Molecular Diagnostics
Part II: Regulations, Markets & Companies
A Jain PharmaBiotech Report
Molecular Diagnostics
Part II: Regulations, Markets & Companies
By
Prof. K. K. Jain
MD, FRACS, FFPM
Jain PharmaBiotech
Basel, Switzerland
June 2011
A Jain PharmaBiotech Report
AUTHOR'S
BIOGRAPHY
Professor K. K. Jain is a neurologist/neurosurgeon by training and has been working in
the biotechnology/biopharmaceuticals industry for several years. He received graduate
training in both Europe and USA, has held academic positions in several countries, and is
a Fellow of the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Medicine of the Royal College of Physicians of
UK. Currently, he is a consultant at Jain PharmaBiotech.
Prof. Jain is the author of 427 publications including 18 books (2 as editor) and 49 special
reports, which have covered important areas in biotechnology, gene therapy and
biopharmaceuticals. His books include "Role of Nanobiotechnology in Molecular
Diagnostics", published in 2006 and "Handbook of Nanomedicine", which is published in
2008 at Humana/Springer Biosciences. His other recent books include “Textbook of
Personalized Medicine” (Springer 2009), "Handbook of Biomarkers" (Springer 2010),
and “Applications of Biotechnology in Cardiovascular Therapeutics” (Springer 2011).
ABOUT
THIS
REPORT
Prof. Jain wrote the first report on DNA Diagnostics covering scientific and commercial
aspects in March 1995, which was published by PJB Publication, London. This was
updated in 1997 as Molecular Diagnostics I and the next edition, Molecular Diagnostics
II, was published in 1999  both by Decision Resources Inc, USA. All the three versions of
the reports were well accepted and sold widely. The current version was originally
published by Jain PharmaBiotech in 2001 and is constantly updated since then. Not only
was this the first such report on molecular diagnostics, it is the longest continuously
published report (15 years). It is also the most comprehensive and detailed report on this
topic containing profiles of the largest number of companies involved in molecular
diagnostics.
June 2011 (continuously published since 1995)
Copyright 2011 by
Jain PharmaBiotech
Bläsiring 7
CH-4057 Basel
Switzerland
Tel & Fax:
Email:
Web site:
+4161-6924461
info@pharmabiotech.ch
http://pharmabiotech.ch/
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise without the prior written
permission of the Publisher. This report may not be lent, resold or otherwise traded in any manner without the
consent of the Publisher. While all reasonable steps have been taken to ensure the accuracy of the information
presented, the Publisher cannot accept responsibility for inadvertent errors or omissions.
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TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
11. Ethics, Patents and Regulatory issues ................................................... 7
Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 7
Ethical concerns about genetic diagnosis............................................................................. 7
Ethical guidelines for molecular diagnostics ........................................................................... 8
Ethical aspects of direct-to-consumer genetic services ............................................................ 9
US public attitudes about genetic testing ............................................................................ 10
Genetic testing for susceptibility to adult-onset cancer ......................................................... 10
Ethics of preimplantation genetic diagnosis ......................................................................... 11
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis to screen for hereditary diseases .................................. 11
PGD to test for susceptibiliy to cancer ............................................................................ 11
PGD and stem cells ..................................................................................................... 12
Genetic research on stored tissues ..................................................................................... 12
Informed consent in clinical trials of in vitro devices ............................................................. 12
Concluding remarks about ethical issues ............................................................................. 13
Insurance underwriting and gene tests ............................................................................... 13
Should genetic information be available to health insurers? .............................................. 13
A need for the re-examination of current views............................................................... 14
Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of US ............................................................ 14
Impact of the US health care reform bill on genetic testing issues ..................................... 15
Patents for molecular diagnostics ...................................................................................... 15
PCR patents .................................................................................................................... 15
Patenting DNA sequences ................................................................................................. 15
US policy on gene patenting relevant to molecular diagnostics ............................................... 16
The impact of disease gene patents on molecular diagnostics ................................................ 16
Licensing problems associated with genetic testing .............................................................. 17
BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene patents ........................................................................................ 17
Role of the WHO in genetic testing standards .................................................................... 18
NIH's Genetic Testing Registry .......................................................................................... 18
Regulatory issues in the US ............................................................................................... 18
Assay Migration Studies for In Vitro Diagnostic Devices ........................................................ 18
Assessment of diagnostic accuracy ..................................................................................... 19
Sensitivity and specificity ............................................................................................. 19
Documentation of diagnostic accuracy ........................................................................... 20
Discovery of incidental findings on genetic screening ............................................................ 20
Evaluation of companion diagnostics/therapeutic for cancer .................................................. 21
FDA regulation of multivariate index assays ........................................................................ 21
FDA guidance for IVDs to detect pathogens ......................................................................... 22
FDA guidelines for devices to detect and differentiate HPV .................................................... 23
FDA's Microarray Quality Control ........................................................................................ 23
FDA and point-of-care diagnosis ........................................................................................ 24
Genetic testing of rare disorders ........................................................................................ 24
Quality control of molecular diagnostic laboratory procedures ................................................ 25
Quality control of point-of-care tests .................................................................................. 25
Regulation of IVD by the FDA ............................................................................................ 26
Regulation of in vivo diagnostics by the FDA ........................................................................ 27
Regulation of laboratory developed tests............................................................................. 27
Home-brew tests ........................................................................................................ 27
Laboratory-developed tests used by Medicare recipients .................................................. 28
Oversight of LDTs by the FDA ....................................................................................... 28
Regulatory aspects of FISH ............................................................................................... 29
Regulation of genetic testing ............................................................................................. 29
Role of the FDA in genetic testing ................................................................................. 29
Regulation of direct-to-consumer genetic testing ................................................................. 30
Need for regulatory oversight of DTC ............................................................................. 30
Regulatory issues concerning blood and plasma products ...................................................... 32
United States Diagnostics Standards .................................................................................. 32
Regulation of in vitro diagnostics in the EU ....................................................................... 33
EU regulations for testing of blood products ........................................................................ 33
Regulation of genetic testing in EU ..................................................................................... 33
Evaluation of diagnostic laboratory tests in the UK ............................................................... 34
Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis in the UK ....................................................................... 35
12. Markets for Molecular Diagnostics ...................................................... 37
Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 37
Methods for study of molecular diagnostic markets ........................................................... 37
The overall market for diagnostic technologies ................................................................. 38
Molecular diagnostic markets according to technologies ................................................... 38
Marketing strategies according to technologies .................................................................... 39
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Nucleic acid isolation market ............................................................................................. 39
Market for PCR-based tests ............................................................................................... 39
Markets for PCR instrumentation ................................................................................... 39
Markets for real-time PCR and qRT-PCR ......................................................................... 40
PCR market players ..................................................................................................... 40
DNA sequencing market.................................................................................................... 41
Cytogenetic market .......................................................................................................... 41
Market for FISH technologies ........................................................................................ 41
Biochip/microarray market ................................................................................................ 42
Biosensor market ............................................................................................................. 42
Nanobiotechnology for molecular diagnostics ....................................................................... 42
Markets for gene expression technologies ........................................................................... 43
Reagents and other disposable laboratory materials ............................................................. 43
Market for immunochemistry diagnostic .............................................................................. 43
Markets for tissue diagnostics ............................................................................................ 43
Molecular diagnostic markets according to therapeutic areas ........................................... 43
Genetic disorders ............................................................................................................. 44
Prenatal testing ............................................................................................................... 45
Cancer............................................................................................................................ 45
Potential markets for cancer diagnosis according to type of cancer .................................... 46
Infectious diseases ........................................................................................................... 47
Sexually transmitted diseases....................................................................................... 49
Hospital-acquired infections.......................................................................................... 49
Testing for HIV drug resistance ..................................................................................... 50
Potential markets for avian influenza diagnostics ............................................................ 50
Cardiovascular diseases .................................................................................................... 50
Neurological disorders ...................................................................................................... 51
Food testing .................................................................................................................... 51
Screening of blood for transfusion ...................................................................................... 51
Tissue typing for transplantation ........................................................................................ 52
Molecular diagnostic markets relevant to pharmaceutical industry ................................... 52
Molecular diagnosis and personalized medicine markets........................................................ 52
Growth of markets relevant to personalized medicine ........................................................... 52
Marketing opportunities according to geographic areas .................................................... 53
Unmet needs in molecular diagnostics ............................................................................... 53
Major market trends .......................................................................................................... 54
Markets according to home-brew and FDA-approved tests .................................................... 54
Decentralization of molecular diagnostics ............................................................................ 55
Point-of-care testing......................................................................................................... 55
Development of personalized medicine ............................................................................... 56
Cost of sequencing the human genome.......................................................................... 56
Cost of genotyping ...................................................................................................... 57
Marketing companion diagnostics for personalized medicine ............................................. 57
Development of low-cost tests ........................................................................................... 58
Simplification of test procedures ........................................................................................ 58
Increasing role of proteomics in clinical diagnostics .............................................................. 58
Forensic and legal applications .......................................................................................... 59
Marketing strategies .......................................................................................................... 59
Role of alliances in commercialization of molecular diagnostics .............................................. 59
Acquisitions vs collaborations ....................................................................................... 60
Analysis of collaborations in molecular diagnostics .......................................................... 63
Licensing of the technologies ........................................................................................ 64
Strategies related to laboratory facilities and technologies .................................................... 64
Strategies relevant to the healthcare system ....................................................................... 64
Cost-Benefit studies .................................................................................................... 64
Genetic susceptibility testing ........................................................................................ 65
Preventive medicine strategies ..................................................................................... 65
Targeting treatable and common diseases...................................................................... 65
Information/education ...................................................................................................... 66
Physician education ..................................................................................................... 66
Patient education ........................................................................................................ 66
European diagnostic information platform ...................................................................... 67
Regulatory strategies ....................................................................................................... 67
Merger of in vitro and in vivo diagnostics ............................................................................ 67
Integration of diagnostics with therapeutics ........................................................................ 68
Diagnostic applications in clinical trials ............................................................................... 68
Prospects for development of new technologies ................................................................ 68
Drivers for the development of molecular diagnostics ........................................................... 68
Factors slowing the development of molecular diagnostics .................................................... 69
Government support of research relevant to molecular diagnostics ........................................ 70
Cost of sequencing the human genome.......................................................................... 70
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European projects for improving molecular diagnostics ......................................................... 72
European Consortium for developing new DNA analysis tools ............................................ 72
EU project for improvement of IVD tools procedures ....................................................... 72
Genetic knowledge parks in the UK ............................................................................... 72
Molecular diagnostic opportunities in defense against bioterrorism ......................................... 73
Molecular diagnostics for food safety .................................................................................. 73
POC diagnostics for the developing countries ....................................................................... 74
13. Companies involved in molecular diagnostics ..................................... 75
Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 75
Major players in molecular diagnostics .............................................................................. 75
Profiles of selected companies........................................................................................... 76
Collaborations.................................................................................................................. 458
Tables
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12-1: Share of in vitro diagnostics in the global diagnostic market 2010-2020 .......................... 38
12-2: Molecular diagnostics markets according to technologies from 2010-2020 ....................... 38
12-3: PCR market 2010-2020 ............................................................................................. 39
12-4: Molecular diagnostics markets according to applications 2010-2020................................ 43
12-5: Markets in 2010 for tests to screen healthy persons for genetic disorders ........................ 44
12-6: Markets in 2010 for molecular diagnostic tests for cancer .............................................. 46
12-7: Molecular diagnostic markets for selected cancers 2010-2020 ........................................ 46
12-8: Markets value in 2010 for molecular diagnostic screening for infections ........................... 47
12-9: Future markets for molecular diagnosis of infections 2011-2015..................................... 48
12-10: Future markets for HAI diagnostics 2010-2015 ........................................................... 49
12-11: Growth of markets relevant to personalized medicine 2010-2020 ................................. 52
12-12: Molecular diagnostic markets according to geographical areas 2010-2020 ..................... 53
12-13: Molecular diagnostic markets according to home-brew and approved tests .................... 55
12-14: Marketing strategies for molecular diagnostics ........................................................... 59
12-15: Takeovers of molecular diagnostic companies............................................................. 60
12-16: Advantages of the integration of diagnostics with therapeutics ..................................... 68
13-1: Top ten players in molecular diagnostics ..................................................................... 75
13-2: Collaborations of companies in molecular diagnostics .................................................. 458
Figures
Figure 12-1: Unmet needs in applications of molecular diagnostics .................................................. 54
Figure 12-2: Proportion of various areas in molecular diagnostic collaborations ................................. 63
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11. ETHICS, PATENTS AND
REGULATORY ISSUES
Introduction
The basic principles of ethics are well recognized in medical practice: do good and "do no
harm." Moral values involved in ethics include the right of an individual to truthful
information and confidentiality. Unfortunately, the rapid discovery of genes for diseases
poses certain dilemmas for consumers, health care providers, and policy makers in
relation to molecular diagnostic testing. In addition, the issues of providing equal access
to health services and avoiding unnecessary or wasteful procedures are important
considerations in the acceptance of these technologies. Because genetic information is an
integral part of the human being, developments in molecular technology have attracted
public attention and are being monitored by statutory bodies and ethics committees.
Genes are becoming the preferred way of explaining all types of ill health and unwanted
behavior. Although some of these associations are clear-cut, many are being presented
without any critical evaluation. Genetic testing has its pitfalls. Our increasing knowledge
about the DNA sequences that constitute genes is changing the concept of wild type and
normal genes and their mutations, for example, but the relationships between such
sequences and their clinical manifestations are highly complex. In familial conditions, the
actual nucleotide sequences are more variable than phenotype manifestations. On the
other hand, persons with the same DNA pattern can have a range of clinical
manifestations.
Legal issues related to molecular diagnostics involve patenting of DNA technology and the
potential for breaches of ethics and rights of individuals. Most of the debate in this area
has focused on the identification of genetic defects and cancer diagnosis. The use of
molecular diagnostics for infections has created fewer ethical and legal dilemmas, with
the exception of sexually transmitted diseases such as AIDS.
Ethical concerns about genetic diagnosis
Several issues arose after the discovery of disease genes, including those for which no
treatment has been developed as yet. Concerns that have been expressed about this new
knowledge focus on the following issues:

Communication problems can arise when the patient is deciding whether to undergo
genetic testing and when the clinician must provide information as part of the
informed consent process.

Counseling support is recommended to support genetic testing but facilities for such a
service are rarely adequate.

Confidentiality and disclosure problems have emerged in this area. For example, if a
physician discloses that he or she intends to inform the patient’s relatives of the
results of genetic testing without the patient’s permission, and then the patient must
be free to refuse testing from that physician. Such a policy could be coercive if the
patient has no alternative providers, and it would raise complicated legal questions.

Early diagnosis of a serious illness like Huntington's disease in a latent stage poses a
dilemma if no treatment has been developed for the disorder.

It remains unresolved whether parents are entitled to make decisions for the genetic
testing of their children.

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis could potentially lead to the practice of eugenics.
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
The danger of discrimination by health insurers is readily apparent.
Ethical guidelines for molecular diagnostics
Some of the guidelines generally accepted to apply to genetic testing are:

Confidentiality in the area of genetic information is essential.

No large-scale screening program should be undertaken in a population unless its
potential value has been shown by a pilot study.

Follow-up care should be provided for individuals undergoing screening, including
proper provision of counseling services and appropriate medical care.

Screening for disorders that occur in certain racial and ethnic groups should take into
consideration the sensitivity of this area (i.e., the potential for discrimination).

Guidelines for genetic testing have been proposed by various professional
organizations throughout the United States and Europe as well as by the World
Medical Association. Important points of most of these guidelines are:

Genetic investigations are permitted in persons who are legally of age, if they give
consent. In minors and legally incapacitated persons, such testing may be performed
only if the results have immediate relevance for their health or for the health of close
blood relatives.

Patients with hereditary diseases or handicaps should be informed, in good time and
in a proper way, of the existing opportunities for genetic investigations.

Genetic investigations must be accompanied by appropriate counseling before,
during, and after the investigation.

The decision to carry out, continue, or stop the investigation rests exclusively with the
patient, who will also decide whether and to what extent he or she wishes to be
informed of, and to draw conclusions from, the results of the investigation.

In case of persons incapable of judgment, the consent of a legal representative is
required. Minors capable of judgment and legally incapacitated persons under
guardianship have their own right of decision.

The decision whether a prenatal genetic investigation should be carried out and what
conclusions are to be drawn from the results belongs  within the framework of the
legal dispositions  to the pregnant woman. It is desirable to involve the woman's
partner in the decision-making process.

Persons subjected to a genetic investigation must be supported and given access to
long-term medical, psychiatric, and social care, irrespective of any conclusions they
may draw from the results of the investigation.

Genetic laboratory investigations must be undertaken by institutions that can show
that their procedures and methods of working are impeccable and subject to external
and internal quality control.

For results obtained in the course of genetic investigations, the same regulations
governing professional and medical secrecy and data protection apply as for the other
medical data.

The physician may make the medico-genetic findings available to third parties only
with the consent of the person investigated or of his legal representative, and only
after the implications of such disclosure of information have been explained to them.
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
From the medical point of view, genetic investigations must not be carried out with
the purpose of assessing the suitability of a person for certain activities or work.

The guidelines for research investigations in humans also apply for the collection and
the use of genetic data for scientific purposes.
Ethical aspects of direct-to-consumer genetic services
Companies offering direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic screening tests are listed in
Chapter 5 (Part I). Only ethical issues are discussed in this section and the regulatory
aspects are discussed in a following section. DTC advertising for genetic tests that lack
independent professional oversight raises troubling questions about appropriate use and
interpretation of these tests by consumers and carries implications for the standards of
patient care (Geransar and Einsiedel 2008). Concern has been expressed that these
premature attempts at popularizing genetic testing neglect key aspects of the established
multifaceted evaluation of genetic tests for clinical applications and could confound
treatment or complicate doctor-patient relations (Hunter et al 2008).
A statement released by the American College of Medicine Genetics Board of Directors in
2003 states: "Genetic tests of individuals or families for the presence of or susceptibility
to disease are medical tests. At the present time, genetic testing should be provided to the
public only through the services of an appropriately qualified health care professional.
The health care professional should be responsible for both ordering and interpreting the
genetic tests, as well as for pretest and posttest counseling of individuals and families
regarding the medical significance of test results and the need, if any, for follow-up. Due
to the complexities of genetic testing and counseling, the self-ordering of genetic tests by
patients over the telephone or the Internet, and their use of genetic “home testing” kits, is
potentially harmful. Potential harms include inappropriate test utilization,
misinterpretation of test results, lack of necessary follow-up, and other adverse
consequences."
A commentary in the Journal of American Medical Association offers several caveats and
recommendations to help doctors and counselors as they consider offering these
research-based tests in clinical practice (Offit 2008):

There is concern about the scientific accuracy of some of these tests, because they
have not yet been validated in prospective clinical studies. In addition, the laboratory
accuracy of these tests may vary.

Direct to consumer aspect of the marketing of these tests excludes guidance from
healthcare professionals. This limits the sources of information available to
consumers about these tests and their accuracy from those marketing the tests. This
critical lack of information raises concerns that patients/individuals may not have the
resources to make unbiased decisions regarding whether to proceed with genetic
testing.

Once these self ordered test results are relayed, individuals receiving the results may
not receive counseling regarding appropriate medical interventions for prevention
and early detection of genetic disorders.
As the controversy about DTC tests continues, the concern of the medical profession
about the potential harm is reflected in the following comments (Annes et al 2010):

Most genetic screening currently cannot meet the expectations of established
principles in order to avoid undue harm and expense and may place a substantial
burden on the health care system without providing demonstrable benefit.

US Government Accountability Office's investigative report of 22 July 2010, cited
erroneous medical management advice from DTC genetic-testing companies, and a
lack of standardization of results — clinically valid tests for the same condition should
yield concordant results.
-9-

Potential harms of DTC genetic testing include the loss of protections for patients
offered by established health care delivery systems such as doctor–patient
confidentiality, invalid analytic or clinical results from medical devices, and
population screening without consensus on interpretation and follow-up.
Use of DTC genomewide profiling to assess disease risk is controversial, and little is
known about the effect of this technology on consumers. A study on volunteers examined
the psychological, behavioral, and clinical effects of risk scanning with the Navigenics
Health Compass. In subjects who completed follow-up after undergoing DTC
genomewide testing, there were no measurable short-term changes in psychological
health, diet or exercise behavior, or use of screening tests (Bloss et al 2011). Therefore,
potential effects of this type of genetic testing on the population at large remain known.
US public attitudes about genetic testing
According to a 2008 telephone survey of public attitudes about biomedical science, a
majority of Americans support advancing genetics research and genetic testing, although
more than one third are concerned about the safety guarantees of such science. According
to Virginia Commonwealth University’s Life Sciences Survey in 2008, 80% of Americans
favor making genetic testing easily available to all who want it, approximately the same
number who felt that way in 2001 and in 2004. Americans also see genetics as playing a
role in their lives, with 45% of adults saying that they have a disease or a medical
condition that is strongly related to genetic factors, an increase of 7% over the 2007
survey. Among the 80% who support making genetic tests easily available to all who want
them, 38% were somewhat in favor of such access and 42%% were strongly supportive.
The margin of error for the survey is plus or minus 3.8 percentage points.
Genetic testing for susceptibility to adult-onset cancer
Both hereditary and acquired genetic mutations play an important part in the
development of cancer. Genetic and epidemiological research in families whose members
have an increased incidence of cancer has provided useful information about riskconferring mutations that are present in germline cells. Although predictive genetic
testing for many cancer-predisposing mutations is technically possible, the usefulness of
its results for early detection and prevention of cancer is limited.
As these tests become offered to consumers on a more widespread basis, it is important
that an informed consent be obtained after educating the patients properly. The Task
Force on Informed Consent, a part of the Cancer Genetics Studies Consortium (recipients
of NIH grants), has made a number of recommendations regarding testing for
susceptibility to cancer. The group’s important points, which also apply to other diseases
with a genetic basis, are listed below.

Informed consent is more than passive transmission of information; it is an ongoing
process in which both medical professionals and participants become partners in
decision-making.

Patients should be educated by the most effective method according to their level of
education.

Confidentiality should be maintained to minimize the risk of stigmatization.

The participant must be clearly informed of the purpose of the test and, in the case of
a research project, the aims and design of the project.

Participants should be informed of the potential for adverse responses, such as
anxiety, depression, and guilt feeling that can occur in those found to be mutation
carriers.

An essential element of informed consent is the description of alternatives that may
be relevant to the patient’s decision on whether to participate.
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Some of the important research issues for genetic counseling for hereditary cancer are:

Correlation between genotype and phenotype (clinical outcome)

Efficacy of early detection and prevention strategies

Cost-effectiveness of genetic counseling and testing

Long-term psychological impact of testing on the individual
Ethics of preimplantation genetic diagnosis
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis to screen for hereditary diseases
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), in conjunction with in vitro fertilization (IVF),
has been used for over a decade to screen for genes certain to cause childhood diseases
that are severe and largely untreatable. Ethical issues have been raised now as PGD is
used to detect a predisposition to cancers that may or may not develop later in life, and
are often treatable if they are detected early. For those who believe life begins with
conception, PGD is as unethical as abortion and perhaps more pernicious because it is
psychologically less burdensome. The procedure has also been used to avoid passing on
Huntington’s disease, a severe neurological disease that typically does not manifest until
middle age but spares no one who carries the mutation that causes it.
In the future, many IVFs will be performed for fertile couples seeking PGD, not as a
treatment for infertility. But as it becomes easier to identify the possible consequences of
more genetic mutations, the decisions for parents may become harder.
PGD to test for susceptibiliy to cancer
PGD, which requires IVF, is also difficult as well as expensive and can cost as much as
$25,000 in the US. While insurance companies often pay for the more traditional uses of
the procedure, they have not done so for cancer-risk genes. The barrier to affordability
could make PGD for cancer risk the first significant step toward a genetic class divide in
which the wealthy will become more genetically pure than the poor.
There are other reasons that the use of PGD to test for cancer predisposition is not
widespread although the exact number of such tests is not known. Cancer-prone families
are only just beginning to hear about PGD as the medical channels of information on
these issues are not defined. Oncologists tend not to think about family planning, and
obstetricians tend not to think about cancer genetics. Physicians may also avoid getting
involved in unnatural selection. Moreover, persons without the cancer-risk genes can still
develop cancer, and those who do carry the genetic mutations are just as likely as anyone
else to develop other diseases. In spite of these concerns, clinics around the US have been
quietly performing PGD for hereditary cancers of the breast and the colon.
While constituting new reproductive options for families affected by cancer, the medical
indications and ethical acceptance of assisted reproductive technologies for adult-onset
cancer predisposition syndromes remain to be defined. Continued discussion of the role
of PGD in the reproductive setting is needed to inform the responsible use of these
technologies to decrease the burden of heritable cancers (Offit K, et al. Cancer Genetic
Testing and Assisted Reproduction. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:4775-82).
In the US, where the technology is not regulated, decisions about when it is appropriate
are left largely to fertility specialists and their patients. Reflecting the growing demand for
the procedure, the company that owns the tests for the breast cancer genes, Myriad
Genetics, has licensed the right to use them to three fertility centers. The interest in PGD
is being driven largely by a greater knowledge of genetics among cancer patients and their
family members. In the last five years, nearly 10 times as many Americans have been
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tested for the breast-cancer-risk genes as in the previous five, according to Myriad,
surpassing a total of 100,000 since the test was made available in 1996.
In Europe, divergent values are quite explicitly shaping different PGD policies. UK has
approved the use of PGD for the breast and colon cancer risk genes. In Italy, the
procedure has been effectively banned for any condition.
PGD and stem cells
A common objection to using PGD to choose an embryo that may produce a child who
would provide stem cells for an existing person is that children conceived for the benefit
of their siblings are not valued in their own right. In some countries, the use of this
procedure will have few social consequences and is likely to be a reasonable use of limited
health resources. Using PGD to choose a stem cell donor is unlikely to cause harm to
anyone and is likely be beneficial to some. In countries where PGD is already permitted,
using PGD solely for choosing a HLA compatible embryo to provide stem cells for treating
an existing person should also be permitted. Now that a technique has been described
that enables creation of human embryonic stem cell lines from a single cell removed from
the 8-cell embryo without destroying the embryo provides an opportunity to combine
PGD with creation of stem cells.
Genetic research on stored tissues
Several agencies maintain collections of DNA samples of human tissues. The U.S. Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), for example, has an archive of DNA samples 
blood collected from persons of different ethnic backgrounds for research on genetic
disorders. Genetic research using such stored tissue samples presents an array of risks
and benefits to both individual researchers and society as a whole. Those who believe that
the use of stored tissue samples should be tightly regulated worry that the DNA in these
samples could be examined for disease-related genes. Finding such genes in residual
tissues collected for another purpose raises a host of ethical issues. If the testing detects
an incurable disease, should this genetic information be disclosed to patients who were
unaware that such tests were performed? If these samples are made anonymous for
research purposes, physicians would face the ethical dilemma of not being able to disclose
such information to patients, preventing them from receiving potentially desirable and
helpful information. Accepted ethical guidelines for such research on tissues are:

Informed consent is required for all genetic research using identifiable samples unless
conditions for limitation or waiver are met.

