OVERVIEW OF RESPIRATORY
DISORDERS
Learning Objective
• Classification of respiratory disorders
• Define Asthma.
• Define COPD. and clinical manifestation of Chronic Bronchitis and
emphysema.
• Pathogenesis of
– Pneumonia
– Lung abscess
– T.B
– Pulmonary embolism
– Pneumoconiosis
Respiratory Disorders
Respiratory disorders can be classified into different groups
• Respiratory tract infections
Common cold, Influenza, Pneumonias, T.B
• Disorders of lung inflation
Pleural pain and pleural effusion
• Obstructive air way disorders
Bronchial asthma, COPD, Emphysema, Bronchitis
• Pulmonary vascular disorder
• Lung cancer
Upper Respiratory Tract
Nose, Paranasal sinuses, Nasopharynx and Larynx
Lower respiratory Tract
- Trachea and Bronchi
Disease of nose and paranasal
sinuses
Common Cold (Acute Coryza)
• Contagious, viral infectious disease of upper
respiratory system
• Rhinovirus
• Coronavirus
• Clinical features
– Sore throat
– Fever
– watery nasal discharge eventually become
thick.
Influenza
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Commonly named as flu
Infectious disease caused by Orthomyxoviridae family influenza
virus)
Clinical features
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Fever with chills
Generalized aching
Headache
Sore throat
Dry cough- can last for several week
May cause prolong depression and debility known as post viral
syndrome
Sinusitis
• Inflamation of paranasal sinus
• Clinical features
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Frontal headache
Purulent nasal discharge
Facial pain
Fever.
Rhinitis
Clinical Features:
• Inflammation of nasal mucosa
• Sneezing attack
• Nasal discharge or blockage
• Two types
1- Seasonal rhinitis (for limited time period)
2- Perennial rhinitis (occurs throughout the year)
Common allergen causing rhinitis
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House dust mites
Feces of house dust mites
Pollen grains
Domestic pets and moulds
Epistaxis
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Bleeding from nose
Bleeding most common in the anterior septum where a confluence
of veins creates a superficial venous plexus
(Kiesselbach’s plexus)
Predisposing factors are:
Nasal trauma
Rhinitis
Deviated Nasal Septum
Hypertension
Atherosclerotic disease
Drugs:
Anti-platelet, anticoagulation
Disease of Pharynx &
Larynx
Pharyngitis
• Inflammation of pharynx
• Viral or bacterial
Clinical features
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Sore throat
Fever
Conjunctivitis
Lymphadenitis of neck glands
laryngitis
• Inflammation of the larynx
• Mostly Viral in origin
• Most common cause of hoarseness
Obstructive pulmonary Diseases
COPD
• COPD is group of disorders characterized by chronic and recurrent obstruction
of air flow in the pulmonary air ways.
Includes
Asthma
Chronic bronchitis
Emphysema
Clinical features
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Productive cough
Exertional dyspnoea
Wheez
Chest tightness
Asthma
Asthma is a common chronic inflammatory disease of the airways with
recurring symptoms, airflow obstruction, and bronchospasm.
Clinical features
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Wheeze
Cough
Chest tightness
Dyspnoea
Chronic bronchitis
• Chronic bronchitis
It is a chronic inflammation of the bronchi in
the lungs.
• Clinically defined as
Persistent productive cough for at least three
months in two consecutive years
Emphysema
• Emphysema is a long-term, progressive
disease of the lung that causes destruction of
lung tissue.
• It is an abnormal permanent enlargement of air
spaces with destruction of the alveolar walls and
capillary beds.
Difference between bronchitis and emphysema
Bronchiectasis
Localized, irreversible dilatation of part of the bronchial tree
Clinical features:
• Chronic productive
cough
• Worse in morning
• Fever
• Malaise
• hemoptysis
Lower Respiratory Tract Infection
Pneumonia
•
Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung, damaging the
parenchyma of lung (that is, the alveoli) and abnormal alveolar filling
with fluid
• Types
1.Community – acquired
Caused by streptococcal pneumoniae (most common),
2. Hospital acquired
Clinical features
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Fever
Cough first dry than productive
Pleuritic chest pain
Pulmonary Tuberculosis
• Pulmonary tuberculosis is a common and often
deadly infectious disease caused by various strains
of mycobacteria, usually Mycobacterium
tuberculosis in humans.
•
Types
Primary Pulmonary TB
Post-primary Pulmonary TB
Miliary TB
Clinical features
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Chronic cough with hemoptysis
Fever
Weight loss
Aspergillosis
• Fungal infection
mostly caused by Aspergillus fumigatus
Clinical features
• Fever
• Breathlessness
• Productive cough
Pulmonary Vascular Disease
Pulmonary hypertension is the narrowing of the
pulmonary arterioles within the lung.
Disease of Pleura,Chest wall
Pleural Effusion
• Fluid in the pleural cavity
• Cause: Tuberculosis, Carcimona, Cardiac
Failure, Pulmonary infarction, rheumatoid
disease, SLE etc.
• Clinical features:
• Breathlessness
• chest pain
Empyema
• Pus in the pleural space
• Clinical features
Fever
Rigors
Sweating
Weight loss
Pneumothorax
• Air in the pleural space
• Types
1.Spontaneous
• Primary
• Secondary
2. Traumatic