Scottish Farm Enterprise
Performance Analysis:
Additional Analysis of the 2011-12 Farm
Accounts Survey
Rural and Environment Science and Analytical Services
Agriculture Statistics
12/06/2013
1
Contents
Introduction………………………………………………………………….……………………....…3
Description of Performance Measures……………………………………………………...……..4
Market Context…………………………………………………………………………………….…...5
Summary of Results…………………………………………………………………………………..7
Crop Enterprises………………………………………………………………………………………...7
Dairy and Beef Enterprises………………………………………………………………..…………...9
Sheep Enterprises……………………………………………………………………………………..11
Summary Table………………………………………………………………………………………..13
Crop Enterprises
Winter Wheat……………………………………………………………………………..……..……..14
Winter Barley…………………………………………………………………………………..…..…..15
Spring Barley………………………………………………………………………………..……..…..16
Mixed Barley…………………………………………………………………………………..………..17
Winter Oilseed Rape…………………………………………………………………………..……...18
Spring Oats……………………………………………………………………………………..……...19
Winter Oats and Potatoes………………………………………………………………………....….20
Dairy and Beef Enterprises
Dairy Cows…………………………………………………………………………………..…….…...22
Dairy Mixed……………………………………………………………………………………..….…..24
Beef: Hill Herds……………………………………………………………………………………...…25
Beef: Upland Suckler/Herds Selling Claves as Yearling Stores………………………………….26
Beef: Lowland Suckler Herds……………………………………………………..……………….…27
Beef: Forward Stores…………………………………………………………………...……………..28
Beef: Mixed…………………………………………………………………………………..………...29
Beef: Finishing…………………………………………………………………………………..……..30
Sheep Enterprises
Sheep: Extensive/Hardhill………………………………………………………………………….....31
Sheep: Finished/Store Lamb Production…………………………………………….……………...32
Sheep: Lowland (non LFA)………………………………………………………………….………..33
Sheep: Store Lamb Finishing (long keep)……………………………………………………….….34
Livestock Enterprises with less than 5 Holdings in the Quartile Groups…..…….………………56
Definition of Terms…………………………………………………………………………………..37
Related Information……………………………………………………………………………...…..41
Contacts………………………………………………………………………………………………..41
2
Enterprise Performance Analysis 2011/12
Introduction
The purpose of enterprise analysis is to provide a basic assessment of financial
performance of the main farm enterprises in Scotland. This allows individual farmers
and others with an interest in the agricultural industry to compare individual enterprise
performance against sector averages. As more results become available in future
years it will also provide a useful guide to performance over time.
The performance of an enterprise is difficult to assess and relies on a number of
factors that cannot be identified through this analysis, such as: natural constraints
(e.g. quality of land, weather, etc.); reason for farming (e.g. financial, personal
satisfaction, etc.); methods of farming (e.g. organic versus conventional production
methods); fixed costs of the whole farm business; the interaction of other enterprises
within the farm business and many other factors.
The results are presented as gross margins, as no account has been taken of fixed
costs of the enterprises: those costs which are not attributed to a specific enterprise.
These costs could vary greatly depending on the size or type of farm or enterprise.
The results are from the 2011-12 Farm Accounts Survey (FAS), which centres on the
2011 crop year.
Results are provided as un-weighted group averages for each enterprise and within
each enterprise (where sample size allows) to identify differences between relatively
high performers (those achieving the 25 per cent highest gross margins), the average
for the whole enterprise group and relatively low performers (those achieving the 25
per cent lowest gross margins). Enterprises have been classified as high or low
performers based on their gross margins, though this does not necessarily mean that
high performing enterprises are being managed more effectively. The intentions,
attitudes, reasons for farming and factors outside the control of farmers and farm
managers have not been considered in this analysis.
The analysis examines three measures of financial performance, the main measure is
the enterprise gross margin per head or per hectare, which shows the gross income
(before accounting for fixed costs) from a single unit of output (per head for livestock
and per hectare for crops). Additional measures are the overall enterprise gross
margin, which shows the overall balance of the enterprise, and the output:input ratio,
which shows how much gross return is achieved per pound (£) spent per single unit of
output (head/hectare). Enterprise output includes the market value of the output
retained on the farm.
The three measures each provide a different insight into the performance of the
enterprise. Taken in isolation, these figures may provide a misleading impression of
the performance of an enterprise relative to high, low or average performers, or to
different enterprises. It is intended that each measure be taken into consideration
when drawing comparisons based on this analysis.
3
Description of Performance Measures
The following hypothetical example aims to demonstrate the differences between the
different measures of performance. Taking two enterprises of the same size, with 50
head of cattle. Enterprise A with a relatively high gross margin, of £100/head, may be
considered to be performing better than enterprise B with a lower gross margin of
£80/head. However, enterprise B may achieve a greater output:input ratio (of £3.25
for every £1 of input, compared to £2.67 for enterprise A), because input costs are
lower than those of enterprise A and enterprise B achieves a greater mark up in prices
achieved for outputs.
This higher output:input ratio can give enterprise B an advantage over enterprise A,
for example in a situation where the desire is to grow the enterprise. Because
enterprise B makes relatively more money for the same size of enterprise and
achieves lower input costs and higher output prices, enterprise B achieves a greater
return per unit cost. Depending on the impact of fixed costs on the enterprise this
could place enterprise B in a stronger position to grow the enterprise through
reinvesting profits to increase stock, despite achieving a relatively lower margin than
enterprise A.
Further to this, a third enterprise (enterprise C) may be considered to be more
profitable than enterprise A or B, despite achieving a lower gross margin and a lower
output:input ratio. Enterprise C may generate a higher income than either enterprise A
or B simply because enterprise C is larger (100 head of cattle compared to 50). After
accounting for fixed costs, if enterprise C is efficiently managed, this may result in
greater profitability.
Example Enterprise Analysis
Enterprise A
(High GM)
Stock size (head of cattle)
Inputs (£/head)
Outputs (£/head)
Gross Margin (£/head)
Output:Input ratio (£)
Income (£)
Enterprise B
(High Output:Input ratio)
50
60
160
100
2.67
5,000
50
40
130
90
3.25
4,500
Enterprise C
(High Income)
100
60
120
60
2.00
6,000
The enterprise gross margin (per unit of output) is a sign of whether the enterprise is
able to secure a good price for the output it produces relative to the cost of producing
the output. The enterprise income accounts for the overall size of the enterprise
operation, two enterprises might have the same gross margin but if they are operating
on different scales the larger will have a greater income value. Enterprise income
therefore does not measure performance on an equal basis across different
enterprises, but has been included in the report to provide additional contextual
information on enterprise profitability. The enterprise output:input ratio measures the
value of outputs relative to the value of inputs and tells us how well an enterprise
generates profit for every unit of input, this contributes to high profitability when the
value of the output is high. An enterprise might have a high ratio but if the value of the
outputs is low then the enterprise won’t generate a high profit.
4
Market Context
The latest enterprise data included in the analysis in this report is taken from farms
sampled in the 2011-12 Farm Accounts Survey (FAS). The period covered by the
2011-12 survey runs from December 2010 to May 2012, including data for farms with
year ends in November 2011, January 2012, March 2012 and May 2012. It is
important to put the results in the context of the market situation over this period. The
charts below show DEFRA UK price indices with January 2010 set as the base. Price
indices have been included here to provide some general context, more detailed
Scottish price data can be accessed from Quality Meat Scotland (QMS) for livestock
data, http://www.qmscotland.co.uk, and from the Home Grown Cereals Authority
(HGCA) for crops, http://www.hgca.com.
The impact of market prices on the profitability of farm enterprises depends largely on
the timing of purchases and sales and also on the use of contracts which can tie
farmers into different prices compared to spot prices available to others.
Chart A below shows the price indices of fertiliser, seed, feedstuffs and veterinary
services costs since early 2010. Most input prices shown here trended upwards
throughout 2010, but remained relatively stable between December 2010 and May
2012. Fertiliser costs rose again during the autumn of 2011, while the cost of feed
fell, these trends reversed somewhat between November 2011 and May 2012, when
they were both about 30% higher than January 2010 (base ). Veterinary services
costs remained fairly constant over the period of the survey, at between 10 and 20%
more than in January 2010 (base). Seed costs were the most volatile. Under the
period of the survey, they rose the most between September 2011 and December
2012, which will have a greater impact on later year ending farms in the survey.
Chart A
Average monthly input costs indices (Base=Jan
2010)
180
Seeds
160
Fertilisers
and soil
improvers
140
120
100
Veterinary
services
80
60
40
Animal
feedingstuffs
20
Mar-13
Jan-13
Nov-12
Sep-12
Jul-12
May-12
Mar-12
Jan-12
Nov-11
Sep-11
Jul-11
May-11
Mar-11
Jan-11
Nov-10
Sep-10
Jul-10
May-10
Mar-10
Jan-10
0
Chart B below shows the price indices of cereals, oilseed rape and potato outputs
since early 2010. Crop prices on the whole saw increases throughout 2010 and into
early 2011, followed by a decline in average prices from around May 2011 and only
recovered in June the following year. Farmers selling 2011 produce on spot prices
may have lost out compared to those selling on forward contracts arranged during the
5
end of 2010/beginning of 2011. Potato prices in particular saw marked price
reductions through 2011.
Chart B
Average monthly crop price indices (Base=Jan 2010)
Cereals
250
200
150
Potatoes
100
50
Potatoes
Oilseed Rape
(non set
aside)
Mar-13
Jan-13
Nov-12
Sep-12
Jul-12
May-12
Mar-12
Jan-12
Nov-11
Sep-11
Jul-11
May-11
Mar-11
Jan-11
Nov-10
Sep-10
Jul-10
May-10
Mar-10
Jan-10
0
Chart C below shows the price indices of cattle, sheep and milk outputs since early
2010. Milk prices were slightly higher in 2011 compared to 2010, peaking at around
20% higher than January 2010 prices towards the end of 2011. From December
2010, cattle prices have been on a fairly steady increase over the period of the survey.
In 2011 there was a considerable and steep rise in sheep prices which, following a
decline over the summer, rose again towards the end of the year and maintained
through to May 2012 - the latest period covered in the Farm Accounts Survey.
