PRM 376 - Regional Geography of Tourism and Recreation
Course Syllabus
General information
! College of Social and Behavioral Science
Department of Geography, Planning, and Recreation
! PRM 376 B Regional Geography of Tourism and Recreation
! Spring 2005
! 3 credit hours
! Instructor: Alan A. Lew
! Office: SW Forest Sciences Building, Room 120
! Office hours: TBA
Course prerequisites
None
Course description
Geographic perspectives on the global patterns of tourism and recreation.
This course presents the spatial characteristics of tourism and recreation. Location models, development
morphology, and the impacts of tourism and recreation in shaping the geographic landscape are stressed.
Students will be exposed to the significant contribution which geographers have made to the field of leisure
studies in general, and tourism in particular. Topics include recreation and travel patterns, leisure site and
situation characteristics, and tourism and recreation motivations as they relate to the geographic environment.
The form and impact of tourism and recreation development both in the U.S. and in other societies will be
discussed.
Course objectives
Students will be able to
(1) Understand and discuss the theoretical and social issues driving the rapid globalization tourism and
leisure industries
(2) Recognize and critically explain the human, social and ethical implications of tourism development.
(3) Describe and support and exemplify with data the major components and trends in the tourism and
leisure industries, and geographic approaches to their study and analysis.
(4) Be able to critically use the World Wide Web to obtain information and conduct geographic research on
tourism and recreation.
Course structure/approach
This class will consist of weekly assignments based on text and online readings, and WWW-based
exercises. Students will post opinion responses on the NAU Virtual Conference Center to share with other
students in the class. More factual assignments will be sent directly to the instructor.
Textbook and required materials
Hudman, Lloyd E. and Jackson, Richard H. 2003. Geography of Travel and Tourism, 4th Ed.,
Clifton Park, NY: Delmar.
Course outline
Week 1 - Geography, Tourism and Recreation: Leisure Landscapes
Week 2 - Historical Development of Leisure and Tourism
Week 3 - Patterns and Processes of Tourism and Recreation: Introduction
Week 4 - Tourism and Recreation in Western Europe: Heritage and the Welfare State
Week 5 - Tourism and Recreation in Eastern Europe & Russia: Economic Transformations
Week 6 - Tourism and Recreation in North Africa, Middle East and Central Asia: Politics, Religion and Culture
Week 7 - Midterm Review Assignment
Week 8 - Tourism and Recreation in Sub-Saharan Africa: Traditional Societies and Sustainable Development
Week 9 - Tourism and Recreation in South Asia: Pilgrimage, Poverty and Mountain Trekking
Week 10 - Tourism and Recreation in Southeast Asia: Tropical Adventures and Ecotourism
Week 11 - Tourism and Recreation in East Asia: Globalization and Americanization
Week 12 - Tourism and Recreation in Oceania and Island Countries: Isolation and Remoteness
Week 13 - Tourism and Recreation in Central & South America: Caribbean Sun and Indigenous Tourism
Week 14 - Tourism and Recreation in North America: The Geography of Consumption
Week 15 - The Future of Global Tourism: Final Exam Assignment
ASSESSMENT OF OUTCOMES
Three instruments will be used to assess student achievement of the learning objectives listed above:
(1) Two Major Papers
There will be two major papers, one due at midterm and one at the end of the class. Each consists of a
carefully worded written assignments designed to critically review the material covered in the week prior to each.
I typically try to personalize these review assignments, so that students are required to apply what they have
learned to themselves, or a situation that they are individually and personally very familiar with.
(2) Weekly Assignments
Students need to demonstrate, on a weekly basis, their familiarity with the material and the development of
their essential skills. Assignments will vary from week to week to ensure that course objectives and essential
skills are all covered. Most of these will involve a multiple choice quiz that will be taken through WebCT. Some
of these will involve analysis of data or searching for specific information on the Internet. Other assignments will
require critical reading and writing based on the text, online readings, or the writings of fellow students.
Additional assignments will be more exploratory and self-reflective.
