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University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Department of History
Military, War and Gender in Movies:
From Medieval to Modern Times
(History/PWAD/WMST, 263 level)
Instructor: Karen Hagemann
Course meetings:
Tuesday: 4:00-6:30 pm
(film sessions or recitation sessions)
Thursday: 4:00-5:15 pm
(lecture sessions)
Location: TBA
Office Hours:
Office: HM 566
Email: hagemann@unc.edu
Number of participants: 80
The recitations sections will be taught by the TA
and the instructor on all Tuesdays when no film
will be shown, all students will have to
participate. For 80 students we plan four section:
two parallel ones from 4:00-5:00 and two from
5:30-6:30, one of each can take place in the
normal lecture room, for the other we need one
additional room from 4:00-6:30.
SHORT TITLE
Military, War and Gender in Movies
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SHORT DECRIPTION (30 WORDS)
The course examines the interrelations between changes in warfare, the military system,
and the gender order in Europe from medieval to modern time, and its perception and reflection
in international movies.
GENEREAL EDUCATION IN THE FOLLOWING FIELDS OF THE 2006 CURRICULUM:
Approaches Courses:
 Historical Analysis HS
Connections Courses:
 North Atlantic World: NA
AIMS OF THE COURSE
The course examines the interrelations between changes in warfare, the military system,
and the gender order in Europe from medieval to modern time, and its perception and reflection
in international movies.
The development from Medieval to Modern Warfare witnessed major changes not only in
the military system and the conduct of warfare, but also in the ‘gender order’. The course will
begin with the mercenary system of the Medieval and Early Modern armies, which were
organized like ‘moving cities’ with ‘iron walls’, which included in the baggage a great number of
women and children as ‘camp followers’. The everyday life reproduction in these armies was
organized in the same way as in civil society The course will analyze the change of this military
system before and during the Thirty Years War (1618-1648) and its consequences for civil
society. It will also look at the standing army system of the eighteenth century and the way it
conducted warfare and informed gender relations. Soldiers and their families were now bound to
one territorial state and settled down during periods of peace in garrison cities, where a billeting
system became the norm and forced soldiers to live in the households of ordinary citizens. An
important example of the warfare of this period is the Seven Years Wars (1756-1763), which will
be under particular consideration in the course.
The course will furthermore investigate the major changes of military organization and
warfare that took place all over Europe during the period of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic
Wars (1792-1815), the first period when wars were conducted in Europe as ‘national wars’ with
mass armies based on different forms of conscription. These wars, which reached far beyond
European shores and were linked to the continuing British-French conflicts for influence in the
colonies, shaped European history in a more fundamental and lasting way than did any other
armed conflict between the Thirty Years War and the First World War. During this period, the
civilian population had to contribute to financing of wars at a level that had never been seen
before, and had to provide clothing, equipment, and food for the armies. These changes were only
possible because of changes in the gender order, in particular in concepts of masculinity. All men
were now constructed as ‘protectors’ of home and country who had to take up arms when the
fatherland was in danger.
During the nineteenth century, more and more European countries followed the French
and Prussian examples and introduced a system of general conscription in one form or the other.
The consequences for the gender system of military and war, but also civil society, were far
reaching. Army leaders successfully excluded women from the military in the period following
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the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars by dramatically reducing the number of female camp
followers in wartime. In peacetime they tried more rigidly than before to control the marriage of
soldiers, and through various means constricted the economic and social rights of soldiers' wives
and children. Therefore, the nineteenth century for the first time saw ‘all-male-armies’ with
soldiers – either professionals or conscripts - living together in barracks during peacetime. The
introduction of general conscription also had far reaching consequences for the gender structure
of the political order, because the duty to protect home and country and political rights, inter alias
the right to vote, were closely related, and women consequently found themselves relegated to the
status of second class citizens.
