Spring 2012 Agriscience Midterm
Name (print large and clearly):
Date:
Hr:
Directions: Do NOT open this packet until instructed to do so. There should be absolutely NO TALKING during the exam
unless you have raised your hand and have been called on by the instructor. Failure to do so will result in one verbal
warning, and then a failed test grade.
Students should sit on opposite sides of the lab tables for this exam. DO NOT sit together on the same side.
Select the BEST answer to each question from the options given (more than one may sound right, but there is only one
entirely correct answer per question). Be sure to clearly mark your answers on the Scantron sheet. You may write on
your test packet, but only answers on the Scantron will be considered.
You may use one and only one 3x5” note card with your own handwritten note. This notecard must stay on the desk in
front of you at all times.
Exam test taking tips:
Treat each question like a short answer question if you can. Cover the answers, create an answer in your head, and then
match that answer to those given to find the best answer.
If you do not know an answer, skip it and come back later.
Use information from other questions to help you. One question may help you answer another question.
Cross off answers to eliminate and lower possibilities. If you cannot narrow the options to just one, select the answer
that sounds the best to you and makes the most sense.
Read each question AND each option carefully. Do not select an answer until you have read them all!
Good Luck!
Copyright 2012 by Craig Kohn, Agricultural Sciences, Waterford WI. This source may be freely used and distributed provided the author is cited.
1. An animal that has both recessive alleles would be described as…
a. Heterozygous
b. Homozygous Dominant
c. Homozygous Recessive
d. Co-dominant
e. Incompletely Dominant
2. An animal that has both dominant alleles would be described as…
a. Heterozygous
b. Homozygous Dominant
c. Homozygous Recessive
d. Co-dominant
e. Incompletely Dominant
3. An animal that has a recessive allele and a dominant allele would be described as…
a. Heterozygous
b. Homozygous Dominant
c. Homozygous Recessive
d. Co-dominant
e. Incompletely Dominant
4. If two different traits are both equally expressed in an individual’s phenotype, those traits would be
considered…
a. Heterozygous
b. Homozygous Dominant
c. Homozygous Recessive
d. Co-dominant
e. Incompletely Dominant
5. If two different traits sort of blend, so that neither is fully present in the phenotype, those traits are…
a. Heterozygous
b. Homozygous Dominant
c. Homozygous Recessive
d. Co-dominant
e. Incompletely Dominant
6. An organism that expresses a recessive phenotype must be…
a. Heterozygous
b. Homozygous Dominant
c. Homozygous Recessive
d. Co-dominant
e. Incompletely Dominant
7. Epistasis is...
a. The physical appearance of an organism that is the result of its genes.
b. The combination of genes in an organism.
c. When one gene affects the expression of another gene.
Copyright 2012 by Craig Kohn, Agricultural Sciences, Waterford WI. This source may be freely used and distributed provided the author is cited.
d. The term for a version of a gene
8. A genotype is…
a. The physical appearance of an organism that is the result of its genes.
b. The combination of genes in an organism.
c. When one gene affects the expression of another gene.
d. The term for a version of a gene
9. An allele is…
a. The physical appearance of an organism that is the result of its genes.
b. The combination of genes in an organism.
c. When one gene affects the expression of another gene.
d. The term for a version of a gene
10. A phenotype is…
a. The physical appearance of an organism that is the result of its genes.
b. The combination of genes in an organism.
c. When one gene affects the expression of another gene.
d. The term for a version of a gene
11. If all of the offspring of a couple are the recessive phenotype, the parents must have which genotype
combination?
a. AA x AA b. Aa x Aa c. Aa x aa d. aa x aa
12. If 3/4s of the offspring have the dominant phenotype and ¼ have the recessive phenotype, the parent
combination is most likely…
a. AA x AA b. Aa x Aa c. Aa x aa d. aa x aa
13. If the offspring are half dominant, half recessive phenotypes, the parent combination is most likely…
a. AA x AA b. Aa x Aa c. Aa x aa d. aa x aa
14. If all of the offspring are homozygous dominant, the parent combination must be…
a. AA x AA b. Aa x Aa c. Aa x aa d. aa x aa
15. In Holstein cows, black is dominant and red is recessive. A bull and a cow (both heterozygous for color) have 3
calves. All of them are black. What are the odds that their fourth calf will be red?
a. 0% b. 25% c. 50% d. 100%
Copyright 2012 by Craig Kohn, Agricultural Sciences, Waterford WI. This source may be freely used and distributed provided the author is cited.
