Answers to 2007 form of EOC Biology Review
3.01
1.
Type of sugar
Number of strands of
nucleotides
Location
Bonding pattern
Types
DNA
Deoxyribose
2
RNA
Ribose
1
Nucleus only
A to T : G to C
Nucleus and cytoplasm
A to U : G to C
Messenger RNA, Transfer
RNA, Ribosomal RNA
2. Adenine form hydrogen bonds with Thymine, Guanine forms hydrogen bonds
with Cytosine
3. Protein
4. DNA replication
5. Each newly formed strand of DNA contain one of the original DNA template
strands.
6. Mutations will result change in DNA code, which will in turn affect the correct
formation of the proteins the code represents.
7. S (synthesis) of Interphase
8. Holds double strand of DNA together
9. RNA
10. ribosome
11. DNA
12. tRNA
13. peptide
14. polypeptide
15. protein
16. Start (Met), Ser, Ala, Stop
17. Differences occur due to differences on the expression of genes.
18. Cell respond to changes in the environment by producing different amount of
proteins.
19. Cells will increase the amount of insulin produced.
20. Injury repair
21. cancer
22. diabetes(insulin) or stunted growth (growth hormone)
23. mitosis
24. meiosis
25. meiosis
26. meiosis
27. 2
28. 4
29. meiosis
30. meiosis
31. meiosis
32. genetic variation
33. homozygous dominant, heterozygous, homozygous recessive
34. Tt x Tt; (1) TT, Tall; ( 2 ) Tt, Tall; (1) tt, short
35. genotype and environment
36. Gregor Mendel
37. Dominant traits mask recessive alleles
38. gender and chromosomal abnormalities leading to disorders
39. 23rd pair
40. male
41. Down syndrome
42. Klinefelter syndrome
43. Turner Syndrome
44. incomplete dominance
45. co-dominance
46. Huntington’s disease
47. having more than two alleles for a trait
48. Both parents are IAi
49. polygenic traits
50. polygenic inheritance
51. Genes located on the sex (X ) chromosome
52. color blindness, hemophilia
53. Males only need one gene to express the trait
54. XcXc x XCY, none of the daughters, all of the sons
55. After meiosis, only one member of each homologous chromosome pair can be
found in a gamete. No gamete will end up with two homologues. Alleles on
different chromosomes will sort independently from one another.
56. The reassortment of chromosomes and the genetic information they carry either
by crossing over or independent assortment results in genetic recombination and
is a major source of variation in organisms.
57. homozygous recessive
58. pedigree chart
59. heterozygous
60. One
61. Heterozygous or homozygous dominant
62. recessive
63. homozygous dominant
64. both parents heterozygous
65. Phenotype: 3:1, Genotype: 1: 2: 1
66. homozygous recessive
67. International effort to sequence chromosomal DNA to identify the location of
every gene.
68. Useful in determining if individuals carry genes for genetic conditions and in
developing gene therapy.
69. technique used to separate molecules based on size.
70. DNA patterns unique to each individual that can be used to identify the person
from which them came.
71. Identification of suspects in a crime in forensics.
72. medicine, pharmaceutical ( insulin ), research,
73. moral, ethical, economic, religious, cultural
74. Natural selection is the process by which favorable traits that are heritable
become more common in successive generations of a population of reproducing
organisms, and unfavorable traits that are heritable become less common. Natural
selection acts on the phenotype, or the observable characteristics of an organism,
such that individuals with favorable phenotypes are more likely to survive and
reproduce than those with less favorable phenotypes. If these phenotypes have a
genetic basis, then the genotype associated with the favorable phenotype will
increase in frequency in the next generation. Over time, this process can result in
adaptations that specialize organisms for particular ecological niches and may
eventually result in the emergence of new species.
75. Biogenesis is the idea that life comes from living things and abiogenesis is the
idea that living things may arise from nonliving things.
76. Fish from mud, rats from grain, maggots from meat
77. Francesco Redi and Loius Pasteur.
78. Pasteur set up an experiment in which air but no microorganisms, was allowed to
contact a broth that contained nutrients. He showed that microorganisms do not
arise in broth even in the presence of air.