Informed consent is not required for genetic research using anonymous samples, but
may be considered in the case in which identifiers are removed from currently
identifiable samples.

Institutional review boards should carefully review all protocols that propose to use
samples for genetic research.
Informed consent in clinical trials of in vitro devices
The need for informed consent from human subjects whose specimens are used in in vitro
diagnostic studies are sometimes questioned. This is more so if the research carries only
minimal risk to the subject. However, the ethical principles require consent from the
subject to participate in research regardless of any risk. The FDA regulations and
guidance require Institutional Review Board review of the IVD studies and informed
consent from the participants. Many manufacturers of IVD feel that most Class I and II
studies (minimal risk to the patient) should be considered for exemption from informed
consent requirements to balance the concerns of patient privacy and advancement of
medical care. It is agreed that for Class III (high risk) studies that involve extensive
patient data, informed consent would be required.
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Concluding remarks about ethical issues
There is a continuing discussion on ethical implications of genetic testing as new genetic
tests become available. There is emphasis on the respect for patient autonomy and
confidentiality of test results to avoid abuse of test results. Proper communication of
genetic principles and counseling is required for the patients to make informed and
autonomous decisions regarding a genetic test, free from coercion by family members or
the medical profession.
One of the most critical issues is the use of genetic information in making reproductive
decisions, where the interests of future generations are at stake. Another issue is
presymptomatic testing of children, particularly in situations where children do not
understand the implications of genetic testing. When it is deemed appropriate to offer
presymptomatic testing to a child for a carrier status, the pediatrician or the geneticist
must discuss the pros and cons with the family so that an informed decision can be made.
As genetic testing extends beyond single gene disorders to testing large segments of
society for genes associated with common disorders, the psychological impact on the
individual and the families needs to be assessed. There is evidence that stress associated
with genetic screening can be reduced by careful assessment of psychological status
before and after assessment, counseling, and support. Research is needed to determine
the most effective and practical counseling strategies for the increasingly large number of
persons who will be offered genetic testing for treatable conditions.
Finally, many of the ethical issues are linked to socioeconomic factors. Allocation of
scarce health care resources may eventually determine which diseases are subject to
molecular analysis. Those for which beneficial medical interventions are available may
receive top priority.
Insurance underwriting and gene tests
Insurance-related concerns figure prominently in all discussions of advances in molecular
genetic testing. Several types of insurance exist. Health care insurance may exclude the
genetic disorders to which an individual is prone if the insurance company knows about
information gleaned from genetic testing. An even more critical issue arises if life
insurance is denied to a person or his or her close relatives based on the results of genetic
testing. In some cases, such discrimination may be unfair. For example, a woman with a
positive BRCA1 test may undergo prophylactic bilateral mastectomy, thus eliminating her
risk of developing breast cancer; nevertheless, her genetic information goes on record and
may still prove detrimental to her in obtaining insurance.
Should genetic information be available to health insurers?
A key question is whether genetic information should be made available to health
insurance and life insurance companies or whether these firms should be allowed to ask
prospective customers to undergo genetic testing as a condition for taking out an
insurance policy. Opinions on this issue are divided. The US working group on Ethical
Legal and Social Implications (ELSI) of the Human Genome Project and some public
affairs groups maintain that genetic information should not be released to these
companies. Several states prohibit genetic testing and the use of genetic information for
public health insurance purposes. Only some 10% of the US population is eligible for
public insurance, however; the majority of residents are covered by private insurance. To
date, no restrictions prohibit such private insurers from requesting genetic tests.
Although these companies do not ask for genetic testing yet, they have stated a preference
for obtaining the results of genetic information so as to better estimate life expectancy
and, therefore, calculate premiums more accurately. Of course, the danger is that they
might use this information to deny coverage altogether.
The insurers' view that genetic information is important to accurately assess the future
risk of an individual making a claim is questionable. Single genes can have several
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mutations occurring anywhere, all with varying levels of influence. Some mutations may
remain clinically insignificant. Moreover, the time of onset of disease is often
unpredictable, further complicating early detection and prevention efforts using genetic
test results. It is important, therefore, for policy-makers and other stakeholders to
recognize that in many cases the causality between a particular gene and its associative
illness is somewhat weak.
As an alternative to genetic testing, some insurers would like to gain access to the family
history of disease. Critics of this approach note that information about predisposition to a
disorder is not the same as medical history; such information, unlike genetic tests, does
not indicate how long a person would live. Sufferers from monogenic disorders such as
Huntington’s disease fall within the 5% of cases that currently have to pay more for
insurance. It is questionable whether the insurance industry would be capable of handling
and interpreting sensitive and complex medical information in cases of polygenic
disorders that arise within the remaining 95% of insured. The prospects of higher
insurance premiums might deter people from undergoing genetic testing, thereby
hindering the effectiveness of various genetic testing programs.
A need for the re-examination of current views
The growing use of genetic testing will require a re-examination of current health
information management protocols to prevent the misuse of test results. Lack of such
guarantees could create severe disincentives for genetic testing in general. Fears of
discrimination or isolation, and now the recognition that insurance might not be
available, have caused patients to forgo a test that would otherwise prove medically
beneficial. The impact of a deterrent effect can be devastating for patients, the research
community and the area of preventive medicine. Alternatively, people might seek such
tests outside the doctor–patient relationship. This could have severe implications for both
the health of the patient and the provision of health services. The nature of genetic testing
makes the establishment of one standard with regard to familial disclosure difficult and
doctors could be torn between their duty to protect a patient's confidentiality and
informing family members about a potentially life threatening disease. Fear and unease
could force patients to conceal their results from their physicians and families, posing dire
consequences for early detection and prevention efforts. It is also widely held that the
complexity surrounding genetic testing demonstrates a clear need for extensive pre-test
and post-test counseling.
There is a clear need for further discussion of genetic testing and genetic information.
This will need to take account of not only the implications for insurance but also the wider
social and ethical dilemmas, such as confidentiality, discrimination and changes in the
doctor-patient relationship.
Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of US
In 2008, the US Congress passed the legislation, known as the Genetic Information
Nondiscrimination Act (GINA), which prohibits the following (Hudson et al 2008): (1)
group and individual health insurers from using a person's genetic information in
determining eligibility or premiums; (2) an insurer from requesting or requiring that a
person undergo a genetic test; and (3) employers from using a person's genetic
information in making employment decisions such as hiring, firing, job assignments, or
any other terms of employment. GINA does not prevent health care providers from
recommending genetic tests to their patients or mandate coverage for any particular test
or treatment.
As a result of GINA, more people are expected to take advantage of genetic testing and to
participate in genetic research. However, the health insurance measure would not go into
effect until a year after, and the employment measure would take effect only after 18
months. Even then, there may be reason to be cautious. The bill may be hard to enforce
and it does not address discrimination by long-term care insurers or life insurers. The use
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of genetic information that the bill is likely to encourage may raise still more questions
about how it should be used.
Impact of the US health care reform bill on genetic testing issues
The US health care bill, which is in the process of finalization in March 2010, will have a
significant impact on some of the issues discussed in this section. The insurers could no
longer deny coverage to any person because of genetic testing results, removing one factor
that discourages people with family history of genetic disorders from having genetic tests.
In a universal healthcare system, the use of molecular diagnostics will increase,
particularly in the previously uninsured population of approximately 32 million.
Patents for molecular diagnostics
PCR patents
The fundamental patents of PCR expired in the US in 2005, unlocking considerable
market opportunities. Smaller companies entering the clinical diagnostic kits
development may be able to offer tests without developing a novel nucleic acid
technology, which will normally require heavy R&D investment in addition to licensing
fees.
Patenting DNA sequences
Patenting in life sciences is a very broad and controversial field. Patents obviously go way
back to the US Constitution. The Patent Act permits exclusive control for a limited time
(currently 20 years) of any "process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter,"
and since its inception, the USPTO has granted patents on new pharmaceuticals and
medical devices. However, as recently as the 1970s, the view among many medical
researchers and legal scholars, as well as members of the USPTO, was that DNA
sequences were not patentable, primarily because DNA is a naturally occurring substance
rather than a human invention. This perception changed in 1980 with the Supreme
Court's landmark ruling in Diamond v. Chakrabarty which involved a dispute over the
patentability of a microbe that dissolves oil and that had been specially constructed to
include a DNA plasmid (Diamond v. Chakrabarty, 447 US 303. 1980). The Court held that
although the Patent Act did not authorize ownership of laws of nature, "products of
nature," or physical phenomena, "anything under the sun made by man" was patentable,
including the human-made bacterium at issue in the case. The USPTO considered DNA
sequences to be large chemical compounds when determining their patentability.
Nevertheless, DNA sequences are discovered, not invented, and are therefore quite
different from genetically engineered products such as those in the Chakrabarty case.
By the 1990s, technological advances in DNA-sequencing strategies began enabling
scientists to discover and isolate new genes at a rapid rate. Ultimately, thousands of
patents were awarded on different parts of the human genome sequence; reportedly,
about 20% of human gene DNA sequences are currently patented. On the one hand, this
approach benefits applicants who seek patents for previously unidentified DNA
sequences. On the other hand, it represents a disadvantage for discoverers of biological
functions and disease relevance for previously identified genes. Companies that identify
novel genes could obtain patents on the basis of only preliminary identification of gene
function. In this environment, patentability of discoveries related to gene function may be
critical in deciding whether to allocate the commercial investment necessary to develop
products from knowledge of the genome. However, the questions about the patentability
of human genes and the process of comparing DNA sequences remained under discussion
for several years. Academic scientists and funding agencies opposed large proprietary
claims on the human genome and encourage researchers to deposit EST data in public
databases. Such an approach would reduce the value of private databases held by some
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companies working in this field. In addition, if DNA data are published before a patent
application is filed, genes may be considered "obvious" and unpatentable.
US policy on gene patenting relevant to molecular diagnostics
In 2008, a US government panel was assigned the task of developing policy options about
gene patenting. The task force so far has focused on assessing the positive and negative
effects of current gene patenting and licensing practices, and it has covered gene patents
for diagnostic, predictive, and other clinical purposes, as well as the effects on
translational research. The studies have avoided studying drug and other therapeutic
product development. So far, the task force came up with a range of possible policy
recommendations for the committee to consider developing and passing on to the
secretary. Recommendations were made for commissioning a series of case studies to be
conducted by Duke University’s Center for Genome Ethics, Law and Policy. The center
reviewed and analyzed a number of case samples, including those relating to BRCA1 and
BRCA2 for hereditary breast and ovarian cancers, as well as tests for Alzheimer’s disease,
hearing loss, Tay-Sachs and Canavan diseases, Long QT syndrome, and other diseases.
From this range of studies, the panel drew a number of preliminary conclusions. The case
studies suggest that the use and enforcement of intellectual property rights (IP), and not
so much whether a gene is patented or unpatented, could potentially create barriers to
clinical use of the gene. The group found that there is no clear relationship between
patents, license exclusivity, and price of a genetic diagnostic test. Another finding was
that the regulation of IP rights may not be the best action for fixing problems regarding
the quality of genetic testing as these issues may be better addressed through evaluation
and regulation of genetic tests and by coverage and reimbursement systems. The group
developed a number of draft policy options covering a variety of related areas. These
policies would address advocacy efforts by stakeholders that would ensure access and
those that would enhance transparency in patents and licensing. Some policy
recommendations are related to how research agencies should handle data related to
genetic IP and report it to federal funding agencies, and some are aimed at guiding
agencies such as the NIH as they promote adoption of best practices for genomic and
genetic inventions. The NIH in particular could consider the feasibility of making
compliance with its best practices for licensing genomic inventions a consideration in
future grants awards.
The impact of disease gene patents on molecular diagnostics
In the past, patented diagnostic tests were made broadly available to the medical
community in the form of test kits or licenses to use the patented test. The rapidly
growing number of disease gene patents that claim all methods of diagnosis of a
particular genetic condition has led to monopolization of some testing services in clinical
laboratory medicine. Arguments against monopolization of medical testing services are:

It threatens to restrict research activities.

It creates unacceptable conflict of interest.

It reduces the patient access to testing.

It may lead to inequitable extensions of patent terms on tests and related discoveries.

It grants to patent holders the ability to dictate the standards of care and interfere
with the practice of medicine.
US laboratories have discontinued genetic testing for hereditary hemochromatosis
because of the cost of the patent. This was the first evidence to support growing concern
about the effects on clinical practice of commercializing molecular-genetics discoveries.
Patents are important in ensuring that costly research is rewarded, but royalties must be
realistically set if they are not to stifle the advances they are meant to encourage.
Physician groups voiced concern about the impact that patents have on the use of the
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genetic test in patient care. The BRACAnalysis test, which costs over $3,000, may be too
expensive for some patients. DNA patents also prohibit sale of less expensive tests based
on the same genes, even if the test technologies are different.
Licensing problems associated with genetic testing
Advances in genetic diagnostic technologies are accompanied by an increasing number of
patents covering not only the genes and their fragments but also the technologies. This
might be a hinderance to the use of these tests by clinicians and researchers as well as for
drug discovery. Patents and licenses have had a significant effect on the ability of clinical
laboratories to develop and provide genetic tests. Most of the clinical laboratory directors,
believe that patents have a negative effect on the cost, access, and development of genetic
tests, or data sharing among researchers. Clinical geneticists feel that their research is
inhibited by patents. Some of the causes of this hinderance are:

Patentees exercise their rights to exclude the use of their technologies to anyone other
than the exclusive licensees.

Potential users of genetic tests may have to acquire multiple licenses to cover all
components of the technologies.
Several solutions have been proposed to this problem. “Patent pools” has been suggested,
which involves an arrangement in which two or more owners agree to license certain of
their patents to one another, and/or third parties.
BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene patents
A particular example is Myriad Genetics' patents covering the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes
and their use in screening for elevated risks of breast and ovarian cancer. Myriad's team,
with academic collaborators working on government grants, won a race with several other
groups to identify the nucleotide sequences composing the BRCA1 gene. Myriad also filed
for a patent on the BRCA2 gene, although it may not have been the first to identify its
sequence. Myriad's patents, the earliest of which expire in 2014 and 2015, cover isolated
gene sequences, as well as methods of "analyzing" and "comparing" the gene sequences to
determine whether the mutations conferring an increased risk of breast or ovarian cancer
are present. Myriad launched its combined genetic test, BRACAnalysis, in 1996.
BRCA gene patents were owned by the University of Utah and exclusively licensed to
Myriad Genetics, which commerlcialized breast and ovarian cancer tests based on this
gene. In 2004, the European Patent Office rejected some of Myriad's patent claims and
limited others because they did not meet its legal standard of inventiveness. A lawsuit was
brought against Myriad, USPTO and the University of Utah Research Foundation by the
Association for Molecular Pathology of USA and the American Civil Liberties Union,
challenging the legality and constitutionality of BRCA gene patents. Plaintiffs claimed that
the BRCA gene patents stifle research that could lead to cures and limit women's options
regarding their medical care. Myriad also is co-owner of several patents challenged in the
suit. In total, the plaintiffs challenged the legality and constitutionality of 4 categories of
claims in 7 US patents. In July 2009, the USPTO filed a motion to dismiss the case,
arguing that the plaintiffs lack standing to sue the USPTO, the Court lacks subject matter
jurisdiction, and the action is barred by the sovereign immunity. This argument was
rejected by the court and the case was set for trial. On 29 March 2010, a federal district
court judge invalidated many of Myriad's patent claims, citing the Supreme Court's prior
rulings that patentable products must have "markedly different characteristics" from
what is found in nature. Purification alone does not change the nucleotide sequence of
DNA, which determines its ability to detect mutations. This ruling, if upheld, will have
far-reaching effects for the research and genetic diagnostics fields (Kesselheim and Mello
2010). Genes themselves will be off-limits for patents, and tests that consist of comparing
gene sequences will not be patentable because they do not involve a transformative step.
Such tests could still be marketed but could face competition much earlier than they have
in the past.
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Role of the WHO in genetic testing standards
In 2004, the first international standard for a human genetic test was approved by the
WHO Expert Committee on Quality Assurance and Safety of Biologicals. Use of the
standard will help to improve the accuracy and quality of laboratory results worldwide
from a frequently used genetic test. The newly established standard, formally called an
International Reference Panel, relates to the testing of patients for Factor V Leiden
genetic mutation, which is one of the most common genetic risk factors for venous
thrombosis and is involved in 20-40% of all cases. The standard for Factor V Leiden was
developed by WHO partner and the leading international laboratory for biological
standards, the National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC) in the UK,
in collaboration with colleagues from the clinical National Quality Assessment schemes
for Blood Coagulation and the Royal Hallamshire Hospital in Sheffield, UK. The rigorous
assessment of the standard for the Factor V Leiden genetic test was carried out by an
international panel of investigators in conjunction with the International Society on
Thrombosis and Hemostasis.
A standard for a biological product is essentially a yardstick (either on paper or in an
ampoule, in which there is a specially prepared reference material) which enables
laboratories around the world to compare results. The work of the WHO Expert
Committee on Biological Standardization contributes to global public health in a
fundamental way since the written guidance and reference preparations established on its
recommendations define international technical specifications for the quality and safety
of biological medicines and in vitro diagnostic procedures.
NIH's Genetic Testing Registry
In March 2010, the NIH announced that it is starting the Genetic Testing Registry (GTR)
– a public database on genetic testing that will allow consumers, researchers, health care
providers, and others to search through information submitted by genetic test providers.
GTR will serve as a resource of information about the availability, validity, and utility of
the more than 1,600 genetic tests currently on the market. The goal of the GTR project is
to use that information to advance both public health and research. The program will
encourage test providers to enhance transparency by sharing information about their
tests with the public, will provide a resource for patients and scientists to find labs that
offer particular tests, and will facilitate genomic data sharing. Genetic test data will be
integrated with information from other genetic, scientific, and medical databases in order
to facilitate new research. GTR will help consumers and health care providers determine
the best options for genetic testing, which is being used more often and is accessible.
GTR, which is expected to be available in 2011, will be overseen by the Office of Director
of NIH, and its development will be handled by the National Center for Biotechnology
Information. Although NIH is developing the site, it will engage with a range of
stakeholders, including genetic test developers, test kit makers, health care providers,
patients, and researchers, for the best ways to collect and display test information.
Regulatory issues in the US
Assay Migration Studies for In Vitro Diagnostic Devices
In January 2009, the FDA released a draft guidance, “Assay Migration Studies for In
Vitro Diagnostic Devices”, covering submission regulations for diagnostics developers
seeking approval for Class III IVD devices. The guidance proposes a set of updates that
FDA believes would create a less burdensome regulatory path to approval for a previously
approved or licensed assay that is being migrated for use with another system for which it
has not been approved. FDA will take comments through 6 April 2009, after which it will
begin working on a final version of the guidance. FDA believes that with proper controls
- 18 -
and review, migration studies will meet regulatory thresholds for pre-market review in a
manner that will be least burdensome for both companies and FDA while protecting
public health. The new methods would not apply to diagnostic systems that are intended
for over-the-counter use, for prescription home use, or for point-of-care use.
The guidance includes recommendations on a number of areas for submitters to consider,
including qualitative and quantitative results, reproducibility studies, comparison panels,
testing venues, analyte performance levels, statistical analysis information, and
recommendations on other areas. FDA also lays out specific criteria it deems unique to
nucleic acid tests, and it said that such tests present specific concerns that are different
from serological and antigen assays. Some of these criteria include suggestions about
validating and controlling material and calibrators, sample stability, sample processing,
and carryover studies.
Assessment of diagnostic accuracy
The concept of diagnostic accuracy is well defined in laboratory standards and is
determined by the sensitivity and specificity of new diagnostic tests in comparison with
"gold standard" and by the prevalence of the condition in the test population.
Sensitivity and specificity
Sensitivity is the proportion of positives correctly identified by the test, and specificity is
the proportion of negatives correctly identified by the test. Sensitivity and specificity do
not tell us the probability of the test resulting in a correct diagnosis, whether it is positive
or negative. For this we use positive and negative predictive values. Positive predictive
value is the proportion of patients with positive test results who are correctly diagnosed;
negative predictive value is the proportion of patients with negative test results who are
correctly diagnosed. Positive and negative predictive values give a direct assessment of
the usefulness of the test in practice. The 4 possibilities are as follows:
a) True positive: The test is positive, and the disease is present.
b) False positive: The test is positive, but the disease is absent.
c) False negative: The test is negative, but the disease is present
d) True negative: The test is negative, and disease is absent.
These quantities can be represented as follows:

Sensitivity = a/(a + c)

Specificity = d/(b + d)

Positive predictive value (PPV) = a/(a + b)

Negative predictive value (NPV) = d/(c + d)
Prevalence of the disease in the study can be calculated as (a + c)/n if the study is carried
out in a definable group of patients.
With the above information, positive predictive value and negative predictive value can be
calculated as shown in the formulae in the box below:
PPV=
sensitivity x prevalence
sensitivity x prevalence  (1  specificit y ) x (1  prevalence)
NPV =
specificit y x (1 - prevalence )
(1 - sensitivity) x prevalence  specificit y x (1 - prevalence )
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Documentation of diagnostic accuracy
Exaggerated and biased results from poorly designed and reported diagnostic studies can
trigger their premature dissemination and lead physicians into making incorrect
treatment decisions. A rigorous evaluation of diagnostic tests before introduction into
clinical practice could not only reduce the number of unwanted clinical consequences
related to misleading estimates of test accuracy but also limit healthcare costs by
preventing unnecessary testing. Studies to determine the diagnostic accuracy of a test are
a vital part of this evaluation process.
In studies of diagnostic accuracy, the outcomes from one or more tests under evaluation
are compared with outcomes from the reference standard both measured in subjects who
are suspected of having the condition of interest. The reference standard can be a single
method, or a combination of methods, to establish the presence of the target condition. It
can include laboratory tests, imaging tests, and pathology, as well as dedicated clinical
follow up of subjects. The term accuracy refers to the amount of agreement between the
information from the test under evaluation, referred to as the index test, and the
reference standard. Diagnostic accuracy can be expressed in many ways, including
sensitivity and specificity, likelihood ratios, diagnostic odds ratio, and the area under a
receiver-operator characteristic curve. Ensuring a standardized approach to data
gathering has been emphasized by publication of a standardized approach. The objective
of the Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy (STARD) initiative is to improve
the quality of reporting of studies of diagnostic accuracy. Complete and accurate reporting
allows readers to detect the potential for bias in a study (internal validity) and to assess
the general applicability of results (external validity).
EZValidation™ Online Tool (Life Technologies) is designed to aid molecular diagnostic
laboratories in the verification, validation, or calibration verification of a molecular test. It
is intended to assist laboratories in meeting their verification and validation
requirements. Each laboratory is responsible for ensuring compliance with applicable
international, national, and local clinical laboratory regulations and other specific
accreditations requirements. This tool will guide the validation and verification of a
molecular assay.