A pair of frogs and their offspring are show
to the side. Couples are denoted with the dotted
boxes around them. Offspring (Couples 1-4) are
below the couples (the offspring of the top pair are
connected to them with a line; their mates
are unrelated to the top pair of frogs).
Top Pair
Above each frog, write their genotype. Then
answer the questions below.
You will be able to determine
the genotype for each frog
based on the parents and
the offspring.
Couple
1
Couple
2
16. How many frogs on this
page are homozygous recessive?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 11
d. 13
e. 15
17. How many frogs were
homozygous dominant?
a. 1 b. 2 c. 11 d. 13 e. 15
18. How many frogs were heterozygous?
a. 1 b. 2 c. 11 d. 13 e. 15
19. What are the genotypes of Couple 1?
a. Gg x Gg b. GG x gg c. Gg x gg d. gg x gg e. GG x GG
20. What are the genotypes of Couple 2?
a. Gg x Gg b. GG x gg c. Gg x gg d. gg x gg e. GG x GG
21. What are the genotypes of Couple 3?
a. Gg x Gg b. GG x gg c. Gg x gg d. gg x gg e. GG x GG
22. What are the genotypes of Couple 4?
a. Gg x Gg b. GG x gg c. Gg x gg d. gg x gg e. GG x GG
Copyright 2012 by Craig Kohn, Agricultural Sciences, Waterford WI. This source may be freely used and distributed provided the author is cited.
Couple
3
Couple
4
A farmer selects two goats to mate. The farmer wants to raise curly-horned goats. The first goat is polled (no horns).
The other goat has curly horns. Polled is dominant to horns and straight horns are dominant to recessive. They have the
following genotypes:
Goat 1: PpHh
Goat 2: pphh
PP, Pp = polled; pp = horned
HH, Hh = straight horns; hh= curly horns
Polled = P _ _ _
Horned = pp _ _
Straight horns = ppHh or ppHH
Curled horns = pphh
Complete the dihybrid Punnett Square before continuing
23. What are the odds that any given goat
baby will be polled?
a. 16/16 b. 8/16 c. 6/16 d. 4/16 e. 2/16
24. What are the odds that any given baby will
be straight horned?
a. 16/16 b. 8/16 c. 6/16 d. 4/16 e. 2/16
25. What are the odds that any given baby will
be curly horned?
a. 16/16 b. 8/16 c. 6/16 d. 4/16 e. 2/16
26. Could two polled goats have a horned baby?
a. Yes
b. No
27. Could two horned goats have a polled baby?
a. Yes
b. No
Copyright 2012 by Craig Kohn, Agricultural Sciences, Waterford WI. This source may be freely used and distributed provided the author is cited.
28. A gene is…
a. A tightly-wound package of DNA
b. A section of DNA that codes for a specific protein
c. A visible trait
d. All of the above
29. In the picture at the right, this is A
a. Phosphate
b. Nitrogenous Base
c. Deoxyribose sugar
d. Nucleotide
C
A
B
30. In the picture at the right, this is B
a. Phosphate b. Nitrogenous Base
c. Deoxyribose sugar d. Nucleotide
31. In the picture at the right, this is C
a. Phosphate b. Nitrogenous Base c. Deoxyribose sugar d. Nucleotide
32. In the picture at the right, this is D
a. Phosphate b. Nitrogenous Base c. Deoxyribose sugar
D
d. Nucleotide
33. This item in the picture could represent Adenine, Cytosine, Thymine, or Guanine
A.
B.
C.
D.
34. This structure contains the 5’ and 3’ carbons that give DNA its sense of direction
A.
B.
C.
D.
35. Which of the following accurately indicates the correct pairing of bases?
a. A – C; G – T b. A – G; C – T c. G – C; T – A d. G – G; C – C; A - T
36. Specific combinations of bases exist because…
a. They can’t fit in any other combination
b. They can’t bond in any other combination
c. Both A and B
d. None of the above are correct
37. Which has 3 bonding sites?
a. Adenine & Thymine b. Cytosine & Guanine c. Adenine & Guanine d. Cytosine & Thymine
38. Which of the following is shown here?
a. A purine b. A pyrimidine c. A leucine d. A genie
Copyright 2012 by Craig Kohn, Agricultural Sciences, Waterford WI. This source may be freely used and distributed provided the author is cited.
Use the picture at the right for the following questions.
39. This structure is DNA
A.
B.
C.
D.
40. This structure is mRNA
A.
B.
C.
A
B
D.
41. This structure is the ribosome
A.
B.
C.
D.
42. This structure is tRNA
A.
B.
C.
D.
