Name
Horticulture 232 Exam II
IMPORTANT INSTRUCTIONS: Please fill in each blank as directed. Illegible answers will
be counted as incorrect. Please work independently. You may not use notes.
Thought for the day:
“And when again the genial hour awakes the painted tribes of light,
I’ll not o’erlook the modest flower that made the woods of April bright”
William Cullen Bryant (1794-1878)
Section I
A.
10 Points
Principles of Plant Taxonomy
Classification depends on the hypothesis of the evolutionary development of the taxon, the
present relationships to the environment, and the analyses of the taxon's distribution pattern
in relation to paleoclimatic and paleogeographic data. The study of the patterns of
distribution of planta and animals is known as
-(ONE
WORD). Taxa that coexist in the same geographic region are said to be
whereas
taxa whose ranges do not overlap are referred to as
.
Endemism refers to a distribution of a taxon to one region or area-this area is termed the
.
B.
Two genera are alike in their morphological features. If the resemblance is due to a common
ancestry and genetic background this represents
. An
example of this is the similarity between pepper, eggplant and tomato. Conversely, if the
similarity is due to adaptation to similar climatic conditions this is termed
. An
example of this would be spiny pelargoniums and cacti.
C. If you were examining a group of plants and observed the following characters, would you
guess that the plant is more advanced (A) or more primitive (P)?
----------1. Perennial Duration
-----------2. Opposite Leaves
----------3. Bisexual Flowers
-----------4. Actinomorphic Flowers
----------5.Sympetalous Flowers
-----------6. Many Separate Stamens
----------7. Apocarpy
-----------8. Tricolpate Pollen
----------9. Drupes and Berries
-----------10. Free Central Placentation
2
Section II
10 Points
Evolution of the Angiosperms
A. As a prominent plant systematist, you receive an inquiry from an author of mystery novels. Some
of the clues in her novel are plant related, so she comes to you for help. An important plot in the
novel is distinguishing angiosperms from the remainder of the plant kingdom. She requests your
help in identifying appropriate clues to separate the Magnoliophyta (angiosperms/flowering
plants) from those plant divisions which preceded them in evolution. Place an 'A' in the blanks
for the pertinent angiosperm clues.
1.
lack of vessels in xylem
5.
phloem sieve elements and companion cells
2.
8-nucleate embryo sac
6.
herbaceous stems
3.
double fertilization
7.
closed carpels
4.
chlorophyll bearing
8.
stomates
B. Her second inquiry involves the evolutionary order of appearance of plants and associated events
based on fossil records. Place the following in chronological order from most ancient (1) to
most recent (5).
1.
First dinosaurs, present continents form, conifers highly diversified
2.
Fern-like plants appear; lycods appear early; seed ferns appear
3.
Gingko-like plants appear Appalachian Mountains arise, cycads appear
4.
First angiosperms appear
5. ____ Alps rise; warm early cool later; Compositae pollen first appears.
6. ____ Andes and Rockies arise, dinosaurs extinct, Commelinidae, Rosidae appear
C.
In the mystery Carole Linne is accused of the crime because she erroneously claims that the
pollinator of a certain plant is a fly. You educate the author about the birds and the bees and the
flowers and the trees. Fill in the blanks below:
Pollinator
Wind
Flower color
unimportant
Floral trait
Beetle
dull or white
primitive
Bee
bright, usually
blue or yellow
Bird
Bat
often tubular
dull in color
Fragrance
none
Reward
none
unimportant
edible petals or
food bodies
nectar and pollen
little or none
thin nectar
fermenting or
fruity
pollen or nectar
or fruit
3
Butterfly
Section III
red, blue, or
yellow
10 Points
long slender
corolla
unimportant
Origin and Classification of Magnoliopsida:
Dilleniidae, Caryophyllidae, and Rosidae
1.
What single subclass includes the following families:
Ericaceae, Malvaceae, Salicaceae, Sarraceniaceae?
2.
