107
Notes
1. Jules Loh, Lords of the Earth (New York: Crowell, 1971), p. 60.
2. Doris Paul, Navajo Code Talkers (Philadelphia, Lippincott, 1973), p. 2.
3. Ibid., p. 4.
4. Alison Bernstein, American Indians and World War II (Norman, Okla.:
University of Oklahoma Press, 199 1), p. 48.
5. Paul, op. cit., p. 19.
6. Ibid., p. 20.
7. William E. Hafford, "The Navajo Code Talkers," Arizona Highways, February
1989.
8. Kenji Kawano, Warriors. Navajo Code TaLkers (Tucson, Ariz.: Northland,
1990), p. 26.
9. Paul, op. cit., p. 32.
10, Marley Shebala, "One Man Remembers His Radio," Farmington Daily
Times, December 2, 1990.
11. Hafford, op. cit.
108
12. Ibid.
13. Martin Russ, Line of Departure:Tarawa (New York: Doubleday, 1975), p.
177.
14. Kawano, op. cit., p. 25.
15. Ibid., p. 34.
16. Ibid., p. 83.
17. Paul, op, cit., p. 98.
18. Kawano, op. cit., p. 61.
19. Ibid., p. 28.
20. Ibid., p. 80.
21. Richard F. Newcomb, Iwo Jima (New York: Doubleday, 1965), p. 117.
22. Paul, op. cit., p. 73.
23. Kawano, op. cit., p. 99.
24, Shirley Belleranti, "The Code That Couldn't Be Cracked," The Retired
Officer, November 1984.
25. Kawano, op. cit., p. 48.
26. Belleranti, op. cit.
109
Bibliography
Navajo Code Talkers
Belleranti, Shirley "The Code That Couldn't Be Cracked." The Retired Officer.
November 1984.
Bernstein, Alison. American Indians and World War II. Norman, Okla.:
University of Oklahoma Press, 1991.
Hafford, William E. "The Navajo Code Talkers." Arizona Highways. February
1989.
Kawano, Kenji. Warriors: Navajo Code Talkers, Tucson, Ariz.: Northland, 1990.
Paul, Doris. Navajo Code Talkers. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1973.
Navajo Culture
America's Fascinating Indian Heritage, Pleasantville, N.Y: Reader's Digest,
1978.
Iverson, Peter. The Navajo Nation. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1981.
110
Kluckhohn, Clyde, and Dorothea Leighton, The Navajo. New York: Natural
History Library, 1970.
Loh, Jules. Lords of the Earth. New York: Crowell, 1973.
O'Dell, Scott. Sing Down the Moon (fiction). New York: Dell, 1970.
The World of American Indians, Washington, D.C.: National Geographic, 1974.
WORLD WAR II CRYPTOGRAPHY
Khan, David. The Codebreakers: The Story of Secret Writing. New York:
Macmillan, 1976.
Norman, Bruce. Secret Warfare: The Battle of Codes and Ciphers, Washington,
D.C.: Acropolis, 1973.
Van Der Rhoer, Edward. Deadly Magic New York: Scribners, 1978.
WORLD WAR II BATTLES -PACIFIC
Coggins, Jack. The Campaign for Guadalcanal. New York: Doubleday 1972.
Kent, Graeme. Guadalcanal: Island Ordeal. New York: Ballantine, 1971.
Newcomb, Richard F. Iwo Jima. New York: Doubleday, 1965.
Russ, Martin. Line of Departure: Tarawa. New York; Doubleday, 1975.
Tregaskis, Richard. Guadalcanal Diary. New York: Random House, 1943.