43. This structure is created by polymerase
A.
B.
C.
D.
44. This structure is opened by helicase
A.
B.
C.
D.
45. This structure delivers amino acids
A.
B.
C.
D.
C
46. This structure reads copies of DNA and creates proteins
A.
B.
C.
D.
47. How does RNA differ from DNA?
a. The G’s in DNA become U’s in RNA
b. DNA is double stranded; RNA can be single stranded
c. RNA has an extra –OH molecule
d. All of the above are correct
D
B
48. A codon is a….
a. String of amino acids
b. A kind of amino acid
c. The structure that reads mRNA and makes a protein
d. A group of three nucleotide bases
49. Which would be the correct mRNA version of this strand of DNA?
3' CCC-GTA-ATG-GCA-TAA-ATC 5'
a.
b.
c.
d.
3’ CCC – GTA – ATG – GCA - TAA - ATC 5’
5’ CCC – GTA – ATG – GCA – TAA - ATC 3’
3’ GGG – CAU – UAC – CGU – AUU - UAG 5’
5’ GGG – CAU – UAC – CGU – AUU - UAG 3’
50. What is the correct amino acid sequence for the mRNA above?
a. Gly – His – Tyr – Arg – Ile – Term
b. Term – Ile – Arg – Tyr – His – Gly
c. Ile – Leu – Cys – His – Tyr – Gly
Copyright 2012 by Craig Kohn, Agricultural Sciences, Waterford WI. This source may be freely used and distributed provided the author is cited.
d. Ala – Asp – Glu – Gly – Phe – Leu
51. Which of the following amino acids forms a special bond called a disulfide bond, a bond which causes it to bind
to other amino acids that are the same kind as itself?
a. Glutamine b. Tyrosine c. Serine d. Cysteine
52. The shape of a protein determines its…
a. Amino acid sequence b. Function c. Lifespan d. Location
53. Hydrophilic amino acids will always move to the
a. Inside b. Outside c. Top d. Bottom
of a protein
54. Hydrophobic amino acids will always move to the
a. Inside b. Outside c. Top d. Bottom
of a protein
55. Oppositely charged amino acids will always…
a. Bond with each other
b. Repel each other
c. Move to the inside
d. Move to the bottom
56. Similarly charged amino acids will always…
a. Bond with each other
b. Repel each other
c. Move to the inside
d. Move to the bottom
57. The primary structure of an amino acid refers to…
a. The overall structure of the protein
b. The combination of alpha helixes and beta sheets
c. The order of amino acids
d. The formation of an alpha helix or a beta sheet
58. The tertiary structure of an amino acid refers to…
a. The overall structure of the protein
b. The combination of alpha helixes and beta sheets
c. The order of amino acids
d. The formation of an alpha helix or a beta sheet
59. A frameshift mutation is one that…
a. Causes a deletion
b. Causes an insertion
c. Causes all of the bases downstream to shift
d. Causes no change to the protein structure
60. A frameshift mutation will change the
of a protein
a. Shape b. Function c. Secondary and Tertiary structure d. All of the above
Copyright 2012 by Craig Kohn, Agricultural Sciences, Waterford WI. This source may be freely used and distributed provided the author is cited.
61. Which of the following is shown in X to the right?
a. Alpha Helix b. Beta Sheet c. Amino Acid d. Polypeptide
62. Which of the following is shown in Y to the right?
a. Alpha Helix b. Beta Sheet c. Amino Acid d. Polypeptide
63. X and Y together would make which of the following?
a. Alpha Helix b. Beta Sheet c. Amino Acid d. Polypeptide
64. Which of the following would be the correct transcribed mRNA molecule
for the DNA sequence below?
.
3’
a.
b.
c.
d.
TAC-TTA-CGA-TGG-TAC-ACG-TGT-ACC-TTG-AAC-CTG-ACT 5’
5’ – ATG-AAT-GCT-ACC-ATG-TGC-ACA-TGG-AAC-TTG-GAC-TGA- 3’
5’ – AUG-AAU-GCU-ACC-AUG-UGC-ACA-UGG-AAC-UUG-GAC-UGA- 3’
3’ – ATG-AAT-GCT-ACC-ATG-TGC-ACA-TGG-AAC-TTG-GAC-TGA- 5’
3’ – AUG-AAU-GCU-ACC-AUG-UGC-ACA-UGG-AAC-UUG-GAC-UGA- 5’
65. Which of the following would be the correct order of translated amino acids from the mRNA strand above?
a. Met – Asn – Ala – Thr – Met – Cys – Thr – Trp – Asn – Leu – Asp
b. Ser – Gln – Val – Gln – Gly – Thr – Arg – Val – Pro – Ser- Term
c. Asn – Ala – Thr – Met – Trp – Pro – Arg – Val – Met – Asp – Trp
d. Ile – Phe – Ser – Cys – His – Arg – Val – Ala – Asp – Glu – Leu – Term
Copyright 2012 by Craig Kohn, Agricultural Sciences, Waterford WI. This source may be freely used and distributed provided the author is cited.