Which one of the following orders (hint: families with similar
names are type specimens) do not belong to the subclass Rosidae:
Cornales, Myrtales, Violales, Euphorbiales, Geraniales?
3. a.
Of the five characteristics which are used in the text to differentiate
the sub-classes of Magnoliopsida-Advancement, Carpels,
Flowers, Stamens, and Pollen- which two can be used to
distinguish the sub-classes listed above?
3. b.
4.
If a species has polypetalous flowers with numerous stamens
that mature in centripetal sequence, it most likely belongs to this
subclass.
5.
This subclass has the least number of orders and species of all of
the subclasses of Magnoliopsida.
6.
What is the subclass whose gynoecium has the following
description "Placentation is free central to basal. The ovules are
bitegmic and crassinucellate. They are either campylotropous
or amphitropous, and when mature the embryos are often
surrounded by perisperm."
7.
Which subclass, of the three subclasses of Magnoliopsida
mentioned above, evolved most recently?
8.
This subclass includes the following "breakfast" products: tea,
cocoa, aspirin, passion fruit juice, and melons.
9.
This subclass is described as: "Ovules are unitegmic or bitegmic
and have crassinucellate to tenuinucellate endosperm. This
subclass contains many woody species. Almost all members have
centrifugal pollen maturation and binucleate pollen."
10.
This subclass is distinctive because many of its families contain
'betalains'.
4
Section IV 50 Points
Plant Families: Contrasts and Comparisons.
Each lettered question includes all five families: CACTACEAE, BRASSICACEAE,
CUCURBITACEAE, ROSACEAE, FABACEAE
A. Match the following genera and traits with the proper family. list only one answer per
blank.
1. Fabaceae
____&____ A. Mammillaria
F. Inferior ovary, fused carpels
2. Rosaceae
____&
B. Citrullus
G. 10 stamens, mono/diadelphous
3.Brassicaceae
____&
C. Fragaria
H. Reduced leaves, perfect flowers
4. Cactaceae
____&
D. Dentaria
I. Important for fruits and ornamentals
E. Pisum
J. 4 petals, superior ovary
5. Cucurbitaceae ____&
B. Using only the list of families given above, name the family that is defined by the following
characteristics:
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Vines, trees and shrubs, with compound leaves, zygomorphic
flowers.
Malodorous, cruciferous and actinomorphic flower, edible
leaves.
Compound leaves with paired stipules, perfect and
actinomorphic flower; trees, shrubs and herbs.
Annual vines with alternate, simple leaves, exstipulate
Fleshy herbaceous or woody evergreen, exstipulate, yellow and
red flowers
C.
Floral structures are often used to identify and classify plant taxa; name the family
described in the following statements.
11. This family is characterized by having variable inflorescence types, ranging from solitary to
racemose. The individual flowers are actinomorphic, perfect and often perigynous. The ovary
can be superior or inferior.
12. This family has imperfect, axillary flowers, some of which have either two compound
stamens and one simple stamen, or a compound pistil of fused carpels.
13. Which family is defined as having racemose inflorescences with actinomorphic, perfect
flowers and a superior ovary? Petals can be described as being “long-clawed”.
5
14. This family has solitary, usually showy inflorescences, with a petaloid calyx, actinomorphic
or nearly zygomorphic symmetry, inferior ovary, and numerous perianth parts.
_________________________________________________________________
15. Which one of the families’ flowers are zygomorphic and perfect, and have 2 lateral wing
petals and 2 keel petals, 1 carpel, and 1 locule in a simple pistil.
D. Fruit types are powerful discriminators of the families that we have studied in laboratory
during the past five weeks. Match the following fruit types and fruit with the family they most
often represent by placing the correct letter in the blank:
16.
Cactaceae
A. Silicle
H. Canteloupe
17.
Fabaceae
B. Berry
I. Raspberry
18.
Brassicaceae
C. Hesperidium
J. Mustard fruit
19.
Cucurbitaceae
D. Aggregate
K. Peanut
20.
