Biology EOC Review
Goal 3: Learner will develop an understanding of the continuity of life and the changes of
organisms over time.
3.01: Analyze the molecular basis of heredity including: DNA replication, Protein Synthesis
(transcription and translation), and gene regulation. p. 286-312
Below is a strand of DNA. DNA in the cells exists as a double helix –
1. Circle one nucleotide. What 3 pieces is it made up of?
Phosphate group, sugar (deoxyribose), nitrogen base
2. What are the black pentagons?
deoxyribose
What are the nitrogen bases? A,C,G,T
___C__
__T___
__G___
_G__
_C___
__T___
3. Fill in the blanks with the complimentary DNA bases.
4. If a strand of DNA undergoes transcription, what will the sequence of the mRNA be?
DNA = G A C T G A
mRNA = C U G A C U
tRNA = G A C U G A
Label the summary of protein
synthesis diagrammed below:
 DNA
 Transcription
 mRNA
 Nucleus
 Cytoplasm
 mRNA
 tRNA
 Ribosome
 Anticodon
 Codon
 Amino Acid
 Polypeptide Chain /
Protein
 Nuclear Membrane
 rRNA
 Translation
Biology EOC Review
5. After translation, what would the amino acid
sequence be for the section of mRNA above?
(read from right to left)
Leu-Thr
6. What is a codon?
3 nucleotide sequence on the mRNA that
codes for an amino acid or start or stop signal
What is an anti-codon?
3 base sequence on the tRNA that is
complimentary to a codon to determine if the
amino acid is added
7. Compare RNA and DNA in the following table
RNA
DNA
Sugars
Ribose
Deoxyribose
Bases
A,C,G,U
A,C,G,T
Strands 1 1
2
or 2
Where
Made in nucleus Nucleus
In Cell
but moves to
(eukaryotes)
cytoplasm
Function Protein
Store genetic
synthesis
info (info to
make proteins)
8. What kinds of bonds hold the amino acids together in the protein that is formed?
Peptide bonds
9. What are the three types of RNA and what are their functions?
1) mRNA- carries information from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome in the cytoplasm
2) rRNA- makes up the structure of the ribosome
3) tRNA- brings correct amino acid to the ribosome to assemble protein
10. What kind of weak bonds hold the two strands of DNA together between the nitrogen bases?
Hydrogen bonds
11. Why is it important that these bonds be weak?
They will need to be broken for replication and for transcription.
12. What happens to DNA when a mutation occurs?
The code is changed (different bases are in the DNA strand).
13. How does this affect the mRNA?
Bases in mRNA will be different.
14. How can this affect translation?
This may mean a different amino acid is in the protein strand.
15. How does this affect the structure and shape of the resulting protein?
This can cause a change in the shape of the protein, causing it to possibly not function.
16. Where in the cell does transcription occur?
Nucleus
17. Where in the cell does translation occur?
In the cytoplasm at the ribosome
Biology EOC Review
Cell Cycle: p. 244-253
1. Look at the diagram of the cell cycle.
When does the replication of DNA occur? What is
this phase called?
Interphase (S phase – synthesis)
2. What do GI and G2 represent?
G1 – equals growth after cell division; G2 is growth
after DNA replicates.
3. Does mitosis include cytokinesis (division of the
cytoplasm)?
NO
1. G1 2. S 3. G2 4. Mitosis 5. Cytokinesis
Gene Expression and Regulation p. 309-312
1. If all the cells in an organism (cells with nuclei) have the same DNA, explain, in terms of genes, how a
nerve cell functions differently from a muscle cell.
Different genes are turned on in different types of cells.
2. Why does a pancreas cell produce insulin in great amounts but a blood cell does not?
Because the insulin gene is turned on in the pancreas cell but not as much in a blood cell.
3. There are advantages and disadvantages to the overproduction of proteins by a cell. Describe the
advantages and disadvantages for an injured cell. Overproduction in an injured cell can help it heal if the
proteins are needed; but overproduction of unneeded proteins could hinder healing.
