THE INTERNATIONAL EPD®SYSTEM
DRAFT PCR
PCR
CPC Division 32193:
Absorbent hygiene products
VERSION 1 DATED Feb 2011
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1
General information ...................................................................................................... 5
2
Definition of the product category.................................................................................. 6
3
Functional unit .............................................................................................................. 7
4
Content of materials and chemical substances ............................................................. 8
5
Units and quantities ...................................................................................................... 8
6
General system boundaries .......................................................................................... 9
7
Core Module ............................................................................................................... 10
8
Upstream Module........................................................................................................ 12
9
Downstream Module ................................................................................................... 14
10
Environmental performance-related information ..................................................... 16
11
Content of the EPD ................................................................................................ 17
12
Validity of the EPD ................................................................................................. 19
13
List of abbreviations ............................................................................................... 19
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General Introduction
The international EPD®system is based on a hierarchic approach following the international
standards:

ISO 9001, Quality management systems

ISO 14001, Environmental management systems

ISO 14040, LCA - Principles and procedures

ISO 14044, LCA - Requirements and guidelines

ISO 14025, Type III environmental declarations

ISO 21930, Environmental declaration of building products.
The General Programme Instructions are based on these standards, as well as instructions
for developing Product Category Rules (PCR).
The documentation to the International EPD®system includes three separate parts
(www.environdec.com):