Rosaceae
E. Pepo
L. Prickly pear
F. Nutlet
G. Legume
E. Give two examples of genera for each of the following families. Make sure spelling is correct.
21.Brassicaceae
_____________&______________
22. Cucurbitaceae
_____________&______________
23. Rosaceae
_____________&______________
24. Fabaceae
_____________&______________
25. Cactaceae
_____________&______________
F. Floral Formulae: using the list of families given above, identify each family (fill in the
blanks):
5
C O Z 5 A 10
26.
CA
27.
CA
28.
CA 4 C O 4 A
5
CO
5
A
4+2
or 9 +1 or 10
5 or
G
2
A
0
G
0
G1
or
G
3
6
5
5
1
A  G or G  or G
29.
CA C O
30.
CA C O  A  G
X
(2 -
)
5
7
For Questions II G, H, I and J. Give one reason from the underlined clues included in each
question as to why the unidentified plant is not a member of each of the listed families:
You cannot use the same reason twice for a given question
G.
You are in Peru and observe a vine growing near the hotel where you are staying. Being
a diligent and wealthy horticulture student, you decide to examine it more closely and
determine to which family it belongs. This plant had yellow blooms, some of which had
a berry-like fruit growing below the flower. Also, flowers seemed to arise near the base
of the petioles of simple leaves that were exstipulate.
31. Cactaceae
32. Brassicaceae
33. Cucurbitaceae
34. Rosaceae
35. Fabaceae
H.
You are hiking in the Costa Rica jungle, you notice another vine. This time the plant
has irregular, red flowers and no stipules. You also notice that it has compound leaves.
36. Cactaceae
37. Brassicaceae
38. Cucurbitaceae
39. Rosaceae
40. Fabaceae
I.
You are camping in a desert of Mexico, and notice a number of evergreen plants
around the campsite. All of the plants have reduced and fleshy leaves that lack
stipules. Some of the plants that are in bloom have showy, burgundy flowers that are
not zygomorphic, while others that have completed flowering have berry fruits.
41. Cactaceae
42. Brassicaceae
43. Cucurbitaceae
44. Rosaceae
45. Fabaceae
J.
You are in the Mediterranean region and you observe an herbaceous plant with a
pungent, watery juice. The leaves are alternate, simple, and exstipulate and the blue
flowers are actinomorphic. No tendrils are present.
46. Cactaceae
47. Brassicaceae
48. Cucurbitaceae
49. Rosaceae
50. Fabaceae
8
Section V 10 points Sources of Taxonomic Evidence
A. Below is a list of sources of taxonomic evidence:
A. Morphology
B. Comparative Plant Anatomy
C. Electron Microscopy
D. Cytology
E. Androecial Traits
F. Gynoecial Traits
G. Palynology
H. Paleobotany
Please match the appropriate source (designated by letter) with the characters presented
below: (Use each letter only one time)
1. Starch grains have been observed within laticifer cells and have been used to explain
evolution in Euphorbia.
2. Characters such as pollen wall structure, polarity, symmetry, shape, and grain size can
be used to place plants into specific ranks.
3. Shape and number of sepals and petals of fuchsias and mints are important floral
features.
4. Fossil evidence is often used to investigate the phylogeny of plants.
5. In Asteraceae there is a polyploid series of n=9, 18 or 27 chromosomes.
6. Binucleate vs. trinucleate pollen grains can be used to discern phylogenetic differences.
7. The internal structures of plants, such as mitochondria, ribosomes, and chloroplants,
are helpful in plant systematics.
8. Bitegmic vs. unitegmic ovules are used to delineate plant families.
B. There are eight types of taxonomic evidence listed in Part A of this section. The value of any type of
evidence is dependent on how that trait is affected by the __________________ and the
____ in
the plant's life-cycle when the trait is expressed.
9
Section VI
5 points
Introduction to Systematics RETEST
Systematic botany, the science of identifying, naming, and classifying all plants is a
challenging field of study.
A.
There are the five objectives of Plant Taxonomy. Fill in the blanks with single words.