79. He hypothesized that energy from the sun, lightening, Earth’s heat triggered
chemical reactions to produce small organic molecules from the substances
present in the atmosphere, then rain washed the molecules into oceans to form a
primordial soup.
80. Miller and Urey’s experiment showed that under the proposed conditions in early
earth, small organic molecules such as amino acids could form.
81. Since early earth lacked oxygen, the first organisms would have been anaerobic.
82. Endosymbiosis in which involved symbiotic relationships between ancient
prokaryotes.
83. Eventually photosynthesizing prokaryotes capable of releasing oxygen from water
evolved. As oxygen concentration increased, organisms that could respire
aerobically would have increased and thrived.
84. Fossils provide evidence of organisms that lived long ago.
85. Relative dating: relies on the position of rock layers and results in relative dates.
Absoulte dating (radiometric dating) relies on half-lives of radioactive elements
and provides a more exact age.
86. The fossils found in the bottom rock layers are most likely the oldest, while those
found in the upper rock layer are most likely the youngest.
87. Almost all organisms have shared DNA, ATP, and many enzymes among their
biochemical molecules. Groups that share more similarity are thought to be more
closely related and as sharing a closer ancestor.
88. Structural similarity is viewed as evidence that organisms evolved from a
common ancestor.
89. Darwin proposed that organisms produce many offspring with variations, some
of which enable offspring to reproduce and pass on their genes. Variations with a
survival advantage are widespread among descendants.
90. A new species can evolve when a population has been physically isolated to a
new geographic location.
91. Different adaptations are useful in different environments, and the gene pool will
in time reflect the differences.
92. Some organisms will have a genetic resistance to antibiotics or pesticides that
allow them to survive the initial exposure, and these organisms will pass the
resistance on to their offspring, eventually resulting in newly evolved resistant
populations.
93. Only bacteria that are totally resistant to the antibiotic survive.
Goal 4.
4.01
1. Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals
2. K, P, C, O, F, G, S
3. species
4. Homo
5.
6. Analyze common ancestry; organisms with close ancestry indicate close relations.
7. Organisms with similar DNA and Biochemistry indicate close relationships.
8. Closely related organisms have similar embryological development patterns.
9. The presence of many shared structures implies that species are closely related.
10. Recent
11. Eukaryote: membrane bound organelles present, contain ribosomes, linear
chromosomes, larger than prokaryote
Prokaryote: no membrane bound organelles, contains ribosomes, circular
chromosome, smaller than eukaryote.
12.
Protists
Fungi
Plant
Animal
Cell Structure
Cell Wall
Cell Wall
Cell wall
No cell wall
No. of Cells
Unicellular
Multicellular
Multicellular
multicellular
Reproduction
Mostly Asexual Mostly Asexual Mostly Sexual
Mostly Sexual
Nutrition
Autotrophic
Absorption
Autotrophic
Heterotrophic
13. See attachment A.
4.03 Assess, describe, and explain adaptation affecting survival and reproductive
success.
14. Plants: cuticle, vascular system,
Animals: internal fertilization, care of
young, outer covering
15. Protein coat and nucleic acid core
16. HIV, influenza, smallpox
17. streptococcus (strep throat)
18. Antibiotics
19. Co-evolution: when two or more organisms evolve in response to each other.
For example, hummingbirds have long narrow beaks, are attracted to the color
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
red, and a poor sense of smell. The fuchsia plant, has red flowers, little
fragrance, and long, narrow leaves. The fuchsia rely on hummingbirds as its
pollinator.
Individuals heterozygous for sickle cell are less likely to carry malaria.
Tobacco use increases the chance of lung/mouth cancer.
The skin stores vitamin D. Folic acid is thought to reduce the risk of skin cancer
and excess sun exposure is thought to increase the risk of skin cancer.
Diabetes can be managed by one’s diet, and exercise, and though there is an
underlying genetic cause.
PKU can be managed by removing phenylalanine from the diet.