Introduction, intended uses and key programme elements

General Programme Instructions

Supporting annexes
This PCR document specifies further and adds additional minimum requirements on EPDs
of the product group defined below complementary to the above mentioned general
requirement documents.
Principle programme elements concerning the Product Category Rules (PCR) included in
the International EPD® system are presented below.
Purpose
Element identification and principal approach
Complying with principles set in
ISO 14025 on modularity and
comparability
1. "Book-keeping LCA approach"
Simplifying work to develop
Product Category Rules (PCR)
3. PCR Module Initiative (PMI) in order to structure PCR in
modules according to international classification
2. A Polluter-Pays (PP) allocation method
4. PCR moderator for leadership and support of the PCR work
Secure international participation 5. Global PCR Forum for open and transparent EPD stakeholder
in PCR work
consultation
Facilitating, identification and
collection of LCA-based
information
6. Selective data quality approach for specific and generic data
Product Category Rules (PCR) are specified for specified information modules “gate-togate”, so called core modules. The structure and aggregation level of the core modules are
defined by the United Nation Statistics Division - Classification Registry CPC codes
(http://unstats.un.org). The PCR also provides rules for which methodology and data to use
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in the full LCA, i.e. life cycle parts up-streams and down-streams the core module. The PCR
also has requirements on the information given in the EPD, e.g. additional environmental
information. A general requirement on the information in the EPD is that all information
given in the EPD, mandatory and voluntary, shall be verifiable.
In the EPD, the environmental performance associated with each of the three life-cycle
stages mentioned above are reported separately.
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1
GENERAL INFORMATION
Date and registration no:
2011-xx-xx, PCR 2011:xx
This PCR was developed by:
Attends Healthcare, Johnson & Johnson, Kimberly-Clark, SCA
Appointed PCR moderator:
Ellen Riise, SCA Hygiene Products AB, ellen.riise@sca.com
Open consultation period at
the Global PCR Forum
(www.environdec.com):
2011-xx-xx – 2011-xx-xx
Valid within the following
geographical area:
Globally
PCR valid until:
2014-xx-xx
Earlier documents:
PSR 2007:06 – for preparing an environmental product
declaration (EPD) for Absorbent Hygiene Products
The PSRs will be replaced by this document.
This document provides Product Category Rules (PCR) for the assessment of the
environmental performance of product category absorbent hygiene products, and the
declaration of this performance by an EPD.
The product category of absorbent hygiene products consists of female sanitary protection,
baby diapers and adult incontinence products with subgroups as defined in table 1.
Absorbent Hygiene Products are a subset of products from UN CPC/division 32/subclass
32193: toilet paper, handkerchiefs, towels, serviettes, napkins for babies, tampons, and
similar household, sanitary or hospital articles, and articles of apparel, of paper pulp, paper,
cellulose wadding or webs of cellulose fibres
Note that in this PCR, the following products are excluded: Toilet paper, handkerchiefs,
towels, serviettes, and similar household or hospital articles, and articles of apparel, of
paper pulp, paper, cellulose wadding or webs of cellulose fibres
Any comments to this PCR document may be given on the Global PCR Forum or directly to
the PCR moderator during the period of validity.
The PCR document is a living document. If relevant changes in the LCA methodology or in
the technology for the product category occur, the document will be revised and any
changes will be published on the international website: www.environdec.com.
The EPD shall refer to a specific PCR version number. The production of new PCR versions
does not affect the EPD certification period.
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2
DEFINITION OF THE PRODUCT CATEGORY
The product category includes absorbent hygiene products which products basically consist
of a top layer (nonwoven or perforated film), an absorbent core (fluff pulp and/or
superabsorbers) and a backsheet (plastic film, nonwoven). The product category includes
disposable and reusable products (for example, washable products, cloth diapers). A
tampon consists of coverstock, absorbent core and string. Some types of tampons also
include an applicator.
The category consists of the groups feminine sanitary protection, baby diapers and adult
incontinence care products. Within each product group, the following types can be
distinguished:
Product group
Products
Feminine sanitary protection
Sanitary towels, alt. sanitary napkins
Pantliners, alt. panty shields
Tampons
Baby diapers
Baby diapers
Pant diapers
Training pants
Swimming pants
Adult incontinence products
All-in-one products, Shaped, Brief, Adult
diapers
Pants
Insert pads
Liner pads
Male pouches
Bed protection, underpads
Depending on product type, both physical size and absorption capacity can vary. The
product group and the variant of the product type shall be stated (e.g. baby diaper 5 – 10
kg, adult incontinence product large - extra dry).
2.1
SPECIFICATION OF MANUFACTURING COMPANY
The following mandatory information shall be described. The table also contains suggested
voluntary information of the producer.
Mandatory information
Example of voluntary information
Name of the company
Information on environmental management
system
Production site(s)
Specific aspects regarding the production
Issuer and Contacts
Environmental policy
Manufacturer’s logotype
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2.2
SPECIFICATION OF THE PRODUCT
The EPD shall contain a description of the product specifying for each type of product, as
shown in the table below, the weight, the physical size and the absorption capacity
according to ISO 11948-1:1996.
Product group
Products
Feminine sanitary
protection
Sanitary towels, alt.
sanitary napkins
Pantliners, alt. panty
shields
Tampons
Baby diapers
Baby diapers
Pant diapers
Training pants
Swimming pants
Adult incontinence
products
All-in-one products,
Shaped, Brief, Adult
diapers
Product type/
Absorption
physical size
capacity
Weight
Pants
Insert pads
Liner pads
Male pouches
Bed protection,
underpads
3
FUNCTIONAL UNIT
FUNCTIONAL UNIT
The functional unit is one day of absorbent product use. The functional unit shall include
the specification of a reference flow in terms of the number of product units used per day
and the citation of an appropriate reference study.
Product group
Products
Feminine sanitary
protection
Sanitary towels, alt. sanitary
napkins
Pantliners, alt. panty shields
Tampons
Baby diapers
Baby diapers
Pant diapers
Product units used per day
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Training pants
Swimming pants
Adult incontinence products
All-in-one products, Shaped, Brief,
Adult diapers
Pants
Insert pads
Liner pads
Male pouches
Bed protection, underpads
Reference studies used in determining the rate of product use shall be based on a broad
consumer use study for the product in question and shall be available to the audience of the
EPD. For example, in the case of baby diapers, the reference flow shall be 4.16 diapers per
day based on Aumônier and Collins, 2005. Similar broad consumer habits and practices
studies should be used to establish a reference flow for other categories: if different
reference studies are available for one specific product and based on different rates of
product use (see table above), these studies shall be declared in the EPD and reported in
the LCA study for the product being investigated. Impact categories shall be related to one
of the reference rates of product use specified in the table above.
If there are not available reference studies for the product under investigation, the reference
flow and functional unit shall be one product unit.
The functional unit shall be declared in the EPD. The environmental impact shall be given
per functional unit.
4
CONTENT OF MATERIALS AND CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
The EPD shall include a content declaration of the product covering relevant materials and
substances. The gross weight of material shall be declared in the EPD at a minimum of
99.5% of one product unit.
5
UNITS AND QUANTITIES
SI units shall be used. For electricity and fuels, the preferred units are:
- kWh (MWh) for electricity
- MJ (GJ) for fuels
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6
GENERAL SYSTEM BOUNDARIES
Figure 1 illustrates the system boundaries and the division between upstream, core and
downstream modules.
Upstream processes
Raw
materials
Raw
materials
Forestry
Cotton yarn
Polymer
production
production
Raw
materials
Raw
materials
Raw
materials
Raw
materials
Detergent
production
Energy
Packaging
wares
Fluff pulp
SAP, films,
nonwovens,
adhesives,
elastics, etc.
Core
process
Manufacturing of
absorbent hygiene products
Downstream
processes
Use
Waste
management
Figure 1 Illustration of the upstream, core and downstream modules and processes.
6.1
UPSTREAM PROCESSES
The upstream processes include the following inflow of raw materials and energy wares
needed for the manufacture of absorbent hygiene products:

extraction and refinement of natural resources (e.g. forestry and extraction of oil)

production of raw materials (e.g. pulp, nonwoven, superabsorbers, cotton)

production of packaging materials

production processes of the energy wares used in upstream processes
6.2
CORE PROCESSES
The core processes include:

Transportation of input materials to the core process
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
Manufacturing of absorbent hygiene products
6.3
DOWNSTREAM PROCESSES
The downstream processes include:

Transportation from final manufacturing to customer

Use of the product by customer or consumer: significant phase in case of reusable
product

Waste management of used products, packaging included
In the EPD, the environmental performance associated with the life-cycle is reported
separately for Upstream, Core e Downstream processes.
7
CORE MODULE
7.1
SYSTEM BOUNDARIES
7.1.1
TECHNICAL SYSTEM
The processes listed in Section 6.2 for the production of the final product shall be included.
A minimum of 99.5% of the total weight of the declared product including packaging shall be
included.
The boundaries towards other technical systems describe the inflow of material and
components from other systems and the outflow of material to other systems. The inflow of
recycled material and the outflow of materials for recycling, shall be declared without
assigning the environmental impact of the system, except for impact from transportation of
the flows. The outflow of materials for heat recovery, landfill and waste treatment shall be
declared assigning the environmental impact of the system but without assessing potential
benefits from energy or heat production.
The manufacturing of production equipment, buildings and other capital goods shall not be
included as well as business travel and travel to and from work by personnel.
7.1.2
GEOGRAPHICAL BOUNDARIES
The geographic boundary is determined by the location of manufacturer. Generally
environmental impacts shall be considered disregarding the location where they occur, but
care should be taken for indicators with specific local impact. For example, impact
categories focused on the consumption of freshwater (not currently required by these PCR)
should consider local, site-specific factors when evaluating the potential for environmental
impact.
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The country and site specific energy supply (e.g. electricity generation, process heat
production) shall be taken into account. Specifically, the fuel consumption and emissions
associated with electric power generation for AHP manufacturing processes shall reflect the
official supply mix in the country where the processes are located.
7.1.3
TIME BOUNDARIES
The data from manufacturing of absorbent hygiene products should preferably be a
maximum of one year old. If data is older it should be justified.
7.1.4
BOUNDARIES TO NATURE
The boundaries towards nature shall describe the flow of material and energy resources
from nature into the system and emissions from the system to air and water and waste out
of the system.
7.1.5
BOUNDARIES TO OTHER PRODUCT LIFE CYCLES
The boundaries in the life cycle are illustrated in the flow chart in figure 1. The following are
not included:

The construction of factory buildings and infra structure

Production of manufacturing equipment

Pallets

Personnel activities
(See General Programme Instructions Annex A, available at www.environdec.com)
7.2
CUT OFF RULES
Elementary and intermediate flows that contribute less then 1% of the total mass input to a
unit process are allowed to be omitted from the inventory. Similarly, elementary flows
leaving a unit process that are believed to contribute less than 1% of the total environmental
impact to any impact category are also allowed to be omitted from the inventory analysis.
Deviation from the 1 % cut-off rule described shall be justified.
Parts and materials not included in the LCA shall be documented.
7.3
ALLOCATION RULES
Allocation always implies valuation and the main goals for the allocation choices made for
this product category is to keep the allocation methodology rather simple but transparent
and maintain comparability between EPDs.
In keeping with this goal, all data shall be attributed to the product system based on
information regarding the flow of physical good or energy between unit processes.
Information regarding the expected economic cause and effect relationships between
operations shall not be used as the basis for allocation.
Allocation of manufacturing data should be avoided when possible through the sub-division
of processes. When sub-division is not possible, allocation should be based on the number
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of unit absorbent hygiene products produced. If this is not possible, mass allocation should
be used.
7.4
DATA QUALITY RULES
Specific data (often called primary data), gathered from the sites where specific processes
are carried out, shall be used for the core module. The requirement for specific data also
includes actual product weights, amounts of raw materials used and amounts of waste, etc.
Specific data for the generation of electricity bought shall be used if possible. The data shall
be verifiable by energy certificates, eg within the European Energy Certificate System,
invoice or similar.
If specific data are not available or if the purchased electricity is not specified for parts of the
core module, the electricity mix used in those parts shall be approximated as the official
supply mix in the country of manufacture. The mix of energy shall be documented.
8
UPSTREAM MODULE
8.1
SYSTEM BOUNDARIES
All elementary flows at resource extraction shall be included, except for the flows that fall
under the general 1% cut off rule.
8.2
DATA QUALITY RULES
Specific data shall be used for amounts of inputs and outputs of the following production. If
specific data are not available, selected generic data may be used and shall be justified.