Chart C
Average monthly livestock price indices
(Base=Jan 2010)
160
Cattle
and
calves
140
120
100
Sheep
and
lambs
80
60
40
20
Milk
6
Mar-13
Jan-13
Nov-12
Sep-12
Jul-12
May-12
Mar-12
Jan-12
Nov-11
Sep-11
Jul-11
May-11
Mar-11
Jan-11
Nov-10
Sep-10
Jul-10
May-10
Mar-10
Jan-10
0
Summary of Results
Crop Summary
Overall average gross margins for crop enterprises ranged from £612/hectare for
spring oat enterprises to £1,150/hectare for winter oilseed rape and £3,391/hectare for
potato enterprises (a combination of ware, seed and mixed potato enterprises).
Winter oilseed rape and potato enterprises generated the largest gross margins of
crop enterprises.
Where sample sizes were sufficient to allow comparison between high and low
performing enterprises, gross margins of high performers in 2011-12 were around
twice that of low performers, but for spring oats, high performers achieved margins
around four times that of low performers, showing the latter to be less competitive.
On average, spring oats generated the lowest margins of crop enterprises, though
high performers achieved higher gross margins than spring barley enterprises. In all
performance categories, winter oilseed rape enterprises were among the highest
margins for crop enterprises.
For crop enterprises the differences in financial performance between high and low
performing enterprises was due to high performers achieving: higher sales prices per
tonne, which is expected to reflect generally higher quality; higher yields, producing a
greater volume of output per hectare; and better management of variable costs.
Potato, winter wheat and mixed barley have seen reductions in their overall average
gross margin per hectare since 2010-11, down 21 per cent, 15 per cent and seven per
cent respectively. For potato enterprises the reduced margins were caused by lower
production levels (yields) and poorer prices achieved per tonne produced. For mixed
barley and winter wheat enterprises, margins were brought down due to decreases in
yields and increases in variable costs. Winter oilseed rape margins increased
considerably, up 56 per cent, due to increased yields and output prices, despite rises
in variable costs.
Taking account of the size of enterprises, potato (£117,000), winter wheat (£43,000)
and mixed barley (£58,000) achieved the highest average overall gross margin. High
performing mixed barley enterprises achieved a considerable advantage with overall
enterprise gross margins £42,000 higher than those of high performers in other crop
enterprises. Spring oats (£11,000) and winter barley (£15,000) achieved the lowest
overall margins. Mixed barley and winter wheat performed relatively well in terms of
enterprise income due to the larger typical size of these enterprises.
In contrast to gross margin results, the group average output:input ratios (the return
achieved per £1 spent), was greatest for winter oats at 3.5, outperforming potato and
winter oilseed rape enterprises. Of the high performing enterprises, spring oats
achieved the greatest output:input ratio at 4.7. Winter and spring oats generated
lower margins due to the relatively low value of oat outputs. Because input costs are
also relatively low this allowed them to generate a greater rate of return. Average
ratios range from 2.6 for winter barley to 3.5 for winter oats.
7
Crops: Enterprise Gross Margin
Measures
8
£1,400
High
£1,400
Average
£1,200
Low
£1,000
£800
£600
£400
£200
2010-11
£1,200
Gross Margin per hectare
(2011-12 prices)
Gross Margin per hecatre
£1,600
2011-12
£1,000
£800
£600
£400
£200
£0
Winter
Barley
Spring
Barley
Mixed
Barley
Winter Winter
Oil Seed Oats
Rape
£0
Spring
Oats
Winter
Wheat
Winter
Barley
Spring
Barley
Mixed
Barley
Winter
Oil Seed
Rape
Winter
Oats
Spring
Oats
£120,000
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
High
Average
Low
High
£100,000
Enterprise Income
Output:Input Ratio
Winter
Wheat
Average
£80,000
Low
£60,000
£40,000
£20,000
£0
Winter
Wheat
Winter
Barley
Spring
Barley
Mixed Winter Oil Winter
Barley
Seed
Oats
Rape
Winter
Wheat
Spring
Oats
9
Winter
Barley
Spring
Barley
Mixed Winter Winter
Barley Oil Seed Oats
Rape
Spring
Oats
Dairy and Beef Summary
Overall average gross margins for dairy and beef enterprises ranged from £105/head
for beef forward store enterprises to £449/head for dairy followers and £983/head for
dairy cow enterprises (equivalent to 14 pence per litre). Dairy enterprises, including
followers and mixed, generated the highest margins of dairy and beef enterprises.
Where sample sizes were sufficient to allow comparisons between high and low
performers, we can see that low performing dairy and beef enterprises generated
considerably lower margins. Most low performing beef enterprises (forward stores,
mixed and finishing) made an average loss, ranging from -£12/head for forward stores
to -£103/head for mixed. High performing enterprises achieved gross margins
between £270/head and £358/head.
High performing dairy cow enterprises made around twice the average gross margin
compared to low performers at £1,284/head. At £731/head, high performing mixed
dairy and beef enterprises made around five times the margin of low performing
enterprises.
On dairy and beef enterprises the difference in financial performance was due to high
performers achieving: higher sales prices per head, which is expected to reflect
generally higher quality outputs; a greater increase in value due to improved technical
performance; and better management of variable costs.
Dairy followers have seen reductions in their overall average gross margin per head
since 2010-11, down 30 per cent. The reduction in margin was caused by lower sale
values per head. Compared to 2010-11 the average margin for beef hill-herds more
than doubled (increase of 116 per cent) to £163/head due to lower spend on variable
costs and purchases, together with increased sale values and value added through
the technical performance of the enterprise.
Margins for upland suckler herds selling at weaning and beef finishing enterprises also
saw considerable increases in average margins over the year. For upland suckler
herds, this was driven by increased sales prices and closing valuations that reflect the
overall rise in market prices, set against an average reduction of spend on variable
costs and appreciation of breeding livestock. For finishing enterprises this was due to
increased sale values and a relative improvement in the value added to stocks,
despite an increased spend on variable costs.
Taking account of the size of enterprises, dairy cow (£178,000), dairy followers
(£47,000) and mixed dairy enterprises (£37,000) achieved the highest overall gross
margins. Beef forward stores (£8,000) and mixed (£9,000) achieved the lowest.
In contrast to gross margin results, the group average output:input ratios, the return
achieved per £1 spent, was greatest for beef upland suckler herds selling at weaning,
at 2.1, outperforming dairy enterprises due to relatively lower variable costs. Beef hillherd, finishing, mixed and forward store enterprises had the lowest ratio, at 1.4.
10
Dairy and Beef: Enterprise Gross Margin
Measures
11
0.5
0.0
12
-£50,000
Beef: Finishing
Beef: Mixed
Beef: Forward stores
Beef: Lowland
suckler/herds
Beef: Upland suckler
selling yearling…
Beef: Upland suckler
selling weaning
£800
Beef: Finishing
1.0
Beef: Hill Herds
£1,000
Beef: Mixed
1.5
Beef: Forward stores
2.0
Beef: Upland suckler
selling weaning
Beef: Upland suckler
selling yearling stores
Beef: Lowland
suckler/herds
2.5
High
Average
Low
Beef: Hill Herds
3.5
Dairy Mixed & Dairy
Beef (combined)
£0
Dairy Mixed & Dairy
Beef (combined)
£200
Dairy Followers
£400
Dairy Followers
£600
Dairy Cows
Low
Gross Margin per head
(2011-12 prices)
Average
Enterprise Income
High
Dairy Cows
3.0
Beef: Finishing
£800
Beef: Finishing
£1,000
Beef: Mixed
Beef: Forward stores
Beef: Lowland
suckler/herds
Beef: Upland suckler
selling yearling stores
Beef: Upland suckler
selling weaning
Beef: Hill Herds
Dairy Mixed & Dairy
Beef (combined)
Dairy Followers
Gross Margin per head
£1,200
Beef: Mixed
Beef: Forward stores
Beef: Lowland
suckler/herds
Beef: Upland suckler
selling yearling stores
Beef: Upland suckler
selling weaning
Beef: Hill Herds
Dairy Mixed & Dairy
Beef (combined)
-£400
Dairy Cows
-£200
Dairy Followers
Dairy Cows
Output:Input Ratio
£1,400
£1,200
2010-11
2011-12
£600
£400
£200
£0
£300,000
£250,000
High
£200,000
Average
£150,000
Low
£100,000
£50,000
£0
Sheep Summary
Overall average gross margins for sheep enterprises ranged from £12/head and
£16/head for store lamb finishing enterprises (long keep and short keep respectively)
to £55/head for store lamb production and £64/head for crossbred ewe production.
Where sample sizes were sufficient to allow comparisons between high and low
performers, we can see that low performing sheep enterprises generated
considerably lower margins. Although average margins for low performing
enterprises were all positive, these were as low as £1/head and £2/head for
extensive/hard-hill and long keep finishing.
High performing enterprises produced margins around twice that of the overall
average for each enterprise type. The highest margins were achieved for high
performing lowland (non-LFA) and store lamb production enterprises at £90/head
and £85/head respectively.
For sheep enterprises, variable costs were relatively similar between high and low
performing enterprises. Differences in gross margins were due mostly to the value
added to stocks and higher sales prices per head, which is expected to reflect
generally higher quality outputs.
Crossbred ewe production enterprises have seen reductions in their overall average
gross margin per head since 2010-11, down 14 per cent. The reduction in margin
was caused by increased spend on variable costs, a slight reduction in value added
through technical performance and lower sales prices per head. Long keep finishing
enterprises also saw reduced gross margins over the year (down 19 per cent), which
was due to increased spend on purchases but lower value added to stocks.
Compared to 2010-11 the average margin for extensive/hardhill enterprises
increased by 37 per cent, due to increased value added through technical
performance.
Taking account of the size of enterprises, crossbred ewe production (£64,000) and
store lamb production (£27,000) achieved the highest average overall gross margins.
Short keep store lamb finishing (£2,000) and long keep store lamb finishing
enterprises (£5,000) achieved the lowest average overall gross margins.