The twentieth century, marked by the far-reaching devastation of the First (1914-1918)
and the Second World War (1939-1945) appears in the course as the century of industrialized and
‘total’ warfare. Here again the changes in the relationships between military and civil society,
between home and front, and between men and women will play an important role. During the
First, but in particular during the Second World War, the ‘home front’ had to be mobilized by all
major war powers in an unprecedented way. All parts of society were expected to work in one
way or the other to support the war, whether on the battlefield, on the factory floor, or within the
home. At the same time, civilians- mainly women and children - became more and more the
targets of twentieth century warfare. This development culminated during World War II in the
bombing of cities and in the Holocaust, which would have not been possible without the context
of war. Finally, the course will be concerned with the consequences of these global conflicts for
the gender relations in Western post-1945 societies.
Three main questions will frame the course:
1. How major changes in the military system and warfare affected civil society, in particular
the gender order, i.e. the norms and concepts of femininity and masculinity, the legal
gender system, the economic and social relations of men and women and the cultural
practices of everyday lives of men and women.
2. How generational, social, racial, and ethnic differences colored the experiences of men
and women in various European regions during specific historical moments. The course
will not only make students aware of national differences, but also of the multiple
differences among various groups of women and men inside and outside the military
system and within civil society. It will also expound the hierarchies and power relations
constructed by these differences.
3. How the wars were presented and remembered in the feature films we see and analyze
during he course and which role a specific gender order, particularly the norms and
concepts of femininity and masculinity played in these perceptions.
Given the diversity in the experiences of various regions of Europe, this course cannot hope
to achieve a comprehensive coverage. The emphasis will therefore rest upon Western Europe,
especially Britain, France, and Germany.
FORMAT OF THE COURSE
FEATURE FILMS, LECTURES, AND RECITATION SECTIONS: The course will combine the
viewing of feature films, lectures and discussion about the films, and recitation sections, which
presume that the students saw the films and have read the required reading. In the film sessions
students will be introduced in the feature film, watch it together and discuss their first impressions
afterwards. The lectures will be coordinated with the assigned readings, but will not duplicate
them. Instead, the lectures are designed to give overviews, suggest emphases, to draw attention to
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especially important points, and to provide additional material on selected issues. The lecture
sessions will offer opportunities for active students participation and discussion. In the recitation
sections students will more intensively discuss the feature films and the required reading.
BACKGROUND MATERIAL ON BLACKBOARD: To help you to keep track of the diverse historical
development in Europe and important events and persons, you will find on BlackBoard the
following material: a timeline with links to information about important historical events and
short biographies of important historical protagonists; maps which document the change of the
European borders during medieval and modern times; a filmography with basic information on
the feature films; a bibliography with selected literature for further reading; and useful links on
the course subject.
PARTICIPATION OF GRADUATE STUDENTS
It will be possible for interested graduate students to participate in this course as Independent
Studies (299/899). For them, additional reading will be assigned and they will have to write a research
paper of 25 pages instead of a 10-page film report.
REQUIRED READING
BOOKS
The following books will provide you with a good overview on the development of military, war
and society. We will read chapters from these books in the course as required reading. You will
find these books in the Textbook Department of the UNC Student Stores and, for those who do
not want to buy them, on reserve in the Undergraduate Library:
-
Anderson, M.S., War and Society in Europe of the Old Regime, 1618-1789 (Montreal, London,
Buffalo: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1998).
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Best, Geoffrey, War and Society in Revolutionary Europe, 1770-1870 (Montreal, London, Buffalo:
McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1998).
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Bond, Brian, War and Society in Europe, 1870-1970 (Montreal, London, Buffalo: McGill-Queen’s
University Press, 1998).
ARTICLES AND BOOK CHAPTERS
Moreover, we will read some journal articles and book chapters on film and history/war and the
military, war and gender as required reading. You will find them all as PDF files on BlackBoard.
FEATURE FILMS
Students will find all feature film we will discuss in class in the UNC Media Library. If they miss a film
session they can watch the movie in the Media Library. It is expected that students have seen all movies.