fluff pulp

nonwovens

films and laminates

superabsorbers

fastening

adhesives

elastics

yarn cotton

detergent
Selected generic data may be used for

Forestry

Production of chemicals for the fluff pulp

Production of chemicals for other raw materials

Production of synthetic polymers
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
Extraction and combustion of fuels

Electricity

Transports

Packaging
For allowing the use of selected generic data, a number of pre-set characteristics must be
fulfilled and demonstrated:

Representativeness of the geographical area should adhere to “Data deriving from
areas with the same legislative framework and the same energetic mix,”

Technological equivalence adhere to “Data deriving from the same chemical and
physical processes or at least the same technology coverage (nature of the technology
mix, e.g. weighted average of the actual process mix, best available technology or
worst operating unit),”

Boundaries towards nature adhere to “Data shall report all the quantitative information
(resources, solid, liquid, gaseous emissions; etc.) necessary for the EPD,” and

Boundaries towards technical systems adhere to “The boundaries of the considered life
cycle stage shall be equivalent.”
The following free and commercial databases are recommended for selected generic data:
Database / Literature
source
Ecoinvent
European Life Cycle Database
(ELCD)
FEFCO
Plastics Europe (latest edition)
Data
Geographical area
Publication
date /
version
Miscellaneous
Global
2.0 or later
Miscellaneous
Europe
2009 or later
Packaging
Europe
2006 or later
BUWAL (1996)
NaOH, HCl, acetone,
NH3, benzene
CEFIC
http://www.cefic.org/sector/nacl
o3/ecoprofile/tc.htm (19961997)
CaCO3, CaO, starch,
Na2SO4, Sulphur, SO2,
O2, H2SO4, NaCO3
Europe/Global
NaClO3, H2O2
Ecoinvent (latest edition)
Plastics Europe
Plastics
Europe
2005 or later
For other regions of the world, databases with appropriate geographical coverage shall be used, if
possible.
8.3
RULES FOR GENERIC DATA
If these data sources do not supply the necessary data, other generic data may be used
and documented. The environmental impact of the processes where the other generic data
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are used must not exceed 10% of the overall environmental impact from the product
system.
9
DOWNSTREAM MODULE
9.1
DISTRIBUTION SCENARIO
The EPD shall include the transport from manufacture to an average customer or
distribution platform. The type of transport and transport distance should be
representative to actual conditions on the market for which the EPD is valid. Transports
between global regions (e.g. Europe – Africa – Asia, etc.) shall use distances from table
x (table will be included shortly- 21 Feb 2011, moderator’s comment) for average
distances between the regions.
9.2
USE PHASE SCENARIO
For the disposable products covered by this PCR, the use phase is not relevant since the
products are typical single use, i.e. used for a very short time and disposed of immediately
afterwards. Use of additional products or appliances related to cleaning activities during e.g.
diapering of babies (e.g. hot water or baby wipes) is explicitly excluded from the system
boundaries.
For reusable products covered by this PCR, the use phase is relevant and shall be
assessed: in particular energy, water and detergent consumptions for washing and drying (if
applicable) the product shall be reported. For reusable commercially laundered products,
also laundry service vehicle use shall be assessed.
9.3
WASTE MANAGEMENT SCENARIOS
The potential environmental impact of waste management of absorbent hygiene
products shall be reported separately from other results. The waste management shall
be based on available waste statistics from the region and the models to be used are
listed in the table for generic data. Waste management of transport packaging shall be
included in the downstream module, based on scenarios for the relevant market. Waste
from the use phase shall be classified according to the European Waste Catalogue.
In case of incineration of the product, the energy (low calorific value) and humidity
content shall be reported. Reference for literature source shall be reported as well.
Database/
Literature source
Data
Geographical
area
Publication date/ version
OECD statistics
Waste statistics
OECD
Latest version
Ecoinvent
Waste processes
(incineration or
landfill) for paper,
Global,
Europe
2.0 or later
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PP, PE, PET, plastic
mix, PU, viscose,
CaCO3
Caratterizzazione
fisico-chimica di
materiali componenti
degli assorbenti
igienici – draft
version
ENEA - EDANA
Global
20th December 2010
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10
ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE-RELATED
INFORMATION
10.1 USE OF RESOURCES
The consumption of natural resources and resources per functional unit shall be reported in
the EPD under the following categories:



Non-renewable resources

Material resources

Energy resources (used for energy conversion purposes)
Renewable resources

Material resources

Energy resources (used for energy conversion purposes)
Water use
10.2 POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
The environmental impact per functional unit for the following environmental impact
categories shall be reported in the EPD, divided into core and upstream reported together
and downstream module reported separately.