In contrast to gross margin results, the group average output:input ratios (the return
achieved per £1 spent), was greatest for short keep store lamb finishing enterprises
at 2.6, outperforming crossbred ewe and store lamb production enterprises due to
relatively lower variable costs. Lowland (non-LFA) and extensive/hard-hill
enterprises had the lowest ratios, at 1.8 and 1.9 respectively.
13
1.0
0.5
0.0
14
£60
£60,000
£50,000
Sheep: Store
Lamb finishing
(long keep)
Sheep: Store
Lamb finishing
(short keep)
Sheep: Lowland
(non LFA)
Sheep:Finished/st
ore lamb
production
Sheep: Crossbred
Ewe Production
£70
Sheep: Store Lamb
finishing (long
keep)
1.5
Sheep: Store Lamb
finishing (short
keep)
2.0
Sheep: Lowland
(non LFA)
2.5
Sheep:Finished/st
ore lamb
production
4.0
Sheep: Crossbred
Ewe Production
Sheep:
Extensive/hardhill
Gross Margin per hectare
(2011-12 prices)
High
Average
Low
Sheep:
Extensive/hardhill
High
Average
Low
Enterprise Income
Sheep: Store Lamb
finishing (long
keep)
Sheep: Store Lamb
finishing (short
keep)
Sheep: Lowland
(non LFA)
Sheep:Finished/st
ore lamb
production
Sheep: Crossbred
Ewe Production
Sheep:
Extensive/hardhill
Gross Margin per hecatre
£100
£90
£80
£70
£60
£50
£40
£30
£20
£10
£0
Sheep: Store
Lamb finishing
(long keep)
Sheep: Store
Lamb finishing
(short keep)
Sheep: Lowland
(non LFA)
Sheep:Finished/st
ore lamb
production
3.0
Sheep: Crossbred
Ewe Production
3.5
Sheep:
Extensive/hardhill
Output:Input Ratio
Sheep: Enterprise Gross Margin Measures
£80
2010-11
2011-12
£50
£40
£30
£20
£10
£0
£70,000
High
Average
Low
£40,000
£30,000
£20,000
£10,000
£0
Summary Results
Enterprise
Winter Wheat
Winter Barley
Spring Barley
Mixed Barley
Winter Oil Seed Rape
Winter Oats
Spring Oats
Ware Potatoes
Enterprise Gross Margin
Overall Enterprise Gross Margin
Output:Input Ratio
2010-11
2011-12
2011-12
2011-12
Average1
Lower 25% Average Upper 25% Lower 25% Average Upper 25% Lower 25% Average Upper 25%
Crop EGM
(£ hectare)
Crop EGM (£ hectare)
Crop Overall EGM (£)
Crop
1,068
587
907
1,198
24,500
42,505
54,132
2.0
2.8
3.3
611
"
695
988
"
15,328
14,736
"
2.6
3.8
652
412
681
953
12,405
31,064
64,139
2.2
3.0
3.7
784
477
730
1,006
26,459
57,660
106,298
2.3
2.9
3.4
739
847
1,150
1,455
21,244
33,124
42,942
2.7
3.4
4.2
685
"
753
"
"
22,154
"
"
3.5
"
598
261
612
969
2,086
10,549
9,091
1.7
3.1
4.7
4,270
"
3,391
"
" 117,356
"
"
3.2
"
Cattle EGM
(£ head)
Dairy
Dairy
Dairy
Beef:
Beef:
Beef:
Beef:
Beef:
Beef:
Beef:
Cows
Followers
Mixed & Dairy Beef (combined)
Hill Herds
Upland suckler selling weaning
Upland suckler selling yearling stores
Lowland suckler/herds
Forward stores
Mixed
Finishing
923
646
300
75
230
265
227
75
93
96
Cattle EGM (£ head)
613
983
1,284
"
449
"
135
366
731
-175
163
"
"
383
"
101
307
519
149
333
532
-12
105
270
-103
115
340
-24
158
358
Sheep EGM
(£ head)
Sheep EGM (£ head)
Sheep: Extensive/hardhill
19
1
26
Sheep: Crossbred Ewe Production
74
"
64
Sheep:Finished/store lamb production
48
21
55
Sheep: Lowland (non LFA)
55
22
55
Sheep: Store Lamb finishing (short keep)
13
"
12
Sheep: Store Lamb finishing (long keep)
21
2
16
Performance categories are based on distributions of gross margin results.
" removed due to low sample size.
1 At 2011-12 prices.
15
58
"
85
90
"
30
Cattle Overall EGM (£)
140,783 178,241
251,732
"
46,951
"
11,072
37,313
92,812
-6,364
8,642
"
"
25,010
"
8,177
26,569
48,825
11,620
25,631
35,450
-893
7,610
16,655
-8,272
9,398
29,129
-3,116
19,847
32,290
1.7
"
1.2
0.7
"
1.2
1.3
0.9
0.6
0.9
Cattle
2.0
1.7
1.7
1.4
2.1
1.8
1.7
1.4
1.4
1.4
2.3
"
2.9
"
"
2.5
2.5
2.3
2.1
1.8
Sheep Overall EGM (£)
420
20,331
46,250
"
64,167
"
9,606
26,921
28,310
3,069
16,936
17,204
"
1,736
"
410
5,102
10,915
1.0
"
1.4
1.3
"
1.1
Sheep
1.9
2.5
2.2
1.8
2.6
2.3
2.9
"
2.9
2.7
"
3.6
Winter Wheat
Enterprise Margin Performance Data
Per hectare
2010/11
2011/12
Summary Data
Number of Enterprises
Area (ha)
Yield (t/ha)
Production (t)
Price (£/t)
Gross Margin (£/ha)
Upper 25%
All
64
49.0
8.8
433
£151
£1,020
Lower 25%
Upper 25%
15
46.4
7.8
363
£135
£697
18
45.2
9.4
423
£167
£1,198
All
72
46.9
7.9
372
£162
£907
Lower 25%
16
61.8
10.1
626
£166
£1,378
Value of Crop Output
Value of Straw Sold
Total Output Value
Seeds
Fertiliser
Crop Chemicals
Sundry Expenses
Variable Costs
Gross Margin
£1,668
£140
£1,809
£70
£202
£139
£20
-£431
£1,378
£1,330
£127
£1,457
£70
£198
£149
£20
-£437
£1,020
£1,054
£109
£1,163
£82
£203
£158
£21
-465.37
697.32
£1,557
£163
£1,720
£82
£263
£165
£12
-£522
£1,198
£1,285
£134
£1,418
£81
£257
£147
£26
-£511
£907
£1,053
£95
£1,148
£88
£285
£146
£42
-£561
£587
£85,162
4.2
£50,001
3.3
£32,377
2.5
£54,132
3.3
£42,505
2.8
£24,500
2.0
Enterprise Income
Output/Input Ratio
18
41.7
6.7
280
£157
£587
Winter wheat : Average Output, Input and Gross Margin values
£2,000
£1,500
£ per hectare
£1,000
2010/11
£500
2011/12
£0
-£500
-£1,000
Total Output Value
Variable Costs
Gross Margin
Performance data
Winter wheat : % spend on variable costs 2011/12
Percentage of variable costs
60.0%
50.0%
40.0%
Upper 25%
30.0%
All
Lower 25%
20.0%
10.0%
0.0%
Seeds
Fertiliser
Crop Chemicals
Inputs
16
Sundry Expenses
Winter Barley
Enterprise Margin Performance Data
Per hectare
2010/11
2011/12
Summary Data
Number of Enterprises
Area (ha)
Yield (t/ha)
Production (t)
Price (£/t)
Gross Margin (£/ha)
Upper 25%
5
35.5
8.0
283
£125
£815
All
18
38.1
6.9
177
£122
£584
Value of Crop Output
Value of Straw Sold
Total Output Value
Seeds
Fertiliser
Crop Chemicals
Sundry Expenses
Variable Costs
Gross Margin
£993
£175
£1,168
£68
£163
£101
£21
-£353
£815
£840
£137
£976
£61
£200
£109
£23
-£393
£584
Lower 25%
Upper 25%
All Lower 25%
19
4
22.1
"
7.0
"
154
"
£144
"
£695
"
4
"
"
"
"
"
5
14.9
7.8
116
£150
£988
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
£1,165
£174
£1,339
£67
£178
£85
£22
-£351
£988
£1,002
£123
£1,125
£82
£212
£106
£30
-£430
£695
£14,736
3.8
£15,328
2.6
Enterprise Income
£28,890
£22,268
Output/Input Ratio
3.3
2.5
"
" cell values have been suppressed due to small sample sizes.