1. To __________________the world's flora
2. To provide a method for _________________ and communication
3. To produce a coherent and universal system of ________________
4. To demonstrate the evolutionary implications of plant_______________
5. To provide a single Latin "____________" name for every group of plants in the world
B.
C.
There are the three “phases” of plant systematics:
1.
better known as alpha taxonomy
2.
where classification based on morphology is developed
3.
is the combining of data for interpretation in
evolutionary
and phylogenetic terms
A _________________ of a group of plants is a comprehensive taxonomic treatise that
synthesizes all information known about the group and presents a classification based on this
information.
D.
A _________________ is a book that provides keys and descriptions to aid in identifying
plants.
10
Section VII
5 points
Reproduction Revisited RETEST
1. Dioecious
____
(A) Stamens formed in two groups by the
union of their filaments.
2. Zygomorphic
____
(B) Individual flower stalk within an
inflorescence.
3. Allogamy
____
(C) Plant with all flowers imperfect, but
staminate and pistillate flowers on separate
plants.
4. Legume
____
(D) Wind pollinated
5. Diadelphous
____
(E) Cymes, racemes and corymbs.
6. Pedicel
____
(F) A one-locular fruit dehiscent on two
sutures.
7. Androecium
____
(G) A cluster of fruits clearly traceable to
separate pistils of the same flower and
inserted on the same receptacle.
8. Anemophilous
____
(H) With floral parts in two symmetrical
halves.
9. Aggregate
____
(I) Cross-pollination
10. Inflorescences ____
(J) The collection of stamens in the flower.
11
Section VIII 10 Points
Student Talks
A. AGAVACEAE
B. AIZOACEAE
C. AQUIFOLIACEAE
D. BROMELIACEAE
E. CARYOPHYLLACEAE
F. CHENIPODIACEAE
G. CLUSIACEAE
H. CORNACEAE
I. CYCADACEAE
J. CYPERACEAE
K. ERICACEAE
L. EUPHORBIACEAE
M. IRIDACEAE
N. ONAGRACEAE
O. PASSIFLORACEAE
P. PRIMULACEAE
Q. RUTACEAE
R.SCROPHULARIACEAE
S. TAXACEAE
T. TAXODIACEAE
U. THEACEAE
V. VIOLACEAE
Complete the table for any ten of the families listed above. Write the letter of the family name
in the left hand column and complete the matching common name. You will receive full credit
when both blanks are completed for a family.
1
Horticultural Information
Narcissus, Crocus, Gladiolus
2
Prickly Ash, Rue, Hesperidium, Tangelo
3
Inkberry, Nemopanthus, Ilex
4
Tapioca, Castor Oil, Rubber Tree
5
Cornelian Cherry (C. mas), Kousa
6
Bell Apple, Love in the Mist, 'Corona'
7
Fuchsia, Isabella Tiger Moth, Fireweed
8
Hypericum, Garcinia, Autograph Tree
9
Camellia, Franklinia, Stewartia
10
Sansevieria (Snakeplant), Yucca, Mescal
11
12
Virginia Creeper, Cream of Tartar,
Bacchus
Lysimachia, Androsace, Loosestrife
13
Tillandsia, 'Parasitos', Queen Isabella
14
Beets, Swiss Chard, Fat Hen
15
Carnation, Baby's Breath, Chickweed
16
Gilia, Jacob's Ladder, T. Drummond
17
Ice Plant, Living Rocks, Sea Purslane
18
Papyrus, Bog Grasses, Noxious Weeds
19
Sage, Thyme, Oregano, Basil
Letter of the family
20
Common name of the family
12
21
Cleistogamous, Edible Flowers, Little
Faces
13
Section IX
10 Possible Points
BONUS-
You may earn two bonus points for each perfectly correct answer that you provide; there will
be no partial credit given; correct spelling is mandatory. Define and discuss the following
terms or situations; be very specific!
A. Pollination and Seed Dispersal of Cacao
B. Three Sisters
C. Doctrine of Signatures
D. Founder(s) Effect
E. The 'Peace' rose