COURSE REQUIREMENTS
1. Class attendance and participation (25% of grade). You are expected to complete the
reading before the date it is listed on the syllabus. The lectures will be coordinated with
the assigned readings, but will not duplicate them. Instead, the lectures are designed to
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suggest emphases, to draw attention to especially important points, and to provide
additional material on selected issues. Please note: the lectures will assume that you have
kept up with the reading.
2. Report on a feature film (30% of grade) and oral presentation in class. Every student
will be responsible for writing a ten-page report on one of the feature films (approx. 15002000 words long and typed, double-spaced on standard paper). The report should analyze
and interpret a feature film and place it in the context of the course. The paper is due
seven days before the class presentation.
Moreover, all students who have written a paper on the same feature film, will be
responsible for presenting the film in groups in the class, including introducing the film
and initiating the discussion. They will have together 10 minutes to introduce the film, its
historical content, the context of the time and the aims of its production. These reports will
be assigned during the first class.
3. Midterm (15% of grade) and Final examination (30% of grade). An important of the
examination will focus on the three introductory books for the required reading.
Remember to bring two bluebooks to the final exam; they are available free of charge at
Student Stores.
COURSE SCHEDULE
Week 1:
Thursday, 2007, 4:00-5:15 pm
Lecture Session:
Introduction in the Course
Questions:
-
Why are we studying the history of war and gender in European film?
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How can we use film to develop historical understanding?
-
What are the main aims of this course?
Week 2:
I. MEDIEVAL AND EARLY MODERN WARFARE
Tuesday, 2007, 4:00–6:30 pm
Film Session:
Joan of Arc
United States, 1948, director: Victor Fleming (145 min. VHS)
Thursday, 2007, 4:00-5:15 pm
Lecture Session:
The Female Warrior in Medieval and Early Modern Warfare
Required Reading:
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- two articles/chapters: one on the history and one on the movie
Week 3:
Tuesday, 2007, 4:00–6:30pm
Film Session:
The Messenger: The Story of Joan of Arc
France, 1999, director: Luc Besson (148 min. DVD)
Thursday, 2007, 4:00-5:15 pm
Lecture Session:
Film and History – History in Film
Required Reading:
-
Week 4:
Tuesday, 2007, 4:00–6:30pm
Recitation Sections:
The Myth of Joan of Arc in the Two Movies – A Comparison
Required Reading:
Questions:
-
What can film tell us about the history it purports to address and what can it tell us about the historical
context in which it is made?
-
What role does the art of moviemaking play in affecting the historical representations in film?
Thursday, 2007, 4:00-5:15 pm
Lecture Session:
The Gender Order of Medieval and Early Modern Warfare
Required Reading:
-
Week 5:
Tuesday, 2007, 4:00-6:30 pm
Film Session:
Mutter Courage
East Germany, 1961, directors: Peter Palitzsch and Manfred Weckwerth (151 min. VHS)
Thursday, 2007, 4:00–4:50
Lecture Session:
Soldiers and Civilians in the Thirty Years War and their Movie Perception
Required Reading:
-
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II. EIGHTEENTH AND NINETEENTH CENTURY WARFARE
Week 6:
Tuesday, 2007, 4:00-6:30 pm
Film Session:
The Great King
Germany, 1942, director: Veit Harlan (118 min, VHS)
Thursday, 2007, 4:00-5:15 pm
Lecture Session:
The Gender Order Eighteenth Century Armies and Wars
Required Reading:
-
Week 7:
Tuesday, 2007, 4:00–6:30pm
Recitation Sections:
Military Masculinity, the Seven Years War and Eighteenth Century Standing
Armies in Movie Perception
Required Reading:
-