4. Describe the advantages and disadvantages in a cancerous cell.
Too much of certain proteins in a cancerous cell could promote tumor production in other cells.
3.02 Compare and contrast the characteristics of asexual and sexual reproduction.
MITOSIS
p. 246-248
MEIOSIS p. 275-278
Type of reproduction
Asexual
Sexual
(Asexual or sexual)
Chromosome number of mother 2N
2N
cell (1N=haploid or 2N=diploid)
Chromosome number of
2N
1N
daughter cells (1N=haploid or
2N=diploid)
Number of cell divisions
1 division
2 divisions
Number of cells produced
2
4
When does replication happen?
Interphase (S phase)
SOURCES OF VARIATION
Yes or No
Interphase (S phase) before cell
divides the first time
Yes or No
Crossing over
Random assortment of
chromosomes
Gene mutations
Nondisjunction
fertilization
NO
NO
YES
YES
YES (rare)
NO
NO
YES
YES
YES
Biology EOC Review
Label the following stages of mitosis (cell division). Put the letters in order starting with interphase.
C, B, E, A, D
What type of cell is this Plant or animal and how do you know?
Plant- rigid square structure because of cell wall
3.03 Interpret and predict patterns of inheritance: (dominant, recessive and intermediate traits,
multiple alleles, polygenic traits, sex-linked traits, independent assortment, test cross, pedigrees,
and Punnett squares)
1. In the Punnett square to the left, T = tall and t=short. Give the
genotype for the parents. p. 263-274
Tt
2. Give the phenotype for the parents.
Tall
3. What are the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring?
TT – tall, Tt – tall, tt - short
4. What is the genotypic ratio of the offspring?
1 TT: 2 Tt: 1 tt
5. What is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring?
3 Tall: 1 short
6. What environmental factors might affect the expression of these genes for height? Explain.
Nutrition, exercise, disease
7. Some genes produce intermediate phenotypes. Cross a pure breeding red flower (RR) with a pure
breeding white flower (WW). Give the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring. p. 272-273
RR x WW = 100% RW
Red parent crosses with white parent gives all pink offspring.
Explain the inheritance of the following disorders: p. 341-346
(autosomal dominant? Autosomal recessive? Sex-linked dominant? Sex-linked recessive?)
Sickle cell anemia: Autosomal recessive
Color-blindness: Sex-linked recessive
Cystic fibrosis: Autosomal recessive
Huntington Disease: Autosomal dominant
Hemophilia: Sex-linked recessive
PKU: Autosomal recessive
Biology EOC Review
Blood type p. 344-345
1. If a woman with type A blood has a child with a man with type B blood and their first child has type O
blood, give the genotypes of the woman and the man and do the cross. (Alleles are IA, IB, and i)
Parents are IAi and IBi because that is the only way to get an ii child (type O)
2. What are the odds that they will have a child with type O blood again?
25%
3. What are the odds that they will have a child with homozygous type A blood?
0% Their children will be IAIB, IAi, IBi, and ii
4. What are the odds that they will have a child with type AB blood? 25%
5. A blood test is done to see if one of three men is the father of a child. The child has type O blood, the
mother has type A blood. Man #1 has type AB blood, Man #2 has type A blood, Man #3 has type O
blood. Are there any men that can be ruled out as the father. Explain.
Man #1 is ruled out; child needs to get “O” from each parent.
Polygenic traits p. 395-396
1. Some traits are considered to be polygenic. What does this mean?
Traits that are controlled by more than one gene.
2. What is an example of a polygenic trait in humans?
Eye color, height, weight, hair and skin color
Sex Chromosomes p. 341-342, 350--352
1. What are the male sex chromosomes in humans? XY
2. What are the female sex chromosomes in humans? XX
3. Colorblindness and hemophilia are sex-linked traits. What chromosome are these genes found
on? X
4. What are the 3 possible female genotypes? __XHXH__
__ XHXh __
__ XhXh __
Phenotypes _normal _
5.
What are the 2 possible male genotypes?