Grading System
2 Major Papers - 50 points each
100
13 Weekly Assignments - 25 points each
325
TOTAL
A = 90-100%
425 points
B = 80-89%
C = 65-79%
D = 50-64%
F = below 50%
COURSE POLICIES
WARNING : Keep all of the work that you receive points for in this class (and all of your classes)! If there is
ever a discrepancy between what I have recorded and what you think you received, I will only change my record
if you have your original work.
PLAGIARISM and CHEATING : You are expected to do all of the work yourself, and to properly reference
any material that you use from other sources. DO NOT COPY ANOTHER STUDENT=S WORK. DO NOT
COPY SOMETHING FROM ANY OTHER SOURCE WITHOUT A COMPLETE REFERENCE TO ITS
ORIGINAL AUTHOR (Author, Title, Year, Publisher, Page numbers, and Access date and URL for Web
material). If you do either of these, you will receive zero (0) points for the assignment, and you will probably
receive a grade of ' F ' for the class.
The following WWW site on doing research and avoiding electronic plagiarism is recommended reading for
anyone doing research on the WWW: < http://www.sofweb.vic.edu.au/internet/research.htm >
Northern Arizona University
POLICY STATEMENTS
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sexual assault, or retaliation by anyone at this university.
You may obtain a copy of this policy from the college dean's office. If you have concerns about this policy, it is important
that you contact the departmental chair, dean's office, the Office of Student Life (523-5181), the academic ombudsperson
(523-9368), or NAU's Office of Affirmative Action (523-3312).
STUDENTS WITH DISABILITIES
If you have a learning and/or physical disability, you are encouraged to make arrangements for class assignments/exams so
your academic performance will not suffer because of a disability or handicap. If you have questions about special
provisions for students with disabilities, contact the Counseling and Testing Center (523-2261).
It is your responsibility to register with the Counseling and Testing Center. Applications for services should be made at least
eight weeks before the start of the semester.
If the Counseling and Testing Center verifies your eligibility for special services, you should consult with your instructor
during the first week in the semester so appropriate arrangements can be made. Concerns related to noncompliance with
appropriate provisions should be directed to the Disability Support Services coordinator in the Counseling and Testing
Center.
INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD
Any study involving observation of or interaction with human subjects that originates at NAU - including a course project,
report, or research paper - must be reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) for the protection of
human subjects in research and research-related activities.
The IRB meets once each month. Proposals must be submitted for review at least fifteen working days before the monthly
meeting. You should consult with your course instructor early in the course to ascertain if your project needs to be reviewed
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department chair or college dean must sign the application for approval by the IRB. The IRB categorizes projects into three
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A copy of the IRB Policy and Procedures Manual is available in each department's administrative office and each college
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NAU's administration, faculty, staff and students are dedicated to promoting an atmosphere of honesty and are committed to
maintaining the academic integrity essential to the educational process. Inherent in this commitment is the belief that
academic dishonesty in all forms violates the basic principles of integrity and impedes learning. Students are therefore
responsible for conducting themselves in a academically honest manner.
Individual students and faculty members are responsible for identifying instances of academic dishonest. Faculty members
then recommend penalties to the department chair or college dean in keeping with the severity of the violation. The
complete policy on academic integrity is in Appendix F of NAU's Student Handbook.
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The University's self-insurance plan does not provide medical coverage to students if injured while participating in
University-related activities or academic programs. Students are strongly encourage to obtain medical/health insurance prior
to participation through their parent's health insurance plan or by purchasing insurance (such as the Blue Cross/Blue Shield
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No employee, agent, or institution under the jurisdiction of the Arizona Board of Regents, shall discriminate against any
student, employee, or other individual, because of such individual's religious belief or practice or any absence thereof.
Furthermore, administrators and faculty members are responsible to reasonably accommodate individual religious practices.
A refusal to accommodate is justified only when undue hardship would result from each available alternative of reasonable
accommodation.
No administrator or faculty member shall retaliate or otherwise discriminate against any student, employee or prospective
employee because that individual has sought a religious accommodation pursuant to this policy.
CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT STATEMENT
Membership in the academic community places a special obligation on all members to preserve an atmosphere conducive to
a safe and positive learning environment. Part of that obligation implies the responsibility of each member of the NAU
community to maintain an environment in which the behavior of any individual is not disruptive.
