What to study - Cells Exam
CELL THEORY
 3 parts:
1. Cells are the basic unit of FUNCTION of all living things.
2. Cells are the basic unit of STRUCTURE of all living things.
3. All cells come from preexisting cells.
 Exceptions: viruses are not made up of cells (only a protein coat and DNA) BUT they act like living things
CELL ORGANELLES
 In both animal and plant cells
– cell membrane: controls what enters and leaves the cell (selectively permeable or semi-permeable)
– cytoplasm: gel-like substance, holds all cell organelles
– nucleus: controls all cell activities
– nucleolus: produces ribosomes
– ribosomes: produce proteins
– endoplasmic reticulum: transport materials throughout the cell
– vacuoles: store materials
– lysosomes: break down food, old cell parts, bacteria
– mitochondria: produce energy (respiration)
– golgi bodies: package materials
 Only in animal cells: centrioles  incolved in cell division
 Only in plant cells:
– cell wall  rigid, gives plant cell shape and support
– chloroplasts  produces food for the cell (photosynthesis)
ANIMAL CELL
nucleus
nucleolus
cytoplasm
ribosome
endoplasmic reticulum
mitochondria
cell membrane
vacuole
golgi bodies
PLANT CELL
chloroplast
cell wall
vacuole
nucleus
cell membrane
TYPES OF ORGANISMS
 Prokaryotic cells: do not contain a nucleus (DNA is floating in the cytoplasm
– Contain ribosomes, cytoplasm, cell membrane
– Do not contain membrane-bound organelles
 Eukaryotic cells: contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
 Unicellular organisms: one-celled organisms
 Multicellular organisms: made up of many specialized cells
– Specialized cells: have a specific function
CELL ORGANIZATION: cells  tissues  organs  organ tissues  organ systems  organism
CELL TRANSPORT
 Passive transport: substances move from a HIGH concentration to a LOW concentration, no energy required
– Diffusion: movement of substances from a a HIGH concentration to a LOW concentration
 Stops until equilibrium is reached (equal concentration on both sides)
– Osmosis: movement of water from a HIGH concentration to a LOW concentration
 Active transport: substances move from a LOW concentration to a HIGH concentration, energy is required
CELL RESPIRATION:
 Aerobic: C6 H12 O6 + O2  CO2 + H2O + 36ATP (occurs in mitochondria)
 Anaerobic: C6 H12 O6  CO2 + 2 ATP (occurs in cytoplasm)
1. yeast  alcoholic fermentation (
C6 H12 O6  alcohol + CO2 + 2 ATP
2. muscle cells  lactic acid fermentation
C6 H12 O6  lactic acid + 2 ATP
CLASSIFICATION
 7 levels of classification: kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
– Kingdom: largest level, made up of diverse organisms
– Species: organisms are very closely related, able to mate and produce fertile offspring
 Binomial nomenclature: devised by Carolus Linnaeus
– Genus species
 6 kingdoms

– Archaebacteria: unicellular, prokaryotic, found in extreme environments (hot springs, thermal vents, etc)
– Eubacteria: unicellular, prokaryotic, found everywhere (good and bad bacteria)
– Protist: unicellular, eukaryotic
 Protozoa: heterotrophic protists (ameba and paramecia)
 Algae: autotrophic protists
- Fungi: multicellular, heterotrophic (absorb digested food from environment)
 Ex: mold, mushrooms, yeast (unicellular)
- Plant: multicellular, autotrophic
- Animal: multicellular, heterotrophic
Dichotomous keys: have two descriptive statements at each step
– Used to identify an organism