__XHY__
Phenotypes? _normal_
_carrier_
_disease_
__ XhY __
_disease_
6. Cross a female who is a carrier for hemophilia with a normal male. XHXh x XHY
7. What are the odds that they will have a child with hemophilia.
25%
8. What are the odds that they will have a daughter with hemophilia?
0%
9. What are the odds that they will have a daughter who is a carrier for hemophilia?
25%
10. Why are males more likely to show a sex-linked disorder? They only need to get the disorder allele
from their mother not from both parents.
Biology EOC Review
Karyotype p. 341, 352-353
1. What is the gender of the person
whose karyotype is shown to the left?
female
2. What is the disorder that this person
has? What is your evidence?
Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome); there
are 3 # 21 chromosomes
3. What are some of the characteristics
of this disorder?
Mental retardation; shorter stature;
simian palm crease; low set ears; thick
tongue; some heart defects sometimes.
1. What caused this type of disorder? Nondisjunction during meiosis
Pedigrees p. 342-343
1. Is the inheritance pattern shown by this
pedigree dominant or recessive?
Autosomal recessive
2. How do you know?
Both males and females; parents don’t have it;
kids do.
3. Using A,a, what is the genotype of person
II 4. aa
4. What is the genotype of person I 3? Aa
Test Cross p. 263-280
Describe the test cross that a farmer would use to determine the genotype of an animal that shows a
dominant trait. Use the following Punnett squares and the letters A and a to explain your answer.
Cross the animal with a recessive; If the animal is Aa crossed with aa – then ½ of the offspring will be
recessive; If the animal is AA crossed with aa – all offspring will show the dominant trait.
Mendel’s Laws p. 263-280
Explain each of Mendel’s Laws and explain the experiments he used to determine these laws.
1. Law of segregation of characters (alleles)
In meiosis the two alleles separate so that each gamete receives only one form of the gene.
2. Law of independent assortment (of alleles)
Each trait is inherited separately from the other traits (chance).
3. How does meiosis lead to segregation and independent assortment?
Segregation and ind. assortment happen during meiosis, during the creation of the gametes.
Biology EOC Review
4. A problem to solve:
In the P1 generation a homozygous dominant brown mink crossed with a homozygous recessive
silverblue mink produced all brown heterozygous offspring. When these F1 heterozygous minks were
crossed among themselves they produced 47 brown animals and 15 silverblue animals (F2 generation).
Determine all the genotypes and phenotypes, and their relative ratios, in the F1 and F2 generations.
B = Brown; b = silverblue Parents of F1 are BB and bb. Offspring are Bb – all brown
Parents of F2 are Bb and Bb – offspring are ¼ BB, 2/4 Bb, and ¼ bb – or 3 brown to 1 silverblue
3.04 Assess the impacts of genomics on individuals and society (Human genome project and
applications of biotechnology)
1. What were the goals of the human genome project? p. 357- 358
To sequence the entire human genome; map genes to their chromosomes and determine their traits.
2. What are 2 scientific uses of the human genome project? p. 357-360
To determine if individuals carry genes for genetic conditions and to develop gene therapy.
To the left is an electrophoresis gel, showing evidence from a
rape case. p. 322- 326, 356-357
3. Could the defendant be the rapist? Explain your
answer.
No – the bands do not match the male DNA found in the
vagina.
4. Which fragments of DNA are the longest? Explain.
The fragments that are closest to the source or top. Smaller
fragments can travel quicker through the gel.
5. What other ways can DNA fingerprinting be useful?
Forensics, species relatedness, paternity
Biology EOC Review
Transgenic organisms: p. 327-332
1. What are transgenic organisms?
Organisms whose DNA contains genes from other
species (contain foreign DNA).
2. What is the value of this technology in agriculture?
To have plants produce their own pesticide; produce
better yield food crops; to produce larger livestock more
quickly
3. What is the value of this type of technology in the
pharmaceutical industry?
Pure human proteins can be produced in mass and
relatively cheaply. Pure insulin – so much better for
person than horse or pig.