It is the responsibility of each student to behave in a manner which does not interrupt or disrupt the delivery of education by
faculty members or receipt of education by students, within or outside the classroom. The determination of whether such
interruption or disruption has occurred has to be made by the faculty member at the time the behavior occurs. It becomes the
responsibility of the individual faculty member to maintain and enforce the standards of behavior acceptable to preserving
an atmosphere for teaching and learning in accordance with University regulations and the course syllabus.
At a minimum, students will be warned if their behavior is evaluated by the faculty member as disruptive. Serious
disruptions, as determined by the faculty member, may result in immediate removal of the student from the instructional
environment. Significant and/or continued violations may result in an administrative withdrawal from the class. Additional
responses by the faculty member to disruptive behavior may include a range of actions from discussing the disruptive
behavior with the student to referral to the appropriate academic unit and/or the Office of Student Life for administrative
review, with a view to implement corrective action up to and including suspension or expulsion.
EVACUATION POLICIES
IMPORTANT EVACUATION INFORMATION
When the fire alarm rings, everyone must evacuate the building. It is a misdemeanor, punishable by a fine, to not adhere to
this regulation. Also the fire alarm is never to be turned off by anyone other than official representatives of the NAU Police
Department or the Flagstaff Fire Department. Be forewarned that we will be subject to fire drills from time-to-time.
WHEN A FIRE ALARM IS ACTIVATED
1.
Proceed to the nearest EXIT. FOLLOW DIRECTIONS OF EMERGENCY PERSONNEL.
2.
Feel the top of the door, if it is hot, or smoke is visible, do not open.
3.
Do not attempt to save possessions at the risk of personal injury.
4.
DO NOT USE ELEVATORS.
5.
DO NOT BREAK WINDOWS. Oxygen feeds fires.
6.
Stay low if moving through smoke.
7.
CLOSE AS MANY DOORS AS POSSIBLE BETWEEN YOU AND THE FIRE.
8.
ALL fires, regardless of size, must be reported to the University Policy 3-3000.
EVACUATION
1.
If safe, secure vital records and shut down electrical equipment.
2.
Proceed to your predetermined exit or alternate exit if necessary. Shut all doors as you leave.
3.
The Floor Monitor is responsible for ensuring that all staff and visitors evacuate the area.
4.
Assist disabled students, employees or visitors.
5.
Proceed quietly and orderly.
6.
DO NOT USE ELEVATORS.
7.
DO NOT OPEN DOOR if hot or if smoke is present.
8.
Once outside, assemble at a designated area away from any entrances or exits.
EVACUATION OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES
It is very likely that evacuations will involve disabled individuals. The following will be helpful in safe evacuation and
communication during an emergency.
Above all else, involve the individual. They are the experts on their own disabilities, and how best to move them out of a
building in an emergency. Make sure he/she understands what is happening, and what procedure must be followed. Many
disabled people are vulnerable to respiratory complications - remove them from smoke or fumes immediately.
Attachment
Reading List of Tourism and Recreation Research by Geographers
GENERAL REFERENCES
Bristow, R. and Carmichael, B. (1999, in press) 'The State of Teaching Recreation and Tourism Geography in North America', Proceedings of the New
England St. Lawrence Valley Geographical Society Annual Meeting, Vol. XXVIII. R. Donnell, editor. Framingham State College.
Mitchell, L. S. and Smith, R. V. (1989) 'The Geography of Recreation, Tourism, and Sport', in G.L. Gaile and C.J. Willmott (eds.), Geography in America.
Columbus, OH: Merrill Publishing Co., 387-408.
TOURISM
Albers, B. (1991). 'Planning in Paradise, Developing an Environmentally Sound Resort in the Caribbean'. Geo Infosystems, 1/10: 26-38.
Allen, R. F. (1988). 'Image and Reality: The Critical Use of Tourist Brochures in World Geography Classes'. Journal of Geography, 88/1: 6-10.
Allender, J. D. (1995). 'The Impact of Expatriates on the Development of Resorts in Western Cayo District, Belize'. Yearbook, Conference of Latin
Americanist Geographers, 21: 67-75.