Thursday, 2007, 4:00-5:15 pm
Lecture Session:
Military, War and Gender in Nineteenth Century National Wars
Required Reading:
-
Week 8:
Tuesday, 2007, 4:00-6:30 pm
Film Session:
Waterloo
Italy and Soviet Union, 1970, director: Sergei Bondarchuk (132 min. VHS)
Thursday, 2007, 4:00-5:15 pm
Lecture Session:
Heroic Masculinity in the Napoleonic Wars and its Movie Perception
Required Reading:
-
Week 9:
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Tuesday, 2007, 4:00–6:30pm
Recitation Sections:
Mid-Term Review
Thursday, 2007, 4:00-5:15 pm
Mid-Term Exam
Week 10:
Tuesday, 2007
Break
Thursday, 2007
Break
III. THE CENTURY OF THE TWO WORD WARS
Week 11:
Tuesday, 2007, 4:00-6:30 pm
Film Session:
All Quiet on the Western Front
United States, 1930, director: Lewis Milestone (130 min. VHS)
Thursday, 2007, 4:00-5:15 pm
Lecture Session:
Industrialized Warfare: World War I, the Military and Civil Society
Required Reading:
Week 12:
Tuesday, 2007, 4:00-6:30 pm
Film Session:
A Very Long Engagement
France, 2004, director: Jean-Pierre Jeunet (133 min. DVD)
Thursday, 2007, 4:00-5:15 pm
Lecture Session:
The Home Front: The Gender Order of World War I
Required Reading:
-
Week 13:
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Tuesday, 2007, 4:00–6:30pm
Recitation Sections:
World War I in the Two Movies – A Comparison
Thursday, 2007, 4:00-5:15 pm
Lecture Session:
Home/Fronts: World War II as a ‘Total War’
Required Reading:
-
Week 14:
Tuesday, 2007, 4:00-6:30 pm
In Which We Serve
United Kingdom, 1942, Noel Coward and David Lean (115 min. VHS)
Film Session:
Thursday, 2007, 4:00-5:15 pm
Lecture Section:
The Gender Order of World War II
Required Reading:
-
Week 15:
Tuesday, 2007, 4:00-6:30 pm
Film Session:
Das Boot
West Germany, 1981, director: Wolfgang Petersen (144 min. DVD VHS)
Week 16:
Thursday, 2007, 4:00-5:15 pm
Lecture Session:
World War II in the Two Movies – A Comparison
Required Reading:
-
Tuesday, 2007, 4:00-6:30 pm
Film Session and Final Session
Post-War Gender Orders
The Marriage of Maria Braun
West Germany, 1979, director: Rainer Werner Fassbinder (120 min. VHS UNC)
August 14, 2008
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Final Exam
BLACKBOARD
We will be using Blackboard to make course materials, announcements, and other essential
information available to you. You are expected to check Blackboard regularly and are responsible
for the material that appears on it. To access Blackboard:
1. go to http://blackboard.unc.edu
2. type in the name you use for email and your password
3. you will then receive a list of all the courses for which you are registered this semester.
Click on HISTORY … (whichever you registered for).
4. please familiarize yourself with the course Web Page. It is an essential tool for taking this
course.
5. if you do not want to use your UNC email address, you must contact the Help Desk at
962-HELP.
6. a copy of the syllabus is on Blackboard under Course Information.
PLEASE NOTE: IF YOU HAVE DROPPED THIS COURSE, THE REGISTRAR WILL TAKE
YOU OFF THE COURSE EMAIL LIST WITHIN 48 HOURS. YOU DO NOT NEED TO
CONTACT THE INSTRUCTOR OR TAKE ANY OTHER ACTION.
RULES OF THE ROAD
1. No late papers or other written work will be accepted. You have ample time to plan
your schedule since all due dates are listed on this syllabus.
2. No make-up mid-term exams except for a verifiable, serious, and documented reason.
3. The only acceptable reason for rescheduling of the final is that you have three exams
on one day. Such rescheduling must be done in advance through the appropriate
Dean's Office. You must make arrangements yourself to make up the exam with me
before the scheduled exam is given. The make-up exam will take the form of a six-page,
take-home essay on two questions due on a date set me at the time you meet with me. I
expect that you will hand in three double-spaced, typed pages on each question.