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
£ per hectare
Winter barley : Average Output, Input and Gross Margin values
£1,400
£1,200
£1,000
£800
£600
£400
£200
£0
-£200
-£400
-£600
2010/11
2011/12
Total Output Value
Variable Costs
Gross Margin
Performance data
Winter barley : % spend on variable costs 2011/12
Percentage of variable costs
60.0%
50.0%
40.0%
Upper 25%
30.0%
All
20.0%
10.0%
0.0%
Seeds
Fertiliser
Crop Chemicals
Inputs
17
Sundry Expenses
Spring barley
Enterprise Margin Performance Data
Per hectare
2010/11
2011/12
Summary Data
Number of Enterprises
Area (ha)
Yield (t/ha)
Production (t)
Price (£/t)
Gross Margin (£/ha)
Upper 25%
All
183
42.0
5.5
229
£140
£623
Lower 25%
Upper 25%
45
31.9
4.4
140
£133
£366
46
67.3
6.4
431
£180
£953
All
182
45.6
5.4
248
£164
£681
Lower 25%
45
50.6
6.4
324
£144
£869
Value of Crop Output
Value of Straw Sold
Total Output Value
Seeds
Fertiliser
Crop Chemicals
Sundry Expenses
Variable Costs
Gross Margin
£917
£222
£1,139
£60
£126
£62
£22
-£270
£869
£762
£150
£912
£60
£141
£66
£22
-£289
£623
£575
£98
£673
£62
£158
£64
£23
-£307
£366
£1,148
£162
£1,311
£80
£170
£77
£30
-£357
£953
£893
£133
£1,026
£82
£164
£69
£30
-£345
£681
£663
£100
£763
£90
£164
£64
£33
-£351
£412
£43,982
4.2
£26,197
3.2
£11,664
2.2
£64,139
3.7
£31,064
3.0
£12,405
2.2
Enterprise Income
Output/Input Ratio
46
30.1
4.4
131
£153
£412
Spring barley : Average Output, Input and Gross Margin values
£1,200
£1,000
£ per hectare
£800
£600
£400
2010/11
£200
2011/12
£0
-£200
-£400
-£600
Total Output Value
Variable Costs
Gross Margin
Performance data
Spring barley : % spend on variable costs 2011/12
Percentage of variable costs
60.0%
50.0%
40.0%
Upper 25%
All
30.0%
Lower 25%
20.0%
10.0%
0.0%
Seeds
Fertiliser
Crop Chemicals
Inputs
18
Sundry Expenses
Mixed barley
Enterprise Margin Performance Data
Per hectare
2010/11
2011/12
Summary Data
Number of Enterprises
Area (ha)
Yield (t/ha)
Production (t)
Price (£/t)
Gross Margin (£/ha)
Upper 25%
7
58.7
7.8
458
£151
£1,055
All
30
68.2
6.5
446
£144
£749
Value of Crop Output
Value of Straw Sold
Total Output Value
Seeds
Fertiliser
Crop Chemicals
Sundry Expenses
Variable Costs
Gross Margin
£1,166
£233
£1,399
£61
£156
£105
£22
-£344
£1,055
£940
£167
£1,107
£63
£171
£96
£28
-£358
£749
£61,900
4.1
£51,106
3.1
Enterprise Income
Output/Input Ratio
Lower 25%
Upper 25%
Lower 25%
10
105.7
7.0
739
£179
£1,006
All
42
79.0
5.9
468
£163
£730
8
79.6
5.7
452
£138
£519
£783
£113
£896
£73
£178
£92
£34
-£377
£519
£1,244
£175
£1,419
£75
£197
£97
£45
-£414
£1,006
£968
£151
£1,119
£74
£188
£92
£35
-£389
£730
£694
£151
£844
£64
£186
£79
£38
-£367
£477
£41,313
2.4
£106,298
3.4
£57,660
2.9
£26,459
2.3
10
55.4
4.6
253
£152
£477
Mixed barley : Average Output, Input and Gross Margin values
£1,200
£1,000
£ per hectare
£800
£600
£400
2010/11
£200
2011/12
£0
-£200
-£400
-£600
Total Output Value
Variable Costs
Gross Margin
Performance data
Mixed barley : % spend on variable costs 2011/12
Percentage of variable costs
60.0%
50.0%
40.0%
Upper 25%
30.0%
All
20.0%
Lower 25%
10.0%
0.0%
Seeds
Fertiliser
Crop Chemicals
Inputs
19
Sundry Expenses
Winter Oilseed rape
Enterprise Margin Performance Data
Per hectare
2010/11
2011/12
Summary Data
Number of Enterprises
Area (ha)
Yield (t/ha)
Production (t)
Price (£/t)
Gross Margin (£/ha)
Upper 25%
All
35
28.0
3.6
101
£307
£706
Lower 25%
Upper 25%
9
23.1
2.5
58
£294
£251
9
29.5
4.8
143
£396
£1,455
All
38
28.8
4.2
121
£386
£1,150
Lower 25%
9
29.8
4.4
130
£352
£1,188
Value of Crop Output
Value of Straw Sold
Total Output Value
Seeds
Fertiliser
Crop Chemicals
Sundry Expenses
Variable Costs
Gross Margin
£1,540
£10
£1,550
£44
£177
£123
£17
-£361
£1,188
£1,117
£13
£1,130
£52
£196
£153
£22
-£424
£706
£748
£3
£752
£61
£242
£184
£14
-£501
£251
£1,914
£2
£1,916
£51
£240
£150
£20
-£461
£1,455
£1,617
£5
£1,622
£59
£241
£155
£17
-£472
£1,150
£1,322
£11
£1,333
£66
£243
£161
£15
-£486
£847
£35,344
4.3
£19,757
2.7
£5,809
1.5
£42,942
4.2
£33,124
3.4
£21,244
2.7
Enterprise Income
Output/Input Ratio
10
25.1
3.5
87
£383
£847
Winter oilseed rape
: Average Output, Input and Gross Margin values
£2,000
£1,500
£ per hectare
£1,000
2010/11
£500
2011/12
£0
-£500
-£1,000
Total Output Value
Variable Costs
Performance data
Gross Margin
Winter oilseed rape : % spend on variable costs 2011/12
Percentage of variable costs
60.0%
50.0%
40.0%
Upper 25%
All
30.0%
Lower 25%
20.0%
10.0%
0.0%
Seeds
Fertiliser
Crop Chemicals
Inputs
20
Sundry Expenses
Spring oats
Enterprise Margin Performance Data
Per hectare
2010/11
2011/12
Summary Data
Number of Enterprises
Area (ha)
Yield (t/ha)
Production (t)
Price (£/t)
Gross Margin (£/ha)
Upper 25%
All
22
16.1
4.6
74
£139
£571
Lower 25%
Upper 25%
5
8.9
2.8
25
£117
£208
5
9.4
6.0
56
£175
£969
All
21
17.3
4.7
82
£166
£612
Lower 25%
5
13.5
6.1
82
£160
£949
Value of Crop Output
Value of Straw Sold
Total Output Value
Seeds
Fertiliser
Crop Chemicals
Sundry Expenses
Variable Costs
Gross Margin
£941
£237
£1,179
£83
£77
£36
£34
-£229
£949
£633
£139
£772
£64
£94
£31
£12
-£201
£571
£323
£100
£423
£67
£119
£25
£4
-£215
£208
£1,023
£209
£1,232
£56
£112
£78
£17
-£263
£969
£766
£143
£909
£102
£132
£38
£26
-£298
£612
£573
£62
£634
£171
£130
£14
£58
-£373
£261
£12,787
5.1
£9,171
3.8
£1,851
2.0
£9,091
4.7
£10,549
3.1
£2,086
1.7
Enterprise Income
Output/Input Ratio
5
8.0
3.8
30
£153
£261
Spring oats : Average Output, Input and Gross Margin values
£1,000
£800
£ per hectare
£600
2010/11
£400
2011/12
£200
£0
-£200
-£400
Total Output Value
Variable Costs
Gross Margin
Performance data
Percentage of variable costs
Spring oats : % spend on variable costs 2011/12
50.0%
45.0%
40.0%
35.0%
30.0%
25.0%
20.0%
15.0%
10.0%
5.0%
0.0%
Upper 25%
All
Lower 25%
Seeds
Fertiliser
Crop Chemicals
Inputs
21
Sundry Expenses
Winter Oats and Potatoes Enterprise Margin Performance Data
Per hectare
2010/11
2011/12
Summary Data
Number of Enterprises
Area (ha)
Yield (t/ha)
Production (t)
Price (£/t)
Gross Margin (£/ha)
Winter oats
Potatoes
Winter oats
Potatoes
9
22.9
7.0
161
£126
£654
14
42.7
36.7
1565
£180
£4,078
9
29.4
5.9
174
£166
£753
16
34.6
33.8
1168
£164
£3,391
Value of Crop Output
Value of Straw Sold
Total Output Value
Seeds
Fertiliser
Crop Chemicals
Sundry Expenses
Variable Costs
Gross Margin
£874
£61
£935
£53
£144
£65
£18
-£281
£654
£5,705
£0
£5,705
£663
£329
£468
£166
-£1,627
£4,078
£955
£99
£1,054
£66
£169
£50
£16
-£301
£753
£4,918
£0
£4,918
£483
£405
£434
£206
-£1,527
£3,391
£15,000
3.3
£173,943
3.5
£22,154
3.5
£117,356
3.2
Enterprise Income
Output/Input Ratio
22
Winter oats : Average Output, Input and Gross Margin
values
Potatoes: Average Output, Input and Gross Margin
values
£7,000
£1,000
£6,000
£800
£5,000
2010/11
£600
2011/12
£400
£4,000
£ per hectare
£ per hectare
£1,200
£200
2010/11
£3,000
2011/12
£2,000
£1,000
£0
£0
-£200
-£1,000
-£400
-£2,000
Total Output Value
Variable Costs
Gross Margin
Total Output Value
Performance data
50.0%
40.0%
2010/11
30.0%
2011/12
20.0%
10.0%
0.0%
Fertiliser
Crop Chemicals
Gross Margin
Potatoes : % spend on variable costs
Percentage of variable costs
Percentage of variable costs
Winter oats : % spend on variable costs
60.0%
Seeds
Variable Costs
Performance data
Sundry
Expenses
45.0%
40.0%
35.0%
30.0%
25.0%
20.0%
15.0%
10.0%
5.0%
0.0%
2010/11
2011/12
Seeds
Inputs
Fertiliser
Crop Chemicals
Inputs
23
Sundry
Expenses
Dairy cows
Per head
Summary Data
Number of Enterprises
Herd Size
Yield per cow
Gross Margin per litre (ppl)
Gross Margin per head (£/hd)
Milk sold
Milk used on farm
Livestock sales
Total sales
Closing valuation
Total purchases
Opening valuation
Blsa
Output Value
Homegrown concentrates
Purchased concentrates
Roughages
Homegrown straw
Keep taken
Vet & med