Andrews, A. (1990). 'Regional Aspects of Tourism in Virginia'. The Virginia Geographer, 22/2: 20-30.
Beck, P. J. (1990). 'Regulating One of the Last Tourist Frontiers: Antarctica'. Applied Geography, 10/4: 343-356.
Berman, M. (1989). 'Revere Beach: A Peculiarly American Seaside Resort'. Focus, 39/3: 4-8.
Boniface, B. (1990). The Geography of Travel and Tourism. London: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Boyd, S. W. and Butler, R. W. (1996). 'Managing Ecotourism: an Opportunity Spectrum Approach'. Tourism Management, 17/8: 557-566.
Briguglio, L., Archer, B., Jafari, J., and Wall, G., eds. (1996). Sustainable Tourism in Islands and Small States: Issues and Policies. London: Cassell.
Britton, S. (1991). 'Tourism, Capital, and Place: Towards a Critical Geography of Tourism'. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 9:451-478.
Browne, R. and Nolan, M. L. (1989). 'Western Indian Reservation Tourism Development'. Annals of Tourism of Research, 16/3: 360-376.
Butler, R. W. (1990). 'Alternative Tourism: Pious Hope or Trojan Horse?' Journal of Travel Research, 23/3: 91-96.
------- (1991a). 'Tourism, Environment, and Sustainable Development'. Environmental Conservation, 18/3: 201-208.
------- (1991b). 'West Edmonton Mall as a Tourist Attraction'. Canadian Geographer, 35/3: 287-294.
------- and Hinch, T., eds. (1996). Tourism and Indigenous Peoples. London: International Thomson Business Press.
Carmichael, B., Peppard, D. M., , Jr., and Boudreau, F. (1995). 'Megaresort on my Doorstep: Local Resident Attitudes toward Foxwood Casino and Casino
Gambling on Nearby Indian Reservation Land'. Journal of Travel Research, 34/3: 9-16.
Carney, G. O. (1994). 'Branson: The New Mecca of Country Music'. Journal of Cultural Geography, 14/2: 17-32.
Cater, E. and Lowman, G., eds. (1994). Ecotourism: A Sustainable Option?. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
Chang, T. C. (1997). 'Heritage as a Tourism Commodity: Traversing the Tourist-Local Divide'. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 18/1: 46-68.
------- (1999). 'Local Uniqueness in the Global Village: Heritage Tourism in Singapore'. The Professional Geographer, 51/1: 91-103.
------- Milne, S., Fallon, D. and Pohlmann, C. (1996). 'Urban Heritage Tourism'. Annals of Tourism Research, 23: 284-305.
Chubb, M. (1989). 'Tourism Patterns and Determinants in the Great Lakes Region: Populations, Resources, Roads and Perceptions'. Geojournal, 19/3:
297-302.
Conlin M. and Baum, T., eds. (1995). Island Tourism: Management Principles and Practice. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
Connell, J. (1994). 'Anguilla: The Tourist Trajectory in a Microstate'. Caribbean Geography, 492: 131-138.
Crang, M. (1997). 'Picturing Practices: Research Through the Tourist Gaze'. Progress in Human Geography, 21/3: 359-373.
Cukier-Snow, J. and Wall, G. (1993). 'Tourism Employment: Perspectives from Bali'. Tourism Management, 14/3: 195-201.
Curtis, J.R. and Arreola, D.D. (1991). 'Zonas de Tolerancia on the Mexican Border'. The Geographical Review, 81/3: 333-346.
Cybriwski, R. and Shimizo A. (1993). 'Ashio: Rocks, Rust and Tourism on Japan's Copper Mountain'. Focus, 43/1: 22-28.
D'Hauteserre, A. M. (1998). 'Foxwoods Casino Resort: An Unusual Experiment in Economic Development'. Economic Geography (Special Issue).
------------ (1999). 'The French Mode of Social Regulation and Sustainable Tourism Development: The Case of Disneyland Paris'. Tourism Geographies, 1/1:
86-107.
Dahms, F. (1991). 'St. Jacobs: Ontario: from Declining Village to Thriving Tourist Community'. Ontario Geography, 36: 1-13.