Choose guidelines applicable to a lab (CAP/CLIA/New York State or ISO 15189)

Design additional custom guidelines to meet a laboratory’s needs

Set acceptance criteria for a study

Print a final report of validation or verification
Discovery of incidental findings on genetic screening
New genome-scale screening tests may lead to a phenomenon in which multiple abnormal
genomic findings are incidentally discovered, analogous to the “incidentalomas” that are
often discovered in radiological studies. The “Incidentalome” in radiology has some
benefits resulting from discovery of unexpected potentially life-threatening conditions
that can be treated prior to clinical manifestations. However, the incidentalome resulting
from molecular diagnostics threatens to undermine the promise of molecular medicine in
at least three ways (Kohane IS, et al. The incidentalome: a threat to genomic medicine.
JAMA 2006;296:212-5):
1.
Physicians will be overwhelmed by the complexity of pursuing unexpected genomic
measurements.
2. Patients will be subjected to unnecessary follow-up tests, causing additional
morbidity.
3. The cost of genomic medicine will increase substantially with little benefit to patients.
- 20 -
Given the current limitations of sensitivity and specificity of many genomic tests,
application of these for screening of large populations to detect conditions with low
prevalence will result in large numbers of false positives. Even if genomic tests were to
achieve 100% sensitivity and a false-positive rate of zero, the risk of the incidentalome
still remains. Some pathology of disease discovered incidentally never reaches clinical
significance and may not influence decision for management. For example, a large
number of prostate carcinomas accurately diagnosed after the finding of an elevated
prostate-specific antigen level in all likelihood would not contribute to an individual’s
death and may not be treated.
The role of a genome-wide panel (i.e. a panel of 500, 000 genetic polymorphisms all
ordered and measured together), however cost-effective to measure, needs to be
compared with a series of more focused genomic-based panels with clear indications for
use and proper protocols for workup of unexpected findings. The physicians need to be
educated to ensure that there is appropriate clinical justification to perform these tests in
a manner that ushers in the era of personalized medicine and does not allow the
incidentalome to block its arrival.
Evaluation of companion diagnostics/therapeutic for cancer
Currently, there is no proven development pathway for FDA approval of the necessary
companion diagnostic tests and their associated targeted therapies. In 2007, the Critical
Path Institute (Tempe, AZ) used a $2.1 million Arizona state grant to work with the FDA
and the NCI to standardize how companion diagnostics and therapies for cancer are
evaluated. Ventana Medical Systems tested the resulting process. The goal of this
collaboration was to establish the performance standards that would serve as the model
for future FDA co-submissions of companion diagnostic tests and cancer drugs. The first
test to which the standards were applied was a diagnostic for lung cancer produced by
Ventana. The ultimate goal of the project is to guide the choice of targeted therapy so that
patients receive the most effective treatments.
FDA regulation of multivariate index assays
In 2006, the FDA took a step toward regulating a new category of complex genetic
diagnostic tests that are expected to play a growing role in tailoring medical treatments to
specific patients. The FDA is calling these tests “multivariate index assays (MIAs).”
According to the FDA, such tests require approval before they can be marketed to ensure
that the tests are valid. The new policy, published as draft guidelines, is open for public
comment and would also be a step toward expanding the FDA’s oversight to clinical
laboratories (http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/oivd/guidance/1610.html). The FDA published a
notice of availability of a revised draft guidance, on "In Vitro Diagnostic Multivariate
Index Assays'' in the Federal Register of 26 July 2007 (72 FR 41081) and comments were
invited. As of December 2008, no decision had been made by the FDA. At this time
Genentech filed a Citizen Petition with the FDA urging the agency to take on greater
oversight of diagnostic tests that are intended to guide therapeutic decisions and to
regulate all laboratory-developed tests. According to Genentech, pharmacogenomic
information is contained on the label of around 10 percent of all FDA-approved drugs.
Included among those are Genentech’s trastuzumab (Herceptin), which requires that
patients be tested for particular genetic characteristics and the results be considered
before the drug is administered.
Currently, tests developed and performed by a single laboratory, known as home-brew
tests, have been generally considered laboratory services and outside FDA purview. Now
the FDA will regulate at least one category of such tests: those that measure multiple
genes, proteins or other pieces of clinical information taken from a patient and then use
an algorithm or software program to analyze the data.
The best known of these tests is Oncotype DX (Genomic Health). It analyzes the activities
of 21 genes in a sample of breast tumor and then computes a score that is said to be
predictive of whether a patient’s cancer will recur and whether she would benefit from
- 21 -
chemotherapy. While there are only a few such complex tests on the market now, their
number is expected to grow. For personalized medicine, a combination of genes or
proteins is a better indicator of disease or disease risk than a single gene or protein. FDA
considers regulation of such tests because the algorithms used are usually proprietary,
making it difficult for physicians to interpret the test results. Therefore, the agency needs
to look at the data on which these tests are developed. The FDA would decide case by case
what to do about the tests already on the market. Some might have to come off the market
until the developer can provide enough data for approval. The FDA approach will meet
the need for an oversight of genetic tests, which have proliferated and are becoming
increasingly complex. Government agencies have been criticized for not doing more to
clamp down on questionable genetic tests that are being sold directly to consumers.
Three components are needed to ensure the safety and quality of genetic tests: (1) the
laboratories that conduct the tests must have quality control and personnel standards in
place to prevent mistakes; (2) the tests themselves must be valid and reliable, i.e. detect
genes that are actually related to disease or disease risk accurately over time; and (3)
health care providers must understand when to order the tests, how to in interpret them,
and what to do with the results. Once these mechanisms are in place, uses and outcomes
also must be evaluated over time in order to pinpoint any problems that may require
attention, particularly as new tests enter wider use
However, the requirement could also discourage the development of diagnostics by
raising the costs of introducing them. Requiring clinical trials and FDA approval would
discourage development of tests, which do not usually command the same profits as
drugs. The requirement could discourage gradual improvements of tests because each
change in a test might require a new regulatory submission. The draft policy has raised
speculation that the FDA will eventually move to regulate additional laboratory tests
beyond the complex ones.
In 2007, in a change of its policy described earlier in this chapter under the heading
"Regulation of IVD by the FDA", the FDA classified gene expression-based breast cancer
prognostic tests as Class II devices and released a “special controls” guidance for
companies developing such tests. The document is designed as a prototype guidance that
will provide a general framework for how the FDA’s Office of In Vitro Diagnostics
approaches IVD MIAs. The FDA cleared the first such IVDMIA device – Agendia’s
MammaPrint test – in February 2007. In a Federal Register notice on 8 May 2007, FDA
explained that it had originally classified MammaPrint as a Class III device, which would
have required full premarket approval, but Agendia filed a petition requesting that the
device be reclassified into Class II, which only requires 510(k) premarket notification. The
FDA determined that MammaPrint, as well as future genomic breast cancer prognostics
tests, can be classified as class II devices with the establishment of special controls, which
are outlined in the guidance document as follows: “Any firm submitting a 510(k)
premarket notification for a gene expression profiling test system for breast cancer
prognosis will need to address the issues covered in this special controls guidance,” the
agency said in the document." The recommendations in the guidance document apply to
RNA expression assays used for cancer prognosis, including RT-PCR and gene expression
microarrays, in which an algorithm is applied to such measurements to yield a result that
can be used by physicians as a prognostic marker, in combination with clinicopathological
factors, to assess the risk of cancer recurrence. The process for reviewing such tests is
“contingent on the intended use of the device, therefore, design of studies and data sets
required will be influenced by a particular use. In this instance, a test for the prognosis of
breast cancer would require different data than a test used to diagnose the disease. A
number of tumor markers have already cleared as Class II devices.
FDA guidance for IVDs to detect pathogens
In 2005, the FDA released draft guidance for industry on the types of information the
agency would consider during the premarket review of nucleic acid-based IVDs that
detect exposure to pathogens. The document, which represented the FDA's thinking on
nucleic acid-based IVDs, comes at a time when the US government and many companies
were actively engaged in developing microarrays and diagnostics tools to detect and
- 22 -
manage such pathogenic diseases as bird flu and anthrax. The FDA acknowledged that the
recommendations were "purposefully" general as they are intended to be a "framework"
for the types of data that should be addressed in the premarket review of these devices.
The document outlines its recommendations under four headings:
1.
Risks to health. This recommends providing sufficient detail to indicate the device
has been designed to reduce errors in performance or in interpreting test results.
2. Device descriptive characteristics. This seeks information on the patient population to
be tested, targeted disease and organism, testing methods, reagent components,
instruments to be used, and safety aspects.
3. Performance. The recommendations specify data indicating reliability, diagnostic
accuracy, and reproducibility.
4. Labeling requests information on how specimens were collected and the types of
collection devices used.
FDA guidelines for devices to detect and differentiate HPV
In September 2009, the FDA’s Center for Devices and Radiological Health issued a draft
guidance for its staff and industry covering analytical/clinical performance of IVD devices
to detect and differentiate HPV in conjunction with cervical cancer screening
(http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/DeviceRegulationandGuidance/GuidanceDocuments/ucm181509.htm).
FDA has proposed a number of recommendations, covering performance characteristics
for analytical studies, the risks to health, detection limits, repeatability, specimen and
reagent storage rules, and intended use. Specifically, the guidance addresses devices for
detecting HPV nucleic acid from cervical specimens, but many of the recommendations
will be applicable to protein-based tests. The failure of devices that detect and
differentiate HPV strains to correctly interpret results can lead to incorrect patient
management decisions in cervical cancer screening and treatment. Because cervical
cancer screening is recommended for virtually all sexually active women and a number of
them will be tested for HPV, the potential risk and harm of poor testing technology and
practices could cause significant harm to public health. False negative test results could
lead to delays in diagnosis and treatment, which could allow an undetected cancer to
worsen. False positive results could lead many women to have unnecessarily frequent
screening and potentially invasive procedures such as colposcopy and biopsy. In addition,
false positive results for high-risk HPV types, such as HPV 16 or 18, could lead to
unnecessarily aggressive treatment of cervical lesions that could impair fertility.
FDA's Microarray Quality Control
Microarrays have played an enormous role in development of molecular diagnostics and
identifying a new generation of drug leads, driving the development of the biotechnology
industry. But some publications in recent years have reported that the different systems
on the market can produce widely varying results on similar samples. To resolve some of
the issues, the FDA, in collaboration with the manufacturers, set out to determine how
accurate they were in delivering results. The articles not only raised doubts that
meaningful comparisons could be made between scientific studies done on different
equipment, but also called into question the validity of the entire class of instruments.
The FDA's Microarray Quality Control project has delivered a badly needed endorsement
of the microarray technologies on the market. The agency found that the microarrays
delivered consistent results, which should allay the suspicion that the data delivered could
be fundamentally erroneous (Casciano DA, Woodcock J. Empowering microarrays in the
regulatory setting. Nat Biotechnol 2006;24:1103). Tests using different manufacturers'
microarrays on the same samples generally tracked well with each other by certain
measures. However, comparisons between the systems are still very complex. The
different devices do not measure exactly the same things in exactly the same way, or
analyze the data by the same methods. Part of the problem lay in the statistical methods
chosen to evaluate the results. The study's findings should help scientists assess the
- 23 -
numerous options for analyzing the same findings. Another important finding was that
commercial microarray systems compared well with "home brew'' methods of measuring
gene activity developed by various laboratories. The studies, published in a special issue
of Nature Biotechnology (http://www.nature.com/nbt/focus/maqc/index.html) in 2006,
hold out hope for a new era of quality control and standardization in the field of DNA
microarrays. The study' dataset is expected to be widely utilized by the microarray
community in order to reach and promote consensus on the appropriate analysis of data.
While microarrays are now primarily a research tool, greater standardization and
confidence in their results could establish them as elements of diagnostic tools that could
guide physicians in their treatment decisions, or provide proof to the FDA that a drug is
effective. This use of genetic biomarkers in drug development, pharmacogenomics, is
being advanced by the microarray project. That project moved into a second phase on 18
Sep 2006 and will look for a consensus on the best practices for everything from quality
control measures for microarray studies to using the best analytical methods.
FDA and point-of-care diagnosis
Despite the appeal of point-of-care (POC) devices, manufacturers seeking to bring such
IVDs to market can face some barriers. First, there are the multitiered regulatory barriers
established by FDA's premarket review requirements and the laboratory regulations
under the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988 (CLIA). Another
significant barrier is the potential cost of POC tests used in settings such as physician
office laboratories, which, in turn, are affected by regulatory considerations. To ensure
that they can move their products onto the market as smoothly as possible,
manufacturers should be familiar with the barriers they will face and how they interrelate.
FDA has determined that it is necessary to conduct independent premarket reviews of
POC tests, even if the same devices had previously been cleared or approved for use in a
clinical laboratory. Manufacturers are expected to submit performance data to
demonstrate that POC-site personnel are capable of using the devices and can obtain
results comparable to those of tests used in a clinical laboratory. FDA does not usually
reevaluate cleared or approved prescription non-IVD devices for use in new settings so
long as the intended use, conditions for use, target patient population, and test
performance characteristics remain unchanged. If a manufacturer wishes to advance a
new type of IVD into the prescription home-use market, a separate FDA clearance is
needed. An additional clearance would be necessary for over-the-counter POC sales.
Under CLIA, tests may be waived if they are cleared by FDA for home use, if they employ
methodos that are so simple and accurate as to render the likelihood of erroneous results
negligible or pose no reasonable risk of harm to the patient if the test is performed
incorrectly.
In the past decade, manufacturers have made substantial technological progress in the
design and development of POC tests. FDA has kept pace with this progress, and most
IVD manufacturers are favorably disposed to having the premarket review and
categorization processes for such devices consolidated within the agency. Even so, the
regulatory barriers for POC tests are likely to remain considerable.
Genetic testing of rare disorders
A rare disease in the US is considered to be one with fewer than 200,000 afflicted
persons. There are over 5,000 rare diseases. Genetic testing for rare diseases now faces
the same plight that held back drugs for rare diseases from the marketplace before the
Orphan Drug Act was passed in 1983. With the isolation of genes for rare diseases, such
tests are scientifically possible but commercially not viable. The initial work is done in the
academic scientific research laboratories but biotechnology companies do not step in to
conduct the commercial development. The reasons are simply commercial as the market
for these tests is small. The Orphan Drug Act covers drugs and biologics but says nothing
about genetic tests or devices. Some of the reasons given to justify non-orphan status for
genetic tests are:
- 24 -

The tests are too experimental to be lumped in with drugs, which have shown their
efficacy in Phase III trials.

It is difficult to find specialists with expertise in rare diseases to assist in the clinical
diagnosis. This also makes collaboration for studies difficult.
Possible solutions to the problem of lack of genetic tests for rare diseases are:

CLIA approval of the research laboratories with expertise in a rare disease where such
tests could be conducted. This would be difficult to achieve considering the
requirements for such approval. Moreover, most scientists are not anxious to have
federal bureaucracy involved in the running of their research laboratories.

Establishment of a National Center or a series of regional centers for the diagnosis of
rare diseases. This idea was rejected previously by the NIH-DOE Task Force on
Genetic Testing.

Links between research laboratories and CLIA-approved laboratories enabling,
referral of patients who approach research laboratories for genetic testing. This has
been done only in isolated instances.
In conclusion, the problem of genetic diagnosis of rare diseases still needs to be solved.
This problem would get worse with further discoveries of rare disease genes.
Quality control of molecular diagnostic laboratory procedures
As the result of federal legislative action, molecular diagnostics became subject to the
same regulations governing laboratory procedures as traditional laboratory reagents.
Because molecular genetic testing frequently requires use of some reagents that are not
approved by the FDA, is technical, and requires complex interpretation, specific
regulation of such laboratories has been suggested. Congress passed the Clinical
Laboratory Improvement Amendment (CLIA) of 1988 in an attempt to ensure safe and
effective performance of laboratory tests (Medicare, Medicaid, and CLIA Programs,
1992). The CLIA includes provisions for extensive quality control and quality assurance
procedures, with the goal of guaranteeing excellence in US clinical laboratory testing.
Although the high-complexity testing category in CLIA includes nine specialty quality
assurance (QA) categories, a separate category for genetic testing does not exist. Recently,
the NIH-Department of Energy (DOE) Task Force on Genetic Testing recommended that
a specialty category of genetics be established for defining specific personnel standards
for genetic testing and to monitor laboratory performance, including development of
proficiency testing programs. Both personnel qualifications and laboratory practice
standards are still in need of improvement to ensure quality in US clinical molecular
genetic testing laboratories.
Quality control of point-of-care tests
Point-of-care (POC) tests are done outside the laboratories but in the year 2000, the
Connectivity Industry Consortium (CIC), an IVD industry group comprising device
manufacturers, information system vendors, and healthcare providers, set out to establish
standards that create a universal way to integrate POC data with laboratory information
systems. In 2001, the CIC managed to accomplish that goal, and new connectivity
standards are on their way to being formally accepted and published.
Until the time that fundamental training for nursing and other patient-care personnel
changes, there is a greater burden on the manufacturers of quality control material to
provide adequate training material for POC. This does not exclude the primary need for
reliable quality controls. As an example, one test within the complex field of coagulation,
the activated clotting time (ACT) test, presents a unique example of this dual need. The
most successful of ACT quality control manufacturers must provide services and
materials. The controls must fit all of the requirements of high quality that make any
- 25 -
quality control product useful, and the technical support must address the unique needs
of a medical care system in flux.
Regulation of IVD by the FDA
Molecular diagnostics fall into the category of in vitro diagnostics (IVD) for regulation by
the FDA in the US. In vitro diagnostic devices are defined as those reagents, instruments
and systems intended for use in the diagnosis of diseases or other conditions, including a
determination of the state of health, to cure, mitigate, treat, or prevent disease or its
sequelae. Such products are usually intended for use in the collection, preparation and
examination of specimens taken from the human body. IVDs are usually exempt from
requirements for filing of Investigational Device Exemption (IDE) before start of a study.
Addressing IVD needs at an early stage can support a timely and effective transition of
findings and developments into routine diagnosis. IVD needs reflect features that are
useful in clinical practice. This helps to generate acceptance and assists the
implementation process. To fulfill IVD requirements, it is essential to (1) provide
diagnostic tests that allow for definite and reliable diagnosis tied to a decision on
interventions (prevention, treatment, or nontreatment), (2) meet stringent performance
characteristics for each analyte (in particular test accuracy, including both precision of the
measurement and trueness of the measurement), and (3) provide adequate diagnostic
accuracy, i.e., diagnostic sensitivity and diagnostic specificity, determined by the desired
positive and negative predictive values which depend on disease frequency.
Clinical laboratory assays are defined in legal and regulatory terms as medical devices in
the US. The FDA oversees the entry into the market of such new devices. Approval is
obtained by showing that the device is similar to another device that is already approved
and being legally marketed (substantial equivalence) or by demonstrating that it is safe
and effective through extensive clinical testing.
In 1998 the FDA issued a draft guidance document entitled "Guidance for Industry: In the
Manufacture and Clinical Evaluation of In Vitro Tests to Detect Nucleic Acid Sequences of
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1" (http://www.fda.gov/cber/). Regulatory hurdles
for diagnostic devices do slow down commercialization of diagnostic devices. The process
could take as little as a few months if the product is judged to be substantially equivalent
to one already approved by the FDA. Approval of products that aren't judged to be
substantially equivalent to previously approved devices could take much longer, up to a
year and a half. In 1999, the FDA issued a staff guidance document "Regulating In Vitro
Diagnostic Device Studies". This document described the agency's position on
interpretation and enforcement of existing regulations regarding IVD investigational
studies.
Currently, the FDA requires manufacturers of PCR tests to make a 510(k) filing (i.e., a
statement of substantial equivalence); the agency has classified PCR tests used in
microbiology as class I devices. In contrast, all tests for cancer were classified by statute in
the US as class III medical devices; that is, they are legally associated with greater risks.
These assays require substantial clinical testing and filing of the more onerous
premarketing approval application (PMA). The PMA required data from studies that
validate the assay with regard to sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility, and safety. These
data are subjected to rigorous scientific and statistical scrutiny. As part of the PMA testing
process, at least three clinical investigations must be performed for the new medical
device at separate and geographically diverse sites. The sample size must be established
prior to the start of the study, and study groups should include healthy subjects,
individuals with the target disorder, and individuals with diseases other than the target
disease. The similarities and differences between devices that are not subject to
premarket review, and those that are required to undergo either a PMA or premarket
notification 510(k) pathway should be considered.
Although the regulatory approval process for the clinical use of DNA diagnostics takes
approximately one year in the US, the products can be sold for clinical research prior to
the actual FDA decision. The demand for more rapidly available infectious disease
- 26 -
diagnostics has led the FDA to create a regulatory category known as analyte specific
reagents. This allows companies to market primer and probe sets without going through a
full FDA submission and hence increases the availability of reagents to laboratories to
perform testing. As more laboratories began to use ASR, the shortcomings of this
approach are becoming rapidly known. As part of ASR, a company is not allowed to
provide instructions for its use. Laboratories with little or no experience in molecular
diagnostics cannot use ASR.
Although decisions regarding diagnostics for some infectious diseases may be received
more promptly, predictive tests for common genetic disorders frequently run into
governmental skepticism and hence delays in the approval process. Companies may
encounter strong pressure to offer such tests before they are thoroughly tested in field
studies. Members of the public, for example, may not be willing to wait the several years
needed for the results of such pilot studies to become available. Government agencies that
make decisions on whether a given test is no longer experimental might consider the
recommendations of a broadly constituted national advisory committee such as the US
Institute of Medicine Committee on Assessing Genetic Risks.
Regulation of in vivo diagnostics by the FDA
In vivo diagnostics are assuming a greater importance in the practice of medicine and
molecular imaging described in this report falls in this category. FDA regulations relevant
to
in
vivo
diagnostics
can
be
viewed
online
(http://www.fda.gov/cber/genadmin/invivo.txt). Radiopharmaceuticals are already used
for a wide variety of diagnostic, monitoring, and therapeutic purposes. The action of most
radiopharmaceuticals is derived from two components: a nonradioactive delivery
component, i.e., a carrier and/or ligand; and a radioactive imaging component, i.e., a
radionuclide. Nonradioactive delivery ligands and carriers are usually peptides, small
proteins, or antibodies.
The proposed rule applies to the approval of in vivo radiopharmaceuticals (both drugs
and biologics) used for diagnosis and monitoring. The proposed regulations will not apply
to radiopharmaceuticals used for therapeutic purposes. A diagnostic radiopharmaceutical
that is intended to provide disease or pathology detection or assessment information
assists in the detection, location, or characterization of a specific disease or pathological
state. Examples of this type of diagnostic radiopharmaceutical include a radiolabeled
monoclonal antibody used to attach to a specific tumor antigen and thus detect a tumor
and a peptide that participates in an identifiable transporter function associated with a
disease.
Among recent discoveries, nanoparticles are being developed for IVD as well as in vivo
diagnostics. Although there are no safety concerns of IVD, the exact fate of nanoparticles
introduced into the body is not known. In vivo use of nanoparticles is likely to be
controlled more strictly by the FDA.
Regulation of laboratory developed tests
Home-brew tests
Home-brew tests or analytic-specific reagents (ASRs) are built internally by a laboratory
and are regulated only by the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendment (CLIA).
Under the US federal law, only laboratories that conduct high-complexity testing are
allowed to validate and perform ASRs. Many of the new molecular diagnostic tests were
created initially as ASRs and their development is restricted to laboratories classified as
"high-complexity". Currently CLIA addresses only the analytical validity of ASRs and
clinical validity, i.e. whether the test is actually useful for a patient. As described later in
the section on genetic testing, FDA is considering changing the system to begin regulating
the laboratory-developed tests. Further details can be viewed at the FDA web site for
CLIA (http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/CLIA/).
- 27 -
Laboratory-developed tests used by Medicare recipients
US Department of Health & Human Services' Agency for Healthcare Research and
Quality's Technology Assessment Program (TAP) released a detailed report titled
"Quality, Regulation and Clinical Utility of Laboratory-Developed Tests" of the kinds of
molecular diagnostics prescribed to Medicare recipients, and the challenges clinical labs
face when using the tests. The assessment is important because Medicare, the biggest
purchaser of clinical lab services in the US, paid $7.1 billion for lab tests in 2008. These
costs increased an average of 9% between 1999 and 2006. The report studied
pharmacogenomic tests used to diagnose symptomatic individuals; to help make
prognoses; to monitor drug response; and to choose therapies or to help physicians adjust
dosing. The details of the report (May 2010) can be seen at the following web site:
http://www.cms.gov/determinationprocess/downloads/id72TA.pdf/.
According to TAP, the assessment relied on more than 1,400 molecular tests “relevant to
the Medicare over-65-year-old population” offered by 95 different labs. Some of the
questions it sought to answer are:

How is analytic validity established for laboratory-developed molecular tests
(LDMTs)?

What processes have been developed for examining clinical validity and clinical
utility of molecular tests?

How are molecular tests regulated by CLIA?

What FDA guidance has been issued pertaining to oversight of laboratory-developed
molecular testing'

What is the role of other Federal agencies (e.g. Federal Trade Commission) in
regulating marketing claims regarding the clinical validity and utility of laboratorydeveloped tests not currently being actively regulated by the FDA?

How is proficiency testing accomplished for molecular tests, whether laboratorydeveloped or commercial?