Sundry livestock expenses
Forage costs
Variable Costs
GROSS MARGIN
Enterprise Income
Output/Input Ratio per head
Enterprise Margin Performance Data
2010/11
All
Upper 25%
9
136
7,428
15.49
£1,151
ppl
24.45
0.36
3.02
27.43
13.19
4.17
12.43
0.17
23.86
0.19
4.93
0.68
0.04
0.09
0.38
0.93
1.14
-8.37
15.49
£/head
£1,842
£27
£218
£2,086
£985
£325
£917
£27
£1,802
£14
£389
£51
£3
£5
£31
£73
£87
-£652
£1,151
£156,472
2.8
36
148
7,192
12.35
£882
ppl
24.35
0.46
3.27
27.58
13.62
4.83
12.98
0.39
22.99
0.53
6.24
0.58
0.08
0.08
0.64
1.28
1.2
-10.64
12.35
£/head
£1,756
£30
£224
£2,011
£968
£354
£910
£31
£1,683
£36
£476
£45
£5
£6
£50
£95
£89
-£801
£882
£130,771
Lower 25%
Upper 25%
9
110
5,904
11.39
£612
ppl
24.78
0.73
3.91
28.58
15.98
5.28
16.35
0.45
22.47
10
196
7,827
16.17
£1,284
ppl
28.59
0.23
3.34
31.9
13.37
4.62
11.5
0.94
28.21
0.83
6.44
0.45
0.14
0.12
0.57
1.33
1.2
-11.08
11.39
2.1
24
£/head
£1,410
£39
£198
£1,646
£910
£319
£910
£22
£1,306
2011/12
All
£/head
£2,300
£16
£267
£2,583
£1,082
£380
£929
£78
£2,278
39
181
7,177
13.55
£983
ppl
27.78
0.23
3.64
31.4
14.74
5.9
13.29
0.82
26.12
Lower 25%
£/head
£2,011
£16
£259
£2,285
£1,045
£405
£944
£60
£1,919
9
230
6,057
10.75
£613
ppl
27.76
0.24
3.8
31.55
18.31
8.3
16.33
0.8
24.42
£/head
£1,649
£12
£209
£1,869
£1,044
£433
£940
£52
£1,488
£42
£414
£31
£7
£9
£38
£80
£72
-£694
£612
£67,408
0.31
7.33
0.73
0.02
0.06
0.74
1.45
1.4
-12.04
16.17
£23
£613
£61
£2
£5
£61
£118
£111
-£995
£1,284
£251,732
0.42
7.42
0.88
0.08
0.09
0.77
1.49
1.43
-12.57
13.55
£30
£565
£67
£6
£5
£58
£109
£100
-£937
£983
£178,241
0.45
7.67
1
0.12
0.25
0.84
1.58
1.76
-13.67
10.75
£31
£521
£66
£8
£9
£55
£92
£93
-£875
£613
£140,783
1.9
2.3
2.3
2.1
2.0
1.8
1.7
Dairy cows : Average Output, Input and Gross Margin values
30
25
Pence per litre
20
15
2010/11
10
2011/12
5
0
-5
-10
-15
Total Output Value
Variable Costs
Performance data
Gross Margin
Dairy cows : % spend on variable costs 2011/12
60.0%
50.0%
40.0%
Upper 25%
30.0%
All
20.0%
Lower 25%
10.0%
25
Forage costs
Sundry livestock
expenses
Inputs
Vet & med
Keep taken
Homegrown straw
Roughages
Purchased
concentrates
0.0%
Homegrown
concentrates
Percentage of variable costs
70.0%
Dairy Mixed
Per head
Summary Data
Upper 25%
Number of Enterprises
Herd size
Total sales
Closing valuation
Total purchases
Opening valuation
Blsa
Output Value
Homegrown concentrates
Purchased concentrates
Roughages
Homegrown straw
Keep taken
Vet & med
Sundry livestock expenses
Forage costs
Variable Costs
GROSS MARGIN
Enterprise Income
Output/Input Ratio per head
2010/11
All
Lower 25%
Upper 25%
2011/12
All
Lower 25%
6
23
6
5
22
6
117
£881
£/head
£1,054
£122
£844
£0
£969
110
£840
£/head
£1,014
£145
£959
£0
£750
112
£613
£/head
£886
£166
£762
£0
£571
127
£1,152
£/head
£1,321
£151
£1,203
£0
£1,119
102
£1,009
£/head
£1,257
£203
£1,179
£0
£885
82
£943
£/head
£1,247
£284
£1,146
£0
£760
£38
£153
£19
£15
£8
£36
£48
£84
-£400
£569
£66,242
£49
£179
£33
£10
£15
£32
£65
£80
-£463
£287
£31,669
£29
£224
£59
£7
£19
£35
£67
£96
-£535
£36
£4,059
£63
£121
£10
£16
£14
£29
£47
£88
-£388
£731
£92,812
£46
£190
£39
£8
£20
£45
£68
£103
-£519
£366
£37,313
£33
£247
£55
£6
£26
£48
£73
£137
-£625
£135
£11,072
2.4
1.6
1.1
2.9
1.7
1.2
Dairy mixed: Average Output, Input and Gross Margin values
£1,000
£800
£600
2010/11
£400
2011/12
£200
£0
Pence per litre
-£200
-£400
-£600
Total Output Value
Variable Costs
Gross Margin
Performance data
Dairy mixed: % spend on variable costs 2011/12
45.0%
40.0%
35.0%
30.0%
25.0%
20.0%
Upper 25%
15.0%
All
10.0%
Lower 25%
5.0%
Perce ntage of variabl e costs
0.0%
Vet & med
Roug hages
Homegr own
Keep taken
expe nses
concentrates
Sundry livestock
Homegr own straw
Inputs
Purcha sed concentrates
26
Forage costs
Beef Hill Herds
Enterprise Margin Performance Data
Per head
Summary Data
Upper 25%
Number of Enterprises
Herd size
Total sales
Closing valuation
Total purchases
Opening valuation
Blsa
Output Value
Homegrown concentrates
Purchased concentrates
Roughages
Homegrown straw
Keep taken
Vet & med
Sundry livestock expenses
Forage costs
Variable Costs
GROSS MARGIN
Enterprise Income
Output/Input Ratio per head
2010/11
All
Lower 25%
6
40
£603
£/head
£1,175
£77
£989
£33
£679
25
37
£562
£/head
£1,225
£103
£1,113
£29
£542
7
30
£426
£/head
£1,469
£139
£1,315
£33
£408
£18
£71
£15
£20
£0
£31
£38
£76
-£269
£410
£16,302
£7
£194
£109
£8
£6
£35
£54
£58
-£470
£72
£2,675
2.5
1.2
Upper 25%
2011/12
All
Lower 25%
4
"
"
£/head
"
"
"
"
"
17
53
£630
£/head
£1,436
£64
£1,365
£41
£596
5
36
£524
£/head
£1,361
£34
£1,449
£14
£388
£0
£408
£247
£0
£4
£32
£73
£24
-£789
-£381
-£11,350
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
£6
£151
£102
£5
£15
£42
£65
£47
-£433
£163
£8,642
£0
£220
£183
£0
£20
£41
£59
£40
-£564
-£175
-£6,364
0.5
"
1.4
0.7
Beef Hill Herds: Average Output, Input and Gross Margin values
£800
£600
£400
2010/11
£200
2011/12
£0
Pence per litre
-£200
-£400
-£600
Total Output Value
Variable Costs
Gross Margin
Performance data
Beef: Hill Herds: % spend on variable costs 2011/12
45.0%
40.0%
35.0%
30.0%
25.0%
20.0%
All
15.0%
Lower 25%
10.0%
5.0%
Perce ntage of variabl e costs
0.0%
Vet & med
Roug hages
Homegr own
Keep taken
expe nses
concentrates
Sundry livestock
Homegr own straw
Inputs
Purcha sed concentrates
27
Forage costs
Beef Upland Suckler
(c. 12 months)
Per head
Summary Data
Enterprise Margin Performance Data
Upper 25%
Number of Enterprises
Herd size
Total sales
Closing valuation
Total purchases
Opening valuation
Blsa
Output Value
Homegrown concentrates
Purchased concentrates
Roughages
Homegrown straw
Keep taken
Vet & med
Sundry livestock expenses
Forage costs
Variable Costs
GROSS MARGIN
Enterprise Income
Output/Input Ratio per head
2010/11
All
Lower 25%
Upper 25%
2011/12
All
Lower 25%
35
113
£685
£/head
£1,494
£63
£1,327
£41
£749
143
90
£638
£/head
£1,342
£74
£1,261
£34
£613
35
70
£629
£/head
£1,177
£87
£1,164
£30
£525
32
94
£840
£/head
£1,596
£101
£1,436
£43
£857
126
87
£776
£/head
£1,447
£104
£1,359
£52
£709
32
81
£740
£/head
£1,227
£97
£1,250
£60
£563
£23
£84
£26
£17
£8
£32
£38
£80
-£306
£442
£49,816
£24
£96
£42
£17
£10
£37
£46
£87
-£360
£253
£22,770
£48
£110
£64
£29
£12
£41
£59
£94
-£457
£68
£4,770
£33
£80
£22
£14
£8
£40
£51
£90
-£338
£519
£48,825
£39
£110
£37
£15
£12
£41
£55
£95
-£403
£307
£26,569
£53
£145
£47
£24
£12
£42
£51
£88
-£462
£101
£8,177
2.4
1.7
1.1
2.5
1.8
1.2
Beef Upland Suckler: Average Output, Input and Gross Margin values
£800
£600
£400
2010/11
£200
2011/12
£0
Pence per litre
-£200
-£400
-£600
Total Output Value
Variable Costs
Gross Margin
Performance data
Beef Upland Suckler: % spend on variable costs 2011/12
35.0%
30.0%
25.0%
20.0%
15.0%
Upper 25%
10.0%
All
Lower 25%
5.0%
Perce ntage of variabl e costs
0.0%
Vet & med
Roug hages
Homegr own
Keep taken
expe nses
concentrates
Sundry livestock
Homegr own straw
Inputs
Purcha sed concentrates
28
Forage costs
Beef: Lowland Suckler Herds
Enterprise Margin Performance Data
Per head
Summary Data
Number of Enterprises
Upper 25%
11
Herd size
Total sales
Closing valuation
Total purchases
Opening valuation
Blsa
Output Value
Homegrown concentrates
Purchased concentrates
Roughages
Homegrown straw
Keep taken
Vet & med
Sundry livestock expenses
Forage costs
Variable Costs
GROSS MARGIN
Enterprise Income
Output/Input Ratio per head
2010/11
All
2011/12
All
Lower 25% Upper 25%
42
11
8
32
Lower 25%
8
81
£759
£/head
£1,521
£70
£1,435
£34
£741
72
£716
£/head
£1,424
£134
£1,331
£35
£639
48
£569
£/head
£1,420
£216
£1,254
£52
£467
67
£790
£/head
£1,612
£42
£1,440
£33
£887
77
£842
£/head
£1,564
£88
£1,493
£41
£785
78
£884
£/head
£1,473
£137
£1,542
£3
£675
£33
£66
£21
£42
£13
£47
£33
£89
-£344
£397
£32,247
£45
£92
£40
£59
£12
£40
£36
£99
-£422
£217
£15,680
£45