Dearden, P. (1991). 'Tourism and Sustainable Development in Northern Thailand'. Geographical Review, 81/4: 400-413.
Dearden, P. and Haron, S. (1994). 'Alternative Tourism and Adaptive Change'. Annals of Tourism Research, 21: 81-102.
Debbage K. G. (1990). 'Oligopoly and the Resort Cycle in the Bahamas'. Annals of Tourism of Research, 17: 513-527.
------- (1991). 'Spatial Behavior in a Bahamian Resort'. Annals of Tourism of Research, 18: 251-268.
DeBres, K. (1991). 'Seaside Resorts, Working, Museums, and Factory Shops: Three Vignettes as British Tourism Enters the Nineties'. Focus, 41/2: 10-16.
Draper, D. and Kariel, H. G. (1990). 'Metatourism: Dealing Critically with the Future of Tourism Environments'. Journal of Cultural Geography, 11/1:
139-155.
Fabbri, P., ed. (1990). Recreational Uses of Coastal Areas. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Farrell, B.H. (1999). 'Conventional or Sustainable Tourism? No Room for Choice'. Tourism Management 20/2: 189-191.
------------ and Runyan, D. (1991). 'Ecology and Tourism'. Annals of Tourism Research, 18: 26-40.
Fesenmaier, D. R. (1988). 'Integrating Activity Patterns into Destination Choice Models'. Journal of Leisure Research, 20/3: 175-191.
----------------- (1994). 'Traveler Use of Visitor Information Centers: Implications for Development in Illinois'. Journal of Travel Research, 33/1: 44-50.
----------------- and Johnson, B. (1989). 'Involvement-Based Segmentation'. Tourism Management, 10/4: 293-300.
----------------- and Vogt, C. A. (1993). 'Evaluating the Economic Impact of Travel Information Provided at Indiana Welcome Centers'. Journal of Travel
Research, 31/3: 33-39.
-----------------, Jones, L., Um, S., and Ozuna, T., Jr. (1989). 'Assessing the Economic Impact of Outdoor Recreation Travel to the Texas Gulf Coast'. Journal
of Travel Research, 28/1: 18-23.
-----------------, Vogt, C. A., and Stewart, W. P. (1993). 'Investigating the Influence of Welcome Center Information on Travel Behavior'. Journal of Travel
Research, 31/3: 47-52.
Foster, D. M. and Murphy, P. (1991). 'Resort Cycle Revisited: The Retirement Connection'. Annals of Tourism of Research, 18: 553-567.
Foust, B. and Botts, H. (1991). 'Tourism Gets a Boost from Wisconsin's Recreational Resource GIS'. Geo Infosystems, 1/8: 43-45.
Gerlach, J. (1989). 'Spring Break at Padre Island: A New Kind of Tourism'. Focus, 39/1: 13-16.
------- (1991). 'Tourism and Its Impact in Costa del Sol, Spain'. Focus, 41/3: 7-11.
------- (1994). 'The Economic Geography of Regional Festivals: Beer Drinking and Small Town Mississippi River Festivals'. Focus, 44/2: 30-33.
Getz, D. (1991). Festivals, Special Events, and Tourism. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
------- (1992). 'Tourism Planning and Destination Life Cycle'. Annals of Tourism of Research, 19: 752-700.
------- (1993). 'Planning for Tourism Business Districts'. Annals of Tourism of Research, 20: 583-600.
------- (1997). Event Management and Event Tourism. Elmsford, NY: Cognizant Communication Corporation.
------- , Anderson, D., and Sheehan, L. (1998). 'Roles, Issues and Strategies for Convention and Visitors Bureaux in Destination Planning and Product
Development: A Survey of Canadian Bureaux'. Tourism Management, 19/4: 331-340.
Gill, A. and Williams, P. (1994). 'Managing Growth in Mountain Communities'. Tourism Management 15/3: 212-220.
Goss, J. (1993). 'Placing the Market and Marketing the Place: Tourist Advertising of the Hawaiian Islands, 1972-1992'. Environment and Planning D,
Society and Space 11: 663-688.
