INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
I.
II.
Anatomy and Physiology
A.
_________________________ deals with the structure (morphology) of the body and its parts.
B.
__________________________ studies the functions of these parts.
Characteristics of life
A. Characteristics of life include:
1.
__________________________ (internal or gross)
2.
_____________________________ (reaction to internal or external change)
3.
__________________ (increase in size without change in shape)
4.
__________________________ (new organisms or new cells)
5.
_____________________________ (getting oxygen and using it to release energy; removal
of CO2)
6.
_______________________ (breakdown of food into simpler forms)
7.
_________________________ (movement of substances through membranes and into
fluids)
8.
__________________________ (movement of substances within body fluids)
9.
___________________________ (changing nutrients into chemically different forms)
10.
___________________________ (removal of metabolic wastes)
B. Taken together, these 10 characteristics constitute your _____________________________.
III.
Maintenance of Life
A.
Life depends on the availability of the following:
1. ______________________ (required for metabolic reactions, for transport of substances, for
temperature regulation)
2. ____________________ (nutrients needed to supply energy and raw materials for building new
living matter)
3. _____________________ (used in releasing energy from nutrients)
4. ______________________ (a byproduct of metabolism; its presence governs the rate at which
reactions occur)
5. ________________________ (force required to facilitate movement of air or fluids)
IV.
Levels of Organization (use image to fill in blanks)
A.
________________ are the simplest level.
B.
Two or more atoms make up a _______________________.
1. _____________________________ are large, biologically important molecules inside cells
e.g. DNA
C.
________________________ are aggregates of macromolecules used to carry out a specific function
in the cell.
D.
_____________ are the basic unit of structure and function.
V.
E.
______________________ are groups of cells functioning together, e.g. ______________________
F.
Groups of tissues form ________________, e.g. _______________________________________
G.
Groups of organs function together as _____________________.
H.
Organ systems functioning together make up an ___________________________.
Organ Systems
A.
The _________________________ system-Includes skin, hair, nails, and various glands.
1. Function: Senses changes outside the body and helps regulate body temperature.
B.
The __________________ system consists of the muscles and tendons.
1. Function: Provide body movement, maintains posture, and body heat.
C.
The skeletal system is made up of ____________ and ________________.
1. Function: supports, protects, provides frameworks, stores inorganic salts, and houses bloodforming tissues.
D.
The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs.
1. Function: It ___________________ _______________________ received from sensory
receptors and sends __________________ impulses to muscles and glands.
E.
The endocrine system, including all of the glands that secrete ___________________.
1. Function: helps to integrate ______________________ functions.
F.
The cardiovascular system, made up of the ________________, _____________ and blood vessels.
1. Function: distributes oxygen and nutrients throughout the body while removing wastes.
G.
The lymphatic system, consisting of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, and ____________.
1. Function: drains excess tissue fluid and houses cells of ___________________.
H.
The digestive system, made up of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines and accessory organs
1. Function: receives, digests, and absorbs nutrients.
I.
The respiratory system is made up of the lungs and passageways.
1. Function: ___________________ ___________ between the blood and air.
J.
The urinary system, consisting of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
1. Function: removes ______________________ from the blood and helps to maintain water
and electrolyte balance.
K.
The reproductive system produces new organisms.
1. The male reproductive system consists of the testes, accessory organs, and vessels that
conduct sperm to the penis.
2. The female reproductive system consists of ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, and
external genitalia.
VI.
Anatomical Position
A.
Standardized position from which to describe directional terms:

standing ___________________

facing the observer, head level
VII.