66. How many chromosomes do humans have in their cells?
a. 46 – 23 from their father and 23 from their mother
b. 23 – all from their mother
c. 23 – all from their father
d. 23 – either from their mother or from their father (it’s up to chance)
67. Chromosomes are…
a. Bundles of DNA b. Proteins
c. The nucleus of the cell d. All of the above
68. What was the contribution of Darwin to modern genetics?
a. He showed how patterns of inheritance work (e.g. dominance vs. recessiveness)
b. He demonstrated that species can change through natural or artificial selection
c. He showed that DNA is the source of all genetic material
d. He invented the butterfat test that enabled dairy farmers to create a genetic basis for improving their
herds
69. What was the contribution of Watson and Crick to modern genetics?
a. He showed how patterns of inheritance work (e.g. dominance vs. recessiveness)
b. He demonstrated that species can change through natural or artificial selection
c. He showed that DNA is the source of all genetic material
d. He invented the butterfat test that enabled dairy farmers to create a genetic basis for improving their
herds
70. What was the contribution of Mendel to modern genetics?
a. He showed how patterns of inheritance work (e.g. dominance vs. recessiveness)
b. He demonstrated that species can change through natural or artificial selection
c. He showed that DNA is the source of all genetic material
d. He invented the butterfat test that enabled dairy farmers to create a genetic basis for improving their
herds
71. What was the contribution of Babcock to modern genetics?
a. He showed how patterns of inheritance work (e.g. dominance vs. recessiveness)
b. He demonstrated that species can change through natural or artificial selection
c. He showed that DNA is the source of all genetic material
d. He invented the butterfat test that enabled dairy farmers to create a genetic basis for improving their
herds
72. What is a breed?
a. A specific species that is domesticated
b. A specific variety of a species of domesticated animal with similar traits and qualities.
c. A term for the domesticated variety of the same species (the wild version would be a species)
d. A family of different species with similar traits
Copyright 2012 by Craig Kohn, Agricultural Sciences, Waterford WI. This source may be freely used and distributed provided the author is cited.
73. What two factors are most responsible for the emergence of different breeds of domesticated animals?
a. Isolation and an understanding of Mendelian genetics
b. An understanding of Mendelian genetics and different needs and environments of different locations
c. Different needs and environments of different locations and isolation of those same places
d. None of the above are responsible for the emergence of different breeds
74. Cold harsh weather would probably cause what kind of breed to arise?
a. One that is very productive b. One that is very hardy and strong
b. One that is very susceptible to illness d. One that is very efficient and ate little food
75. Which of the following best describes the Holstein breed?
a. The highest quality milk
b. The highest production of milk
c. Dual purpose for meat and milk
d. Hardy and strong
76. Which of the following best describes the Brown Swiss breed?
a. The highest quality milk
b. The highest production of milk
c. Dual purpose for meat and milk
d. Hardy and strong
77. Which of the following best describes the Jersey breed?
a. The highest quality milk
b. The highest production of milk
c. Dual purpose for meat and milk
d. Hardy and strong
78. Which of the following best describes the Milking Shorthorn breed?
a. The highest quality milk
b. The highest production of milk
c. Dual purpose for meat and milk
d. Hardy and strong
79. Which of the following is a measure of how likely offspring are to inherit the phenotypes of their parents?
a. Genetic Modification b. Heritability c. Chromosome d. Nucleus
80. Milk yield has a heritability of 0.30. Days of productive life has a heritability of 0.13. Which one is most affected
by the choice of bulls for mating?
a. Milk Yield – it is a more heritable trait
b. Days of productive life – it is a more heritable trait
c. Both are strongly affected by heritability and should be equally considered when choosing a bull
d. Neither are affected by heritability and the choice of bulls would not make much, if any difference
81. The higher the heritability the ___________ a trait is affected by a choice of bulls
a. Less b. More
82. Genetic change can be made faster by…
a. More accurate selection of bulls
b. Bulls with a wide variety of inheritance
c. A slow rate of reproduction
Copyright 2012 by Craig Kohn, Agricultural Sciences, Waterford WI. This source may be freely used and distributed provided the author is cited.
d. All of the above
83. Galton’s Law states that…
a. Bulls with low heritability should not be bred
b. Genetic change is slowed by traits that are not as heritable
c. The stronger an individual is for a trait, the less likely that individual is to have offspring with traits that
are expressed in the same way
d. If you get up to get a soda, you also have to get Galton one
Use the Sire Summaries below to answer the following questions.