£140
£45
£50
£6
£42
£45
£94
-£466
£1
£31
£39
£82
£52
£27
£14
£43
£30
£69
-£355
£532
£35,450
£52
£90
£34
£56
£8
£51
£40
£122
-£452
£333
£25,631
£76
£97
£33
£69
£12
£49
£41
£150
-£526
£149
£11,620
2.2
1.5
1.0
2.5
1.7
1.3
Beef - Lowland suckler herds: Average Output, Input and Gross Margin
Beef - Forward stores: Average Output,
values Input and Gross Margin values
£1,000
£400
£800
£300
£600
£200
2010/11
£400
£100
£200
£0
£0
2011/12
Pence per
Pence
litreper litre
-£100
-£200
-£200
-£400
-£300
-£600
Total Output Value
Variable Costs
Gross Margin
Performance data
- Forward
stores:
% spend
on variable
costs
2011/12
BeefBeef
- Lowland
suckler
herds:
% spend
on variable
costs
2011/12
40.0%
30.0%
35.0%
25.0%
30.0%
20.0%
25.0%
20.0%
15.0%
Upper 25%
15.0%
10.0%
10.0%
5.0%
5.0%
All
Lower 25%
Perce ntage of variabl e costs
0.0%
Vet & med
Roug hages
Homegr own
Keep taken
expe nses
concentrates
Sundry livestock
Homegr own straw
Inputs
Purcha sed concentrates
29
Forage costs
Beef: Forward stores
Enterprise Margin Performance Data
Per head
Summary Data
Number of Enterprises
Upper 25%
15
Herd size
Total sales
Closing valuation
Total purchases
Opening valuation
Blsa
Output Value
Homegrown concentrates
Purchased concentrates
Roughages
Homegrown straw
Keep taken
Vet & med
Sundry livestock expenses
Forage costs
Variable Costs
GROSS MARGIN
Enterprise Income
Output/Input Ratio per head
2010/11
All
2011/12
All
Lower 25% Upper 25%
58
15
5
18
Lower 25%
5
57
£888
£/head
£470
£529
£378
£0
£451
66
£761
£/head
£298
£539
£282
£0
£239
55
£675
£/head
£252
£521
£331
£0
£75
62
£1,123
£/head
£284
£591
£334
£0
£481
72
£977
£/head
£380
£660
£351
£0
£347
75
£717
£/head
£410
£625
£308
£0
£198
£15
£35
£21
£15
£8
£14
£28
£32
-£168
£283
£16,012
£16
£51
£15
£10
£9
£10
£25
£30
-£166
£72
£4,792
£8
£77
£17
£10
£10
£9
£30
£35
-£196
-£121
-£6,642
£23
£69
£8
£26
£7
£9
£20
£49
-£211
£270
£16,655
£52
£81
£10
£15
£17
£7
£24
£36
-£242
£105
£7,610
£43
£79
£7
£9
£5
£8
£28
£30
-£210
-£12
-£893
2.7
1.4
0.4
2.3
1.4
0.9
Beef - Forward stores: Average Output, Input and Gross Margin values
£400
£300
£200
2010/11
£100
2011/12
£0
Pence per litre
-£100
-£200
-£300
Total Output Value
Variable Costs
Gross Margin
Performance data
Beef - Forward stores: % spend on variable costs 2011/12
40.0%
35.0%
30.0%
25.0%
20.0%
Upper 25%
15.0%
All
10.0%
Lower 25%
5.0%
Perce ntage of variabl e costs
0.0%
Vet & med
Roug hages
Homegr own
Keep taken
expe nses
concentrates
Sundry livestock
Homegr own straw
Inputs
Purcha sed concentrates
30
Forage costs
Beef: Mixed
Enterprise Margin Performance Data
Per head
Summary Data
Number of Enterprises
Upper 25%
9
Herd size
Total sales
Closing valuation
Total purchases
Opening valuation
Blsa
Output Value
Homegrown concentrates
Purchased concentrates
Roughages
Homegrown straw
Keep taken
Vet & med
Sundry livestock expenses
Forage costs
Variable Costs
GROSS MARGIN
Enterprise Income
Output/Input Ratio per head
2010/11
All
2011/12
All
Lower 25% Upper 25%
36
9
9
33
Lower 25%
8
56
£902
£/head
£397
£415
£377
£0
£507
96
£806
£/head
£420
£503
£386
£0
£337
86
£682
£/head
£290
£539
£288
£0
£146
86
£1,211
£/head
£576
£557
£568
£0
£662
82
£985
£/head
£468
£631
£437
£0
£385
81
£784
£/head
£351
£691
£268
£0
£175
£24
£62
£10
£12
£7
£14
£43
£52
-£224
£283
£15,738
£45
£79
£19
£15
£6
£13
£31
£39
-£248
£89
£8,544
£62
£90
£11
£19
£3
£14
£26
£37
-£261
-£115
-£9,901
£31
£144
£17
£22
£3
£14
£34
£58
-£323
£340
£29,129
£41
£104
£14
£13
£6
£14
£30
£48
-£270
£115
£9,398
£36
£132
£20
£3
£13
£14
£34
£24
-£277
-£103
-£8,272
2.3
1.4
0.6
2.1
1.4
0.6
Beef - Mixed: Average Output, Input and Gross Margin values
£500
£400
£300
£200
2010/11
£100
2011/12
£0
-£100
Pence per litre
-£200
-£300
-£400
Total Output Value
Variable Costs
Gross Margin
Performance data
Beef - Mixed: % spend on variable costs 2011/12
60.0%
50.0%
40.0%
30.0%
Upper 25%
20.0%
All
10.0%
Lower 25%
Perce ntage of variabl e costs
0.0%
Vet & med
Roug hages
Homegr own
Keep taken
expe nses
concentrates
Sundry livestock
Homegr own straw
Inputs
Purcha sed concentrates
31
Forage costs
Beef: Finishing
Enterprise Margin Performance Data
Per head
Summary Data
Number of Enterprises
Upper 25%
22
Herd size
Total sales
Closing valuation
Total purchases
Opening valuation
Blsa
Output Value
Homegrown concentrates
Purchased concentrates
Roughages
Homegrown straw
Keep taken
Vet & med
Sundry livestock expenses
Forage costs
Variable Costs
GROSS MARGIN
Enterprise Income
Output/Input Ratio per head
2010/11
All
2011/12
All
Lower 25%
105
27
Lower 25% Upper 25%
90
23
27
110
£1,052
£/head
£659
£572
£594
£0
£545
118
£1,047
£/head
£623
£592
£656
£0
£422
109
£964
£/head
£640
£561
£730
£0
£313
90
£1,533
£/head
£1,171
£888
£1,036
£0
£785
126
£1,186
£/head
£809
£748
£712
£0
£537
128
£1,014
£/head
£650
£713
£573
£0
£379
£73
£59
£12
£21
£11
£15
£25
£47
-£263
£282
£31,136
£89
£89
£14
£39
£7
£14
£30
£49
-£330
£92
£10,900
£113
£104
£15
£41
£7
£17
£42
£53
-£391
-£78
-£8,536
£56
£187
£42
£37
£4
£15
£26
£61
-£427
£358
£32,290
£83
£131
£26
£32
£6
£14
£29
£57
-£379
£158
£19,847
£103
£145
£23
£34
£4
£12
£36
£47
-£404
-£24
-£3,116
2.1
1.3
0.8
1.8
1.4
0.9
Beef - Finishing: Average Output, Input and Gross Margin values
£600
£400
£200
2010/11
2011/12
£0
-£200
Pence per litre
-£400
-£600
Total Output Value
Variable Costs
Gross Margin
Performance data
Beef - Finishing: % spend on variable costs 2011/12
50.0%
45.0%
40.0%
35.0%
30.0%
25.0%
Upper 25%
20.0%
15.0%
All
10.0%
Lower 25%
5.0%
Perce ntage of variabl e costs
0.0%
Vet & med
Roug hages
Homegr own
Keep taken
expe nses
concentrates
Sundry livestock
Homegr own straw
Inputs
Purcha sed concentrates
32
Forage costs
Sheep - Extensive / Hardhill
Enterprise Margin Performance Data
Per head
Summary Data
Number of Enterprises
Upper 25%
11
Flock size
Total sales
Closing valuation
Total purchases
Opening valuation
Blsa
Output Value
Homegrown concentrates
Purchased concentrates
Roughages
Homegrown straw
Keep taken
Vet & med
Sundry livestock expenses
Forage costs
Variable Costs
GROSS MARGIN
Enterprise Income
Output/Input Ratio per head
2010/11
All
2011/12
All
Lower 25% Upper 25%
45
11
11
43
Lower 25%
11
876
£76
£/head
£89
£13
£77
£7
£69
708
£48
£/head
£71
£6
£59
£7
£47
667
£24
£/head
£66
£5
£49
£8
£28
794
£95
£/head
£114
£9
£102
£9
£89
787
£57
£/head
£86
£6
£75
£8
£55
678
£27
£/head
£73
£3
£62
£8
£28
£1
£10
£1
£0
£2
£4
£6
£4
-£29
£40
£34,987
£0
£9
£1
£0
£2
£5
£6
£5
-£28
£18
£13,057
£0
£8
£1
£0
£4
£4
£5
£7
-£32
-£4
-£2,656
£2
£7
£1
£0
£3
£8
£7
£4
-£30
£58
£46,250
£1
£9
£1
£0
£2
£5
£6
£5
-£29
£26
£20,331
£1
£7
£1
£0
£3
£4
£5
£5
-£27
£1
£420
2.4
1.7
0.9
2.9
1.9
1.0
Sheep - Extensive / Hardhill: Average Output, Input and Gross Margin values
£60
£50
£40
£30
2010/11
£20
2011/12
£10
£0
Pence per litre
-£10
-£20
-£30
-£40
Total Output Value
Variable Costs
Gross Margin
Performance data
Sheep - Extensive / Hardhill: % spend on variable costs 2011/12
35.0%
30.0%
25.0%
20.0%
15.0%
Upper 25%
10.0%
All
Lower 25%
5.0%
Perce ntage of variabl e costs
0.0%
Vet & med
Roug hages
Homegr own
Keep taken
expe nses
concentrates
Sundry livestock
Homegr own straw
Inputs
Purcha sed concentrates
33
Forage costs
Sheep - Finished /Store lambs Enterprise Margin Performance Data
Per head
Summary Data
Number of Enterprises
2010/11
All
Lower 25% Upper 25%
114
29
34
Upper 25%
30
Flock size
Total sales
Closing valuation
Total purchases
Opening valuation
Blsa
Output Value
Homegrown concentrates
Purchased concentrates
Roughages
Homegrown straw
Keep taken
Vet & med
Sundry livestock expenses
Forage costs
Variable Costs
GROSS MARGIN
Enterprise Income
Output/Input Ratio per head
2011/12
All
138
Lower 25%
35
488
£124
£/head
£91
£20
£75
£8
£112
511
£98
£/head
£88
£17