4. If you miss the final examination, you will receive an AB grade. You must then make
an appointment to see me. I will decide whether or not to give you the opportunity to take
a make-up exam on the basis of your record in the course and whether you have a
verifiable, documented reason serious enough to warrant the inconvenience to me. The
make-up exam will take the form of a six-page, take-home essay on two questions due on
a date set by me at the time you meet with me. I expect that you will hand in three
double-spaced, typed pages on each question.
5. Plagiarism: To take or pass off as one's own the ideas, key writings, etc. of another; to
copy the exact words or to use key phrases from another author; to steal key ideas, even if
you put them in your own words. If you do any of these things without using a footnote
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to indicate your source, you are guilty of plagiarism. The exact words of another author
must be put in quotation marks. It is your responsibility to familiarize yourself with the
Honor Code (http://instrument.unc.edu).
6. Cheating: Students may not bring any material related to the course to the mid-term or
final examination except if it is contained in a closed book bag or knapsack. If any such
material (including the syllabus) is open and visible (on the student's desk, an adjacent
chair or desk, or on the floor), that will be construed as evidence of cheating and the
matter will be referred to the Honor Court.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A Note on the following bibliography: It is not planned to give students the following
list… A selection will have to be made which is related to the topics of each class.KH
Introduction into Theories and Methods of Women’s and Gender History
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Cranny-Francis, Anne et al (eds.), Gender Studies. Terms and Debates, Houndsmill, 2003.
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Scott, Joan W., “Gender: a useful Category of Historical Analysis,” in: American Historical Review,
98 (December 1986): 1053-1075.
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Scott, Joan W., Gender and the Politics of History rev. eds., New York, 1999.
Reviews and Bibliographies
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Bibliography: Military/War, Journal of Women’s History 3 (1991): 140-159.
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Bourke, Johanna, “’Remembering’ War,” Journal of Contemporary History 39 (4) (2004): 473-485.
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Budge, Alice and Pam Didur, "Women and War. A Selected Bibliography," Mosaic 23 (1990): 151173.
-
Hagemann, Karen, "Militär, Krieg und Geschlechterverhältnisse. Untersuchungen, Überlegungen und
Fragen zur Militärgeschichte der Frühen Neuzeit," in Klio in Uniform? Probleme und Perspektiven
einer modernen Militärgeschichte der Frühen Neuzeit, ed. Ralf Pröve, Cologne 1997, pp. 35-88.
-
Hagemann, Karen, ”Home/Front. The Military, Violence and Gender Relations, in the Age of the
World Wars,” in: Karen Hagemann, Stefanie Schüler-Springorum (ed.), Home/Front: The Military,
War and Gender in Twentieth-Century Germany, Oxford and New York, 2002, pp. 1-42.
-
Hämmerle, Christa,"Von den Geschlechtern der Kriege und des Militärs. Forschungseinblicke und
Bemerkungen zu einer neuen Debatte," in Was ist Militärgeschichte?, eds. Thomas Kühne and
Benjamin Ziemann, Paderborn 2000, 229-262.
-
Kühne, Thomas, "Der nationalsozialistische Vernichtungskrieg im kulturellen Kontinuum des 20.
Jahrhunderts. Forschungsprobleme und Forschungstendenzen der Gesellschaftsgeschichte des Zweiten
Weltkriegs. Zweiter Teil," Archiv für Sozialgeschichte 40 (2000): 440-486.
-
Kühne, Thomas, "Der nationalsozialistische Vernichtungskrieg und die 'ganz normalen' Deutschen.
Forschungsprobleme und Forschungstendenzen der Gesellschaftsgeschichte des Zweiten Weltkriegs.
Erster Teil," Archiv für Sozialgeschichte 39 (1999): 580-662.
-
Nonn, Christoph, "Oh What a Lovely War? German Common People and the First World War,"
German History 18 (2000): 97-111.
-
Nordstrom, Carolyn, "Women and War. Observations from the Field," Minerva 9 (1991): 1-15.
