Study Guide – Ch 36: The Evolution of Vertebrates
1
Section Review: In this section you learned that our best understanding of the evolutionary relationships
between vertebrate groups can be shown as a
tree. In divergent evolution, related
evolutionary lines become more
as they are subjected to different forces of natural
selection. Divergent evolution is also known as
. In
convergent evolution, evolutionary lines that are subjected to similar forces of natural selection become more
to one another as they evolve.
Ectotherms must obtain the heat they need from their
. They typically rely
primarily on
to regulate their body temperature. Endotherms generate all the heat they need
through
activity. They typically rely on physiological mechanisms to regulate their body
temperature. They also use a number of
to prevent overheating.
Comparing Evolutionary Complexity: Finding the Main Ideas
Complete the chart:
Animal
a.
b.
c.
d.
Vertebrate Group
Three Other examples of Animals
in this Group
Study Guide – Ch 36: The Evolution of Vertebrates
2
Comparing Evolutionary Trends: Building Vocabulary Skills
The charge below lists tow general evolutionary trends. In the spaces provided, describe and give examples of
each trend.
Evolutionary Trend
Description
Examples
Convergent
Divergent
Concept Mapping:
Consider the concepts presented in Section 36-1 and how you would organize them into a concept map. Now
look at the concept map for Chapter 36 at the end of this package. Notice that the map has been started for you.
Add the key facts and concepts you fell are important for Section 36-1. When you have finished the chapter,
you will have a completed concept map.
Section 36-2: Form and Function in Vertebrates
Section Review: In this section you learned that as you move through the vertebrate classes from fishes to
mammals, organ systems tend to become
complex. In more primitive vertebrates, the limbs
stick out from the
of the body. In more advanced vertebrates, the limbs tend to be positioned
directly
the body. The digestive systems of vertebrates are adapted to a number of
different
and methods of
. Some vertebrates use
for respiration; others use
. Lungs increase in efficiency as you move from
to reptiles to
. Birds have the most advanced
system of all vertebrates.
Vertebrates that have a
-loop circulatory system also have a
-chambered heart. Doubleloop circulatory systems are associated with
. As vertebrates with lungs evolved, the
of the two loops of the circulatory system improved. Frogs and toads have a
-chambered heart. Most
reptiles have a three-chambered heart that has
partition in the ventricle. Birds, mammals, and
crocodiles have a
-chambered heart. Most fishes and
amphibians excrete
nitrogenous wastes in the form of
. Mammals and most cartilaginous fishes excrete
Study Guide – Ch 36: The Evolution of Vertebrates
. Birds and reptiles excrete
. As you move through the vertebrate classes from
fishes to mammals, the relative size and complexity of the cerebrum and cerebellum
.
Primitive vertebrates tend to have
fertilization; more advanced vertebrates tend to
have
fertilization. Vertebrates may be oviparous,
, or
viviparous.
Identifying Internal Structures: Building Vocabulary Skills
The drawings below represent the digestive systems of different classes of vertebrates. Identify each of the
numbered parts in the spaces provided on the following page.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Comparing Vertebrate Characteristics
Using the following list of characteristics, fill in the chart below (on the next page).
Hops: has four legs
Has six legs; walks; flies
Lays soft-shelled eggs on land
Walks and runs on four legs
Insects, worms, berries, seeds
Small mollusks, worms, small
crabs
Deserts; forests
Produces live young
Wooded or bushy areas
Crawls on belly
Pollen and nectar
Queen lays thousands of eggs
Lays eggs in water
Lizards, insects, small snakes,
Flies; walks on two legs
rodents
Swims using fins
Fields; flower gardens
Lays hard-shelled eggs in a nest
Ponds, marshes, streams
Rats, mice rabbits, squirrels
Trees
Salt water or fresh water
Lays eggs in water
Insects; spiders
3
4
Study Guide – Ch 36: The Evolution of Vertebrates
Animal
Movement
Reproduction
Food
Habitat
Bullfrog
Blackbird
Flounder
Honeybee
Coral Snake
Red Fox
Analyzing Vertebrate Adaptations
Humans and other vertebrate land animals are adapted for living in air. Fishes are adapted for living in water.
Fill in the chart below by comparing the adaptations that enable land vertebrates and fishes to perform various
life processes.
Life Process
Getting Oxygen
Moving
Excretion
Internal Transport
Vertebrate Land Animals
Fishes
Study Guide – Ch 36: The Evolution of Vertebrates
5
1. Explain why fishes need to be more streamlined than land animals.
2. Fishes are covered with a slimy material that is produced by glands in the skin. Suggest a reason for this
covering.
3. When a puffer fish is approached by a predator, it puffs itself up, causing its spines to stick out from its body.
What land animals uses a similar form of protection?
4. The moray eel is a fish that swims by wriggling its body. What land animal moves in a similar way?
Identifying Internal Structures: Building Vocabulary Skills
The drawing below represents the reproductive systems of several classes of vertebrates. Identify each of the
numbered parts.
1.
5.
2.
6.
3.
7.
4.
8.
Study Guide – Ch 36: The Evolution of Vertebrates
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Concept Mapping:
Consider the concepts presented in Section 36-2 and how you would organize them into a concept map. Now
look at the concept map for Chapter 36 at the end of this package. Notice that the map has been started for you.
Add the key facts and concepts you fell are important for Section 36-2. When you have finished the chapter,
you will have a completed concept map.