eyes facing forward

feet flat on the floor

arms at the ____________

palms turned _________________
B.
_____________ position = lying face down
C.
_____________ position = lying face up
Planes and Sections
A.
A plane is an imaginary flat surface that passes through the body.
B.
A section is one of the 2 surfaces (pieces) that
results when the body is cut by a plane passing
through it.
C.
Sagittal Planes divides the body or an organ
into left and right sides
1. _______________________ planeproduces equal halves
2. Parasagittal plane- produces unequal
halves
D.
Other Planes and Sections
1. Frontal or ________________ planedivides the body or an organ into front
(anterior) and back (posterior) portions
2. ________________ (cross-sectional)
or horizontal plane- divides the body or
an organ into upper (superior) or lower
(inferior) portions
VIII.
Major Directional Terms
A. Superior or Inferior
1. Superior- _______________ the head
a. The eyes are superior to the mouth.
2. Inferior- _______________ from the head
a. The stomach is inferior to the heart.
B. Dorsal or Ventral
1. Dorsal or Posterior- at the __________________ of the body
a. The brain is posterior to the forehead.
2. Ventral or Anterior- at the _______________ of the body
a. The sternum is anterior to the heart.
C. Medial or Lateral
1. Medial- __________________________ to the midline of the body
a. The heart lies medial to the lungs.
2. Lateral- _______________________ from the midline of the body
a. The thumb is on the lateral side of the hand.
D. Proximal or Distal
1. Proximal- nearer to the ____________________________ of the ______________ to the
trunk
a. The knee is proximal to the ankle.
2. Distal- ____________________ from the attachment of the limb to the ______________
a. The wrist is distal to the elbow.
*just draw the overall image, but only label the directional terms
IX.
Dorsal Body Cavity
A. Near dorsal surface of body
B. Two subdivisions
1. ________________ cavity
2. _________________ or
spinal canal
C. __________________ line dorsal
body cavity
X.
Ventral Body Cavity
A. Near ventral surface of body
B. Two subdivisions:
1. _________________ cavity
above diaphragm
2. ______________________ cavity below diaphragm
C. Diaphragm = large, ______________________________________________________
D. Organs called _________________________
Describe locations of organs or source of pain
XI.
Homeostasis
A.
The processes associated with the body trying to maintain a ___________________________
_______________________________________.
B.
Each individual uses homeostatic mechanisms to keep body levels within a normal range.
C.
Deviations from homeostasis results in many diseases/disorders.
D.
Components of Feedback Loop
1. ___________________
a. monitors a controlled condition
2. _____________________________
a. determines next action
3. ___________________________
a. receives directions from the control center
b. produces a response that changes the controlled condition
E.
Negative & Positive Feedback Loops
1. Negative feedback loop
a. original stimulus ________________________
b. most feedback systems in the body are negative
c. used for conditions that need ___________________________________
d. body temperature, blood sugar levels, blood pressure
2. Positive feedback loop
a. original stimulus ______________________
b. seen during normal childbirth
F.
“Maintenance of blood sugar levels”
1. Glucose (sugar) has trouble passing from blood stream to the cells.
2. ____________________ activates carrier proteins in cell membranes, which transport
glucose into the cell.
3. The brain’s only fuel is _________________; therefore the brain is very sensitive to blood
glucose levels.
***This will be your essay question on the intro test.
XII.
Diabetes
A. Diabetes mellitius is a condition resulting from insulin deficiency. It disturbs carbohydrate, protein
and fat metabolism.
B.
Diagnosis:
1. High concentration of glucose in the blood (______________________) results in the
kidneys excreting excess glucose into urine (__________________), which is diagnosed by
a simple urine test.
C.
Symptom:
1. Glucose-starved cells use of proteins for energy; Tissues waste away causing weight loss,
hunger and fatigues easily.
2. Changed protein metabolism can result in the decreased ability to grow and repair tissues.
3. Changes in fat metabolism cause fatty acids and ________________________ to
accumulate in the blood results in lowering the pH of blood (_____________ or
________________).
a. Ketosis may harm brain cells, leading to disorientation, and finally a __________.
b. High levels of fatty acids in the blood may lead to _________________________.
4. Excessive blood glucose is converted to ___________________; which attacks and
destroys delicate blood vessels resulting in __________________ and
_____________________.
D.
Two common forms of diabetes:
1. Type I - “juvenile onset diabetes”
a. _______________ ____________________; low insulin production or low beta cell
count.
b. Autoimmune disorder-explain
c. Treatment by insulin injections, implantation of insulin pump, cyclosporine or islet
cell transplants.
2. Type II – “Maturity onset diabetes”
a. Non-insulin dependent; body cells ___________________________________
b. 70-80% of all diabetic cases
c. _________________ is a symptom.
d. Mild increase in blood sugar level.
e. Controlled by diet, exercise or antidiabetic drugs like glyburide.
XIII.
Medical Imaging
A. Allows visualization of structures without surgery
B. Useful for confirmation of diagnosis
C. Examples of imaging techniques
1. Conventional Radiography (_____________)
a. Produces 2-D image on film
b. Poor resolution of soft tissues
c. Major use is _________________________
2. Computed Tomography (______ and ___________ Scan)
a. ________________________________ beam
b. Image produced on a video monitor of a cross-section through body
c. Computer generated image reveals more _________________________________
e.g. kidney & gallstones
d. Multiple scans used to build 3D views
3. Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA)
a. __________________________ material _________________ into blood vessels
b. Before and after images compared with a computer program
c. Image of blood vessel is shown on a monitor
4. Ultrasound (US)
a. ________________________________________ emitted by hand-held device
b. Safe, noninvasive & painless
c. Image or _______________________ is displayed on video monitor
d. Used for fetal ultrasound and examination of pelvic & abdominal organs, heart and
blood flow through blood vessels
5. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
a. Body exposed to ________________________________________________
b. ___________________ align themselves relative to magnetic field
c. Pulse of ______________________________ used to generate an image on video
monitor
d. Can not use on patient with metal in their body
e. Reveals fine detail within soft tissues
6. Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
a. Substance that emits _________________________________ is injected into body
b. Collision with negatively charged electrons in tissues releases ________________
rays
c. Camera detects gamma rays & computer generates image displayed on monitor