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Pierson, Ruth Roach, "Beautiful Soul or Just Warrior. Gender and War," Gender & History 1 (1989):
77-86.
-
Summerfield, Penny, "Research on Women in Britain in the Second World War. A Historiographical
Essay," Cahiers d'Histoire du Temps Présent 4 (1998): 207-226.
August 14, 2008
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Summerfield, Penny, “Gender and War in Twentieth Century,” International Historical Review 19 (1)
(1997): 3-15.
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Treibelmayr, Christoph, “ Militarism Revisited: Masculinity and Conscription in Germany,” Journal of
Contemporary History 39 (4) (2004): 649-656.
Introductions, Overviews and Anthologies
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Blom, Ida / Karen Hagemann / Catherine Hall (Hg.): Gendered Nations: Nationalisms and Gender
Order in the Long Nineteenth Century, Oxford /New York 2000.
-
Bourke, Joanna, An Intimate History of Killing. Face-to-Face Killing in Twentieth-Century Warfare,
London 1999.
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Brownmiller, Susan, Against our Will. Men, Women and Rape, New York 1976.
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Cooke, Miriam and Angela Woollacott, eds, Gendering War Talk, Princeton 1993.
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Cooper, Helen M. et al, ed. Arms and the Woman. War, Gender and Literary Representation, Chapel
Hill, London,1989.
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Dombrowski, Nicole Ann, ed., Women and War in the Twentieth Century. Enlisted without Consent,
New York, London, 1999.
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Duchham, Claire, Irene Bandhauer-Schöffmann, When the War was over. Women, War and Peace in
Europe, 1940-1956 (London, New York, Leicester University Press, 2000)
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Ehrenreich, Barbara, Blood Rites. Origins and History of the Passions of War, New York, 1997.
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Elshtain, Jean Bethke and Sheila Tobias , eds, Women, Militarism, and War. Essays in History,
Politics, and Social Theory, Savage, MD, 1990.
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Elshtain, Jean Bethke, Women and War, New York, 1987.
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Enloe, Cynthia, Bananas, Beaches & Bases. Making Feminist Sense of International Politics, London,
1980.
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Enloe, Cynthia, Does Khaki Become You? Militarization of Women’s Lives, London, 1988.
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Enloe, Cynthia, Maneuvers. The International Politics of Militarizing Women’s Lives, Berkeley etc,
2000.
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Feinman, Ilene Rose, Citizenship Rites. Feminist Soldiers and Feminist Antimilitarists, New York,
London, 2000.
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Fenner, Lorry M. and Marie E. de Young, Women in Combat. Civic Duties or Military Liability,
Washington, 2001.
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Fraser, T.G., Keith Jeffery, eds., Men, Women and War, Dublin, 1993.
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Goldman, Nancy Loring, ed. , Female Soldiers. Combatants or Non-combatants? Historical and
Contemporary Perspectives, Westport, London, 1982.
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Goldstein, Joshua , War and Gender. How Gender Shapes the War System and Vice Versa,
Cambridge, 2001.
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Hartmann, Anja V. and Beatrice Heuser, eds., War, Peace, and World Orders in European History,
London, New York, 2001.
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Higonnet, Margaret Randolph et al, eds., Behind the Lines. Gender and the Two World Wars (New
Haven, London: Yale University Press, 1987).
-
Laffin, John, Women in Battle, New York 1968.
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Lorentzen, Lois Ann and Jennifer Turpin, eds., The Women and War Reader, New York, London,
1998.
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Lynn, John A., ed., Feeding Mars: Logistics in Western Warfare from the Middle Ages to the Present,
Boulder, 1993.
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Opitz, Claudia, Von Frauen im Krieg zum Krieg gegen Frauen. Krieg, Gewalt und Geschlechterbeziehungen aus historischer Sicht, in: L'Homme 3 (1992), S. 31-44.