What guidelines and standards exist for laboratories conducting molecular testing?
The report concludes that “given the dynamic nature of the molecular testing area, the
assessments of the quality, regulation, or utility of LDMTs need to be frequently updated.
One of the major challenges for those making decisions about the oversight of LDMTs will
be to keep pace with the future developments in the area.............At this stage in the
evolution of laboratory-developed tests, assessments of the appropriate clinical
applications and evidence-based guidelines for using test results in decision making are
only beginning to appear.............The Evaluation of Genomic Applications in Practice and
Prevention program is making important contributions in this area, but with the rapid
expansion of test offerings, guidance for the use of most laboratory-developed tests will
lag far behind.”
The assessment also concludes that “in the absence of specific reimbursement codes for
specific laboratory-developed and other molecular tests, it will be difficult to track
practice patterns and to understand the impact of these tests on the patient outcomes and
on the practice of medicine.”
Oversight of LDTs by the FDA
In the past, laboratories that develop and offer laboratory-developed tests (LDTs) have
been overseen by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, but that oversight has
not covered the clinical validity of these offerings, often referred to as 'homebrew' tests.
Business models arose that leveraged the practice of discretion to get to the market
without FDA oversight. According to the FDA "business model is not really problematic
but the lack of oversight is problematic." As of 5 October 2010, the FDA is drafting its
- 28 -
plans for regulating LDTs and is considering available options, such as using a risk-based
approach for oversight and a registry of tests to know what services are available.
Although no specific plans have yet been drawn up for regulating LDTs, the agency has
completed a public comment phase, and it is now drafting an operational plan for
oversight. FDA's Center for Devices and Radiological Health plans to regulate certain
LDTs that currently are not regulated, because the new uses for these tests, as well as
their complexity and their marketing, have increased their risks and now warrant
oversight.
Regulatory aspects of FISH
Most relevant to the growing diagnostic use of FISH probes currently is the regulation of
test materials by the FDA, but the FDA has not yet finalized guidelines by which FISH
probes will be evaluated. It is possible that future regulatory guidelines may require the
less strict "premarket clearance" (510-K) for metaphase FISH probes used as an
adjunctive study with standard cytogenetics, and the full "premarket approval" (PMA) for
probes designed for interphase FISH studies, which are not adjunctive studies to standard
cytogenetics. The regulatory requirements for metaphase FISH probes designed to be
used in studies such as microdeletion assessment and marker chromosome identification,
for which standard cytogenetic confirmation is not possible, remain in a "grey" area.
While the clinical use of molecular cytogenetics FISH probes is not the only area in which
technological advancements have out-paced regulatory action, the current situation
nonetheless leaves the providers of genetic services in a difficult position. Continued
attempts to provide input to the FDA for use in designing guidelines by which FISH
probes will be evaluated are probably worthwhile. Adherence to laboratory standards and
quality assurance practices is essential during this time; and excellent laboratory practice
guidelines are being formulated by the American College of Medical Genetics (ACMG).
Other considerations include obtaining Institutional Review Board approval of protocols
for FISH studies in situations where this is possible; obtaining informed consent for FISH
studies whenever possible; and carefully wording cytogenetics reports to include a
description of the investigational nature of the FISH studies.
Regulation of genetic testing
Role of the FDA in genetic testing
The FDA’s role in regulating genetic testing has not been defined as yet. Although the
agency maintains that it has the authority to regulate genetic testing laboratories as
medical services, it has chosen not to pursue this course. One reason explaining this
apparent lack of interest is the absence of geneticists on the FDA staff. To circumvent the
FDA regulatory process, companies involved in genetic testing do not market kits, but
rather medical services.
The Task Force on Genetic Testing, which is sponsored by the Human Genome Project, is
charged with making recommendations that will ensure the development of safe and
effective genetic tests, their delivery to laboratories with assured quality, and their
appropriate use by health care providers and consumers. Final recommendations of the
task force have not been released as yet.
It has also been suggested that the CLIA (Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendment),
which is administered jointly by the Health Care Financing Administration and the CDC,
could provide the proper oversight for genetic testing. In 2000, the CDC indicated that
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) would issue a proposed rule to
establish a genetic testing specialty area under CLIA. However, more than five years later,
there was no such specialty area. Genetic Alliance, a public advocacy group, believes that
the establishment of a genetic testing specialty under CLIA will have a significant impact
on the quality of genetic testing services in the US. This is a necessary first step toward a
regulatory system that encourages new technology and ensures safety and accuracy when
those technologies are implemented. In 2006, the Genetic Alliance urged the CMS to set
- 29 -
standards for genetic testing as without a genetic testing specialty, CLIA cannot
adequately ensure that consumers receive genetic testing services that are safe, accurate,
and clinically useful.
Regulation of direct-to-consumer genetic testing
Various states are beginning to tackle the problem of uncontrolled personal genetic
services. In 2008, New York State, warned 23 companies that they must have permits to
offer their services to New Yorkers. New York’s warning letter was a blow not only to new
companies such as Navigenics and 23andMe that entered into the field of consumer
genomics in 2007, but also to technology suppliers Affymetrix and Illumina, which make
the tools the testing companies use. In 2008, Department of Health of the State of
California, in an effort to prevent consumer genetic testing companies from offering their
services to the state’s residents, sent letters to thirteen firms saying they are violating
state law. One offense that genetic testing companies could commit would be to sell their
products to California citizens over the Internet without the request or counsel of a
physician. Another problem is that the companies’ tests have not been validated for
accuracy or for clinical utility, which is required under California law.
Need for regulatory oversight of DTC
Within the genetic testing system, there are still questions about science, access,
reimbursement, coverage, and oversight. The Genetic Alliance, a nonprofit health
advocacy organization committed to transforming health through genetics, has suggested
that informed decisions must be made on the basis of analytic and clinical validity,
clinical utility, and individual usefulness, as well as an understanding of oversight,
regulation, and reimbursement (Zonno and Terry 2009). Accurate, reliable, and validated
information must be available to individuals and providers as they make decisions about
testing and the information gained through the testing process. To maintain credibility
and independence, a mandatory registry should be compiled and managed by a federal
regulatory body, such as the FDA. Education regarding basic genetics and the testing
process; professional society recommendations and guidelines, information for patients
and providers on risk or diagnosis; and referral networks for specialists, researchers, and
disease-specific organizations could all be built into or linked with the registry. Such a
system would be transparent and coordinated with all stakeholders and agencies to
balances safety, innovation, ethical and social issues.
Greater regulation is required to oversee the accuracy and quality of direct-to-consumer
(DTC) genetic testing. Not doing so runs the risk of dangerously reassuring some and
needlessly aggravating the already worried. Certain state health departments, e.g. that of
New York, have indicated that genetic testing for disease risk must be requested by a
licensed healthcare professional and must be performed in an approved clinical
laboratory. On 12 January 2010, Navigenics received a license to offer its personal
genomics services to residents of New York State.
There are three important issues that consumer genomic testing needs to address before
it can become part of medical care:

Analytic validity. A small error rate in sample can “result in hundreds of misclassified
variants for any individual patient.

Clinical validity. Many complex diseases are caused by multiple gene variants, and
interactions between variants and environmental factors, which are not known yet.

Clinical utility. Few observational studies and almost no clinical trials demonstrate
the risks and benefits associated with screening for individual gene variants.
Ensuring that the public has information adequate to making informed choices about
genetic testing is a prerequisite to realizing the public health benefits that have been
promised from genetic medicine. In order to get a better picture of the state of the new
- 30 -
DTC genetic testing industry, how it works, and what buyers expect from these services,
the National Human Genome Research Institute asked the Genetics and Public Policy
Center (GPPC) at Johns Hopkins University to conduct studies under a grant awarded in
2008. The issues being studied relate particularly to the ways in which offering
genotyping tests and services directly to customers by companies such as Navigenics,
Decode Genetics, and 23andMe, differs from genetic testing offered by healthcare
providers. GPPC is analyzing the current regulations that cover marketing, advertising,
and selling of genetic testing directly to consumers, and trying to evaluate the validity of
the claims sellers make in their advertising by comparing them to scientific literature.
Another important question is how the utility of a DTC test can be measured and if the
presence of a genetic mutation that is linked with levels of risk or predisposition toward
an illness is usable. The researchers at GPPC are also looking at how state laws attempting
to cover this very new field allow some incoherence and lack of uniformity. The center
also will conduct some legal analysis that supports coordinated efforts to protect
consumers. The study will not be completed until some time late in 2010.
According to a study by an international team of researchers from the UK, US, Australia,
Austria, and the Netherlands anticipatory governance is premature without a better
understanding of how SNP-based whole-genome information is used by, and what it
means to, a wide range of users (Prainsack et al 2008). The authors believe that DTC
whole-genome tests should not necessarily be evaluated under the same regulatory
frameworks used for traditional genetics. Although they did not advocate an unregulated
genomics market, the authors urged regulators to wait until information is available on
the effects of such tests before introducing regulation. For instance, the team noted that
personal genomics is pushing the individualization of responsibility for health one step
further, without necessarily providing clear information about how genetics ties into
health and individual choices. Effective responses to this situation require clarification of
the novel issues created by the convergence of information about health, consumer and
lifestyle choices, and genealogy; novel relationships between geneticists, patients,
consumers and corporate executives; and the continued intensification of collaboration,
on both the research and the patient/consumer sides. In spite of the criticism of DTC
testing, there are are some positive aspects. A study has concluded that individuals who
present to health care providers with online DTC genetics information may be among the
most motivated to take steps toward healthier lifestyles (McBride et al 2009). These
motives might be leveraged by health care providers to promote positive health outcomes.
On 12 May 2010, Walgreens postponed its plans to sell personal genetic test kits from
Pathway Genomics at its nationwide drug stores after the FDA intervened and issued the
following statement: "Pathway Genomics has moved outside of the currently sanctioned
boundaries for lab-developed tests by marketing a product in a retail store that asks
consumers to collect a sample. These kits have not been proven safe, effective or accurate
and patients could be making medical decisions based on data from a test that has not
been validated by the FDA". On 11 June 2010, the FDA sent letters to five companies –
23andMe, Navigenics, DeCODE Genetics, Illumina and Knome – notifying them that they
must submit their products for review or discuss with officials why their products do not
require FDA approval. In its letter to 23andMe, the FDA said it wants to prevent
consumers from being “misled by incorrect test results or unsupported clinical
interpretations.” However, the FDA did not say that such genetic testing services should
be taken off the market. The five companies had mixed responses to the FDA’s warning.
23andMe disagreed with the FDA’s decision, while Knome welcomed the FDA’s review.
The FDA held a public meeting on 19-20 July 2010 to initiate a dialogue with
stakeholders concerning the regulation of laboratory-developed tests.
Challenges faced by the introduction of personalized medicine include gaps in the
oversight of genetic testing (including regulation of companies providing test
interpretation services), ensuring that realistic claims are made in promotional materials
for genetic testing, determining the appropriate role of new genomic technologies in
patient care, ensuring the privacy of patients’ genomic data, and improving insurance
coverage and reimbursement for genetic services (Evans et al 2010). The Secretary’s
Advisory Committee on Genetics, Health, and Society (SACGHS) advises the US secretary
of health and human services and on these issues. A 2008 SACGHS report identified
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multiple regulatory gaps in the oversight of genetic testing (http://oba.od.nih.gov/oba),
and federal agencies have begun to address these gaps. For example, investigations by the
Federal Trade Commission (FTC) of claims made by two nutrigenetics companies led to
the discontinuation of the manufacturing and marketing of the MyCellf Program, which
included a test kit and consultation service. SACGHS is also preparing a report on the
need for genetics education for POC practitioners, public health officials, and consumers
and has begun to explore the implications of affordable whole-genome sequencing.
To ensure that rapidly evolving genomic technologies are responsibly utilized and that
their promise is not oversold to the public, it will be important to advocate for rigorous
evaluations of the clinical validity and utility of genomic tests, as well as for adequate
regulation that simultaneously preserves innovation. Clinicians, researchers, academics,
the commercial sector, and the government must work together for realization of the
remarkable potential of personalized medicine.
Regulatory issues concerning blood and plasma products
In 1998, the FDA announced the availability of a draft guidance document entitled
"Guidance for Industry: for the Submission of Chemistry, Manufacturing and Controls
and Establishment Description Information for Human Blood and Blood Components
Intended for Transfusion or for Further Manufacture." (http://www.fda.gov/cber/). The
recommendations remain in effect although some amendments have been issued on 14
September 2001 following the World Trace Center Disaster and emergency collection of
blood. It was noted that nucleic acid tests (NAT) might remain unavailable at some
centers. For products released without (or prior to) completion of NAT testing, the unit
was required to be labeled to identify the tests that were not performed. Currently the
FDA's Guidance for Industry requires laboratories testing donors for bloodborne
pathogens in the US must meet CLIA regulations. CLIA regulations require the use of a
minimum of two controls each day of testing. If a test kit includes two reagents labeled as
negative control and positive control respectively, and the negative control is used to
calculate the assay cutoff, the negative control serves as a calibrator and may not also
serve as an assay control reagent. Controls from an external source should be included in
the run to meet CLIA requirements. These external controls can be developed in-house or
procured and each laboratory must develop acceptance/rejection criteria for their use.
United States Diagnostics Standards
In 2009, the Critical Path Institute (C-Path) plans to launch a new organization, United
States Diagnostics Standards (USDS), to assess the performance of diagnostics before
they are submitted to the FDA for evaluation. This non-governmental as well as nonprofit organization, which would provide a non-required test evaluation service to
companies and have no enforcement power, will also aim to help smooth the regulatory
interaction between diagnostic companies and the FDA. It would function as a sort of
underwriter for diagnostics firms and also could potentially help clear up confusion over
regulations governing multi-analyte tests. Companies already submit their tests to data
tests site for evaluation prior to FDA submission, and this service would take the place of
a data test site. The organization, which would be funded by industry user fees, would
initially operate under the C-Path Institute, but would eventually become an independent
entity. The launch of USDS is one aspect of C-Path Institute’s larger goal of helping FDA
standardize the evaluation of diagnostic tests. Diagnostic companies will pay USDS to
assess their tests under a user-fee system similar to the FDA’s regulatory process.
Following a USDS review, however, the company will own the data and is free to use it for
FDA submissions, internal data, marketing, or in conversations with insurers. For labdeveloped genetic tests, which are not intended for submission to the FDA as an in vitro
diagnostic, could be evaluated by the USDS so that providers, consumers, payers, and
investors would know whether or not the genetic test performed as claimed. In some
cases, USDS will also look at clinical utility of diagnostic tests. USDS assessments could
also potentially clear up some of the confusion in the industry over FDA’s regulation of
certain algorithm-based laboratory-developed tests  IVDMIAs.
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Regulation of in vitro diagnostics in the EU
In the past, there were no hard and fast rules about marketing of IVD in the European
Union (EU). Since the EU Directive 98/79/EC on IVD medical devices went into effect in
2003, all products and kits which are sold for use for in vitro diagnostic applications have
to be compliant with this directive. The major goals of this CE directive are to standardize
the diagnostic procedures within the EU, to increase reliability of diagnostic analysis and
to enhance patients´ safety through the highest level of product safety. These goals are
expected to be achieved by the enactment of a large number of mandatory regulations for
product development, production, quality control and life cycle surveillance. Now IVDs
that do not bear the CE Mark, which indicates EU marketing approval, will be banned
from the EU market even if they are FDA-approved. The directive also will demand that
firms selling IVDs in EU designate a European Commission-authorized representative in
EU. The directive will prohibit European purchasing organizations from buying products
that lack the CE Mark, even those already in the supply chain.
Mark/certification in compliance with the IVD Directive is logistically a complicated task
and could be expensive and time-consuming. Keeping up with the labeling requirements
according to the IVD directive is even more difficult due to a large number of languages in
the expanded EU.
EU regulations for testing of blood products
Since 1999, the European CPMP (Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products) has
recommended that only batches of blood products derived from plasma pools tested and
found nonreactive for HCV RNA by NAT, using validated test methods of suitable
sensitivity and specificity, should be released by the marketing authorization holder. In
addition, each validated assay should include a control with an HCV RNA content
equivalent to 100 IU/ml. In order to comply with these recommendations, laboratories
will have to establish and validate NAT assays for HCV RNA. Guidelines for validation of
such assays have been drafted by the European Department for the Quality Control of
Medicine, and working reagents and a WHO International Standard for HCV NAT assays,
calibrated in IU/ml, are now available.
Regulation of genetic testing in EU
In 2007, the Council of Europe (CoE) released new guidelines for over-the-counter and
mail order genetic tests. It was a part of the draft of protocol to be added to the
Convention of Human Rights, and aimed to harmonize the quality and usage of offers
made by genetic testing throughout Europe. The draft stated that diagnostic, predictive
and pharmacogenetic tests should only be carried out under individualized medical
supervision based on discreet face-to-face contact between the patient and the physician.
It banned home-brew genetic tests from being sold over the Internet as these tests lacked
proper quality control and were not accompanied by genetic counseling. CoE Steering
Committee on Bioethics stated that genetic testing should be carried out only in response
to specific indications. The EU-funded Eurogentest network began a campaign to
promote the implementation of such guidelines for quality assurance in genetic testing.
CoE's draft only defined one pre-requisite confidentiality of the information obtained
must be secured. The proposals were sent to the 47 member states of CoE for further
discussion.
The initiative comes at a time when drug regulatory agencies are supporting genetic
testing before prescribing certain drugs in order to improve selection of responders. In
2008, EU heavily funded two major research efforts to identify biomarkers for use as
genetic tests. These will aid the screening of drug responders, drug safety and improve
drug efficacy.
The European Society of Human Genetics (ESHG) believes that regulations are needed to
prevent DTC predictive genomic services without well-reviewed clinical validity and
utility from making it into the market or into clinical practice. It has developed the
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following policy on advertising and provision of predictive genetic tests by such DTC
companies (European Society of Human Genetics 2010):
1.
Clinical utility of a genetic test shall be an essential criterion for deciding to offer this
test to a person or a group of persons.
2. Laboratories providing genetic tests should comply with accepted quality standards,
including those regarding laboratory personnel qualifications.
3. Information about the purpose and appropriateness of testing should be given before
the test is done.
4. Genetic counseling appropriate to the type of test and disease should be offered; and
for some tests psychosocial evaluation and follow-up should be available.
5. Privacy and confidentiality of sensitive genetic information should be secured and the
data safely guarded.
6. Special measures should be taken to avoid inappropriate testing of minors and other
legally incapacitated persons.
7.
All claims regarding genetic tests should be transparent; advertisement should be
unbiased and marketing of genetic tests should be fair.
8. In biomedical research, health care and marketing, respect should be given to
relevant ethical principles, as well as international treaties and recommendations
regarding genetic testing
9. Nationally approved guidelines considering all the above-mentioned aspects should
be made and followed.
The Public and Professional Policy Committee of the ESHG, EuroGentest, and the
Institute for Prospective Technological Studies convened to discuss genetic testing for
common disorders from a healthcare perspective and published the concerns and
considerations discussed at the meeting, as well as their full list of recommendations on
genetic testing (van El and Cornel 2011). The recommendations focus on 3 areas: the
translation of research findings into useful health-care applications, regulation and
assessment, and access. ESHG cautions against high expectations of applications for
diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases and suggests the need for careful
evaluation of clinical utility before large-scale genetic applications. The authors also
recommend prioritizing translational research for findings that have proven clinical
utility and cost effectiveness. In the absence of evidence that can substantiate clinical
utility, ESHG recommends implementation of pilot programs.
Evaluation of diagnostic laboratory tests in the UK
There is need for evaluation and regulation of clinical laboratory tests and complex
biomarkers. A Diagnostics Summit was held at the Genome Campus in Hinxton,
Cambridge, UK on the 14-15 January 2008, organized by the Royal College of Pathologists
and the Foundation for Genomics and Population Health. The objective of the meeting
was to agree a set of recommendations for the evaluation and regulation of clinical
laboratory tests and complex biomarkers. The proceedings of this conference include the
following recommendations (www.phgfoundation.org/file/3998/):
1.
A new body should be established to ensure the evaluation of laboratory diagnostic
tests and the creation of a database of new and existing laboratory tests.
2. This body might be established de novo along the lines of the UK Genetic Testing
Network, or the responsibility could be placed with existing professional societies
such as the Royal College of Pathologists, the Association of Clinical Biochemistry or
the Academy of Royal Colleges.
- 34 -
3. A publically available database of existing and new diagnostic laboratory tests should
be set up containing evidence, or explicitly the lack of it, for the validity and utility of
clinical laboratory tests.
4. Where a test evaluation had already been carried out and published by an appropriate
agency, it should be linked to the database.
5.
Where evidence is missing for existing tests, particularly evidence of clinical validity
and utility, consideration should be given to funding the necessary studies.
6. Policy makers and all stakeholders should be encouraged to address issues around
funding and gathering the necessary evidence for the clinical evaluation of new and
complex biomarkers, and should consider the establishment of private-public
partnerships to increase industry involvement.
7.
An independent expert body should be responsible for the evaluation of the evidence
for test performance and making recommendations about clinical use.
8. Commissioners and health care professionals should be encouraged to use only those
tests where sufficient evidence of clinical performance exists.
9. Statutory regulators should be empowered to require that evidence (or lack of) relating
to test performance be placed in the public domain.
10. A more responsive and proportionate risk assessment during pre-market approval is
needed to ensure patient safety.
Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis in the UK
Since 2005, applications to perform pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) in the UK
can be approved without first having to go through the lengthy application process of the
license committee of the UK Human Fertilization and Embryology Authority (HFEA), as
long as the applying clinic has proven expertise in performing embryo biopsies and
wishes to screen for a condition already being successfully tested for in another clinic.
Such conditions include sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, and Duchenne’s muscular
dystrophy. Clinics must have a qualified biopsy practitioner for the procedure. Eight
clinics are currently licensed to carry out the procedure in the UK. A single cell is taken
from an embryo produced by IVF and is tested for a disease. Only embryos free from the
faulty gene are transferred into the womb. PCR and FISH are the two established tests for
disease. The tests can detect a single gene disorder, e.g. cystic fibrosis, or detect the sex of
the embryo and the presence of a chromosomal rearrangement. Certain applications to
perform the procedure will still require approval under the old, lengthy system. These
include applications to screen for conditions not already being tested for in the procedure,
tissue typing, and screening for adult onset conditions.
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- 36 -
12. MARKETS FOR MOLECULAR
DIAGNOSTICS
Introduction
This chapter provides a global perspective of the molecular diagnostics business in the
major markets: US, Western Europe (including France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the
UK), and Japan. The total figures for the market are also broken down according to the
technologies and major disease areas in which they are applied: infections (with sexually
transmitted diseases considered separately), cancer, and genetic disorders. Other
applications such as tissue typing and forensic indications are included under
“miscellaneous uses.” There are no defined markets yet for devices to detect biowarfare
agents.
Methods for study of molecular diagnostic markets
An estimation of the exact size of the molecular diagnostics market remains problematic
because of the following variable factors:

The molecular diagnostics markets overlap with markets for other diagnostic
technologies.

The markets are less well defined than those for pharmaceuticals.

A breakdown of revenues into those from molecular and nonmolecular technologies is
not available for companies with large diagnostic businesses.

Outside of the US, most of the diagnostic probes are sold without any approval from
authorities; in the US, these products must be labeled “for research use only” until
they receive FDA approval.

The term “in vitro diagnostics (IVD)” presents a problem in calculating market
figures, because it does not distinguish between nucleic acid and non-nucleic acid
technologies.