Emissions and removals of greenhouse gases (expressed in global warming potential,
GWP, in 100 year perspective).

Emissions of acidification gases (expressed as the sum of acidification potential
expresses in SO2 equivalents).

Emissions of gases that contribute to the creation of ground level ozone (expressed as
the sum of ozone-creating potential, ethene-equivalents).

Emissions of substances to water contributing to oxygen depletion (expressed as PO43equivalents).
The tables from General Programme Instructions, Annex B: Conversion and
characterisation factors shall be used.
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10.3 OTHER INDICATORS
Other indicators to be reported:

Quantity of waste, separated in hazardous and not hazardous waste

Odour concentration, measured according to EN 13725:2003
Optional indicators to be reported:

Hedonic tone, measured according to VDI 3882-2:1994.
10.4 ADDITIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION
No additional environmental information is necessary to report in the EPD.
11
CONTENT OF THE EPD
11.1 PROGRAMME RELATED INFORMATION
The programme related part of the EPD shall include:

Name of the programme and programme operator

The reference PCR document

Registration number

Date of publication and validity

Geographical scope of application of the EPD if deviating from an international
coverage

Information about the year or reference period of the underlying data to the EPD

Reference to the homepage — www.environdec.com — for more information.
11.2 PRODUCT RELATED INFORMATION
11.2.1 SPECIFICATION OF THE MANUFACTURING COMPANY
See Section 2.1.
11.2.2 SPECIFICATION OF THE PRODUCT
See Section 2.2.
11.2.3 FUNCTIONAL UNIT
See Section 3.
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11.2.4 CONTENT OF MATERIALS AND CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
See Section 4.
11.2.5 COMPARISONS OF EPDS WITHIN THIS PRODUCT CATEGORY
To be able to compare EPDs within this product category, they have to be based on this
particular PCR. The user of the EPD information should be made aware of this by the
inclusion of this statement in the EPD:
“EPDs from different programmes may not be comparable”
11.2.6 VALIDITY OF THE EPD
The geographical area and the time during which the EPD is valid shall be reported in the
EPD.
11.3 ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE-RELATED INFORMATION
11.3.1 ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE DECLARATION — MINIMUM SET OF
PARAMETERS FROM THE LCA STUDY, REPORTED PER FUNCTIONAL UNIT
Upstream module, core module and downstream module shall be reported separately for
the resource use, potential environmental impact and other indicators such as waste and
odour concentration. Upstream module and core module should be disaggregated.
Downstream module shall always be reported separately.
11.3.2 USE OF RESOURCES
In this category the consumption of natural resources and resources per functional unit shall
be reported.
See Section 10.1.
11.3.3 POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
In this category the potential environmental impact per functional unit shall be reported.
See Section 10.2.
11.3.4 OTHER INDICATORS
In this category relevant indicators shall be reported per functional unit.
See Section 10.3.
11.3.5 ADDITIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION
Additional environmental information about system, product or raw material certification may
be reported in the EPD.
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11.4 DIFFERENCES VERSUS PREVIOUS VERSIONS OF THE EPD
The main causes of changes in the environmental performance in comparison with previous
EPD versions shall be described shortly.
11.5 VERIFICATION
The EPD shall give the following information about the verification process:
PCR review conducted by:
Name and organisation of the chair, and
information on how to contact the chair
through the programme operator
Independent verification of the declaration
and data, according to ISO 14025:
Internal (EPD process certificate) or
external, if external name of the third party
verifier
Accredited or approved by (if relevant):
Name of the organisation
11.6 REFERENCES
The EPD shall, if relevant:

The underlying LCA

The PCRs used

Other documents that verify and complement the EPD

Programme instructions

Sources of additional information
12
VALIDITY OF THE EPD
If changes in any of the environmental impacts are larger than ±5% the EPD shall be
adjusted. Regardless, the EPD shall be reviewed every three years.
13
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
A list of abbreviations used in the PCR may be defined here.
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