Ch 1 & 2 Test Review
Chapter 1 Organization of the Body
Review Questions (p.34)
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Anatomy is the study of the body’s structure and the relationship of its parts. Physiology is the study of functions of the
living organism and its parts.
Chemical level: Atoms, molecules and macromolecules that make up the body. The text uses cytoplasm as an example of
the chemical level.
Organelle level: collections of molecules organized in such a way that they can perform an individual function.
Mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, or any other organelles would be examples.
Cellular level: Cells are the smallest units that possess and exhibit the basic characteristics of living matter. Each cell is
surrounded by a membrane and contains a single nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm. The cytoplasm contains numerous
organelles. Muscle, bone nerve or any other cells would be examples.
Tissue level: An organization of many similar cells specialized to perform a certain function. Epithelial, muscle, connective,
and nervous tissues are examples.
Organ level: An organization of several different tissues arranged so that, together, they can perform a specialized function.
Lung, heart, brain or any other organs would be examples.
System level: Varying numbers and kinds of organs arranged so that, together, they can perform complex functions for the
body. Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, or any other organ systems would be examples.
Organism level: An integrated assemblage of interactive structures able to survive and flourish. Human beings or any other
organisms would be examples.
Integumentary system: The primary function is protection. Other functions include regulating body temperature,
synthesizing chemicals, and acting as a sense organ.
Skeletal system: The primary function is to support the body. Other functions include protection, allowance for movement,
mineral storage and blood cell formation.
Muscular system: The primary function is movement for the body. Muscles also generate heat for the body.
Nervous system: The primary functions are communication, integration, and control of body functions.
Endocrine system: The primary functions are also communication, integration and control of body functions but in a slower,
longer-lasting form.
Cardiovascular system: The primary function is the transport of substances to various parts of the body.
Lymphatic/immune system: The primary function of the lymphatic system is the movement of tissue fluid and large
molecules back to general circulation. The primary function of the immune system is conferring protection and resistance to
disease.
Respiratory system: The primary function is the exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide.
Digestive system: The primary function is the digestion of food, absorption of food and elimination of undigested residue.
Urinary system: The primary function is to clean the blood of waste products. Other functions are to maintain the electrolyte,
water and acid-base balance of the body.
Reproductive system: The primary function is to ensure the survival of the genetic code and the survival of the species.
Anatomical position is a position in which the body is standing erect with arms at the side, palms forward, and the head and
feet pointing forward. This is the reference position that gives meaning to the directional terms used to describe the body
parts and regions.
Bilateral symmetry means that the right and left sides of the body are mirror images of each other, and only one plane can
divide the body into left and right sides. Ipsilateral refers to a body part on the same side of the body. Contralateral refers
to a body part on the opposite side of the body.
Somatotype is used to describe a particular category of body build or physique. The three major somatotype categories are
endomorph, mesomorph and ectomorph. Endomorphs are more round-shaped, mesomorphs are more muscular and
ectomorphs are more lean and linear.
Anterior: the front or in front of.
Distal: away from or farthest from the trunk or point of origin of a body part.
Sagittal plane: A lengthwise plane running from front to back, dividing the body into right and left sides.
Medial: Toward the midline of the body
Dorsal: Toward the back
Coronal plane: A lengthwise plane running from side to side, dividing the body into anterior and posterior sections.
Organ: Several different kinds of tissues arranged so that, together, they can perform a special function.
Parietal peritoneum: The membrane lining the inside of the abdominal cavity.
Superior: Toward the head or above
Tissue: a group of similar cells specialized to perform a certain function.
The mediastinum is located in the midpoint of the thoracic cavity between the right and left pleural cavities.
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Homeostasis is the relatively constant state maintained by the body (relative uniformity of the normal body’s internal
environment). Examples include the following: the body will maintain a constant internal temperature; the blood and body
fluid must maintain a constant chemical composition; any other occurrence that demonstrates the body’s homeostatic
regulation.
Homeostatic control mechanisms are devices for maintaining or restoring homeostasis. Feedback control loops are systems
that respond to changing internal environments and restore and maintain a healthy internal environment.
The three basic components of a control loop are a sensor mechanism; an integrating, or control center; and an effector
mechanism.
The principle of complementarity of structure and function states that each structure has a particular size, shape, form, or
placement in the body that makes it especially efficient at performing a unique and specialized activity.
Radiography: the x band of the radiation spectrum is beamed through the body to photographic film.
Computed Tomography: a newer variation of x-ray photography. A device with an x-ray source on one side of the body and
an x-ray detector on the other side is rotated around the central axis of the subject’s body.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging: type of scanning that uses a magnetic field to induce tissues to emit radio frequency.
Ultrasonography: high frequency (ultrasonic) waves are reflected off internal tissues to produce an image called a sonogram.
Genetic, age, lifestyle, stress, environmental, microorganisms, preexisting conditions.
Chapter 2 Chemical Basis of Life
Review Questions (p. 67)
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Element: A substance that cannot be broken down into two or more different substances. Compound: A substance that can
be broken down or decomposed into the elements within it.