Some immunodiagnostics and monoclonal antibody (MAb)-based tests that use
recombinant DNA technology may be classified under non-nucleic acid-based
technologies, but still fall under the broad definition of molecular diagnostics.
The estimates presented here are based on several sources and incorporate
epidemiological data about targeted diseases, test costs, and estimates of the percentage
of patient populations in which these products are likely to be used. Projection in future is
made on the basis of anticipated state of technology in a particular year. Only rough
estimates could be made of the potential markets and the figures were rounded off. The
expansion of the market cannot be reliably converted into figures for percentage growth
per year. The basis of estimation of the markets is mainly the state of development of
technologies and the utilization according to number of patients suffering from conditions
for which the diagnostics are to be used. The variable factors are the percentage of
patients to benefit from the tests and the cost of the test. At the end of each of the
previous years, the estimates have been compared with the figures that were available for
the actual sales of these tests during the year. In 2010, the combined available sales
figures deviated 10-15% from the estimates that had been made in 2009 with variations
according to geographical regions and technologies. From some areas no information
could be obtained. This disparity is due to the inherent lack of completeness of the
financial information that can be assembled. The actual sales figures could even be higher
than the estimates. The estimates are still considered to be better index of the market
than actual available sales figures.
- 37 -
The overall market for diagnostic technologies
The overall worth of global market for diagnostic products is a mix of the cost of the
disposable kits and equipment such as automated sequencing machines and PCR systems
which may carry the price tag in $50,000-80,000 range. The 2010 global market for all
diagnostics was worth approximately $250 billion. In vitro diagnostics (IVD) account for
25% of this market, i.e. $62.5 billion. Not only is the IVD market expanding, the share of
molecular diagnostic technologies within it is increasing. Gene-based tests constitute the
fastest growing component of molecular diagnostics. Estimation of the market share of
molecular diagnostics is further complicated by the fact that some molecular diagnostics,
such as FISH and in situ PCR, are not IVDs. Development of proteomic technologies will
help the expansion of immunodiagnostic markets. A breakdown of the IVD market figures
according to regions of the world and projected to the year 2010 is shown in Table 12-1.
Table 12-1: Share of in vitro diagnostics in the global diagnostic market 2010-2020
Year 2010
All
diagnostics
Year 2015
In vitro
diagnostics
All
diagnostics
Year 2020
In vitro
diagnostics
All
diagnostics
In vitro
diagnostics
USA
$92.5 billion
$26.4 billion
$124.7 billion
$37.0 billion $140.0 billion
$51.0 billion
Europe
$72.3 billion
$18.1 billion
$90.0 billion
$25.5 billion
$93.0 billion
$37.5 billion
Japan
$21.0 billion
$7.2 billion
$32.0 billion
$10.4 billion
$40.5 billion
$12.o billion
Rest of
World
$44.2 billion
$10.8 billion
$71.8 billion
$17.1 billion
$112.5 billion
$34.5 billion
$250.0 billion
$62.5 billion
$318.5 billion
Total
$90.0 billion $386.0 billion $135.0 billion
 Jain PharmaBiotech
Molecular diagnostic markets according to technologies
Well known established technologies used for molecular diagnostics are assigned a
market value and other technologies are lumped together as shown in Table 12-2. In 2010
this market was worth $9.1 billion, representing approximately 3.6% of the total
diagnostics market and approximately 15% of the IVD market. The broad definition of
molecular diagnostics includes PCR as well as non-PCR tests, in situ hybridization,
protein-based tests, molecular imaging, biosensors and biochips. The molecular
diagnostics market will expand to $15.7 billion by 2015. About half of it can be attributed
to knowledge gained from genomics. Proteomics and nanobiotechnology will also make a
significant contribution to molecular diagnostics. By 2020, molecular diagnostics market
will be worth $42.8 billion representing 32% of the IVD market. These figures are higher
than those in competing reports as they include a broader range of molecular diagnostics.
Table 12-2: Molecular diagnostics markets according to technologies from 2010-2020
Technology
Year 2010
Year 2015
Year 2020
PCR-based tests
1,500
2,250
5,800
PCR-related technologies
1,100
2,150
4,800
Non-PCR tests
1,110
2,000
4,300
FISH and innovations
1,150
2,300
5,700
Biochips/microarrays
2,160
3,500
10,600
670
900
3,700
Molecular imaging
1,000
1,500
2,500
Other technologies
410
1,100
5,400
9,100
15,700
42,800
Biosensors*
Total for each year
All values in millions of US$
* only clinical applictions in human molecular diagnostics
- 38 -
 Jain PharmaBiotech
Marketing strategies according to technologies
Major reference laboratories are not in the business of manufacturing kits or reagents and
are not required to go through the lengthy FDA approval process. Instead, they are
regulated by CLIA standards. These laboratories have an advantage in introducing new
molecular diagnostic tests in the market after they have been developed in collaboration
with biotechnology companies. With their distribution channel to hospitals, physicians
and laboratories, they offer an important competitive marketing advantage and make
ideal partners for biotechnology companies seeking immediate revenue streams.
In the market size estimates given in Table 12-2, PCR-based tests refer to the use of
diagnostic tests based mainly on PCR. “All other tests” include nanotechnology-based
tests and genotyping for patient profiling in clinical trials. This market was small in the
year 2010 but this will expand to $5.4 billion by 2020 due to introduction of several novel
technologies. Markets for nucleic acid preparation kits overlap with those of the
technologies listed and the following note gives an estimate of this market segment.
Nucleic acid isolation market
The growth of the molecular diagnostics market and the increasing number of sequencing
and functional genomics initiatives, along with interest in RNA in academic and
pharmaceutical sectors, have expanded the nucleic acid isolation market. Genomic DNA
and plasmid isolation kits are among the most commonly purchased. Traditional
protocols with slow organic extraction steps have largely been replaced with aqueous
chemistries that can be easily automated. This market was worth $560 in 2010. It will
expand to $770 million by the year 2015 and cross $1 billion mark by the year 2020.
Market for PCR-based tests
PCR technology includes equipment such as automated diagnostic systems as well as the
use of PCR in other areas besides IVD (e.g. quantitative PCR as a guide to therapy or in
gene therapy). The market for PCR is shown in Table 12-3. PCR market can be split into
market for instruments and reagents. The market size for PCR-based diagnostic assays
and other PCR-related technologies was worth $2.6 billion in the year 2010 and will
increase to $4.4 billion in the year 2015 and $10.6 billion in the year 2020.
Table 12-3: PCR market 2010-2020
Category of PCR
Year 2010
Year 2015
Year 2020
Instruments for conventional PCR
$1.5 billion
$2.0. billion
$4.8 billion
Reagents for conventional PCR
$0.5 billion
$1.0 billion
$2.0 billion
Instruments for real-time PCR
$0.4 billion
$1.0 billion
$2.8 billion
Reagents for real-time PCR
$0.2 billion
$0.5 billion
$1.0 billion
Total
$2.6 billion
$4.5 billion
$10.6 billion
© Jain PharmaBiotech
Markets for PCR instrumentation
These markets can be divided into those for instruments (cyclers) for conventional
(standard) PCR and instruments for real-time PCR. The estimates take into consideration
several surveys of the use of instruments by scientists and the approximate number of
instruments in use worldwide. Sales figures from various manufacturers of PCR
instruments are also taken into consideration. More than half of the scientists using
amplification technology use PCR and this is likely to increase even through many nonamplification alternatives have been developed.
Markets for standard PCR will also continue to grow with a large share in life sciences
research. Innovations will lead to development of IVD test for human diseases and other
- 39 -
applications will be in pharmaceutical industry. The share of IVD was less than 90% in
2009 and is not expected to increase significantly.
The instruments range in price from $20,000 to $50,000 per piece. As the real-time PCR
use increases and forms a significant segment of PCR market, there is increase in the
market of instruments for it. Applied Biosystems is a worldwide leader in real-time PCR
instruments. The 510(k) clearance in 2008 for the 7500 Fast Dx Instrument is the
company's first clearance for a real-time PCR instrument for the clinical diagnostics
market. It employs 96-well format reaction plates and enables scientists to complete realtime PCR amplification in less than 40 minutes. The approval of its use by the FDA for
combination with rRT-PCR Flu Panel from the CDC further boosted its market.
Markets for real-time PCR and qRT-PCR
Within the PCR market, real-time (kinetic or quantitative) PCR is an increasingly
important segment and the size of this segment is increasing, including kits, fluorescent
detection chemistries and instrumentation. Of the total value of PCR market on 4.5 billion
in 2015, the largest segment will be real-time PCR with approximate value of $1.5 billion.
This share will increase to $3.8 billion in a total PCR market of $10.6 billion by the year
2020. Major players in this market are Life Technologies, Roche Applied Science and
Qiagen. More suppliers are being attracted to this market because of easy entry and
opportunities for further development. Reasons for growth of this market include costeffectiveness, simultaneous recording of multiple genetic events, and clinical applications.
Both real-time and reverse-transcriptase quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) provide only
relative quantitation and there is need for technologies that can provide absolute
quantitation. qRT-PCR is not considered separate from real-time PCR due to mix-up in
market assessments with both techniques. Real-time PCR can be performed either with
RNA or DNA templates of which the former is used more frequently as RT-PCR, because
it provides greater analytical sensitivity. Applications include basic research as well as
clinical applications such as the detection of infections and pharmaceutical assays.
As mentioned earlier in this chapter, IVD market is a larger market that includes other
diagnostic technologies besides those that meet the strict definition of molecular
diagnostics. At the same time some molecular diagnostics are not used for IVD but in vivo
diagnosis. PCR is mostly for IVD although there are are non-IVD applications such as in
pharmaceuticals and gene therapy. In 2010, IVD applications constituted over 90% of
applications of real-time PCR and the largest segment (>70%) was for gene expression.
IVD applications of real-time PCR are expected to expand further along with increasing
use for diagnostics. Changes in future healthcare patters, e.g. POC diagnosis and
developments in alternatives to real-time PCR and non-PCR methods as described in part
I have been taken into consideration if estimation of future markets.
PCR market players
Currently one company holds 50% of market for this technology  Roche Diagnostics.
With expiry of the Roche PCR patent in the US in 2005, core PCR technology came into
the public domain. In the EU, the patent expired in 2006. This increased the use of PCR
and reduced the cost of PCR-based tests and also the drug discovery costs in the
developing countries. However, the patent expiry did not reduce Roche's income because
several new tests based on PCR such as realtime PCR are still protected by patents.
Life Technologies, also a major player in PCR has the broadest product offering in PCR
and has millions of PCR assays available on demand. In 2010, the firm launched the ViiA
next-generation PCR system, a platform that was newly built from the ground up with the
intention of making it the basis for all derivatives for the next decade. Customer response
to ViiA was very positive.
Thermo Fisher and Illumina have both entered into the PCR market. PCR remains a new
and small part of Thermo Fisher's business, but during 2010, it purchased Fermentas and
- 40 -
Finnzymes, which adds PCR instrumentation capabilities. Illumina acquired PCR firm
Helixis during 2010 and introduced the benchtop Eco real-time PCR system, launching
the company into PCR space. Many of Illumina's sequencing customers need PCR
instrumentation either in the front-end or for sample preparation, Illumina has a built-in
market.
DNA sequencing market
DNA sequencing is currently mostly used in research with applications in drug discovery
and molecular diagnostics. It has been a hot technology space for the genomics tools
market during 2009 to 2010. Overlapping markets for sequencing are covered in other
technologies as well. The value of DNA sequencing market in 2010 was $700 million
worldwide and over $500 million was in the US. This market will expand to $900 million
in 2015 and $1.8 billion in 2020. This market is discussed in more detail in the report on
DNA Sequencing (Jain 2011g)
Cytogenetic market
Cytogenetic market, which includes some of the technologies listed in Table 12-2 (FISH,
biochips and other technologies), was valued at approximately $2.3 billion in 2010 and is
expected to grow to $5.2 billion by the year 2015 and $10.0 billion in 2020. This market is
discussed in more detail in the report on cytogenetics (Jain 2010i).
Market for FISH technologies
FISH and various modifications of it have a wide range of applications (see Chapter 2).
The markets for these technologies overlap with those of other gene expression
technologies. There are several companies that provide diagnostics based on FISH and
many others supply materials for research laboratories. The separation between these two
market segments is not well demarcated but the total market for FISH and innovations
was worth $1.15 billion in the year 2010. It is expected to grow to $2.3 billion in the year
2015, and $5.7 billion in the year 2020. The greater growth of the market beyond 2010 is
anticipated on the basis of greater use of FISH in clinical diagnostics. New technologies
could replace conventional forms of FISH and other karyotyping in the future estimates.
There is a trend towards the replacement for enzymatic incorporation of labeled
nucleotides by labeling DNA probes with fluorescent dyes. FISH is compatible with new
molecular diagnostic technologies. One example is that of quantum dot nanocrystals,
which light up in selected colors when exposed to ultraviolet light and can be
incorporated in FISH assays.
One of the potential high growth sectors in the market is the personalized treatment of
cancer. The classification of cancer is quickly changing from standard morphological
classification to the molecular classification by cellular genomics to identify the most
appropriate treatment. FISH as well as microarray technologies will play an important
role in this. Screening of breast carcinomas with IHC and confirmation of weakly positive
IHC results by FISH is an effective evolving strategy for testing HER2/neu as a predictor
of response to targeted therapy. FISH will also be important in the genetic molecular
diagnostic markets, which was lagging behind the infectious diseases and cancer and
beginning to expand now.
The two top players in the HER2 market are currently Dako, which sells the IHC-based
HercepTest, and Vysis/Abbott. Both tests are approved by the FDA. In a survey of US
physicians in November 2009 to determine the method used for determining HER2
status, 80% of the respondents said that they used PathVysion FISH (Abbott/Vysis); 8%
INFORM assay (Ventana/Roche); 8% real-time qPCR; and 4% “other” lab-developed
tests. The results of this survey refuted guidelines developed by the American Society of
Clinical Oncology and the College of American Pathologists that recommended IHC as the
preferred diagnostic method for determining a breast-cancer patient’s HER2 status.
- 41 -
Biochip/microarray market
Biochips and microarrays are already being applied to molecular diagnostics. Markets for
this sector are analyzed in a special report on biochips/microarrays (Jain 2011k). The
market value of this technology for applications in molecular diagnostics was
approximately $2.15 billion in the year 2010. It is expected to grow to $3.5 billion by the
year 2015, and $10.6 billion by the year 2020. Currently about 75% of the biochips fall
into the category of DNA chips and 15% into protein chips with the rest 10% use other
technologies. By 2015, 20% of the biochip market is expected to be so-called "lab-on-achip" products, which will make up the dominant share of biochip industry output. This
will include microfluidic and nanotechnologies. Protein microarrays, although they have
many advantages over DNA microarrays, have better prospects in biomarker than in
molecular diagnostics markets so far. Protein microarrays based on the sandwich
immunoassay format are constantly growing and such types of protein microarray are
nowadays broadly used in biomarker screening programs, to generate panels of diseasespecific biomarkers. Further growth of this market will depend on the number of
validated disease-specific biomarkers as well as on their therapeutic relevance, whether
such assays will be performed using a protein microarray format. Medical need, combined
with an overall cost reduction, should become the driving force, in order for protein
arrays to gain a substantial share of the molecular diagnostic market. With the current
trends, the share of protein microarrays/ biochips is expected to increase. As this
technology develops, the cost of each biochip is dropping with some available at around
$200 per piece currently whereas others cost over $500. A closely watched test in this
segment is AmpliChip (Roche) for pharmacogenetics, which has not been adopted as
widely as expected even though its benefits have been proven. Roche sells AmpliChip for
$400, but the test is offered by a small number of clinical reference laboratories, which
charge between 600-$1200 for the test with no evidence that it is regularly reimbursed by
insurance companies.
Microarray companies have not yet decided whether new copy number variation (CNV)
products will take the form of a standalone “CNV chip” or if it will be incorporated into
existing product lines. However, most agree that CNV content will play an important role
in next-generation microarray products. With the rise of sequencing technologies, there
will be some intrusion into the growth of biochip/microarrays but the technologies will
continue to be be used extensively at least until the year 2015. Microarrays will continue
to be the platform of choice for genotyping, and whole-transcriptome differential gene
expression will eventually displace expression arrays.
Biosensor market
Biosensors involve a number of technologies such as optical and nanotechnology. The
markets overlap with those of other categories of diagnostics such as biochips. Many of
the applications of biosensors are outside human clinical molecular diagnostics. Some
applications in current development are for detection of chemical as well as microbial
agents for bioterrorism. The total biosensor market in 2010 was approximately $3.5
billion and is expected to increase to $5 billion by the year 2015 and $7 billion by the year
2020. Of this human clinical molecular diagnostic applications were worth $670 million
in 2010 and will increase to $900 million by the year 2015 and jump to $3.7 billion by the
year 2020 due to introduction of several new biosensor technologies in clinical
diagnostics. It will take several years for biosensor technologies to become competitive
with other technologies in use in human clinical diagnostics.
Nanobiotechnology for molecular diagnostics
This market partly overlaps some of the technologies such as biosensors and biochips as
well as “other technologies” listed in Table 10-2. Nanodiagnostic market was worth
approximately $1.3 billion in 2010 and is expected to grow to $2.7 billion in 2015 by
introduction of new nanotechnology-based diagnostics suitable for point-of-care and field
detection. Nanodiagnostics will be worth $10 billion by the year 2020 and will be the
most important component of molecular diagnostics (Jain 2011b).
- 42 -
Markets for gene expression technologies
Molecular diagnostic technologies are related to gene expression which has a large market
segment because of applications in drug discovery. Bioinformatics is involved in analysis
of data. A fair bit of gene expression market overlaps FISH and biochip markets because
these technologies are used for gene expression analysis. In 2010, this market was worth
$1.5 billion and is expected to increase to $2.7 billion by the year 2015 and $4.8 billion by
the year 2020.
Reagents and other disposable laboratory materials
The market for consumables was approximately $1.3 billion in 2010 and will continue to
grow parallel to the molecular diagnostic technologies markets. As these are sold under
the category of laboratory material, this figure is not included in the market estimates of
molecular diagnostic technologies.
Market for immunochemistry diagnostic
Immunocytochemistry is an important segment of IVD market constituting
approximately $7 billion in the 2010 total IVD market of $60.5 billion. Roche Diagnostics
is the leading company in this field which is growing at more than 10% per annum. In
2010, Roche’s immunochemistry business grew by 15%, significantly outpacing the
market. Roche’s strategy then was focused on leveraging the value of the Elecsys
immunochemistry technology in the human diagnostics market. With earlier acquisition
of BioVeris in 2007, Roche owns the complete patent estate of the
electrochemiluminescence technology deployed in the Elecsys product line which gives
Roche the opportunity to fully exploit the entire immunochemistry market.
Markets for tissue diagnostics
Market for tissue diagnostics does not have a separate entry in Table 12-2 because some
of the technologies listed in that table are used in tissue diagnostics in addition to
technologies that are not strictly classified under molecular diagnostics. It is an important
market connected to molecular diagnostics. Tissue imaging by molecular imaging
technologies and in vivo fluorescence imaging for tissue diagnostics will be important
additions. The value of this market was approximately $1.4 billion in the year 2010 and is
expected to grow to $2 billion in 2015 and $3.5 billion in the year 2020. Much of this
growth will be fueled by integration with molecular diagnostics and was driven by
takeover of Ventana, the most important company in tissue diagnostics by Roche.
Molecular diagnostic markets according to therapeutic areas
It is difficult to separate the molecular diagnostic markets according to therapeutic areas
because diagnostic methods overlap in various areas of application. Nevertheless, an
attempt has been made to break down the molecular diagnostics market by area of
application for the years 2010-2020 (Table 12-4).
Table 12-4: Molecular diagnostics markets according to applications 2010-2020
Diagnostic Area
Year 2010
Year 2015
Year 2020
Sexually transmitted diseases
1, 700
2,800
7,400
Other infections including HAI
1,800
2,700
8,200
Cancer
2,000
3,700
9,500
Genetic testing
1,400
2,900
7,500
Cardiovascular diseases
600
1,000
2,800
Neurological disorders
750
1,100
2,500
- 43 -
Food pathogen detection
350
500
1,100
Miscellaneous disorders
500
800
3,500
9,100
15,500
42,500
Total for each year
(values in millions of US$)
 Jain PharmaBiotech
An idea of the diagnostic markets according to therapeutic areas can be obtained from the
total markets for diagnostics for cancer, infections, and genetic testing  three large areas
in which molecular diagnostics will play an increasingly important role. Other important
applications include diagnosis of neurological disorders and cardiovascular diseases.
Applications relevant to personalized medicine such as pharmacogenomic and
pharmacogenetic testing overlap with therapeutic areas and are covered in a special
report on personalized medicine (Jain 2011e). Identity testing by molecular diagnostics
has potential annual worldwide sales of approximately $600 million in 2010. It is not
included in the table as it is not relevant to therapeutics. Similarly, detection of
biowarfare agents is not included as it is not a well-defined market.
The cancer diagnostics market was worth $19 billion in 2010 with molecular diagnostics
representing approximately 10% of it, i.e. $1.9 billion. It is expected to reach $25 billion in
2015. In 2020, the total cancer diagnostic market will be worth $48 billion and molecular
diagnostics will constitute 20% of this market. These estimates include markets for cancer
immunodiagnostics, nanotechnology-based diagnostics, pharmacodiagnostics combined
with anticancer therapies, and molecular imaging of cancer. Cardiovascular diseases and
neurological disorders (tests for neurogenetic disorders are included under genetic
testing) are small markets currently, but they will constitute significant markets in the
near future. With increasing application of molecular diagnostics to these areas, both
markets are expected to cross $2 billion mark by the yeare 2020.
Genetic disorders
In the earlier days of molecular diagnostics, the focus was on infectious diseases because
the markets for genetic tests and the availability of tests were both limited. Testing for
genetic diseases is now growing rapidly as new genes for diseases are discovered and
assays are developed to detect some of their disease-causing mutations. Though the exact
number is unknown, it is likely that millions of genetic tests are being carried out
worldwide each year. In the European Union alone more than one million genetic tests
were performed in 2010; at least 800 laboratories and over one thousand clinical centers
in Europe were carrying out genetic tests. Genetic disorders can be taken together
regardless of the therapeutic area. The genetic screening market was worth $1.4 billion in
2010 and is expected to grow to $2.9 billion by the year 2015. With greater availability
and acceptance of genetic testing, resolution of ethical issues as well as development of
personalized medicine, this market is estimated to grow to $7.5 billion in 2020. Table 125 provides estimates of the market for screening for some of the genetic disorders in the
year 2010. These estimates are calculated by multiplying the number of persons who are
likely candidates for screening (only a fraction of the actual number of cases) by the cost
of testing. Although these costs are actually variable, an average of $500 per person is
chosen arbitrarily.
Table 12-5: Markets in 2010 for tests to screen healthy persons for genetic disorders
Condition
Test
Frequency/size
of global market
Number to Market value/
be tested
year 2010
Huntington's disease
PCR /CAG triplet repeats
1 in 10,000
35,000
$18 million
Fragile X syndrome
(mental retardation)
CGG triplet repeats
1 in 1500 male and
11 in 2500 female
22,000
$11 million
Myotonic dystrophy
GCT triplet repeats
1 in 7500
25,000
$13 million
Alzheimer's disease
Apolipoprotein E genotype
Biomarkers: CSF, blood, urine
16 million
600,000
$300 million
Duchenne muscular
dystrophy
Defect of the dystrophin gene on 1 in 3000 newborn
chromosome Xp21
20,000
$10 million
- 44 -
Hemoglobinopathies
e.g. sickle cell disease
PCR and LCR for detection of
globin gene mutations
7% carrier rate in
most populations
220,000
$110 million
Cystic fibrosis
PCR for detection of mutation
DF508 on CFTR gene
Carrier rate 20% in
Caucasians
160,000
$80 million
 Jain PharmaBiotech
The estimates presented here exclude a number of other disorders for which commercial
testing is in development. For a complex polygenic disease like hypertension, for example,
many genes have been implicated and the number of tests required may be enormous.
Genetic factors play a role in 20-75% of hypertensive patients, but the exact percentage is
difficult to determine. Although it is difficult to predict the size of the testing market for
this application with any accuracy, it is clearly large, as 10% of the population has
hypertension. In 2010, screening for genetic disorders assumed an increasingly important
role in driving the growth of these diagnostic products. In the clinical areas of application,
genetic screening will be an important part of personalized medicine by 2015 (see Chapter
8). By 2020, health care will place more emphasis on preventive medicine, and more
methods of treatment will become available for genetic disorders that are currently
untreatable. More disease genes will be identified, and new genetic tests will emerge. The
value of the market for molecular diagnostics will expand even if the cost of testing
declines.
Prenatal testing
The estimates in Table 10-4 do not include prenatal testing for genetic disorders
(discussed in detail in Chapter 5). Prenatal diagnostic markets are split into many
segments according to the methods used. Using cytogenetics alone the estimate is $100
million in 2010, expanding to $300 million in 2015 and further to $500 in 2020. These
are rather conservative estimates. The worldwide market for prenatal genetic testing
could reach $3 billion if all pregnant women over the age of 35 were screened, which is an
unlikely goal. Detection of chromosome abnormalities is an important part of such
screening. Molecular diagnostic technology will play an important role in the
development of this market, although the emergence of a cell isolation system is essential
for realizing the goal of a diagnostic based on examination of the blood.
Cancer
In the earlier days of introduction of molecular diagnostics, cancer was not a significant
market as the knowledge of cancer genes was limited and there were few tests available.
The market for cancer screening is beginning to open up with the availability of screening
tests. Cancer molecular diagnostics is now advancing rapidly due to new technologies (see
Chapter 7). Some of the tests are being tied in with treatments and cancer diagnostics will
be an important feature of personalized cancer therapy. By 2010, screening for cancer had
assumed an increasingly important role in driving the growth of these diagnostic
products.
The cancer diagnostics sector consists of imaging devices, imaging and detection
reagents, and laboratory tests (including biopsies and in vitro tests). The fastest growing
sectors of this market consist of molecular imaging technologies such as MRI and IVD
tests. Market for molecular diagnosis of cancer was worth $1.9 billion in 2010 and is
expected to grow to $3.7 billion in 2015 and $9.5 billion in 2020. Markets for selected
cancer screening tests (which were described in Chapter 7) are shown in Table 12-6.
- 45 -
Table 12-6: Markets in 2010 for molecular diagnostic tests for cancer
Condition
Test
Frequency/size of Number
global market
tested
Cost of
test
Market
value
Familial adenomatous
polyposis (precancerous)
APC gene testing
1 in 5000 persons
36,000
$750
$27 million
Hereditary non-polyposis
cancer of colon
MSH2 gene
mutations.
1 in 200 are carriers
120,000
$500
$60 million
Melanoma
p16 sequencing
~6.5% in white
populations
180,000
$500
$90 million
Cervical intraepithelial
neoplasia (CIN), a precancerous condition
DNA HPV in
patients with
atypical Pap
smear
Most women in
2,000,000 $200
Western Europe and
USA have routine
Pap smears
$400 million
Hereditary breast cancer
BRCA1/BCRA2
gene mutations/
sequencing
1 in 10 women has
1,200,000 $500
lifetime risk of breast
cancer
$600 million
 Jain PharmaBiotech
The bulk of the market relates to breast cancer screening. Costs for tests for breast cancer
range from $300 to $800, depending on the type of the test and the company providing
it. The most expensive test involves mutational analysis of BRCA1/BRCA2 as well as
sequencing of the p53 gene in individuals at risk. For calculation of the market, a testing
cost of $500 per patient has been used. Other breast cancer tests such as HER2 now share
this market. Oncotype DX™ (cost=$3820), used for prognosis and recurrence of breast
cancer, is not included in this market but in personalized therapy market report.
For familial adenomatous polyposis, the cost of testing is $750 if the APC gene mutation
in the pedigree is unknown and $500 if the mutation is known. Screening for
intraepithelial cancer of the cervix is less expensive because the HPV DNA test is one of a
series of DNA probes for infectious diseases; these assays carry an average cost of $200.
Taking all these factors into account, a figure of $500 per patient is used in the calculation
of the market for molecular diagnostics aimed at various other cancers. In 2010, over 250
million Pap tests were performed worldwide. This is a fraction of over one billion women
worldwide who need access to screening for cervical cancer. Therefore, the market
potential for cervical cancer screening using biomarkers (e.g. InPath test from CytoCore)
represents an annual opportunity of over $3 billion.
Potential markets for cancer diagnosis according to type of cancer
Potential fulture markets for selected cancers are shown in Table 12-7.
Table 12-7: Molecular diagnostic markets for selected cancers 2010-2020
Type of cancer
Year 2010
Year 2015
Year 2020
Bladder cancer
150 million
300 million
900 million
Breast cancer
760 million
1,400 million
3,000 million
Cervical cancer
400 million
600 million
1,100 million
Colorectal cancer
210 million
300 million
1,300 million
Ovarian cancer
50 million
200 million
500 million
Prostate cancer
220 million
400 million
1,000 million
All others
210 million
500 million
1,700 million
Total for all cancers
2.0 billion
3.7 billion
9.5 billion
© Jain PharmaBiotech
Future growth of the cancer diagnostic market is due to two factors: (1) increase in
prevalence of cancer due to aging population; (2) role of diagnostics throughout the life
time of a cancer patient extending from screening to guiding treatment and follow-up
- 46 -
even after presumed clinical cure. As methods of cancer treatment improve to convert it
into a chronic disease, the life of cancer patients is extended.
Calculations of the future markets for selected organs is based on the availability of
approved tests and prospects of tests in development. Many trends are taken into
consideration. For example, there is tendency to avoid unnecessary biopsy for prostate
cancer if a reliable test is available. Similarly bladder cancer screening will be done more
often as approved tests are being used more widely. The greatest expansion of cancer
diagnostic market will be between the years 2015 and 2020 as some of the tests in
development now will be entering the market in that period.
A large segment of the market is breast cancer for which several diagnostic tests are
described in Chapter 6, part I. Some are approved by the FDA, others are in development
but are performed in various clinical laboratories. Most of the breast cancer diagnostic
tests cost around $500 with the exception of HerMack, MammaPrint, and Oncotype,
which cost over $1000.
With about 500,000 new cases and 300,000 related deaths annually around the world,
cervical cancer is the second most frequent cancer in women. Early detection has been
proven to reduce the burden of this disease, as cervical cancer can be effectively treated if
found in its early stages. The value of HPV testing is increasingly recognized in treatment
guidelines around the world, particularly in the US where nearly 45% of women who
receive the traditional Pap test also undergo HPV screening. Many countries have
established or are evaluating co-testing, primary screening or reflex HPV screening as a
cornerstone of cervical cancer prevention programs. During the decade following its
approval in 1999, more than 75 million digene HPV tests were delivered worldwide. This
market was worth at least $400 million in 2010.
Infectious diseases
The total market for diagnosis of infectious diseases  a segment in which the molecular
diagnostic methods play an important role  was worth approximately $13 billion in the
year 2010, and is expected to grow to $19 billion by the year 2015, and $36 billion by the
year 2020. The value of molecular diagnostics for infections was approximately 3.5 billion
in 2010 and is expected to grow to $5.5 billion in 2015 and $15.6 billion in 2020.
Currently, the major application of molecular diagnostics lies in infectious diseases. The
markets for infectious diseases are presented according to organisms rather than body
systems involved. Among non-sexually transmitted infections, those involving respiratory
system contribute significantly, with a market share of 700 million in the year 2010.
Nucleic acid-based tests have a better specificity than ELISA for HCV and also enable
differentiation between different geneotypes of the virus. This knowledge is useful for
guiding appropriate treatment. For these reasons, nucleic acid-based tests are displacing
immunoassays for HCV. Rapid molecular diagnostics for infectious diseases with tests
that provide identification of the organisms within an hour will be the most essential and
desirable tests for diagnosis of infections in clinical practice. Hospital-acquired infections
(HAIs) is also a significant market. Other infections with very small markets are not
included. Markets in 2010 for identification of infections for which molecular diagnostic
tests are commercially available are shown in Table 12-8 and future projections are shown
in Table 12-9.
Table 12-8: Markets value in 2010 for molecular diagnostic screening for infections
Disease
Test
Frequency/prevalence Number tested
Market value
AIDS/HIV-1
Qualitative & quantitative
PCR / HIV, NASBA, bDNA
40 million infected
persons worldwide
7 million
$850 million
Chlamyda
trachomatis
PCR combined with that for 4 million cases per year/
N. gonorrhoea
280 million worldwide
3 million
$450 million
Neisseria
gonorrhoea
PCR combined with that for 0.5% of the population is
C. trachomatis
infected.
3.5 million
$580 million
- 47 -
HSV
PCR for HSV
Universal in adults
2.5 million
$550 million
HCV
Qualitative and qualitative
PCR for HCV DNA, bDNA
0.5% to 8% of blood
donor population
3 million
$560 million
HBV
Qualitative and qualitative
PCR for HBV DNA
bDNA quantitative assay
300 million chronic cases
worldwide
4 million
$670 million
Tuberculosis
PCR for M. tuberculosis
8 million new cases/ year
5 million
$500 million
Group B
PCR-based tests
Streptococcus
25% of women carry this
infection worldwide;
transmission to newborn
1 million
$250 million
Bordetella
pertussis
PCR-based tests
Causes whooping cough
but may occur in
immunosuppressed
transplant patients
Whooping cough
$100 million
can affect millions
during epidemics
but >0.5 million in
transplant patients
Influenza
H1N1
PCR-based tests (for
companies developing tests
see part I of report)
Variable epidemics.
Number difficult to
estimate or predict
?
Epstein-Barr
virus (EBV)
ELISA for infectious
mononucleosis
PTLD: tissue biopsy; and
the presence of EBV DNA,
RNA, or protein in tissue
95% of adults carry EBV
Posttransplant
lymphoproliferative
disorder (PTLD) affects
~2% of patients
Molecular
$250 million
diagnostics in >0.5
million PTLD
patients
Hospitalacquired
infections
PCR-based tests: MRSA
VRE
C. difficile
4 million worldwide
2 million worldwide
2 million worldwide
2 million
1 million
0.5 million
?
$560 million
© Jain PharmaBiotech
Table 12-9: Future markets for molecular diagnosis of infections 2011-2015
Infections
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
HIV-1
$960 million
$1.09 billion
$1.24 billion
$1.4 billion
$1.69 billion
Chlamyda trachomatis
$450 million
$510 million
$580 million
$650 million
$730 million
Neisseria gonorrhoea
$580 million
$650 million
$760 million
$860 million
$980 million
HSV
$550 million
$630 million
$720 million
$830 million
$940 million
HCV
$560 million
$660 million
$750 million
$870 million
$900 million
HBV
$670 million
$750 million
$890 million
$1.0 billion
$1.25 billion
Tuberculosis
$500 million
$570 million
$650 million
$750 million
$870 million
Group B Streptococcus
$250 million
$300 million
$360 million
$420 million
$500 million
Bordetella pertussis
$100 million
$120 million
$150 million
$200 million
$260 million
EBV-PTLD
$250 million
$280 million
$320 million
$370 million
$430 million
Hospital-acquired
infections
$700 million
$850 million
$1.08 billion
$1.31 billion
$1.58 billion
© Jain PharmaBiotech
The population estimates are projected from the US, the only major country with some
reasonable statistics. From the patterns of use of molecular diagnostics for infections, it is
estimated that 30-50% patients get investigated with higher percentage in US, Western
Europe and Japan and lower percentage in developing countries. The cost of these tests,
when available in developing countries has to be lower and revenues compensated with
larger volumes of testing. The reagents and other materials for the tests are relatively
inexpensive when bought in bulk. Quantitative tests are more expensive than qualitative
tests. The market estimates are calculated on the basis of an average of $150 per test per
patient. Note, however, that some patients may have more than one test, particularly
during monitoring of viral load during therapy for viral infections. Part of the growth of
this market will be genotyping to monitor therapy. For example, HCV genotyping market
was estimated to be worth $350 million in 2010 and is growing rapidly.
- 48 -
Sexually transmitted diseases
Among infections, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), which include HIV, N.
gonorrhea, and C. trachomatis, will continue to dominate the market for molecular
testing. This area produced 50% of the revenues for infectious disease segment of
molecular diagnostics in 2010 and will continue to hold this share until 2020 as current
infectious diseases are not expected to be eliminated by that time. Syphilis resurfaced as a
danger in 2001, and cases went up by >16% between 2005 and 2010. Since the early
1980s, there has been a dramatic downturn in gonorrhea cases, but for the last 10 years,
the rates have leveled off, especially in African-American populations. Reported cases of
chlamydia and gonorrhea together surpassed 1.5 million in 2010. A record number of
chlamydia cases were reported in the US in 2010 and it is the most common reportable
STD as well as infectious disease.
Early diagnosis and treatment of STDs can be both medically and economically efficient.
According to an estimate of the CDC, every dollar spent on Chlamydia screening saves $12
in future medical costs. Molecular diagnostic tests compare favorably with
immunodiagnostic methods for detection of infections. For example, PCR is superior to
direct viral culture both in time and cost: it takes 3-10 days and costs $200, compared
with 3-4 weeks and $300-600 for viral culture.
Hospital-acquired infections
Detection of hospital-acquired (nosocomial) infections (HAI), particularly drug-resistant
organisms such MRSA, are a potential market for diagnostics. Guidelines have been
issued by the CDC outlining strategies to prevent the spread of drug-resistant infections
in healthcare settings. The screening of patients at high risk for carrying drug-resistant
bacteria was recommended for healthcare facilities that do not improve their healthcareassociated infection rates. Market for various HAIs described in Chapter 6 (MRSA, VRE,
C. difficile, BK virus etc) was approximately $560 million in 2010. The reason for the
relatively low value is that some of the diagnostic tests for these infections were included
in non-HAIs, e.g. MDR-TB, and use of commercially available tests for these special
infections were limited and no large scale screening was done. The incidence of HAI is
much lower in developing countries due to lower rate of hospitalization and antibiotic
use. Anticipated developments indicate that this market for HAIs discussed in this report
will expand to $1.7 billion in 2015. Table 12-10 shows estimates for the future markets.
Table 12-10: Future markets for HAI diagnostics 2010-2015
Organism
MRSA
VRE
C. difficile
BK virus
Total
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
$350 million
$450 million
$520 million
$630 million
$790 million
$920 million
$60 million
$70 million
$110 million
$200 million
$300 million
$420 million
$100 million
$120 million
$150 million
$190 million
$220 million
$260 million
$50 million
$60 million
$70 million
$80 million
$90 million
$100 million
$560 million
$700 million
$850 million
$1.1 billion
$1.4 billion
$1.7 billion
© Jain PharmaBiotech
Influenza A, B
The figures are rounded off to nearest 10 million. It is anticipated that MRSA testing will
nearly triple in 5 years followed by C. difficile testing which will increase more than 2.5
times during this period. VRE and BK virus will grow at a slower rate initially, but will
increase as the number of transplants increases; VRE will have the greatest growth, i.e.
7x. The large growth is significantly more than that of molecular diagnostic market, which
has been growing at around 18% annually for most of the past years and future growths
will be steady but not dramatic with exception of some breakthrough. The large growth
rate figures shown here are attributed to:
- 49 -

