EUROPE'S WORLD SUPREMACY
Section 78 "Imperialism: Its Nature and Causes"
ID: imperialism
1. Define imperialism? What phases have there been in the
history of European expansion?
2. How did the "new imperialism" differ from the colonialism
of earlier times? What different gradations of European
domination may be noted? How was European rule
generally imposed?
3. Discuss the motives that lay behind European expansion in
the late 19th century. Of what relative importance were
economic pressures? the quest for security? nonpolitical
and non-economic motives?
4. With what "mission" was imperialism identified? How
would you evaluate the attitude expressed in the lines by
Kipling?
The New Imperialism
ID: colonies, protectorates, spheres of influence,
1. How was imperialism different from the colonialism of
former times? Consider social, political and economic
differences. A chart might help.
2. Examples of use of military force, or threat thereof, in
achieving European dominance?
Incentives and Motives
ID: J.A.Hobson, Joseph Chamberlain, "imperial federation,"
"imperial preference," "opportunistic," “surplus capital”
1. What were the factors motivating aggressive imperialism?
2. What was Hobson's analysis of imperialism?
3. How does Joseph Chamberlain's life illustrate certain
motives of imperialism?
4. How was the Scramble for Africa motivated by competition
for status more than for money?
Imperialism as Crusade
ID: Rudyard Kipling, "White Man's Burden," mission
civilisatrice, diffusing of Kultur, blessings of Anglo-Saxon
protection
1. What do all of the above have in common?
Section 79 "The Americas"
ID: Monroe Doctrine
1. What policies toward Mexico did the United States follow
in the years before 1870?
2. Explain and illustrate the attitudes and policies of the
United States toward Latin America in the latter part of the
19th century.
3. Describe the origins of the Spanish-American War. What
evidence was there of American imperialist interests in
Cuba? What territorial acquisitions and other rights did the
United States acquire as a result of the war?
4. Of what significance was President Theodore Roosevelt's
policy in the case of Santo Domingo? What was the
subsequent history of this policy?
5. How did the United States' annexation of the Hawaiian
islands illustrate American imperialism?
6. What were the general results of the relationship of the
Unites States with Latin America in the age of
imperialism?
The United States and Mexico
ID: Juarez, Archduke Maximilian, Porfirio Diaz
1. Motivation of Britain, France and Spain's intervention in
Mexico in 1861?
2. Napoleon's hidden agenda?
3.
4.
Role of United States in defeat of French ambitions in
Mexico?
What does RRP mean by the "double standard" of
imperialism?
United States Imperialism in the 1890s
ID: "yellow" press, Maine, Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe
Doctrine, Platt Amendment, Queen Liliuokalani
1. How, and why, did the United States acquire Puerto Rico
and the Philippines?
2. How, and why, did the United States acquire Hawaii?
Section 80 "The Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire"
1. How did the Ottoman Empire differ from the European
states in its political organization and nature? What efforts
at reform were made from 1856 to 1876? How did the
reform effort end?
2. Why was Turkey called the "sick man of Europe"? What
losses of the empire could be noted by 1850? What territory
did it still encompass?
3. Why were the British concerned about the Russo-Turkish
War of 1877? How was a general war averted?
4. What problems persisted in the Ottoman Empire after
1878? Explain the major steps in the dissolution of the
empire from 1980-1923.
5. How did Egypt become a British protectorate? How did the
French react?
6. Of what significance for international relations was the
rivalry for the spoils of the Ottoman Empire?
The Ottoman Empire in the 1850s
ID: raya, capitulations, "sick man of Europe," Eastern Question,
Crimean War
1. What was the religious and political composition of the
Ottoman Empire?
2. How did Westerners get special privileges in the Ottoman
Empire?
3. What does RRP mean in saying that the Crimean War
opened a new phase in Ottoman and Europeanhistory?
4. What were the Ottoman's political goals?
Attempts at Reform and Revival, 1856-1876
ID: Hatt-i Humayun, Abdul Aziz, Midhat Pasha, Abdul Hamid
II
1. Terms and purpose of the Hatt-i Humayun?
2. Terms of the new Ottoman Constitution of 1876?
3. What happened next and why?
Repression after 1876
ID: Young Turks, Adbul the Damned
1. Personality of Abdul Hamid?
2. Evidence of paranoia?
3. Goals and fears of Abdul Hamid?
4. Goals of Europe for Turkey?
5. Goals of Turkish reformers for Turkey?
The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878: The Congress of Berlin
ID: Pan-Slavism, Danilevsky, Russia and Europe, Suez Canal,
treaty of San Stefano, "jingoism,” “honest broker of the peace”
1. Define Pan-Slavism? Who favored it in Russia? In the
Ottoman Empire? Were the motives of Pan-Slavists the
same in the OE as in R?
2. Trigger of the Russo-Turkish war?
3. Reasons for British apprehension? What did Disraeli do?
4. How did Bismarck avert an Anglo-Russian war?
5. How did the European Balance of Power protect and
6.
dismember Turkey at the same time?
Terms of the Treaty of Berlin? List each country and what
it got/lost.
6.
Egypt and North Africa
1. How did Egypt become an English protectorate?
2. Why did the French object and what did they do about it?
3. What events led up to Turkey's alliance with Germany in
World War I?