--------- (1999). '"From Here to Eternity": Voyages of Re(dis)covery in Tourist Landscapes of Hawai'i', in D. W. Woodcock (ed.), Hawai'i: New Geographies.
Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Department of Geography, 153-177.
Graff, T. O. and Wiseman, R. F. (1990). 'Changing Pattern of Retirement Counties Since 1965'. Geographical Review, 80/3: 239-251.
Gribb, W. J. (1990). 'Tourism as a Form of Regional Economic Development'. Papers and Proceedings of Applied Geography Conferences, 13: 96-104.
Haider, W. and Ewing, G. O. (1990). 'A Model of Tourist Choices of Hypothetical Caribbean Destinations'. Leisure Sciences, 12/1: 1-8.
Hall, C. M. and Page, S. J. (1999). 'The Geography of Tourism and Recreation: Environment, Place and Space'. New York: Routledge.
Hall, C. M. and Shultis, J. (1991). 'Railways, Tourism and Worthless Lands: The Establishment of National Parks in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and
the United States'. Australian-Canadian Studies - A Journal for the Humanities and the Social Sciences, 8/2: 57-74.
Hall, C. M. and Lew, A.A., eds. (1998). Sustainable Tourism: A Geographical Perspective. London: Addison Wesley Longman.
Hamilton-Jones, D. R. W. (1991). 'Future Trends in North-South Tourism from New England'. St. Lawrence Valley Geographical Society Proceedings, 21:
94-104.
Hamley, W. (1991). 'Tourism in the Northwest Territories'. Geographical Review, 81/4: 389-399.
Harnapp, V. and Harnapp, L. (1998). 'Laos: Now Open for Tourist Business'. Focus 45/2:6-12.
Harrison L. C. and Husbands, W. eds. (1996). Practicing Responsible Tourism: International Case Studies in Tourism Planning, Policy, and Development.
New York: Wiley.
Hartmann, R. (1988). 'Combining Field Methods in Tourism Research'. Annals of Tourism Research, 15: 88-105.
------- (1992). Ski Resort Development in Colorado: Mining the "White Gold", in A. David Hill, (ed.), Interdependence in Geographic Education. Boulder:
University of Colorado Center for Geographic Education, 53-61.
Hinch, T. (1998). 'Ecotourist and Indigenous Hosts: Diverging Views on their Relationship'. Current Issues in Tourism, 1/1:120-124.
Hobbs, J. J. (1992). 'Sacred Space and Touristic Development at Jebel Musa (Mt. Sinai), Egypt'. Journal of Cultural Geography, 12/2: 99-114.
Hoffman, P. R. (1992). 'Tourism and Language in Mexico's Los Cabos'. Journal of Cultural Geography, 12/2: 77-92.
Hornsby, S. J. (1993). 'The Gilded Age and the Making of Bar Harbor'. Geographical Review, 83/4: 455-468.
Hovinen, G. (1995). 'Heritage Issues in Urban Tourism: An Assessment of New Trends in Lancaster County'. Tourism Management 16/5: 381-388.
Hudman, L. E. (1989). 'Changing Travel Patterns of Residents of the USA Traveling Overseas'. Tourism Management, 10/3: 261-265.
------------- and Davis, J. E. (1994). 'Changes and Patterns of Origin Regions of International Tourism'. Geojournal, 34/4: 481-490.
------------- and Jackson, R. H. (1992). 'Mormon Pilgrimage and Tourism'. Annals of Tourism of Research, 19/1: 107-121.
------------- and Jackson, R. H. (1998). The Geography of Travel and Tourism. Albany: Delmar Publishers.
Hudson, B. (1996). 'Paradise Lost: A Planner's View of Jamaican Tourist Development'. Caribbean Quarterly, 42/4: 22-31.
Husbands, W. (1989). Social Status and Perception of Tourism in Zambia. Annals of Tourism of Research, 16/2: 237-253.
--------- and Thompson, S. (1990). 'The Host Society and the Consequences of Tourism in Livingstone, Zambia'. International Journal of Urban and Regional
Research, 14/3: 490-513.
Hussey, A. (1989). 'Tourism in a Balinese Village'. Geographical Review, 79/3: 311-325.