Overlap of HAI with POC and hospital diagnostic markets, both of which are
substantial.

Overlap of the larger non-HAI diagnostics with HAI as some technologies are
common to both.

Overlap of molecular and non-molecular diagnostics.

Overlap with antibiotic resistance.
Drivers for the growth of HAI diagnostic markets include the following:

Increasing awareness of the problem of HAIs.

New technologies/products in development.

Increasing number of companies developing diagnostics for HAIs. Cepheid and BD
Diagnostics, the two companies that have already received US and European
marketing clearance for a variety of HAI tests, plan to expand their test menus in
this market. Other companies are beginning to compete in this market, e.g. Human
Genetic Signatures.

Increase in research funding by government agencies in US and EU for projects
dealing with healthcare-related infections and antibiotic resistance. A fall-out from
this would be better understanding of the molecular basis of these infections, which
could be applied for improving diagnostics.

Current trend in personalized medicine incorporate diagnostics and link it to
therapeutics. This is relevant to challenges in the management of HAIs.
Testing for HIV drug resistance
Apart from the clinical applications, biopharmaceutical companies are using HIV
resistance testing technology to enhance next-generation HIV drug development as
recommended by the FDA's antiviral drugs advisory committee. The industry currently
has several approved HIV drugs and many new drugs in the pipeline, all of which will
require resistance testing for their development. This will provides a substantial market
for this technology.
Potential markets for avian influenza diagnostics
Markets for avian influenza diagnostics are not included in the tables and figures given so
far. Along with bioterror agents, they are very variable and are not part of established
diagnostic markets. However, there is considerable activity in development of molecular
diagnostics for human affliction with this virus and fear of a pandemic as described in
part I of this report. Although a number of tests have been approved, the use is restricted
to areas where human cases of avian flu have been reported. In the US, the tests are being
held in reserve in case of a pandemic. Under these circumstances, it would be inaccurate
to predict any reasonable market value of such tests.
Cardiovascular diseases
Cardiovascular diseases are the largest category in therapeutics but it was a small market
in diagnostics - $600 million - in 2010 and will expand to $1 billion in 2015 and $2.8
billion in 2020. This market overlaps with genetic disorders. Although a large number of
cardiovascular diseases were identified with the molecular testing possibility in chapter 5,
most of these are for prevention and population screening as risk factors. Well-known
tests such as factor V mutation as a risk factor for thrombosis are not widely performed.
The incidence of this mutation in persons who die of pulmonary embolism is no higher
than that in the general population. There are multiple risk factors involved in thrombotic
- 50 -
disorders, many of which cannot be detected by molecular diagnostics. The same applies
to Quest Diagnostic's Lp PLA2 test, which indicates that increased levels of lipoprotein
are associated with risk of cardiovascular events. Screening is not yet done on a large scale
so that current market is very small for such tests.
Congestive heart failure (CHF) is one example where acute testing at the POC has a
tremendous potential. For example, Triage BNP (Biosite) is an approved protein chipbased diagnostics. The other test ADVIA Centaur BNP (Siemen's Healthcare Diagnostics)
is marketed only outside of USA. Roche Diagnostics's Elecsys® proBNP is an automated
immunoassay for diagnosis of CHF by detecting the level of the NT-proBNP peptide. It
has been approved by the FDA for risk stratification in CHF and in acute coronary
syndrome. This will expand the market for this test. There are few other companies such
as Abbott/Celera collaboration actively involved in developing tests for cardiovascular
disorders. Many others mention it in their plans. Use of cardiovascular molecular
diagnostics for drug discovery and personalized medicine are the areas where much of
expansion will take place in the future. Much of the current research in discovering
markers will have applications in providing new drug targets. Tests for cardiovascular
disorders will be combined with therapeutics for developing personalized medicines.
Neurological disorders
Neurological disorders constitute a major therapeutics area with a large diagnostic
market but only a small part of it involves approved molecular diagnostics - $750 million
- in 2010, but this will expand to $1.1 billion in 2015 and $2.5 billion in 2020. This market
overlaps with that for genetic disorders. A large segment of it is Alzheimer’s disease and
the diagnostics for this disease are discussed in detail in a special report on this topic
(Jain 2011j).
Food testing
Detection of food-borne infections remains a steady market for in vitro testing. Although
the incidence of food-borne diseases has not changed significantly in the past few years,
the market has expanded due to the availability of better and larger number of assays for
the detection of food-borne diseases. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) has been
a significant problem in the livestock industry and a cause of significant economic loss in
the EU. There is still soncern for the relationship to variant Jacob-Creutzfeldt disease
(vJCD) in humans remains. Isolated cases have been reported in other countries.
Diagnostic kits are now available for BSE. The potential commercial market of such a
diagnostic kit for use in the livestock and human blood and tissues markets in Europe
alone is in excess of $100 million per annum. Food testing market was worth $350
million in 2010 and will expand to $500 in 2015 and $1.1 billion in 2020.
An area for considerable potential expansion of IVD market is testing of food for
genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Since 1999, the European Commission requires
all food companies to label products containing foods derived from GMO sources. The
Joint Research Center's Food Products Unit of the Institute has validated strategic
Diagnostic's Soya Test Kits for Health and Consumer Protection, as a test for compliance
with the GMO food labeling regulations within the EU member countries. They are being
marketed in EU in collaboration with GeneScan Europe.
Screening of blood for transfusion
Role of molecular diagnostics in screening of blood transfusion for viruses has been
described in Chapter 8. The exact extent of use of this testing procedure has not been
measured but the market is of considerable size because blood transfusion is a common
procedure in hospitals. Approximately 60 million units of whole blood and plasma are
donated and screened annually in target markets throughout the world. The current
potential value of the hepatitis and HIV clinical diagnostics market is over $1 billion. The
exact share of nucleic acid-based technologies used in screening blood transfusion has not
- 51 -
been determined and there is no separate entry for this item in any of the tables as the
market overlaps that of detection of viruses associated with various diseases. There is still
no satisfactory blood substitute and as long as donor blood is used for transfusion and
other blood products, screening for HIV and hepatitis viruses would be essential.
Tissue typing for transplantation
The biggest segment of this market is human leukocyte antigen testing, which was worth
$200 million in 2010. Approximatley 15% of this market was for identifying potential
bone marrow donors. This market is anticipated to expand to $500 by the year 2020.
Molecular diagnostic markets relevant to pharmaceutical industry
Applications of molecular diagnostics in the pharmaceutical industry were described in
Chapter 8 (Part I). There is no specific figure estimated for pharmaceutical applications of
molecular diagnostics as such because most of these are not clinical diagnostics but use of
the basic IVD technologies such as PCR and biochips/microarrays in pharmaceutical
industry, e.g. drug discovery and detection of impurities or for tracking pharmaceuticals.
Use relevant to personalized medicine, i.e. companion diagnostics, monitoring of clinical
trials, pharmacogenetics, pharmacogenomics, etc discussed in the markets for
personalized medicine in the report on that topic and are summarized in the following
section (Jain 2011e).
Molecular diagnosis and personalized medicine markets
Several molecular diagnostic technologies are used in the development of personalized
medicine and markets for these can be calculated. No matter which way one analyzes
these markets, there is considerable overlap among the components as well as related
fields. Eventually introduction of personalized medicine will increase the value of both
pharmaceutical and diagnostic markets although the exact value of this enhancement may
not be separable in markets that were growing even prior to the concept of personalized
medicine. Currently, it makes no sense to detach a part of the healthcare market and label
it as personalized medicine market. Even medicines that have companion diagnostics are
not used exclusively in a personalized manner and diagnostics have other applications as
well.
Once low-cost genotyping becomes available, the pharmaceutical revenues would actually
increase due to the extended life cycle of a drug by a decrease in the overall length of the
drug discovery/development process as well as earlier market introduction. This could
translate into a 40% increase in revenues.
Growth of markets relevant to personalized medicine
Various technologies relevant to personalized medicine have been described throughout
this report. Estimates of markets for these technologies relevant to personalized medicine
are shown in Table 12-11. The figures are not totaled because of considerable overlap
between markets, e.g. some technologies such as biochips are part of the overall
molecular diagnostic market.
Table 12-11: Growth of markets relevant to personalized medicine 2010-2020
Market
Year 2010
Year 2015
Year 2020
Pharmacogenomics
$2.1 billion
$2.8 billion
$4.1 billion
SNP genotyping
$1.0 billion
$2.6 billion
$3.9 billion
Pharmacogenetics
$1.2 billion
$2.3 billion
$3.8 billion
Pharmacoproteomics
$0.9 billion
$1.8 billion
$4.2 billion
- 52 -
Biochips
$2.1 billion
$3.4 billion
$10.5 billion
Point-of-Care diagnosis
$10.8 billion
$18.0 billion
$30.0 billion
Genetic screening
$1.4 billion
$2.9 billion
$7.5 billion
 Jain PharmaBiotech
Marketing opportunities according to geographic areas
Molecular diagnostic markets according to geographical areas are shown in Table 12-12.
Table 12-12: Molecular diagnostic markets according to geographical areas 2010-2020
Geographical area
Year 2010
Year 2015
Year 2020
North America
$4.2 billion
$6.9 billion
$16.9 billion
Europe
$2.6 billion
$4.8 billion
$13.6 billion
Japan
$0.7 billion
$1.0 billion
$1.5 billion
China
$0.5 billion
$0.7 billion
$3.0 billion
India
$0.4 billion
$0.6 billion
$2.5 billion
Rest of the world
$0.7 billion
$1.5 billion
$5.0 billion
$9.1 billion
$15.5 billion
$42.0 billion
Total for each year
© Jain PharmaBiotech
Geographically, the US represents the major market for these diagnostics, accounting for
nearly half of the revenues in 2010. Despite its relatively stiff regulatory requirements and
ethical debates about the role of molecular diagnostics, the US still represents the best
environment for expansion of molecular diagnostics in genetic disorders and cancer
screening. Number of molecular and genetics tests performed in the US is expected to
exceed 100 million by 2015. Although the population of Western Europe is larger than
that of the US, and the regulatory restraints in that region are less stringent, the market
share of Western Europe is not expected to surpass that of the US for the following
reasons:

The standards of medical care are not geographically uniform due to economic factors
and differing systems of healthcare. Molecular diagnostics are likely to develop
rapidly in Germany and the UK  the two countries in Europe that also happen to
have the most developed biotechnology industry  but may lag behind in Italy and
Spain.

Public awareness of molecular diagnostics and initiative in starting discussions on
related topics with the physicians is less in Europe than in the US.
Among the Asian countries, only Japan has a sizeable molecular diagnostic market
although the high cost is a limiting factor for expansion. China and India are large
emerging markets but the financial value of the market is currently is considerably lower
than in the West because of the low cost of testing. The financial potential of markets will
increase considerably in the next decade. Considerable market expansion is expected in
the rest of the world, particularly in the diagnosis of infectious diseases.
Unmet needs in molecular diagnostics
Figure 12-1 shows the level of unmet need remaining in the molecular diagnostics field. In
the figure, diagnostic achievements with various emerging technologies have been
depicted as percentages of desired goals in main areas of application.
- 53 -
Figure 12-1: Unmet needs in applications of molecular diagnostics
Drug development
Pharmacogenomics
Pharmacogenetics
Drug discovery
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
Infectious Diseases
Diagnosis
Resistance testing
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
Genetic disorders
Screening
Diagnosis
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
50%
75%
100%
Cancer
Diagnosis
Screening
Monitoring of
therapy
0%
25%
© Jain PharmaBiotech
Major market trends
Markets according to home-brew and FDA-approved tests
With a limited number of tests approved by the FDA, majority of tests are still home-brew
using analyte-specific reagents (ASRs) but the value of this market with reduce as
regulatory control is extended. Most of this market is in the US with few home-brew
diagnostic products in Europe. Majority of home-brew tests currently are based on PCR
and related technologies. Several non-PCR tests are based on MAbs. Many of the homebrew tests will gain FDA approval based on the data generated from use over years. By
2020 the value of approved tests will increase over home-brew tests. Global market values
of home-brew tests as compare to approved tests are shown in Table 12-13. The total of
various items in this table differs from that in Table 12-2 because molecular imaging is
excluded as there are no homebrew tests in this category.
- 54 -
Table 12-13: Molecular diagnostic markets according to home-brew and approved tests
Technology
2010
2015
2020
Home-brew
Approved
Home-brew Approved
Home-brew Approved
PCR & related technologies
$1.9 b
$0.8 b
$3.0 b
$1.4 b
$2.4 b
$8.2 b
Non-PCR tests
$1.0 b
$0.1 b
$1.4 b
$0.5 b
$1.7 b
$2.6 b
FISH and innovations
$0.9 b
$0.2 b
$1.8 b
$0.5 b
$1.7 b
$4.0 b
Biochips/microarrays
$1.9 b
$0.2 b
$2.7 b
$0.8 b
$3.6 b
$7.0 b
Biosensors
$0.6 b
---
$0.8 b
$0.1 b
$2.6 b
$1.1 b
Other technologies
$0.4 b
$0.1 b
$1.0 b
$0.2 b
$3.3 b
$2.1 b
Total
$6.7 b
$1.4 b
$10.7 b
$3.5 b
$15.3 b
$25.0 b
© Jain PharmaBiotech
Decentralization of molecular diagnostics
Currently, most molecular diagnostic tests are run in either large centralized labs, such as
those operated by Laboratory Corporation of America and Quest Diagnostics, or in CLIA
labs. But as more molecular diagnostic tests are developed, particularly for conditions for
which physicians would like to have a rapid answer, decentralized labs and point-of-care
(POC) are viewed as a viable and growing market. Key drivers of decentralization are:

The increasing virulence of infectious diseases, e.g. hospital-acquired infections.

Companion diagnostic, e.g. for selection of antibiotics.

Poor patient compliance to drug regimens and a need for better drug monitoring for
diseases such as cancer.

Advances in personalized medicine will necessitate that some molecular diagnostics
be brought into the physician’s office as well.
Some of the deterrants to decentralization of molecular diagnostics are:

The healthcare system’s focus on keeping the costs down tends to pushes diagnostic
testing into centralized settings. It is likely that some molecular diagnostic tests will
end up running in both centralized and decentralized labs.

Complexity of the new automated systems may require expertise that may not be
available in the hospital laboratory setting. There is a needed for equipment that is
easier to operate.