Atom: The smallest particle of an element that retains the
properties of that element. Molecule: Two or more atoms sharing electrons to form a chemical bond.
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In the nineteenth century, Dalton conceived of atoms as solid and indivisible particles. Today we know that atoms are
divisible into smaller subatomic particles, some of which exist in a cloud around a dense central core called a nucleus.
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Protons: Positively charged particles found in the nucleus.
Neutrons: Neutral particles found in the nucleus.
Electrons: Negatively charged particles that move around the nucleus in a cloud or field.
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Atoms are not electrically charged particles because they have an equal number of positively charged protons and negatively
charged electrons, which neutralize each other.
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About 96% of the body's weight is made up of oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen.
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Atomic number: The number of protons in an atom's nucleus.
Atomic weight: The mass of the atom, which equals the number of protons plus the number of neutrons in the nucleus.
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An atom can be listed as chemically inert and unable to react with another atom if the outermost electron shell has eight
electrons.
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An isotope is an atom that contains the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons. The text includes
examples of deuterium, tritium and carbon-14.
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Radioactivity is the emission of radiation from the atom's nucleus.
10. When an atom is radioactive, it changes the chemical identity of the element. Chemical activity may change how two or more
atoms are joined, but the chemical identity remains the same.
11. Alpha particle: A particle consisting of two protons and two neutrons.
Beta particle: An electron formed in the nucleus of an atom by one of the neutrons breaking down to a proton and an
electron.
Gamma rays: A form of electromagnetic radiation.
12. If an atom emits an alpha particle, it is transformed into the element with two fewer protons; it will also have two fewer
neutrons. If it emits a beta particle, it is transformed into an element with one more proton—and it will have one fewer
neutron.
13. A chemical reaction is an interaction between two or more atoms as a result of activity of electrons in their outermost shell.
14. In a synthesis reaction, two or more substances are combined to form a different, more complex substance. In a
decomposition reaction, a complex substance is broken down into two or more simpler substances. In an exchange reaction,
two different reactants exchange components and form two new products.
15. An inorganic compound is a compound that usually does not contain carbon, but never contains C-C or C-H bonds.
16. Water is said to be polar because the molecule has a partial positive side and a partial negative side. The four functions of
water that are crucial to survival are its strong polarity, its high specific heat, its high heat of vaporization, and the cohesion
of the molecules.
17. Electrolytes are inorganic, charged particles that form when substances dissociate. An example would be NaCl dissociating
into Na+ and Cl–. Any ionic compound that is water-soluble would be an example.
18. An ion is a charged atom or molecule. (Any charged particle can be used as an example.) A cation is a positive ion. (Any
positive ion can be used as an example.) An anion is a negative ion. (Any anion can be used as an example.)
19. Acid: A substance that will release a hydrogen ion when in solution.
Base: A substance that shifts the H+/OH– balance in favor of OH– by increasing the number of OH– ions or decreasing the
number of H+ ions.
Salt: A substance that results from a reaction between an acid and a base.
Buffer: A substance that minimizes changes in the concentration of the H+ and OH– ions. It maintains a consistency of pH.
20. A pH of less than 7 indicates the solution is an acid. The lower the value, the greater the hydrogen ion concentration. A pH of
more than 7 indicates the solution is a base. The higher the value, the greater the concentration of the hydroxide ion. Each
change of one unit on the pH scale represents a tenfold difference in the ion concentration.
21. The building blocks of proteins are amino acids. The building blocks of carbohydrates are monosaccharides. The building
blocks of triglycerides are fatty acids and glycerol. The building blocks of DNA are nucleotides.
22. The binding site is the location on an enzyme with a unique shape that joins with a substrate. The binding site is the location
on the enzyme where the reaction that the enzyme catalyzes takes place.
23. Proteins can perform some of the following functions: provide structure, catalyze chemical reactions (enzymes), transport
substances in the blood (albumins), communicate information to cells (hormones), act as receptors (membrane binding sites),
defend the body against harmful agents (immunoglobulins), and provide energy (protein catabolism).
24. Lipids are insoluble in water, contain nitrogen, and include prostaglandins and phosphoglycerides.
25. Nucleotides are composed of a phosphate group; a pentose, or five-carbon sugar; and a nitrogen base.
26. The pentose sugar deoxyribose is present in deoxyribonucleotide.
27. The DNA molecule is the largest molecule in the body. It is a polymer composed of many nucleotides. Two chains of
nucleotides make up a single DNA molecule. The chains coil around each other to form a double helix.
28. Thymine is always paired with adenine, and guanine is always paired with cytosine in the DNA molecule.
29. The function of DNA is to act as the molecule of heredity—to pass the traits of one generation on to the next generation.
30. Catabolism consists of chemical reactions that break down relatively complex compounds into simpler ones. The function of
catabolism is to release energy.
31. Catabolism breaks down large molecules that release energy. Anabolism builds large molecules from smaller molecules and
requires energy. Metabolism encompasses all the reactions in the body—that is, the sum of anabolism and catabolism.