August 14, 2008
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Stefan Dudink; Karen Hagemann, John Tosh eds., Masculinities in Politics and War : Gendering
Modern History, Manchester 2004.
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Waller, Marguerite R. and Jennifer Rycenga, eds., Frontline Feminisms. Women, War, and Resistance,
New York, 2000.
15th – 18th Century
-
Black, Jeremy, A Military Revolution? Military Change and European Society 1550-1800, London
1991.
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Black, Jeremy, European Warfare 1660-1815, London 1994.
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Boston, 2002.
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Burschel, Peter, Söldner im Nordwestdeutschland des 16. und 17. Jahrhunderts. Sozialgeschichtliche
Studien, Göttingen 1994,
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Carl, Horst, Okkuation und Regionalismus. Die preußischen Westprovinzen im Siebenjährigen Krieg,
Mainz 1993.
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Corvisier, André, Armies and Societies in Europe, 1494-1789, Bloomington 1979.
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Cuneo, Pia, ed., Artful Armies, Beautiful Battles: Art and Warfare in Early Modern Europe, Leiden,
2000.
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Damon, John Edward, Soldier Saints and Holy Warriors: Warfare and Sanctity in the Literature of
Early England, Aldershot, Hampshire, Burlington, VT 2003.
-
Dekker, Rudolf and Lotte C. van de Pol, “Republican Heroines: Cross-Dressing Women in the French
Revolutionary Armies,” History of European Ideas 10 (1989); 353-363; David Weigall, Women
Militants in the English Civil War, in: History Today 22 (1972), S. 434-38;
-
Dekker, Rudolf and Lotte C. van de Pol, The Tradition of Female Transvestism in Early Modern
Europe, Basingstoke, 1989.
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Gray, Marion W.: Productive Men and Reproductive Women. The Agrarian Household and the
Emergence of Separate Spheres in the German Enlightenment, New York / Oxford 2000.
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Hacker, Barton C., From Military Revolution to Industrial Revolution: Armies, Women and Political
Economy in Early Modern Europe, in: Women and the Military System, ed. by Eva Isaksson, New
York 1988, pp. 11-29.
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Hacker, Barton C., Women and Military Institutions in Early Modern Europe. A Reconnaissance, in:
Signs 6 (Summer 1981), S. 643-671.
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Klassen, John M., Warring Maidens, Captive Wives and Hussite Queens: Women and Men at War and
at Peace in fifteenth Century Bohemia, Boulder, 1999.
-
Loriga, Sabina, Soldats. Un laboratoire disciplinaire: l'armée piémontaise au XVIII e siècle, Paris 1991.
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Lund, Erik A., War for the Every Day: Generals, Knowledge, and Warfare in Early modern Europe,
1680-1740, Westport, Conn. 1999.
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McLaughlin, Megan, “The Women Warrior: Gender, Warfare and Society in Medivial Europe,”
Womens Studies 17 (3-4) (1990: 193-210.
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Parker, Geoffrey, The Military Revolution. Military Innovations and the Rise of the West, 1500-1800,
New York, 1988,.
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Pröve, Ralf, Stehendes Heer und städtische Gesellschaft im 18. Jahrhundert. Göttingen und seine Militärbevölkerung 1713-1756, München 1995.
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Rogers, Clifford J., ed., The Military Revolution Debate: Readings on the Transformation of Early
Modern Europe, Boulder, 1995.
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Rogg, Matthias, Landsknechte und Reisläufer: Bilder vom Soldaten: Ein Stand in der Kunst des 16.
Jahrhunderts Paderborn, 2002
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Rublack, Ulinka, “Metze und Magd. Frauen, Krieg und die Bildfunktion des Weiblichen in deutschen
Städten der frühen Neuzeit,” Historische Anthropologie 3 (1995): 412-432.
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Rublack, Ulinka: The Fortunes of War. Wench and Maiden: Women, War and the Pictorial Function of
the Feminine in German Cities in the Early Modern Period, in: History Workshop Journal 44 (1997), S.
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