New FDA regulations, such as those governing multivariate assays, will likely make
clearance for companion diagnostics more difficult and problematic for test
developers. As a result, manufacturers will need to be more diligent in doing their
R&D in molecular diagnostics.
Point-of-care testing
POC testing is now moving to the home and the physician's office. This has developed for
ELISA and biochemical tests such as blood glucose. The POC testing market is about onethird of the IVD testing market with most of the products for pregnancy and monitoring
of diabetes, but the role of molecular diagnostics is currently limited in this market.
However, the role of molecular diagnostics is expected to expand, particularly with the
introduction of diagnostic protein biochips which is an improvement over the standard
ELISA tests. The following estimates refer to POC molecular diagnostics.
In 2010, over 53 million IVD tests were performed with US hospitals and laboratories;
70% of these were performed by skilled technicians. With public pressure to cut costs,
- 55 -
healthcare providers have begun a major shift to alternate site testing such as the POC.
Another driver for the development of POC testing is the need for rapid results in proper
management of patients, particularly those with infectious diseases. The US POC market
in 2010 was worth approximately $5.0 billion, which includes $1.3 billion for hospitalbased, $1.6 billion for doctor's offices and $2.1 billion for home testing. POC testing is
also playing an important role in the development of personalized medicine.
The global POC market was $10.8 billion (18% of the total IVD market) in 2010: $4.2
billion for home testing, $4.4 billion for doctor's office, and $2.2 billion for hospital based
testing. Outside the US, European market was the largest with over 13 million IVD test
and was worth $1.3 billion in 2010: $600 million for hospital-based, $500 million for
physician offices and outpatient clinics and $200 million for home testing. Global POC
market will increase to $18 billion (20% of the total IVD market) by the year 2015 with
share of hospital POC at $5.6 billion. Bioelectronic microchip for DNA and protein chips
are the technologies are currently most suited for POC care but nanotechnology-based
products are expected to dominate in the future POC market in the year 2020, which is
estimated to be worth $30 billion. The largest segment of the POC is for infectious disease
testing. Although POC market is growing rapidly, its percentage within the total IVD
market will not increase much as the total market is also expending in more expensive
non-POC applications.
Development of personalized medicine
There is an increasing interest in the development of personalized medicine in the past
few years. Molecular diagnostics is involved in various components of personalized
medicine: pharmacogenetics, pharmacogenomics and pharmacoproteomics. Molecular
diagnostics play a key role in this area both in drug development and as a guide to therapy
in the clinic; integration of diagnostics with therapeutics. Financial implications of
personalized medicine are discussed in a detailed report on this topic (Jain 2011e).
Pharmacogenomic and pharmacogenetic testing is not considered separately but
incorporated in the overall molecular diagnostic markets. Pharmacogenomic tests have an
impact during drug development and pharmacogenetic testing will be a part of
personalized management of various diseases. The value of markets of various
therapeutic areas takes this into consideration. By the year 2020, personalized medicine
will be recognized part of practice of medicine. POC diagnostics and biochips will enable
the practical use of various tests. An important consideration in estimating markets for
personalized medicine is the cost of genotyping.
Cost of sequencing the human genome
Currently it costs nearly $20 million to sequence the 3 billion base pairs of DNA found in
humans. Therefore, large scale sequencing is carried out mostly at special sequencing
centers and is restricted to major expensive projects. The immediate goal of the NIH’s
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) is to support research to lower the
cost of these projects more than 100-fold in order to allow scientists to sequence genomes
of human subjects involved in studies to find genes relevant for disease. The longer-term
goal of NHGRI’s “Revolutionary Genome Sequencing Technologies” grants totaling more
than $32 million is the development of breakthrough technologies that will enable a
human-sized genome to be sequenced for less than $1,000 by 2015 so that this process
can be used in routine medical tests and allow physicians to tailor diagnosis, prevention,
and treatment to a patient’s individual genetic makeup. On 9 May 2011, Illumina lowered
the cost of its human whole-genome sequencing services to $5,000 per genome for
projects of 10 samples or more, and $4,000 for projects of 50 samples or more. The
services are offered through the Illumina Genome Network and compete directly with
human whole-genome offerings from Complete Genomics and Life Technologies. Thus,
there is a good possibility of this price price falling to $1,000 genome before 2015. The
SOLiD 3 System (Life Technologies Corporation) will increasingly drive capabilities
toward the $1,000 genome milestone.
- 56 -
Cost of genotyping
Currently, it typically costs a drug company about $800 million to develop, test, and bring
to market a single drug. Pharmacogenomic data could hasten clinical drug trials, allowing
researchers to design and conduct safer, more targeted trials on a particular drug. The
results of such a trial would be far more conclusive and focused than those of trials that
do not use pharmacogenomic data. By reducing both the time of drug development, the
number of patients required and the failed clinical trials, pharmacogenomics is expected
to reduce the cost of drug development. The question now is the cost of genotyping.
Genome-wide association studies will require at least 100,000 SNPs to be genotyped in,
for example, 500 cases and 500 controls. This represents 100,000,000 genotypes for
each analysis. Using today’s technology, an amplification methodology is required,
whether it is on an individual SNP basis using PCR or by whole genome amplification. A
rapid discrimination mechanism to determine the genotype of each sample and some way
of rapidly reading out and capturing the data are required. Many technologies are being
developed to solve these practical issues, but they invariably require a PCR step. The
miniaturization of PCR using microfluidics may provide an opportunity to reduce costs,
as well as multiplexing both the amplification steps and the detection steps.
Nanotechnology with naopore DNA sequencing and single molecule detection is another
promising approach. Another problem associated with the whole genome scans in
humans is that the technology platform will have to deliver between 250,000 - 1,000,000
genotypes a day to make the time frame for these studies reasonable. Current cost ranges
between 10¢ and $1 per genotype. For example using Taqman technology, 1,000,000
genotypes would cost $1 million ($1 per genotype) or oligo ligation assay and ABI 377
technology would cost $500,000 (50¢ per genotype). Even at the level of the individual
patient, to genotype 300,000 SNPs is an expensive proposition. To enable such
approaches to be utilized widely the cost per genotype has to come down from the current
cost to 0.1¢ per genotype. VisiGen Biotechnologies Inc was awarded a “$1,000 Genome”
grant from NHGRI to advance the development of innovative sequencing technologies
intended to reduce the cost of DNA sequencing.
Currently the pharmacogenomic market consists mostly of application of genomic
technologies to drug discovery and testing of patients in clinical trials. There is overlap
with molecular diagnostic market in the areas of SNP genotyping. This market was worth
$2.2 billion in the year 2010 and to grow to $2.9 billion by the year 2015 and $4.2 billion
by the year 2020.
Marketing companion diagnostics for personalized medicine
Companion diagnostics do not constitute a distinct marketing entity as some of them are
covered under pharmacogenetics/ pharmacogeneomics and other segments of molecular
diagnostic market. The greatest challenge for IVD manufacturers in creating meaningful
partnerships with pharmaceutical companies to advance the use and integration of
personalized medicine into today's healthcare systems is ensuring commercial value on
both sides of the partnership. These companion diagnostics make a tremendous impact in
the methods of identifying the most appropriate course of treatment for individual
disease states, but the creation of commercial value for partners is extremely difficult to
obtain because of low reimbursement rates for diagnostic tests. Working in tangent with
pharmaceutical companies is just the first step in negotiating the perilous route of
commercializing viable IVD companion products.
The use of companion diagnostic is expanding. Currently there are over 50 companion
diagnostics and several are in development. Although the value of companion diagnostics
in improving drug efficacy and safety has been established in clinical trials, most
physicians still do not know enough about the field to feel comfortable in ordering
recommended tests. In a nationwide US physician survey conducted by Medco that
reached approximately 400,000 practitioners, 98% agreed that genetics is important for
drug therapy, but only about 10% were adequately informed about it. Additionally, about
12% stated that they have been ordering a genetic test over the preceding six months and
- 57 -
about 25% indicated that they are planning to order genetic tests. This indicates a
tremendous growth potential of this market.
Development of low-cost tests
A distinct trend toward lower pricing of test kits has emerged in recent. This
consideration is an important factor for these molecular diagnostics in their competition
with conventional technologies. DNA tests for identifying an individual are simple and
cheap. Commercial laboratories offer DNA testing for paternity and other relationships
for as little as $130. Legal setting raises the costs. There are over DNA 1200 tests
available, mostly for diagnosis of diseases. The cost varies from $150 to over $1000 with
an average of $500. The costs are expected to drop in the future as the use increases. The
current aim is to sequence a human genome in 8h for <$100 (BioNanomatrix).
Given the current cost-containment trends in health care, offering a reasonable price is
essential, as is demonstration of the superiority of molecular diagnostics relative to other
methods. The customer of the future is not only the laboratory manager, but also the costconscious managed care administrator. Low costs will be essential if molecular
diagnostics are to be employed for large-scale screening of populations for genetic
disorders. Cost will also be an important factor for application in developing countries,
which have large markets for infectious disease diagnostics
Simplification of test procedures
Test manufacturers are generally trying to develop simple-to-use kits with a minimal
number of steps. Tests that do not require specialized equipment to be installed in the
laboratory are considered more desirable.
Creation of a highly innovative and unique technology for molecular diagnostics is the
most desired goal for all newcomers in the field of molecular diagnostics. As noted earlier,
any of these technologies have versatile applications in infections, genetics, and cancer.
In recent years, PCR has been the fastest-growing segment of molecular diagnostic
technology. Most of the diagnostic tests in the market are based on PCR, with automation
being a key trend. A number of new tests based on other technologies, however, are now
challenging PCR. Many existing laboratories will have immediate access to automation of
these new technologies without the purchase of new equipment. Nucleic acid sequencebased amplification (NASBA), for example, allows direct detection and quantification of
RNA viruses. Another promising test for this purpose is branched DNA test. Along with
NASBA, it is considered an important advance for evaluating and monitoring antiviral
therapy in HIV and HCV infections.
A significant challenge facing the molecular diagnostic industry is the transformation of
laboratory tests now performed by researchers into commercial diagnostics that can be
used by nonspecialist technicians in doctors' offices, and even by consumers at home.
Increasing role of proteomics in clinical diagnostics
There are two main reasons for a shift in trend towards the use of proteomic technologies
in diagnostics as described in Chapter 4. One is a rapid growth in the understanding of
the proteome, which redirects the attention from the genome back to the proteome. The
other reason is that proteomic technologies refine the already established immunoassays
and it may be easier to shift to protein assays than nucleic acid assays. Proteomic
separation and analytical techniques are uniquely capable of detecting tumor-specific
alterations in proteins. Proteomic technologies, therefore, have a potential in developing
molecular diagnostics and markers for the early detection of cancer. Protein chip and
microarray technology has made rapid advances and is moving in microfluidics and
nanochips. Protein biochips are advancing to POC application ahead of DNA chips.
- 58 -
A full understanding of the pathogenesis of diseases would eventually require knowledge
of levels of proteins and their variants. Therefore, identification of all protein variants,
how they relate to each other, and functional consequences of changes in their levels must
be considered in order to understand the clinical presentation of complex diseases. In
addition, protein profiling, along with gene profiling, will play an important role in the
integration of diagnostics with therapeutics and development of personalized medicines.
Forensic and legal applications
The worldwide market for paternity testing is estimated to be worth more than $1 billion
and probably the largest potential diagnostic business in molecular genetics. Only a
fraction of this has been exploited. The use of molecular diagnostic technologies for
identification is being used increasingly for legal purposes. These technologies have been
used extensively recently for identification of victims of war and terrorist attacks.
Marketing strategies
Various marketing strategies that have been found to be useful in the marketing of
molecular diagnostics are listed in Table 12-14 and some of these will be discussed.
Table 12-14: Marketing strategies for molecular diagnostics
Strategies based on alliances
Acquisitions vs collaborations
Licensing of the technologies
Strategies related to laboratory facilities
Company-owned laboratories
Collaboration with commercial laboratories
Strategies relevant to the healthcare system
Cost/benefit studies
Testing at point-of-care
Integration of diagnostics with therapeutics
Selection of the largest areas of indication for diagnostics
Selection of areas with the greatest unfulfilled needs
Regulatory strategies
Introduction of diagnostics into research laboratories
Approval in countries outside of US
Information/education
Physician education
Training of laboratory personnel
Public education
Pharmaceutical applications of molecular diagnostics
Drug discovery and development, safety studies, and adjunct to clinical trials of drugs
 Jain PharmaBiotech
Role of alliances in commercialization of molecular diagnostics
There are two types of alliances: collaborations and licensing. Collaboration is used to
mean an arrangement where two parties are conducting joint research or development of
a technology or product. License is used for the granting of intellectual property rights
(IPRs). The two types of alliances may overlap because collaboration is likely to involve
cross-licensing of IPRs and the licensing often involves some collaboration between the
- 59 -
parties. The term “collaboration” covers both types of alliances. Although academic
alliances are common, alliances between companies have played an important role in
commercialization of molecular diagnostics.
Acquisitions vs collaborations
Along with alliances, acquisitions have also played a role but their number is limited as
shown in Table 12-15. There is a tendency for the larger companies to form collaborations
rather than acquire smaller companies because of their technologies. The acquired
company often continues to function as before within the larger organization and
collaboration continues between the two companies at a scientific level. The advantages of
acquisition are financial security for the acquired company and exclusivity of use of
technology by the acquiring company. The disadvantage is in case the acquiring company
no longer wants to pursue the acquired technologies. It is more difficult to dispose of a
company than simply not renew the collaboration, which is for a limited period.
Table 12-15: Takeovers of molecular diagnostic companies
Company
Acquired company
Year
Amount
BD Biosciences
Clontech
1999
$200 million
Epoch Biosciences
Synthetic Genetics
2000
?
Abbott
Vysis
2001
$355 million
Applied Biosystems
Boston Probes
(now Life Technologies)
2001
$32 million
bioMérieux
Organon Teknika
2001
?
Orchid Cellmark
Lifecodes Corporation
2001
?
Transgenomic Inc
Annovis Inc
2001
?
Johnson & Johnson
Tibotec-Virco
2002
$320 million
QIAGEN
Genovision AS
2002
$30 million
Quest Diagnostics
Unilab Corporation
2002
$860 million
Amersham Biosciences
(part of GE Healthcare)
CodeLink /Motorola Life Sciences
2002
$20 million
Serono SA
Genset
2002
$143.8 million
Bayer Diagnostics
Visible Genetics
2002
$61.4 million
LabCorp of America
DIANON Systems
2003
600 million
Invitrogen
PanVera unit of Vertex
2003
$95 million
Genaissance
DNA Sciences
2003
$1.3 million
Caliper Life Sciences
Zymark Corporation
2003
$57 million
Invitrogen
Molecular Probes
2003
$325 million
Roche
IGEN
2003
$1.42 billion
Gen-Probe
Molecular Light Technology Ltd
2003
$11 million total value
Currently owns 82.6%
Tepnel Life Sciences
Diagnostic Unit of Orchid Cellmark
2003
$4.3 million
Abbott Laboratories
i-STAT Corporation
2003
$392 million
Genaissance
Lark Technologies
2003
$19.9 million
Nanogen
SYN X Pharma Inc
2004 (April)
$12 million
Genzyme Corporation
Impath
2004 (May)
$215 million
Bio-Rad
MJ GeneWorks
2004 (August)
$32 million
QIAGEN
Molecular Staging Inc
2004 (September) $28.5 million
Invitrogen
DNA Research Innovation
2004 (October)
$35 million
Invitrogen
Bio Asia (Shangai)
2004 (December)
$8 million
- 60 -
Invitrogen
Zymed
2005 (January)
$60 million
Invitrogen
Dynal Biotech
2005 (February)
$375 million
Illumina
CyVera Corporation
2005 (April)
$17.5 million
QIAGEN
Artus Gesellschaft
2005 (May)
$39.2 million
LabCorp of America
Esoterix Inc
2005 (May)
?
Affymetrix
ParAllele
2005 (June)
$120 million
Quest Diagnostics
LabOne Inc
2005 (August)
$934 million
Takara Biomedical
Clontech unit of BD Biosciences
2005 (August)
$60 million
QIAGEN
PG Biotech Co Ltd (Shenzhen, China)
2005 (September) $14.5 million
Inverness Medical
Innovations
Thermo Biostar: POC and Rapid
Diagnostic business of Thermo
Electron Corporation
2005 (September) $52.5 million
Caliper Life Sciences
NovaScreen BioSciences Corporation
2005 (September) $22 million
Nanogen
Spectral Diagnostics' rapid cardiac
immunoassay test business
2005 (December)
$7.7 million
QIAGEN
Eppendorf AG’s reagent business
2006 (January)
$3 million
BD
GeneOhm
2006 (January)
$255 million
Caliper
Xenogen
2006 (February)
$80 million
Fisher Scientific
Athena Diagnostics
2006 (March)
$283 million
Novartis
Chiron Corporation
2006 (April)
$7.8 billion
Millipore
Serologicals
2006 (April)
$1.4 billion
Nanogen
Diagnostics division of Amplimedical
2006 (April)
$10 million
Siemens Medical
Solutions
Diagnostic Products
2006 (April)
$1.8 billion
QIAGEN
Gentra Systems Inc
2006 (May)
$38 million
Warnex Inc
PRO-DNA Diagnostics
2006 (May)
$1.7 million
Quest Diagnostics
Focus Diagnostics
2006 (May)
$185 million
PerkinElmer
Spectral Genomics Inc
2006 (May)
?
Siemans
Bayer Diagnostics+Diagnostic
Products Corporation
2006 (June)
completed (Dec)
$5.4 billion
GE Healthcare
Biacore
2006 (June)
$390 million
PerkinElmer
NTD Laboratories and
J.N. Macri Technologies
2006 (July)
$56.65 million
Becton Dickinson & Co
TriPath Imaging Inc
2006 (August)
$350 million
Bio-Reference Labs Inc
GeneDx
2006 (August)
$17 million
Genetix Group plc
Applied Imaging Corporation
2006 (September) $18.3 million
Quest
Enterix Inc
2006 (September) $43 million
Bio-Rad
Provalis plc (POC business)
2006 (September) $3 million
Beckman Coulter
Lumigen Inc
2006 (October)
$185 million
QIAGEN
Genaco Biomedical Products Inc
2006 (October)
$40 million
Illumina
Solexa
2006 (November) $600 million
Siemens
Bayer Healthcare Diagnostics
2007 (January)
$5.7 billion
Quest Diagnostics
HemoCue, a Swedish POC company
2007 (February)
$420 million
Cepheid
Sangtec Molecular Diagnostics
2007 (February)
$27 million
Luminex
Tm Bioscience
2007 (March)
?
NorDiag
Genpoint, a Norwegian DNA company 2007 (March)
$13.3 million
Roche Diagnostics
454 Life Sciences
2007 (March)
$155 million
Roche Diagnostics
BioVeris Corporation
2007 (April)
$600 million
- 61 -
Agilent Technologies
Stratagene
2007 (April)
$246 million
QIAGEN
eGene
2007 (April)
$34 million
Inverness Medical
Biosite
2007 (May)
$1.6 billion
QIAGEN
Digene Corporation
2007 (June)
$1.6 billion
Roche Diagnostics
NimbleGen
2007 (June)
$273 million
DiagnoCure
Catalyst Oncology
2007 (August)
$3 million + milestones
Inverness Medical
Matritech for
2007 (August)
$36 million
Clinical Data Inc
Epidauros Biotechnologie AG
2007 (August)
$12 million
Celera
Atria Genetics
2007 (September) $33 million
Siemens
Dade Behring Holdings
2007 (November) $7 billion
Roche Diagnostics
Ventana Medical Systems
2008 (January)
$3.4 billion
3M Healthcare
Acolyte Biomedica
2008 (February)
?
Solvay
Innogenetics
2008 (April)
$227 million
QIAGEN
Corbett Life Sciences
2008 (June)
$135 million
Johnson & Johnson
Nordic AB
Amic
2008 (June)
$40 million
Hologic Inc
Third Wave Technologies
2008 (July)
$580 million
Illumina
Avantome Inc
2008 (August)
$25 million
QIAGEN
Explera srl (Italy)
2009 (August)
$7.5 million
bioMerieux
AviaraDx (renamed bioTheranostics)
2008(September) $60 million
QIAGEN
Biotage (Pyrosequencing business)
2008 (October)
$60 million
Invitrogen (now Life
Technologies)
VisiGen Biotechnologies
2008 (October)
$20 million
Cepheid
Stretton Scientific
2008 (November) $1.9 million
Affymetrix
Panomics
2008 (December) $73 million
Invitrogen (now Life
Technologies)
Applied Biosystems
2008 (December) $6.7 billion
Abbott Laboratories
Ibis Biosciences
2008 (December) $215 million
Genzyme Corporation
EXACT Biosciences’ IP
2009 (January)
$24.5 million
Beckman Coulter
Cogenics division of Clinical Data Inc
2009 (April)
$17 million
Elitech Group
Nanogen Inc
2009 (June)
$25.7 million
LabCorp of America
Monogram Biosciences
2009 (August)
$104 million
Beckman Coulter
Olympus' lab-based diagnostics
2009 (August)
$780 million
Agilent
Varian (array-related business)
2009 (August)
$1.5 billion
QIAGEN
DxS
2009 (September) $130 million
BD Diagnostics
HandyLab Inc
2009 (November) $275 million
QIAGEN
SABiosciences Corporation
2009 (November) $90 million
Life Technologies
Biotrove
2009 (November) ?
Gen-Probe
Prodesse Inc
2009 (November) $60 million
QIAGEN
ESE GmbH
2010 (January)
$19 million
Life Technologies
AcroMetrix
2010 (January)
Undisclosed
Danaher Corporation
AB SCIEX
2010 (January)
$1.1 billion
Danaher Corporation
Molecular Devices
2010 (February)
?
PerkinElmer
Signature Genomic Labs
2010 (April)
$90 million
Meridian Bioscience
Bioline group of companies
2010 (July)
$23.3 million
IRIS International
AlliedPath
2010 (August)
$6 million
- 62 -
LabCorp
Genzyme Genetics
2010 (September) $925 million
GE Healthcare
Clarient Inc
2010 (October)
$580 million
Caliper Life Sciences
Cambridge Research &
Instrumentation
2010 (December)
$20 million
Sigma-Aldrich
Cerilliant
2010 (December
Undisclosed
Novartis Diagnostics
Genoptix
2011 (January)
$470 million
Danaher Corporation
Beckman Coulter
2011 (February)
$6.8 billion.
PerkinElmer
Chemagen Biopolymer-Technologie
2011 (February)
?
Quest Diagnostics
Celera
2011 (March)
$671 million
LabCorp of America
Orchid Cellmark
2011 (April)
$85.4 million
© Jain PharmaBiotech
Analysis of collaborations in molecular diagnostics
Historically large companies with established channels of distribution to hospitals and
private laboratories and a well-trained sales force have been most successful in marketing
new molecular diagnostic kits. Most of the earlier DNA diagnostic tests were developed by
small biotechnology companies that did not have the capacity for such marketing
operations. As a result, most of these tests have changed to the hands of larger companies,
either by takeovers or outright purchases of the technology.
The results of a study of commercial alliances in molecular diagnostics conducted at Jain
PharmaBiotech in Basel, Switzerland were presented at an IBC Colloquium in Boston in
2002. Of the 250 collaborations analyzed, the number of collaborations between
molecular diagnostics and biotechnology companies is the largest (100) followed by
collaborations between molecular diagnostic companies (94). Other companies including
pharmaceutical companies are in the third place (56). The largest area for collaboration is
for diagnostic assays but the following are expanding: pharmacogenomics; development
and commercialization; and combination of technologies. Although the number of
collaborations has more than doubled since this study was done, the patterns have not
changed. Proportions of various areas of collaborations are shown in Figures 12-2.
Figure 12-2: Proportion of various areas in molecular diagnostic collaborations
Development
or/and
commercialization
100%
75%
Providing
diagnostic service
50%
25%
Pharmacogenomics
pr
il)
1
2
00
2
(A
2
00
0
00
2
P
re
-2
00
0
0%
Combination of
technologies/
sharing information
Licensing of
technologies
The largest area for collaboration in molecular diagnostics was for diagnostic assays but
the areas of biochips, pharmacogenomics and combination of diagnostics with
therapeutics are expanding. Expanding areas with opportunities for collaborations for
molecular diagnostic companies are:
- 63 -

Research and development with support of larger biotechnology or pharmaceutical
companies

Integration of diagnostics with therapeutics in collaboration with pharmaceutical
companies

Development of personalized medicine in collaboration with pharmaceutical
companies

Service laboratories for application of tests
Licensing of the technologies
A small company or an academic institution that cannot commercialize its product
successfully may pursue licensing. Even large companies may use this strategy, however.
For example, Roche has licensed its PCR technology to several companies, even though
Roche is very active in the development and marketing of PCR-based tests. This strategy
gains a wider use for the technology and brings in revenues from royalties.
Strategies related to laboratory facilities and technologies
Several genetic and forensic tests are carried out in specialized research laboratories or in
the home laboratories of the manufacturers. This strategy reduces the companies’ costs
and ensures quality control. Companies that already operate a network of laboratories
tend to be more successful in marketing new test kits. During the period the manufacturer
awaits FDA approval, reference laboratories can offer diagnostic services based on the
particular molecular technology. They may also serve as test grounds for new products
developed by the companies.
The laboratories should encourage adoption of technological advances in molecular
diagnostics. Initially, this may increase the workload and might slow down the test
processing speed. Tedious steps in molecular diagnostics can be automated to accelerate
the rate of processing tests and reduce labor costs. Integration of molecular diagnostics
with conventional in vitro diagnostics in a common platform might save costs.
Strategies relevant to the healthcare system
Because of the anticipated widespread use of molecular diagnostics in healthcare,
strategies relevant to the healthcare system are important and some of these are
discussed in this section. Even though testing represents only 4-6% of total health
expenditures, the results probably influence 70% of the treatment decisions. Accuracy,
reliability and clinical relevance of molecular diagnostics is important as inaccurate tests
might contribute to wrong treatment decisions and rise of healthcare costs.
Cost-Benefit studies
These are important because of the legal and cost implications of new technologies.
Although the value of molecular diagnostics in identifying infectious and genetic diseases
has been demonstrated, medical insurers hesitate to reimburse these services without
adequate proof of their clinical and economic value. Although a few studies have shown
the benefit of molecular diagnostics in monitoring therapy further studies are needed.
Manufacturers of diagnostic products and testing laboratories should fund such studies.
With such efforts, it should be possible to replace some of the conventional, but less
effective tests with more-effective options based on molecular technologies.
- 64 -
Genetic susceptibility testing
This has an important role to play in the healthcare system and some important points
are:

Improved outcomes. By keeping people healthy through the prevention of disease is
clearly the outcome that everyone in the healthcare system wants. When prevention is
not possible, early intervention and treatments that lead to successful outcomes
become the goal. Moreover, genetic testing enables preventive measures and
therapies to be tailored to an individual for achieving improved outcomes, cost
effectiveness, and quality of care.