84. Which bull would be the best choice for improving the milk fat percentage of your herd’s cows?
a. R-E-W Buckeye ET b. Pursuit September Storm ET
85. Which bull would be the best choice for improving the milk protein percentage of your herd’s cows?
a. R-E-W Buckeye ET b. Pursuit September Storm ET
Copyright 2012 by Craig Kohn, Agricultural Sciences, Waterford WI. This source may be freely used and distributed provided the author is cited.
86. When genes from two different species are combined and introduced into a cell, this is known as…
a. Biotechnology b. Recombinant DNA c. A DNA Vector d. Restriction Enzyme
87. The manipulation of the genetics of an organism to make useful products is known as…
a. Biotechnology b. Recombinant DNA c. A DNA Vector d. Restriction Enzyme
88. The genome into which another organism’s DNA is inserted is known as…
a. Biotechnology b. Recombinant DNA c. A DNA Vector d. Restriction Enzyme
89. A “sticky end” is…
a. The kind of DNA needed in order to insert a vector
b. The kind of enzyme needed to cut DNA
c. The cutting of DNA by a restriction enzyme so that a single-stranded portion remains
d. The ultimate demise of ants who fall into honey
Use the cut DNA sequence below to answer the following question
90. A gene inserted into this genome would to begin with what sequence (i.e. what letters do the x’s below have to
be in order for this gene to be inserted into this genome)?
a. TTAA
b. AATT
c. CGAT
d. GCTA
X X X X
91. Which of the following would make the inserted gene a
permanent part of its new genome?
a. DNA Vector
b. Restriction Enzyme
c. DNA Ligase
d. DNA Superglue
92. How did recombinant DNA help scientists sequence the human genome?
a. Human genes were inserted into Taq polymerase, which made copies of the human DNA
b. Human genes were spliced into E. coli bacteria, which reproduced the human DNA
c. E. coli genes were spliced into human genomes, allowing us to read our own DNA
d. The creation of Bt corn created the information needed to read human DNA
93. “Bt” in Bt corn stands for…
a. “Bigger Tassels” b. Bacillus thuringiensis c. Borer-toxic
94. What is Bt corn?
a. A type of corn that produces its own insecticide because of an inserted gene for toxin production
b. A type of corn that is organically produced and cannot be sprayed with insecticides
c. Any kind of corn that is genetically modified
Copyright 2012 by Craig Kohn, Agricultural Sciences, Waterford WI. This source may be freely used and distributed provided the author is cited.
Top Pair
d. Corn that is especially vulnerable to the corn pest, Bacillus thuringiensis
95. How does Bt corn prevent being attacked by insects?
a. It kills all insects that touch it
b. When a specific inset, the corn borer, ingests it, it breaks down its intestinal tract
c. It prevents insects from reproducing
d. It does not prevent insect attacks
96. Which of the following is TRUE about Bt Corn and monarchs
a. Bt corn has been shown to cause significant harm to monarch butterflies
b. An early strain of Bt corn did initially cause harm to monarchs, but is not used anymore
c. Bt corn has never had any impact on monarch butterflies
97. Golden Rice is rice that is genetically modified to produce its own ____________
a. Vitamin A b. Vitamin B c. β-carotene
98. What organism was used to introduce the genes for this compound into Golden Rice?
a. Bacillus thuringiensis b. Taq polymerase c. E. coli d. Agrobacterium
99. What is a “Pharm Animal”
a. An animal that is genetically modified to produce a medicine in its meat, eggs, or milk
b. An animal that is genetically modified so that it does not need to be sprayed with insecticide
c. An animal that is genetically modified so that it does not need to be sprayed with herbicide
d. An animal that lives on a pharm
100.
a.
b.
c.
d.
How could GMOs be used to help the environment?
Microbes could be genetically engineered to clean up oil spills
Microbes could be genetically engineered to clean up toxic waste
Microbes could be genetically engineered to help us produce biofuel from cellulose
All of the above are potential benefits of GMOs
Copyright 2012 by Craig Kohn, Agricultural Sciences, Waterford WI. This source may be freely used and distributed provided the author is cited.