£73
£8
£88
494
£73
£/head
£79
£17
£62
£9
£64
333
£144
£/head
£116
£27
£100
£4
£130
491
£112
£/head
£102
£19
£88
£6
£101
458
£83
£/head
£95
£16
£83
£4
£75
£0
£0
£13
£1
£0
£2
£6
£7
£8
-£39
£74
£35,951
£0
£2
£13
£1
£0
£3
£6
£7
£9
-£42
£46
£23,293
£0
£3
£15
£2
£1
£4
£7
£7
£9
-£47
£17
£8,377
£2
£11
£2
£1
£3
£7
£10
£8
-£45
£85
£28,310
£2
£13
£2
£1
£4
£6
£9
£10
-£46
£55
£26,921
£2
£17
£2
£0
£7
£7
£8
£10
-£54
£21
£9,606
2.9
2.1
1.4
2.9
2.2
1.4
Sheep - Finished/Store lamb production: Average Output, Input and Gross
Margin values
£120
£100
£80
£60
2010/11
£40
2011/12
£20
Pence per litre
£0
-£20
-£40
-£60
Total Output Value
Variable Costs
Gross Margin
Performance data
Sheep - Finished/Store lamb production: % spend on variable costs 2011/12
35.0%
30.0%
25.0%
20.0%
15.0%
Upper 25%
10.0%
All
Lower 25%
5.0%
Perce ntage of variabl e costs
0.0%
Vet & med
Roug hages
Homegr own
Keep taken
expe nses
concentrates
Sundry livestock
Homegr own straw
Inputs
Purcha sed concentrates
34
Forage costs
Sheep - Lowland (non-LFA)
Enterprise Margin Performance Data
Per head
Summary Data
Number of Enterprises
Upper 25%
9
Flock size
Total sales
Closing valuation
Total purchases
Opening valuation
Blsa
Output Value
Homegrown concentrates
Purchased concentrates
Roughages
Homegrown straw
Keep taken
Vet & med
Sundry livestock expenses
Forage costs
Variable Costs
GROSS MARGIN
Enterprise Income
Output/Input Ratio per head
2010/11
All
2011/12
All
Lower 25% Upper 25%
39
10
9
36
Lower 25%
9
303
£142
£/head
£150
£47
£113
£5
£128
312
£126
£/head
£126
£26
£107
£8
£110
423
£134
£/head
£125
£11
£129
£11
£108
192
£160
£/head
£123
£21
£114
£8
£141
310
£146
£/head
£133
£32
£123
£5
£120
140
£154
£/head
£120
£52
£114
£6
£102
£0
£13
£1
£1
£0
£8
£7
£8
-£39
£89
£26,945
£3
£19
£2
£2
£3
£7
£11
£9
-£57
£53
£16,707
£3
£34
£6
£3
£4
£9
£15
£14
-£87
£22
£9,101
£1
£15
£2
£1
£1
£6
£16
£10
-£52
£90
£17,204
£3
£22
£1
£3
£2
£8
£13
£14
-£65
£55
£16,936
£6
£28
£1
£3
£3
£11
£10
£18
-£80
£22
£3,069
3.3
1.9
1.2
2.7
1.8
1.3
Sheep - Lowland (non -LFA) : Average Output, Input and Gross Margin values
£150
£100
2010/11
£50
2011/12
£0
Pence per litre
-£50
-£100
Total Output Value
Variable Costs
Gross Margin
Performance data
Sheep - Lowland (non -LFA) : % spend on variable costs 2011/12
40.0%
35.0%
30.0%
25.0%
20.0%
Upper 25%
15.0%
All
10.0%
Lower 25%
5.0%
Perce ntage of variabl e costs
0.0%
Vet & med
Roug hages
Homegr own
Keep taken
expe nses
concentrates
Sundry livestock
Homegr own straw
Inputs
Purcha sed concentrates
35
Forage costs
Store lamb finishing (long keep)Enterprise Margin Performance Data
Per head
Summary Data
Number of Enterprises
Upper 25%
7
Flock size
Total sales
Closing valuation
Total purchases
Opening valuation
Blsa
Output Value
2010/11
All
2011/12
All
Lower 25% Upper 25%
25
6
8
34
Lower 25%
9
239
£93
£/head
£31
£48
£28
£0
£48
325
£73
£/head
£23
£44
£21
£0
£30
174
£49
£/head
£16
£41
£8
£0
£16
363
£89
£/head
£30
£50
£28
£0
£42
322
£75
£/head
£23
£55
£15
£0
£28
225
£58
£/head
£31
£57
£15
£0
£17
£1
£5
£0
£0
£0
£1
£2
£2
-£11
£37
£8,902
£1
£4
£0
£0
£1
£1
£2
£1
-£11
£20
£6,344
£0
£4
£0
£1
£2
£1
£2
£1
-£9
£6
£1,083
£0
£4
£0
£0
£1
£1
£4
£1
-£12
£30
£10,915
£1
£4
£1
£0
£1
£1
£3
£2
-£12
£16
£5,102
£1
£4
£2
£1
£0
£1
£3
£3
-£15
£2
£410
4.5
2.8
1.7
3.6
2.3
1.1
Homegrown concentrates
Purchased concentrates
Roughages
Homegrown straw
Keep taken
Vet & med
Sundry livestock expenses
Forage costs
Variable Costs
GROSS MARGIN
Enterprise Income
Output/Input Ratio per head
Store lamb finishing (long keep) : Average Output, Input and Gross Margin
values
£35
£30
£25
£20
2010/11
£15
2011/12
£10
£5
Pence per litre
£0
-£5
-£10
-£15
Total Output Value
Variable Costs
Gross Margin
Performance data
Store lamb finishing (long keep) : % spend on variable costs 2011/12
40.0%
35.0%
30.0%
25.0%
20.0%
Upper 25%
15.0%
All
10.0%
Lower 25%
5.0%
Perce ntage of variabl e costs
0.0%
Vet & med
Roug hages
Homegr own
Keep taken
expe nses
concentrates
Sundry livestock
Homegr own straw
Inputs
Purcha sed concentrates
36
Forage costs
Other livestock
Enterprise Margin Performance Data
Per head
2010/11
2011/12
Dairy
Followers
Beef:
Suckler
Calves (6m)
Closing valuation
Total purchases
Opening valuation
Blsa
Total Output Value
12
61
£1,250
£/head
£1,517
£173
1291.31
£0
£1,303
10
75
£655
£/head
£1,234
£116
1175.59
£23
£574
10
807
£117
£/head
£101
£22
75.85
£14
£105
Homegrown concentrates
Purchased concentrates
Roughages
Homegrown straw
Keep taken
Vet & med
Sundry livestock expenses
Forage costs
Variable Costs
Gross Margin
£32
£216
£49
£3
£120
£47
£114
£104
-£686
£617
£29
£91
£45
£4
£18
£25
£57
£85
-£354
£220
£37,455
1.9
£16,411
1.6
Summary Data
Number of Enterprises
Herd size
Total sales
Enterprise Income
Output/Input Ratio
Sheep:
Crossbred Store Lamb
Ewe (short keep)
Dairy
Followers
Beef:
Suckler
Calves (6m)
10
156
£74
£/head
£13
£52
16.94
£0
£18
17
104
£1,161
£/head
£1,343
£167
1241.93
£0
£1,095
8
65
£676
£/head
£1,353
£120
1129.75
£53
£725
5
1000
£114
£/head
£112
£14
98.69
£6
£108
5
141
£75
£/head
£2
£57
0
£0
£20
£1
£9
£0
£1
£3
£7
£8
£5
-£34
£71
£1
£1
£0
£0
£0
£1
£2
£1
-£6
£12
£24
£275
£61
£3
£25
£51
£108
£98
-£645
£449
£8
£108
£45
£1
£4
£46
£58
£71
-£342
£383
£4
£9
£0
£1
£4
£6
£9
£10
-£43
£64
£0
£3
£0
£0
£0
£0
£3
£1
-£8
£12
£57,205
3.1
£1,865
3.0
£46,951
1.7
£25,010
2.1
£64,167
2.5
£1,736
2.6
37
Sheep:
Crossbred Store Lamb
Ewe (short keep)
Dairy followers : % spend on variable costs
Percentage of variable costs
Dairy followers : Average
Output, Input and Gross Margin values
£1,500
£ per hectare
£1,000
2010/11
£500
2011/12
£0
45.0%
40.0%
35.0%
30.0%
25.0%
2010/11
20.0%
2011/12
15.0%
10.0%
5.0%
-£500
Percentage of variable costs
£800
£600
£400
2010/11
£200
Forage costs
Beef suckler calves (6 months) : % spend on
variable costs
Beef suckler calves (6months) : Average
Output, Input and Gross Margin values
£ per hectare
Vet & med
Inputs
Sundry livestock
expenses
Gross Margin
Keep taken
Variable Costs
Performance data
Homegrown
straw
Total Output Value
Roughages
-£1,000
Purchased
concentrates
Homegrown
concentrates
0.0%
2011/12
£0
35.0%
30.0%
25.0%
20.0%
2010/11
15.0%
2011/12
10.0%
5.0%
-£200
Forage costs
Vet & med
Inputs
Sundry livestock
expenses
Gross Margin
Performance data
Keep taken
Variable Costs
Roughages
Total Output Value
Homegrown
straw
-£600
Purchased
concentrates
Homegrown
concentrates
0.0%
-£400
Sheep Crossbred Ewes : % spend on variable costs
Percentage of variable costs
Sheep Crossbred Ewes : Average
Output, Input and Gross Margin values
£120
£100
£60
2010/11
£40
2011/12
£20
25.0%
20.0%
15.0%
2010/11
2011/12
10.0%
5.0%
£0
-£20
Inputs
Forage costs
Vet & med
Gross Margin
Sundry livestock
expenses
Variable Costs
Performance data
Keep taken
Total Output Value
Homegrown
straw
-£60
Roughages
Homegrown
concentrates
0.0%
-£40
Purchased
concentrates
£ per hectare
£80
30.0%
Store lamb (short keep) : % spend on variable costs
Percentage of variable costs
Store lamb (short keep) : Average
Output, Input and Gross Margin values
£25
£20
2010/11
£10
2011/12
£5
£0
40.0%
35.0%
30.0%
25.0%
2010/11
20.0%
2011/12
15.0%
10.0%
5.0%
38
Forage costs
Sundry livestock
expenses
Inputs
Vet & med
Gross Margin
Keep taken
Variable Costs
Performance data
Roughages
Total Output Value
Homegrown
straw
-£10
Purchased
concentrates
0.0%
-£5
Homegrown
concentrates
£ per hectare
£15
45.0%
Definition of Terms
Livestock Enterprise Definitions
Enterprise
Classification
Dairy Cows
cows utilised of milk production
Dairy Followers
Dairy Mixed
Beef: Upland Suckler Herds Selling Claves
as Yearling Stores
Beef: Upland Suckler Herds Selling Calves
at Weaning
enterprises where more than 80% of the total average livestock
number are breeding heifers.