Section 81 "The Partition of Africa"
1. Explain the process by which Africa was partitioned after
1870. How successful were attempts at international control
in the partition of Africa?
2. Which areas were occupied and controlled by Germany,
France, and Britain respectively? by other European
powers?
3. How did the partition of Africa affect relations among the
European powers?
4. How would you assess the impact of European control
upon the African peoples?
Opening of Africa
ID: Livingstone and Stanley, Leopold II, king of the Belgians,
International Congo Association, Karl Peters, Brazza, Berlin
Conference of 1885, Congo Free State
1. How did Leopold II despoil the Congo?
2. What were the rules of the game for African expansion
according to the Berlin Conference?
3. Which two countries remained free throughout the
"scramble" and why?
4. How did the Europeans solve the labor problem in the areas
they acquired from the Africans?
5. How did "indirect rule" work?
Friction and Rivalry between the Powers
ID: Cecil Rhodes, "Chinese Gordon", General H.H. Kitchener,
"great trek," Boers, Boer War, Fashoda Crisis, Kruger Telegram,
“Cape to Cairo”, Jameson Raid, Paul Kruger, Transvaal
1. What were the geopolitical aspirations of each of the
Europeans powers in Africa?
2. Significance of Fashoda Crisis? of Jameson Raid?
3. How did the rivalry over the spoils of Africa "embitter
international relations and prepare the war for the First
World War?"
"The British in India" demonstrate the Britishsocial,
political and economic impact on India? How would you
assess the balance sheets of the Britishpresence?
What seemed to be the principal motives for Russian
expansion in Asia? Why and where did theRussians come
into conflict with the British?
The Dutch East Indies and British India
ID: "culture system," Indian Mutiny, Thugs, Hindu Indian
National Congress, All-India Muslim League
1. What were the economic advantages of British India and
the Dutch East Indies?
2. What ideas and events lead to the termination of the British
East India Company and the Mogul Empire?
3. How did British policy toward governing India change as a
result?
Conflict of Russian and British Interests
ID: Lord Curzon,
By the way… This long term conflict was known as “The
Great Game.”
1. What were the Russian motives for expansion into
Asia?
2. Who wanted to stop her?
3. How did Persia become a point of contention between
Russia and Britain?
4. How was the conflict resolved?
Section 83 "Imperialism in Asia: China and the West"
1. What major internal developments were taking place in
China in the early 19th century? What policy did the
Europeans pursue with respect to the Manchu Empire?
2. What rights did the Europeans and other outsiders acquire
as a result of the Opium Wars? What further gains did
Europeans make in China from 1860 to 1898?
3. What did Japan gain as a result of the war with China in
1894? What kind of international crisis followed? Why
were the Russians concerned over the status of Manchuria?
5. Summarize the concessions extracted from China in 1898
by the Germans, the Russians, the French, and the British.
What were the motives behind the Open Door Policy?
6. What were the net consequences of imperialist expansion in
China by the end of the 19th century?
China before Western Penetration
ID: Manchu/Ch'ing dynasty, White Lotus Society, Heavenly
Reason Society, Taiping Rebellion
1. What were some of the domestic disturbances experienced
in China?
The Opening of China to the West
ID: Opium War of 1839-1841, treaty of Nanking, treaties of
Tientsin, "treaty system," "treaty ports,"
1. What were the problems of trade with China from the
Europeans' point of view and how did they solve them?
2. Outcome of the Opium War?
3. Terms of settlement of war of 1857?
Section 82 "Imperialism in Asia: The Dutch, the British, and the
Russians"
1. How did the Dutch create and maintain their empire in the
East Indies? What resistance developed?
2. How did British rule in India change after the events of
1857?
3. How would you describe the economy of India under
British rule?
4. Explain the growth and nature of Indian nationalism.
5. How do the illustrations and text in the RRP Picture Essay
Annexations and Concessions
ID: Open Door Policy, Literary Patriotic Harmonious Fists aka
Boxers, Sun Yat-sen
1. What border areas of China did Britain, France and Japan
annex?
2. Results of treaty of Shimonoseki?
3. Reasons for Russian, German and French opposition to
Japan's occupation of Liotung peninsula?
4. Why did the United States advocate the Open Door Policy?
5. Why did the British support it?
6.
Outcome of the Boxer Rebellion?
Section 84 "The Russo-Japanese War and Its Consequences"
Japanese pre-emptive strike on Port Arthur – a pilot study for World
War II
1. How did the interests of Russian and of Japan conflict in
northeast China?
2.
Describe the nature and outcome of the Russo-Japanese
War. What was President Theodore Roosevelt's objective
in his offer of mediation?
3. Of what special significance for later history was the
Russo-Japanese War? In what sense did it herald important
developments of the 20th century?
ID: Treaty of Portsmouth
1. Grievances of Russia and Japan toward each other?
2. Describe the course of the war.
3. Why did Theodore Roosevelt intervene - and win the Nobel
Peace Prize for his efforts?
4. Terms of the treaty of Portsmouth?
5. Significance of the Russo-Japanese War and of Japanese
victory?
6. What does RRP say are the "three mighty developments" to
which the Japanese victory and the Russian defeat were
steps?