Zoology - Biology 212
Winter
Lake Tahoe Community College
Instructor: Sue Kloss
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Miller and Harley - Chapter 2
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Cells, Tissues, Organs and Organ Systems of Animals
I. What are cells?
A. Fig. 2.2 - cells are the smallest unit of life
1. prokaryotic
2. eukaryotic
a. plasma membrane
b. cytoplasm
c. nucleus
B. Cell size
1. bounded on lower end
2. bounded on upper end
C. Cytoplasm, Organelles and Cellular Components
1. cytoplasm 2. ribosomes
3. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
4. Golgi Apparatus - packaging, sorting, export
5. Lysosomes - digestion and degradation
6. Mitochondria - Power generators
7. cytoskeleton - protein fibers
8. Cilia and Flagella
9. transport mRNA from nucleus to ribosomes
10. Centrioles
11. Vacuoles - cell maintenance
II. Nucleus - Information Center
A. Nuclear envelope
B. nucleolus C. chromosomes III. Tissues - groups of similar cells performing a specific function
A. Epithelial - many forms and functions
B. Connective Tissue - connection and support
C. Muscle Tissue - Movement
D. Nervous tissue - communication
IV. Organs are groups of tissues that can perform functions above the level of the tissues = emergent function
A. Examples - heart has muscle, connective, nervous and epithelial tissue
V. Organ system - groups of organs working together to produce an overall function that one organ alone can’t
perform.
A. Digestive - stomach, intestines, saliva, etc.
B. circulatory - heart, blood vessels, etc.
Homework Questions/Lesson Objectives
1. Describe how cells differentiate regions for performing different metabolic processes
2. Contrast differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
3. Describe the structure of the eukaryotic nucleus
4. Describe the importance and function of the endomembrane system.
5. Describe the structures that support the cell and allow movement in the cell and organelles.
6. Draw an animal cell and all the organelles. List briefly the function of each organelle.
7. Describe the components of the nucleus in an animal cell. What are the functions of each of the components?
8. Describe the 4 types of tissues in an animal body.
9. For each of the types of tissues listed in the question above, describe the important subtypes and their structures
and functions.
10. Define an organ and describe its structure.
11. Define an organ system and list 6 or 7 different organ systems.