
Main Idea ~ In the late 1800s, the Industrial Revolution in
Europe and in the United States reached its peak.

Industrial Revolution in Full Stride
~ By 1850, Great Britain was the most industrialized nation in the world. Thanks to
steamships, goods mass-produced in Britain could be transported worldwide.
~ The Great Exhibition of 1851, the first world’s fair, was held in London, England .
~ France, Belgium, and the United States followed Britain’s industrial lead in the
early to mid-1800’s.

The Economic Picture
~ The unification of India under British
easier by the railroads.
rule was made
~ The British began an ambitious program of railway
construction in India in the 1850s.
~ As Europeans became a greater force in Asia and
Africa, the industries of those places underwent a
change.
 Main Idea ~ Economic, political, and social factors served as
important motives for Western imperialism.

European Defense of Imperialism
~ Colonialism and imperialism are practices used to establish and
maintain control over distant regions.
~ The industrialization of European nations gave them a great
advantage over the non-industrialized nations of Asia and Africa.
~ As the Industrial Revolution spread throughout Europe, the need grew
for steady supplies of raw materials, such as cotton and rubber.

Economics of Imperialism
~Economics was always a major factor in imperialism.
~ Europeans also wanted to develop new markets for the
products of their factories.
~ Another important economic factor was the higher
profits that could be made from investing money in Africa
and Asia.

Politics and Imperialism
~ As a driving force for imperialism, politics was probably second only to
economics.
~ In the 1600’s, the concerns over balance of power had been confined
to the European continent.
~ The European nations set up different types of governments in the
areas they controlled.

Religion, Culture, and Imperialism
~ Religious and social arguments were often used to support the idea of
imperialism.
~ In addition to spreading the Christian word, missionaries promoted
education.
~ European writers and politicians spoke of the moral obligation of
advanced countries to bring “culture”, “reason”, and “order” to
developing regions.

Other Factors Favoring Imperialism
~ Scientific curiosity and the urge for adventure also motivated
imperialism.
~Social Darwinists adapted some of Darwin’s ideas to human
ethnic groups, claiming that Europeans were more “advanced”
than other groups and should be expected to rule over such
groups.
~ In the end, imperialism had mixed results, some positive and
some negative.
Lady law
World History
3rd History
Mr. Cook

Main Idea ~ Until the late nineteenth century, most of Africa
was unknown to Europeans.

African Travels
~ In 1878, British explorer Henry Morton Stanley published a
travel book telling of his adventures in Africa.
~As a journalist, Stanley had accepted an assignment from the
New York Herald in 1871.
~ Livingstone’s (a British Congregationalist pioneer medical
missionary with the London Missionary Society and explorer in
Africa). story made good travel reading.

Europe Enters Africa
~ The International Congo Association was a private
investment company, not a government undertaking.
~ The arrangement with King Leopold(King of the
Belgians) was, in effect, a mandate.
~ During the 15- year period after the Congress of Berlin,
there was an explosion of colonizing activity in Africa.
 Main Idea ~ Starting in the 1870’s, European nations
competed with each other to establish colonies in Africa.

Egypt and North Africa
~ During the mid-1800s, Egypt was a semi- independent
state within the Ottoman Empire.
~ The canal was one of the most important waterways in
the world, linking the Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea.
~ The French government’s reaction to these events
shows European rivalry for colonies in the late 1800’s.

Africa South of the Sahara
~ The area of Africa south of the Sahara is nearly as large
as the continent of North America.
~ In East Africa, the major colonizers were Britain and
Germany.
~ Italy and Portugal also played important roles in
imperialism.
Lady law
World History
3rd History
Mr. Cook

Main Idea ~ Beginning in the 1600s, British interest and
influence in India grew steadily, and by the late 1850’s, Great
Britain had consolidated it’s rule in a large part of the country.

The East India Company
~ The Portuguese and the Dutch led European exploration
of South Asia and the East Indies in the 1500s.
~ In the early 1600s, much of Northern India had been
under control of the Mughals.
~ In 1757, an officer of the East India Company, Robert
Clive, took advantage of the Mughal decline.

British Control of India
~ Over time, the British Parliament became concerned about
the activities of the East India Company and the power it held.
~ During the first half of the nineteenth century, Great Britain
steadily expanded its control over India.
~ One of the most dynamic administrators of India was Lord
Dalhousie.
 Main Idea ~ Even as India Became the centerpiece of the
British Empire, nationalism was growing and would eventually
lead to Indian independence.

Indians Fight for the Independence
~ By 1857, many Indians had become resentful of
outsiders controlling their country.
~ An incident ( Murder of a fellow Indian) arose that led
the Indians to rebel.
~ When the sepoys refused to load their new rifles, they
were punished by their British commanders.
Indians Under the Raj
~ Although the British government made allies of the native Indian
rulers, it did not interfere with everyday life in India.
~ In 1835, the British had decided to make English the language of
education and government in India.
~ By the end of the nineteenth century, a new generation of Indian
industrialists such as, Jamshed N. Tata made a fortune in cotton.
The Indian National Congress
~ As education for Indians increased their opportunities, a growing
movement for independence took shape.
~ A few years after the Indian National Congress was founded, a young
Indian named Mohandas K.Ghandi left India to study law in London.
~ After returning to India in 1915, Ghandi became India’s most eloquent
spokesperson for independence from Great Britain.

Main Idea ~ The Ottoman Empire, which included vast
territories on thee continents, gradually declined in the 1800’s

Origins and Geographic Extent of the Ottomans
~ In the late 1300’s, the Ottomans had conquered parts of
the Balkans in Eastern Europe.
~ After 1453, western Europe became more involved in
the policies and plans of the Ottoman Empire.
~ The Ottoman rulers were Muslim, a fact that alarmed
Christian Europe.

Decline of the Ottoman Empire
~ There were many reasons why the Ottoman Empire began to decline.
~ Competition for the strategic location of the Ottoman Empire was
another key to why the empire went into decline.
~ For years, the Russian government made several unsuccessful attempts
to gain access to routes such as Mediterranean Sea, Atlantic and the
Black Sea .

Attempts at Reform
~ After the Crimean War, the Ottoman Government
attempted a series of sweeping reforms.
~ In the 20 year period from 1856 to 1879, a serious effort
was made to save the empire from further decline.
~ The government also guaranteed property rights for all
citizens of the empire.

Main Idea ~ Despite efforts at reform, the Ottoman Empire
disintegrated and finally collapsed around 1920.
A Harsh Ottoman Ruler
~ In 1876, a new Ottoman ruler came to power.
~ A year later after Abdulhamid II became ruler,
the first Turkish parliament met.
~ This sudden turn of events stunned those who
were working to modernize and reform the empire.

The End of the Ottoman Empire
~ Russia wanted the Ottoman Empire to completely
break apart.
~ In 1877, Russia declared war on the Ottoman Empire.
~ The terms of the treaty were so favorable to Russia that
the western European states became alarmed.

The Treaty of Berlin
~ The Congress of Berlin resulted in -- a new treaty that avoided war
between countries in western Europe and Russia- at least for the
movement.
~ Germany gained no new lands from the treaty( the treaty of Berlin).
~ In the five- year period 1908- 1913, the Ottoman Empire suffered
more losses.