /purple- amino acids are the building blocks of proteins
Sugar – Benedicts – positive test : color – red/orange – carbohydrate- monosaccharides are the building
blocks of sugar
Lipids – brown paper bag – positive test – translucent or greasy spot
Parts and function of microscope – total magnification
Sickle-cell anemia affects red blood cells
Cross-section of the leaf
Main function of the leaf is for photosynthesis
Function of the tiny hairs on root tips: to increase surface area of a root, absorb water and oxygen and
dissolved minerals
Phototaxis – euglena
Amoeba
Paramecium – the gullet serves as the same function as the mouth of the human (used to intake food)
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Hypertension – high blood pressure when at rest, symptoms if untreated: stroke, heart failure, kidney
failure
Phylogenetic chart – the more primitive organisms are located at the bottom of the chart – Ch 17
Total number of chromosomes in the human gamete is 23
Root tips are specialized for cell division in plant cells
CFC’s affects the Earth’s ozone layer
No amino acids in the diet will result in malnutrition
Age structures – p. 103 (rapid, slow, no growth)
Early earth conditions consisted of prokaryotic cells going through anaerobic respiration
Pheromones are used for communication
To get active immunity to a disease: antibodies received by previously having the disease
Function of restriction enzymes – to cut DNA at a specific nucleotide sequence
A mother breast feeding her baby is a type of passive immunity
Incomplete and Intermediate dominance is the same thing
Human genes inserted into bacteria to produce human insulin is a form of genetic engineering
Transgenic organism – Ex. Bacterium being used for human insulin
Tobacco smoke is a cause of emphysema
Biochemical evidence for evolution is DNA
Enzymes and hemoglobin are both a type of protein
Virus - needs a host to survive – a virus has an inner core of DNA or RNA and an outer protein coat
(capsid) and some have an envelope (second outer layer)
Estivation – a state of reduced metabolism in response to lack of food or periods of drought, in animals
living in intense heat
B cells produce antibodies
The best way to determine the age of a fossil is by utilizing radiaoactive isotopes –pg. 372 (half-life)
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