111
Index
Aircraft carriers, 77
Alphabet codes, 32-33
Amphibious assault, 31, 47, 78, 79, 82
Amphibious Scout School, 34
Arizona, U.S.S., 15
Army, U.S., 7, 8, 32, 44
Athapascans, 6
Atomic bomb, 87, 101
Australia, 17, 36-37, 49, 50
Bataan, 17
Bazookas,47
Begay, Jerry C., Sr., 79-81
Begay, Jimmy, 39
Begay, Sam, 74
Begay, Thomas, 92
Benally, John, 35
Betio island, 78-82
Billman, Howard, Jr., 81
Blake, Henry, Jr., 61
Blessing Way, 57-59
Bombardment, code for, 32
Bombs, code for, 31
Boot camp, 27-29, 52
B-29 bombers, 89, 97
California gold rush, 6
Canada,6 in
World War I, 20
Carleton, General James, 7
Carson, Kit, 7, 8
Cecil, U.S.S., 90
China, 36
Chippewas, 19
Choctaws, 19
Christianity, 55, 58, 59
Cipher machines, 67, 68
Commanches, 19
Conner, Major Howard, 99
Cryptograms, 13
Death, Navajo beliefs about, 55-57
112
Deconcini, Dennis, 105
Diseases, tropical, 60, 62
Dive bombers, code for, 31
Dodge, Chee, 26
Dutch East Indies, 15
Dysentery, 60
Electronics, 29
Enemy Way ceremony, 5758, 101
Enola Gay (bomber), 87
Erskine, Major General, 86
Few, Frank, 64-65
Fourth Marine Division Association, 104
France, 18
Frequency charts, 13-14, 47, 67
Friedman, William, 67
Gatewood, Joseph, 34
Germans, 9, 35
in World War I, 19
Ghost sickness, 57
Gilbert Islands, 15, 78-83
Gorman, Carl, 26
Greeks, ancient, 12-13
Guadalcanal, 37-42, 48-49, 62, 78
Guam, 84-85. 87, 92
Hawthorne, Roy, 100
Headquarters Bufletin, 29
Healing ceremonies, 57, 58
Hiroshima, atomic bombing of, 87, 101
Hong Kong, 15
Hopi, 18
Indian Wars, 32
Interior Department, U.S., 62
Island-hopping campaign, 78-87
Iwo Jima, 87-99,104
Japanese, 9, 14-17, 35-36, 44, 47,56,63-65, 76-77
codes of, 16, 66-75
Germans and, 19
on Gilbert Islands, 78-82
on Guadalcanal, 37-42, 48-49
on Iwo Jima, 89-92, 96, 97
on Mariana Islands, 83-87
on Marshall islands, 83
on Okinawa, 100
Pearl Harbor attacked by, 14-16
on Rabaul, 49-51
on Saipan, 1-3
on Solomon Islands, 72-73
surrender of, 101
Johnston, Philip, 17-22, 34-35, 41
Jones, Lieutenant Colonel James, 19, 21
Kasiski (German officer), 13
Kien, William, 55, 59
King, Admiral Ernest, 98
Kinlacheeny, Paul, 92
Kirk, George H., Sr., 61, 86
Korean War, 104
113
Kuribayashi, General Tadamichi, 89, 90, 92
Long Walk, 7, 9, 10, 23, 34, 60, 105
MacDonald, Peter, 104
Malaysia, 15
Manuelito, Johnny, 35
Mariana Islands, 15, 83-87, 98
Marines, U.S., 19, 21-22, 32, 33, 35, 43-45, 63-65, 102,104,105
culture clashes of Navajos and, 53-55
on Guadalcanal, 37-42, 48-49
on Gilbert Islands, 79-82
on Iwo Jima, 87-99
on Mariana Islands, 83-87
on Marshall islands, 83
on Okinawa, 63, 100
recruiting by Navajos by, 23, 26-27
on Saipan, 1-3
on Solomon islands, 72, 73,77
training of, 27-29
Marshall Islands, 15, 42, 59, 83
Midway Island, 71
Military message-writing, 29
Morgan, Jack, 87
Morse code, 29
Mortar, code for, 32
Nagasaki, atomic bombing of, 101
Nahaidinao, Peter, 34
Navy, U.S., 42, 51, 71, 90
OP-20-G intelligence unit of, 67
Nazis, 35
New Guinea, 15
New Zealand, 36, 50, 68
Nixon, Richard, 105
Oneidas, 19
Okinawa, 63, 100-101
Oliver, Lloyd, 34, 43
Papua New Guinea, 49
Pearl Harbor, 14-16, 21, 68, 70, 72
Persia, ancient, 12-13
Philippine Islands, 15, 17, 87
Philippine Sea, Battle of, 83
Pole climbing, 29
Prayer feathers, 59
Protestant missionaries, 17
Purple Code, 16, 66-68
Rabaul, 49-51
Radio operation, 29, 60
Religious ceremonies, Navajo, 55-59, 101
Rochefort, Commander, 70
Rockey, Major General Keller, 90
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 35
Roosevelt, Theodore, 18
114
Sac & Fox, 19
Saipan, 1-3, 33, 83-85, 88, 92
Sandoval, Merril, 92, 93
Sand painting, 57, 58
Selective Service, 25
Semaphore signals, 29
Senate, U.S., 105
Sherman, General William T., 6, 10
Shinn, Frank, 26
Sioux, 21
Smith, Albert, 83-84
Sniper-scopes, 47
Solomon Islands, 15, 36, 49, 51, 68, 72-73, 76, 78
Spanish explorers, 6, 20
Sparta, 12-13
Submarine warfare, 73
Taboos,53,56
Tarawa atoll, 78-83, 85, 87, 88,104
Toledo, Bill Henry, 87
Toledo, Frank, 30
Toledo, Preston, 30
Tribal council, 26
Trosip, Cecil, 84
Vietnam War, 104
Vogel, Major General Clayton, 21-22
Voting rights, denial of, 9
War Department, U.S., 26
White code, 46
Williams, Colonel Marlowe, 85
Wilson, William Dean, 26,87
Wire laying, 29
Woodward, Colonel Wethered, 21
World War 1, 9, 18-20
Yamamoto, Admiral isoroku, 72-73
Yazzie, Raphael, 96