Hvenegaard, G. T. and Dearden, P. (1998). 'Ecotourism Versus Tourism in a Thai National Park'. Annals of Tourism Research, 25: 700-720.
Inskeep, E. (1991). Tourism Planning: An Integrated and Sustainable Development Approach. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Ioannides, D. (1992). Tourism Development Agents: The Cypriot Resort Cycle. Annals of Tourism of Research, 19/4: 711-731.
--------- (1995a). 'A flawed implementation of sustainable tourism: the experience of Akamas, Cyprus'. Tourism Management, 16/8: 583-529.
--------- (1995b). 'Planning for International Tourism in Less Developed Countries: Toward Sustainability?'. Journal of Planning and Literature, 9/3: 25-27.
--------- (1995c). 'Strengthening the Ties Between Tourism and Economic Geography: A Theoretical Agenda'. Professional Geographer, 47/1: 49-60.
--------- and Debbage, K. (1997). 'Post-Fordism and Flexibility: The Travel Industry Polyglot'. Tourism Management, 18/4: 229-241.
--------- and Debbage, K., eds. (1998). The Economic Geogaphy of the Tourism Industry: A Supply-Side Analysis. New York: Routledge.
Jackson, R. (1996). 'Tourism in Transition in Post-Soviet Estonia'. Annals of Tourism Research, 23: 617-634.
Janiskee, R. L. (1990a). 'History-Themed Festivals: A Special Events Approach to Rural Recreation and Tourism'. Papers and Proceedings of Applied
Geography Conferences, 13: 111-117.
--------- (1990b). 'Resort Camping in America'. Annals of Tourism of Research, 17: 385-407.
--------- (1996). 'Historic Houses and Special Events'. Annals of Tourism Research, 23: 398-414.
Jeffrey, D. and Hubbard, N. J. (1988). 'Foreign Tourism, the Hotel Industry, and Regional Economic Performance'. Regional Studies, 14/4: 329-340.
Jett, S. C. (1990). 'Culture and Tourism in the Navajo Country'. Journal of Cultural Geography, 11/1: 85-107.
Johnson, K. A. (1990). 'Origins of Tourism in the Catskill Mountains'. Journal of Cultural Geography, 11/1: 5-16.
Johnson, N.C. (1996). 'Where Geography and History Meet: Heritage Tourism and the Big House in Ireland'. Annals, Association of American Geographers,
86/3: 551-566.
Kariel, H. G. (1989a). 'Socio-Cultural Impacts of Tourism in the Austrian Alps'. Mountain Research and Development, 9/1:59-70.
--------- (1989b). 'Tourism and Development: Perplexity or Panacea?'. Journal of Travel Research, 28/1: 2-6.
--------- and Kariel, P.E. (1988). 'Tourist Developments in the Kananaskis Valley area, Alberta, Canada, and the Impact of the 1988 Winter Olympic Games'.
Mountain Research and Development, 8/1: 1-10.
Kermath, B. M. and Thomas, R. N. (1992). 'Spatial Dynamics of Resorts: Sosúa, Dominican Republic'. Annals of Tourism of Research, 19: 173-190.
King, T. D. (1997). 'Folk Management and Local Knowledge: The Lobster Fishing and Tourism at Caye Caulker, Belize'. Coastal Management, 25/4:
455-469.
Lanegran, D. D. and St. Peter, P. H. (1993). 'Travel, Tourism and Geographic Fieldwork: Project Marco Polo 1992'. Journal of Geography, 92/4: 160-165.
LaPolla, F. (1988). 'The Psychogeography of American Amusement Parks'. Revue Francaise d'Etudes Americaines, 13(36): 235-240.
Lavery, P. and Van Doren, C. (1990). Travel and Tourism: A North-American-European Perspective. Suffolk, UK: ELM Publications.
Law, C. M. (1992). 'Urban Tourism and its Contribution to Economic Regeneration'. Urban Studies, 29: 599-618.
Lee, C. C. Crompton, J. L. and Fesenmaier, D. R. (1993). Conceptualization of Multi-Destination Pleasure Trips. Annals of Tourism of Research, 20:
289-301.
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