enterprises where less than 80% of the total average livestock number
are breeding heifers.
Upland herds selling calves between 10 and 14 months old.
Upland herds selling calves around 6 months old.
Beef: Lowland Suckler Herds
lowland, non-LFA (less favoures areas), herds.
Beef: Finishing
enterprises where more than 75% of young cattle are sold finished.
Beef: Mixed
enterprises where less than 75% of young cattle are sold as stores and
less than 75% are sold finished.
Beef: Forward Stores
enterprises where more than 75% of young cattle are sold as stores.
Beef: Hill Suckler Herds
rough grazing accounts for more than 75% of the enterprise.
Sheep: Crossbred Ewe Production
LFA enterprises where more than 50% of ewe lambs are sold for
breeding.
Sheep: Lowland (non-LFA)
finished and store lambs raised on non-LFA (less favoures areas) land.
Sheep: Finished/Store Lamb Production
finished and store lambs raised on LFA (less favoures areas) land.
Sheep: Store Lamb Finishing (Long Keep)
lambs sold finished, where more than 80% are sold after Christmas.
Sheep: Extensive/Hardhill
enterprises raising Black Face or Cheviot pure breds, where less thatn
110% of lambs are disposed.
Sheep: Store Lamb Finishing (Short Keep)
lambs sold finished, where more than 80% are sold before Christmas.
39
Crop Definitions
Area (ha)
Yield (t/ha)
Production (t)
The area of the crop enterprise in hectares
Total production divided by crop area
Area (hectares) times average yield (tonnes per hectare)
Price (£/t)
Gross Margin (£/ha)
Sales of crops plus the value of closing stocks and value transferred out to other
enterprises.
The sum of gross output less replacement and variable costs
Value of Crop Output
Value of Straw Sold
Total Output Value
The total value of crops produced by the enterprise. Any difference between the
opening valuation of any stocks of previous crops and their ultimate disposal
value (sales, used on farm and any end-year stocks) is included in total farm
output
Monetary value of straw sold
Value of crop and straw output
Fertiliser
Expenditure on purchased seeds adjusted for changes in stocks. Home-grown
seed is included and charged at estimated market price. Any seeds from current
crops and sown, are included in the closing valuation of the crop and hence in
enterprise output.
This includes lime, fertilisers and other manures, and is adjusted for changes in
stock. Fertilisers sown for next year's crops are treated as if they were still in store
and are included in the closing valuation
Crop Chemicals
This includes costs of pre-emergent sprays, fungicides, herbicides, dusts and
insecticides and other crop sprays.
Sundry Expenses
These comprise all crop inputs not separately specified, e.g. marketing charges,
packing materials, British Potato Council levy, baling twine and wire (though not
fencing wire)
Variable Costs
GROSS MARGIN
Enterprise Income
Output/Input Ratio
These are taken to be costs of feed, veterinary fees and medicines, other
livestock costs, seeds, fertilisers, crop protection and other crop costs.
The sum of gross output less replacement and variable costs
Area of enterprise in hectares multiplied by the gross margin value
Ratio of production output to what is required to produce it (inputs)
Seeds
40
Dairy Definitions
Number of Enterprises
Herd Size
Yield per cow
Gross Margin per litre (ppl)
Gross Margin per head (£/hd)
Count of separate enterprises in the sample
The average number of dairy cows in the milking herd over the year
Annual herd production in litres divided by the average number of cows in the herd
Enterprise Output less the Variable Costs of the enterprise in pence per litre
Enterprise Output less the Variable Costs of the enterprise in £'s per head
Milk sold
Milk used on farm
Livestock sales
Total sales
Closing valuation
Total purchases
Opening valuation
Blsa
Value of milk sold in ppl or £/head
The value of milk and milk products fed on the farm (excluding direct suckling)
Value of livestock sold (per head)
Value of milk sold in ppl or £/head plus, milk used on farm and livestock sales
Value of livestock at the end of the accounting period
Average value of livestock purchases on a £ per head basis
Value of livestock at the start of the accounting period
The change in value of breeding livestock between the opening and closing value
that is due to general market price changes rather than changes in the quality or age
of the herd.
Output Value
The total sales of livestock and livestock products including part of the valuation
change
home grown concentrates
purchased concentrates
roughages
This includes ex-farm value of all home produced cereals, beans, milk (excluding
direct suckling), etc. fed on the farm both from the current and previous years' crops.
This represents expenditure on feeds and feed additives
Feed high in fibre (greater than 18% crude fibre); tends to be bulky, coarse and low
in energy, hay, straw or other coarse feed fed to cattle
home grown straw
keep taken
vet & med
Sundry Livestock expenses
Value of straw consumed
Charges for grazing (seasonal)
This consists of veterinary fees and the cost of all medicines.
This comprises straw bought specifically for costs bedding materials, breeding costs
(including AI and stud fees), miscellaneous dairy expenses, disinfectants, marketing
and storage costs of animal products, Milk Development Council levy and other
livestock costs not separately identified.
Forage Costs
Variable Costs
Value of fodder crops such as hay, silage, root crops and maize
These are taken to be costs of feed, veterinary fees and medicines, other livestock
costs, seeds, fertilisers, crop protection and other crop costs.
GROSS MARGIN
Enterprise Income
Output/Input Ratio per head
Enterprise Output less the Variable Costs of the enterprise
Gross margin times the herd size
Output value divided by the variable cost (ppl basis)
41
Livestock Definitions (excluding Dairy)
Number of Enterprises
Herd size
Total sales
Count of separate enterprises in the sample
The average herd size
Value of livestock sold (per head)
Closing valuation
Total purchases
Opening valuation
Blsa
Value of livestock at the end of the accounting period
Average value of livestock purchases on a £ per head basis
Value of livestock at the start of the accounting period
The change in value of breeding livestock between the opening and closing
value that is due to general market price changes rather than changes in the
quality or age of the herd.
Total Output Value
Homegrown concentrates
Purchased concentrates
Roughages
Homegrown straw
Keep taken
Vet & med
Sundry Livestock expenses
Forage Costs
VARIABLE COSTS
GROSS MARGIN
Enterprise Income
Output/Input Ratio
The total sales of livestock and livestock products including part of the
valuation change
This includes ex-farm value of all home produced cereals, beans, milk
(excluding direct suckling), etc. fed on the farm both from the current and
previous years' crops.
This represents expenditure on feeds and feed additives
Feed high in fibre (greater than 18% crude fibre); tends to be bulky, coarse and
low in energy, hay, straw or other coarse feed fed to cattle
Value of straw consumed
Charges for grazing (seasonal)
This consists of veterinary fees and the cost of all medicines.
This comprises straw bought specifically for costs bedding materials, breeding
costs (including AI and stud fees), miscellaneous dairy expenses, disinfectants,
marketing and storage costs of animal products, Milk Development Council levy
and other livestock costs not separately identified.
Value of fodder crops such as hay, silage, root crops and maize
These are taken to be costs of feed, veterinary fees and medicines, other
livestock costs, seeds, fertilisers, crop protection and other crop costs.
Enterprise Output less the Variable Costs of the enterprise
Gross margin times the herd size
Output value divided by the variable cost (per head basis)
42
Related Information
Results from all Scottish Government agricultural surveys can be accessed here:
http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Statistics/Browse/Agriculture-Fisheries/Publications
Quality Meat Scotland (QMS) publish their own enterprises margin analysis of Scottish
livestock enterprises. These results contain more technical detail of livestock
enterprises and include net as well as gross margins, though enterprise results are
based on typically smaller sample sizes. QMS enterprise analysis can be accessed
here:
www.qmscotland.co.uk
The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) in England and
the Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (DARD in Northern Ireland
routinely publish results of enterprise margin analysis, these can be accessed from the
websites below:
England (DEFRA)
http://www.fbspartnership.co.uk/index.php?id=1530
Northern Ireland (DARD)
www.dardni.gov.uk/ni-farm-performance-indicators-2010-11.pdf
Contacts
We welcome comments on the content and format of this report, which can be sent to:
Email: agric.stats@Scotland.gsi.gov.uk
Tel: 0300 244 9718
43