Improved decision-making. Assessing whether a person is at increased risk for a
particular disease can be helpful in making knowledgeable choices about which
treatments will be most appropriate for that individual patient. As a consequence,
more informed decisions could be made about reimbursing a treatment based on
expected benefits given specific costs. Genetic susceptibility tests for diseases that are
preventable and treatable are a crucial part of risk assessment, treatment planning,
and overall disease management.

Managed care. Risk assessment by genetic testing can assist in optimizing the
allocation of limited healthcare resources. The economic benefit of this approach can
be realized by all of the stakeholders in the healthcare system concerned with
improving quality while managing care.
Although there are good medical grounds for genetic testing, ethical as well as social
factors limit developments of genetic screening tests. Legal and ethical aspects of directto-consumer tests were discussed in the preceding chapter. Use of genetic testing will vary
according to the geographic region and stratum of the society. Although the percentage of
general population that would consider genetic testing is small, educated upper middle
class in the US is more likely to have genetic testing. Among those who would take genetic
testing, majority would do it through their physicians. Introduction and promotion of
genetic tests should be done through physicians rather than direct-to-consumer
advertising. With protection of genetic information in place and increasing awareness of
the importance of genetic testing, both among the public and the physicians, the market
for genetic testing with expand in the next decade. Physician and patient education, as
discussed later in this chapter, would be an important factor in this development.
Preventive medicine strategies
The following are relevant to genetic information detected by molecular diagnostics:

Target individuals where detection of the initiating factor for the disease would
require a definitive intervention to control the disease, e.g. bacterial plaque levels in
patients with periodontal problems.

Investigate individuals early on who would benefit most from behavioral changes to
prevent developing a severe form of the disease later in life, e.g. diet and exercise for
prevention of coronary artery disease.

Identify individuals who may be more likely to benefit from and respond to specific
treatment protocols, or who will need to be monitored more carefully using state-ofthe art diagnostic tests looking for early signs of the disease before too much damage
is done.
Targeting treatable and common diseases
Selection of the most promising indications for developing tests is an important
consideration. After cancer and genetic disorder, the most promising indications for
molecular diagnostics involve infectious diseases. Tests that can detect multiple, related
infections would have a wider market than those that can identify only a single source of
- 65 -
infection. In some infections such as tuberculosis, the goal is not only detection of the
organism, but also determination of resistance to chemotherapy. For HIV-1, HCV, and
HBV, quantification of the virus is important as a guide to treatment. Manufacturers must
take these differing goals into account when developing tests for these indications.
Information/education
Physician education
One basic problem is that physicians who did not learn genetics in school must now make
time to educate themselves. Even now, many medical school curriculums do not require
much genetic training. And even if they did have the knowledge, many physicians in the
US who feel they are squeezed by a managed health care system say they do not have the
time to learn every detail of their patients' history. Patients, they say, may need to
research their family backgrounds and learn which tests might best apply to them.
Educational efforts should first take into consideration the attitudes of the physicians. For
example, the detection of genetic diseases has inspired considerable debate in medical
circles. Primary care physicians are optimistic about the future use of genetic testing in
detecting these disorders. Nearly half of these physicians believe that it would be
worthwhile to detect these disorders, even if no therapy is available.
The attitude of the practicing physician is an important factor in determining the
acceptance of any molecular diagnostic device. Older physicians, who have received no
exposure to molecular medicine, would appreciate information in this area. General
physicians are rarely well informed about the potential of molecular diagnostics in the
detection of infections and as a guide to the management of infectious disease. Thus,
physician education is an important aspect of the promotion of molecular diagnostics. It
may take the form of symposia and hands-on training workshops, which are generally
more effective than promotional literature in helping the manufacturer’s cause. An
example of an early effort is the announcement in 1999 by the American Medical
Association that it has introduced a new Continuing Medical Education-accredited unit
entitled, "The Role of Genetic Susceptibility Testing for Breast & Ovarian Cancer." The
new unit, supported by an educational grant from Myriad Genetics, will provide
physicians with current information on genetic testing for breast and ovarian cancer. The
material includes the appropriate criteria for identifying patients for testing, the
interpretation of test results and management strategies for patients found to have BRCA
gene mutations. The material answers a need for physician information due to the
increased patient awareness of BRCA testing and the resulting growth in inquiries to
physicians regarding breast and ovarian cancer genetic testing.
Specialists in oncology are most knowledgeable about use of molecular techniques in
screening for cancer. Most companies work with these physicians during the development
of cancer diagnostic tests. Liaisons with oncologists and cancer epidemiologists represent
an important strategy in building a market for cancer molecular diagnostics.
Patient education
There is lack of basic information for the public about DNA tests in each of the three areas
where the tests are available: prenatal screening, newborn screening and screening for
some cancers and other adult diseases. Even if they decide not to use the new technology
because of expense or personal values, people say that they should have the choice. The
public should be made aware of the potential of molecular diagnostics. Patients are
mainly interested in obtaining test results that are both reliable and lacking in undue
delay and pain. Patient education, counseling, and support are especially important
considerations in genetic testing and cancer screening. Benefits of genetic testing should
be pointed out to the public and some of the points to be emphasized are:

Objective information about a person's genetic makeup can help him/her make
decisions about important preventive treatments.
- 66 -

Genetic information helps in the understanding the mechanism of disease and
enables intelligent and rational decisions about prevention and treatment.

Genetic testing is cost-effective. Most of us would much rather pay now for knowledge
that can help prevent a catastrophic event later in life. There are economic benefits
for the individual as well as the society.

Genetic information enables each patient to be treated according to his or her specific
needs, avoiding a standard approach to treatment. Physicians may need this
information to prescribe the safest and most effective drug for a particular patient.
Various public surveys have assessed public attitudes towards genetic testing. The aim of
one such study in the Netherlands was to assess public attitudes toward the availability
and use of genetic tests to explore support for genomics developments and to help
improve public discussion (Henneman et al 2006). The results showed that those who
were familiar with a genetic disease, those who scored higher on a four-item scale on
belief in personal benefits of testing, and those who believe that knowledge of the genetic
background of disease will help people to live more healthy lives, were less likely to be
opponents. Those who agreed that genetic testing is tampering with nature were more
likely to be opponents. Other variables such as belief in genetic determinism, genetic
knowledge, level of education, age, and gender were not significantly associated. These
results suggest that in addition to moral acceptability, perceived usefulness is a
precondition for supporting genetic testing. It is not expected that more information will
necessarily result in more positive attitudes.
European diagnostic information platform
The European Diagnostic Manufacturers Association (EDMA) has an information
platform (www.labtestonline.info), which offers peer-reviewed patient centered noncommercial source of information on laboratory tests, their related conditions and
screening programs. This multilingual portal generates more public consciousness about
the potential of modern in vitro diagnostic tests. This will drive the molecular diagnostics
market.
Regulatory strategies
Research use of molecular diagnostics provides an ample opportunity for the evaluation
of a technology prior to introduction into a clinical setting. The overall time from
preclinical to approval is less for diagnostics as compared to pharmaceutical products.
Introduction of a diagnostic, linked to an approved therapeutic product, can be
accelerated. Several diagnostic kits were initially introduced in Western Europe, where
the regulatory requirements are not as strict as those imposed by the FDA in the US. Data
obtained from commercial use in Europe have been used to supplement that obtained in
the US through the sale of the same diagnostic tests to laboratories for research purposes.
With the complicated regulation of IVD devices in EU, this is not easy.
Merger of in vitro and in vivo diagnostics
In the past, IVD industry had a major impact on the practice of laboratory medicine.
These trends started with the development of movable testing platforms for all major
areas of diagnostic testing. This trend continued with the introduction of molecular
diagnostics, progressive automation, and the integration of general chemistry with
immunochemistry; and culminated with total laboratory automation leading to
consolidation of the IVD market. With development of in vivo diagnostics, there is a trend
in merger of in vitro and in vivo diagnostics. Molecular imaging overlaps with molecular
diagnostics as pointed out in part I of this report. This merger has been achieved by
Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, which provides the widest spectum of diagnostics. apart
from increasing the clinical impact of diagnostics on management, this merger could
reduce the cost of diagnostics and increase utilization of various test.
- 67 -
Integration of diagnostics with therapeutics
Integration of diagnostics with therapeutics and development of personalized medicine
have been described in Chapter 8. This approach has advantages for the pharmaceutical
companies, diagnostic companies as well as the healthcare system (Table 12-16).
Table 12-16: Advantages of the integration of diagnostics with therapeutics
Advantages to the pharmaceutical companies
Combination of drugs with diagnostics facilitates their marketing
High efficacy and safety of drugs
Smaller number of patients needed in clinical trials with faster approval and time to market
Advantages to the diagnostic companies
Systematic access to new diagnostic tests: drug targets and response profiles
Increasing opportunities for collaboration with pharmaceuktical companies
Diagnostic test validation in pharma clinical trials
Faster market penetration of diagnostics: promotion of the drug by two sales forces
Advantages to the healthcare system
Cost savings by reduced morbidity and mortality
Facilitation of personalized medicine
Support of patient management with diagnostics
© Jain PharmaBiotech
Diagnostic applications in clinical trials
Many IVD companies are expanding their business into the area of clinical trials. The
market for clinical trials was worth about $350 million in 2007 and is growing at
approximately 10% per annum, driven by both the increasing number of clinical trials and
the larger numbers of patients enrolled in these trials. Roche Diagnostics is an important
player in this growing market segment.
Prospects for development of new technologies
The number of companies involved in molecular diagnostics has more than doubled
during the past five years. Many new technologies have been introduced. Keeping with
advances in genomics and proteomics as well as the future needs of healthcare system,
there is a plenty of room for development of innovative molecular diagnostic
technologies. In addition to the clinical applications, all the new technologies in relation
to genomics, proteomics and drug discovery involve an increase in molecular diagnostics
market. The largest share of technologies in genomics market ($8 billion in 2006) was
that of molecular diagnostics. Introduction of nanobiotechnology in diagnostics will
further expand the molecular diagnostics market.
Drivers for the development of molecular diagnostics
The current market for molecular diagnostics, particularly in Europe, has been predicted
to continue to grow fast. Drivers for the development of molecular diagnostics are:

Healthcare institutions in the developed countries are trying to minimize errors in
diagnosis and control costs by eliminating unnecessary treatments.

Increasing acceptance of the personalized medicine approaches, which require
integration of diagnostics with therapeutics and POC diagnosis.
- 68 -

The rising insurance coverage in countries such as France, Spain, and Germany will
contribute largely to positive trends in the market.

Growth of the aging population with higher incidence of diseases that require
molecular diagnostics, e.g. cancer.

Emerging new infections such as SARS and avian influenza, which are drivers for the
development of molecular diagnostics.

Increasing use of molecular diagnostics in veterinary medicine.

Technological advances in molecular diagnostics, particulary those introduced by
emergence of nanobiotechnology.
Factors slowing the development of molecular diagnostics
Although the global market will expand, there are some negative factors, which will tend
to slow the growth in some of the markets.

In developing countries, poor healthcare infrastructures and struggling economies
greatly impede modernization and create extremely price sensitive environments.

Distribution and logistical issues, local supplier presence, and minimal healthcare
expenditure present considerable hurdles to achieving market growth.

Strict regulatory policies, such as those imposed by the FDA, have added to the
difficulties in introducing the diagnostic innovations quickly.

In Europe, regulations such as the IVD Directive and CE marking also impede
potential market entry of new competitors.

Due to the substantial cost of a CE mark, companies may have to abandon older
generation devices and low-volume region-specific products.
Low prices, consolidating multiple tests on a single platform, and customer service also
take on renewed importance as markets become highly competitive and consumers raise
their demands. Understanding individual markets and clinical needs is becoming
increasingly important to overcome obstacles and promote the adoption of new
technologies. New IVD systems must also address unmet needs and provide substantial
added value. Several smaller companies combat this challenge by collaborating with
larger companies and thereby benefit from the latter's experience and economic
resources.
Low cost for genome sequencing will be an important factor for widening the applications
relevant to personalized medicine. In fall of 2006, Genome X Prize Foundation of New
York announced a $10 million cash prize for the first team to develop a device that can
sequence 100 diploid human genomes in 10 days for $1 million ($10,000 per genome). At
present, the bar for data quality is set very high: Sequence data submitted must cover
98% of each genome with no more than one error per every 10,000 base pairs. Several
industry players have already entered the quest, including VisiGen Biotechnologies, 454
Life Sciences (a subsidiary of Roche Diagnostics), and the Foundation for Applied
Molecular Evolution. In 2007, Reveo joined the race with Omni Molecular Recognizer
Application, which uses principles from semiconductor electronics and photonics rather
than indirect chemical methods to read the DNA sequence directly. The company plans to
use arrays of nano-knife-edge probes to directly and non-destructively read the human
gene sequence. In May 2007, 454 Life Sciences achieved the first under $1 million
sequencing of the human genome.
- 69 -
Government support of research relevant to molecular diagnostics
The US Government has been the biggest supporter of genomic research with associated
molecular diagnostic technologies. Various European governments are supporting
genomic research, which is relevant to molecular diagnostics and will facilitate the
development of molecular diagnostics.
Cost of sequencing the human genome
It is very expensive to sequence the 3 billion base pairs of DNA found in humans.
Therefore, large scale sequencing has been carried out mostly at special sequencing
centers and is restricted to major expensive projects. The immediate goal of the NIH’s
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) is to support research to lower the
cost of these projects more than 100-fold in order to allow scientists to sequence genomes
of human subjects involved in studies to find genes relevant for disease. The longer-term
goal of NHGRI’s “Revolutionary Genome Sequencing Technologies” grants totaling more
than $32 million is the development of breakthrough technologies that will enable a
human-sized genome to be sequenced for $1,000 by 2014 so that this process can be used
in routine medical tests and allow physicians to tailor diagnosis, prevention, and
treatment to a patient’s individual genetic makeup. A survey of the new approaches in
development for reading the genome indicates the potential for breakthroughs that could
to achieve this goal before the projected date.
In August 2007, NHGRI pumped over $15 million into 12 new grants to develop methods
and technologies aimed at “dramatically” reducing the cost of genomic sequencing, with a
target of lowering the price of sequencing individual human genomes down to $1,000.
The current round of next-generation sequencing grants were awarded to eight
researchers who are working on developing technology to enable the $1,000 genome, and
to three scientists who will try to develop sequencing technology that will sequence the
human genome for $100,000 or less. The different approaches will likely result in several
successful and complementary technologies and NHGRI will monitor carefully to see how
each technology progresses and which of them can ultimately be used by the average
researcher or health care provider. Recipients of the NHGRI $1,000 Genome grants are:
1.
Duke University's project “Continuous Sequencing-by-Synthesis, Based on a Digital
Microfluidic Platform”. The team will use droplet-based microfluidics in sequencingby-synthesis studies aimed at extending read length, minimizing reaction volume and
increasing throughput to 10,000 reactions in a very small area.
2. Arizona State University's project “Sequencing by Recognition”. This research team
seeks to develop molecular wires that are sufficiently flexible and sensitive to allow
for use in ‘sequencing by recognition’ methods involving nanopores.
3.
Brown University's “Hybridization-Assisted Nanopore DNA Sequencing”. This group
will use solid-state nanopores to find where DNA sequences attach by hybridization,
which through repetition may allow determination of long strands of DNA.
4. University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey's “Ribosome-Based Single
Molecule Method to Acquire Sequence Data from Genomes”. The group will modify
key ribosome components to read nucleotide sequences. By “sequencing” messenger
RNA, DNA sequences could be determined, the group anticipates.
5.
University of British Columbia (Vancouver, Canada) “Nanopore Array Force
Spectroscopy Chip for Rapid Clinical Genotyping”. This team will develop solid-state,
nanopore-based force spectroscopy to detect sequence variation. The team previously
demonstrated the ability to detect sequences “at single base resolution using organic
nanopore force spectroscopy.”
6. NABsys' “Hybridization-Assisted Nanopore Sequencing”. The company will work with
a group at Brown University to develop biochemical and algorithmic components for
a sequencing-by-hybridization method.
- 70 -
7.
North Carolina State University's “Sequencing DNA by Transverse Electrical
Measurements in Nanochannels”. The team aims to stretch long DNA molecules by
passing them through nanofluidic channels, then to fit nanoelectrodes into those
channels to detect electrical signal of DNA bases.
8. University of California at Irvine's “High-Throughput, Low-Cost DNA Sequencing
Using Probe Tip Arrays”. The group will try to use nanoscale electrophoretic
separation of DNA fragments on an atomic force microscope probe tip in an effort to
speed up and scale down the Sanger sequencing method. Then it will implement these
“very challenging separations” on a massively parallel sequencing platform that
contains hundreds of probe tips.
Recipients of the NHGRI $100,000 Genome grants are:
1.
University of New Mexico School of Medicine's “Polony Sequencing the Human
Genome”. This group’s goal is to use polony genome sequencing technology to
resequence the human genome “within a week for less than $10,000” by improving
sequencing data and advancing the computational tools that are used in genome
assembly.
2. Columbia University has two grants. In the first, “3'-O-Modified Nucleotide
Reversible Terminators for Pyrosequencing”, the researcher will use the funds to
design a library of synthetic molecular tools intended to optimize pyrosequencing.
3. In Columbia University's second grant, “An Integrated System for DNA Sequencing
by Synthesis”, the group will continue to develop and optimize a set of fluorescent
nucleotide reversible terminators for sequencing-by-synthesis, and it will work to
develop a new method for prepping DNA beads for attachment to a substrate.
4. University of Wisconsin, Madison “Sequence Acquisition from Mapped Single DNA
Molecules”. This team will develop a system for analyzing large amounts of human
genome data that connects the location of sequence elements to map information,
and will include information about structural variations and aberrations that could be
linked to other sequencing data.
Five of the dozen funded projects are based on nanotechnology and one on microfluics.
On 5 August 2008, NHGRI announced plans to support a number of researchers under
four grant programs focused on developing transformative technologies and methods that
can help to bring the cost of sequencing a mammalian-sized genome down to around
$1,000 by around the year 2014. The “Revolutionary Genome Sequencing Technologies”
grant programs will support high-risk, high-reward research that aims to develop fullscale sequencing systems or to investigate underlying system components or methods
different than those currently being pursued.
The first human genome sequence, completed by the federally financed Human Genome
Project in 2003, is estimated to have cost a few hundred million dollars. In 2007, the
genome sequence of James D. Watson was completed at a cost of about $1 million. In
2008, the cost is about $100,000. Knome, a company that offers to provide consumers
with their DNA sequence, charges $350,000 that includes not just the sequencing costs
but also the analysis of the data and the customer service. Life Technologies expects that
its newest machine would allow a human genome to be sequenced for $10,000, although
that includes only the cost of consumable materials, not labor or the machinery. Thus the
cost of DNA sequencing dropped by a factor of 10 every year for the from 2004 to 2008.
Complete Genomics start will charging $5,000 in 2009 for determining the sequence of
the genetic code that makes up the DNA in one set of human chromosomes. Its sequencer
does not work that much differently from rival machines, but miniaturization enables it to
use only tiny amounts of enzymes and other materials. Such a price would represent
another step toward the long-sought goal of the “$1,000 genome.” At that price point it
might become commonplace for people to obtain their entire DNA sequences, giving them
information on what diseases they might be predisposed to or what drugs would work
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best for them. Complete Genomics will not offer a service to consumers, but it will provide
sequencing for consumer-oriented companies like Knome. Most of its customers are
expected to be pharmaceutical companies or research laboratories that are conducting
studies aimed at finding genes linked to diseases. Such studies might look at the DNA of
1,000 people with a disease and 1,000 people without the disease. Complete Genomics
expects to perform 1,000 human genome sequences next year and 20,000 in 2010, with a
goal of completing a million by 2013. Volume could further drive down prices.
European projects for improving molecular diagnostics
European Consortium for developing new DNA analysis tools
In December 2008, a consortium of 16 European academic and commercial organizations
kicked off a 4-year project aimed at developing new DNA sequencing technologies and
other methods for analyzing DNA and other nucleic acids. The Revolutionary Approaches
and Devices for Nucleic Acid Analysis (READNA) consortium involves researchers from
ten academic institutions, three small or medium enterprises, and three large companies.
Oxford Nanopore Technologies, Life Technologies, Febit, Olink Bioscience, and Philips
Research are among those participating in the project. The effort will receive €12 million
($15 million) in funding from EU’s Seventh Framework Program through May 2012. The
consortium is focused on developing fast and cost-effective sequencing methods,
improving existing sequencing technology, developing high-resolution techniques for
assessing genome-wide methylation, assessing rare mutations and copy number
variations, and analyzing RNA and DNA using a single device. In particular, READNA is
focused on advancing sequencing technologies that will enable the sequencing of a human
genome for €1,000 ($1,250). Oxford Nanopore Technologies will receive €730,000 ($1
million) in grants under the READNA project to help develop an early
exonuclease/nanopore DNA sequencing system. It will also work towards integrating
protein nanopores and solid-state materials to advance its nanopore sequencing effort
and hopes to apply nanopores to genome-wide methylation studies and droplet-based
bilayer arrays for multiplexed genotyping. As part of the consortium, the company will
collaborate with several researchers at the University of Oxford, including Oxford
Nanopore founder Hagan Bayley. For its part, the University will receive €2 million ($2.5
million) in READNA funding.
EU project for improvement of IVD tools procedures
On 12 January 2009, the European Union launched a new research project targeting to
expand the potentials and utility of IVD through the creation of new standards for the
collection, handling and processing of blood, tissue, tumor and other sample materials.
Under the 7th Framework Program, the European Commission approved the initiative's
funding and scope to develop corresponding standards, tools and quality assurance
schemes. The SPIDIA project (Standardisation and improvement of generic Pre-analytical
tools and procedures for In-vitro DIAgnostics) is scheduled to run for four years and has a
total budget of over €13 million ($17.5 million). The consortium, consisting of a total of 16
companies and research institutions from 11 countries, including companies such as
TATAA Biocenter AB, PreAnalytiX GmbH (a QIAGEN/BD Company), Diagenic ASA, Aros
Applied Biotechnology A/S, Dako Denmark A/S, Acies, ImmunID Technologies, academic
partners such as universities and research institutes in Munich, Florence, Graz, Prague
and Rotterdam. The International Agency for Research and Cancer and the European
Standardization Committee are also members of the project, which is being led by
QIAGEN GmbH. More information is available at http://www.spidia.eu/.
Genetic knowledge parks in the UK
In 2002, UK announced plans for a network of "genetic knowledge parks" designed to
keep the country at the cutting edge of the genetics revolution. Health Secretary Alan
Milburn said the six parks, which are backed by the UK government funding of £15
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million ($25 million), would extend the range of diagnostic tests for single and
multifactorial gene disorders. The centers would also develop new tests to identify which
patients will respond best to which drugs and new testing procedures to more effectively
monitor disease progression and treatment. Research carried out at the parks would also
help create successful spin-out companies specializing in genetic technologies.
Molecular diagnostic opportunities in defense against bioterrorism
Since 2002, there is a competition for Department of Defense contracts for the
development, manufacture and supply of environmental and clinical diagnostic products
for use in the war against terrorism. The Joint Biological Agent Identification and
Diagnostic System (JBAIDS) program is a multi-phased approach that had acquired
approximately 450 instruments together with the related reagent kits by 2005. Various
diagnostic projects funded by the US government agencies are listed in Chapter 9 and in
the profiles of the companies involved.
The market potential for US biological warfare defense products has not yet been
quantified beyond the potential to obtain a share of the approximately $9 billion the
Federal Government is committing to support research in the coming years.
Approximately $2 billion of this is for devices to detect and monitor agents used by
bioterrorism and biowarfare. Since 2002, FDA has eased regulatory requirements for
certain new drug and biological products used to diagnose or counter the toxicity of
chemical, biological radiological, or nuclear substances. They may be approved for use in
humans based on evidence of effectiveness derived only from appropriate animal studies
and any additional supporting data. With this change in FDA policy, it would be possible
to have a product ready for sale to federal and state agencies within a period that could be
as short as two years compared to several years for other segments of the market.
The technologies developed under various programs will have markets that will overlap
the POC and infectious disease diagnostic markets that are already covered in the
molecular diagnostic market. Most of the applications initially will be in the US but within
the next five years, these products will also enter the international markets as
bioterrorism is a worldwide problem. Some of the technologies are already developed, e.g.
for detection of anthrax. The environmental anthrax test market in the US includes
testing at essential services such as hospitals, post offices, and police departments. The
US public safety market for the environmental detection of anthrax was worth
approximately $600 million in 2007. Considering the large number of tests in
development, this market may be divided into several segments. The overall diagnostic
market for bioterrorism and biowarfare will cross the $1 billion mark by 2012. These
estimates are not included in the diagnostic markets tables in the preceding sections.
Molecular diagnostics for food safety
Food safety is an important consideration in any country and molecualr diagnostics for
food safety has an established market. This market will grow in the developing countries
such as China and India. Also other rapidly growing Asian economies need to ensure food
safety for a growing number of their own consumers as recent incidents have shown.
Many countries still lack the adequate technology or procedures to respond to these
developments. According to the WHO, 20 million cases of food-borne infections occur in
the Asian Pacific region alone, which accounts for more than 50% of global burden of this
disease. The development and application of new molecular tests provide the most
reliable way to mitigate or even prevent these illnesses caused by the consumption of
unsafe food in Asia, while at the same time enhancing the region's value as food
exporters. In recent years, China, has become a major exporter of a broad range of food
products including rice and poultry and also host of various major international events
such as the Olympics and the 2010 Shanghai World Expo. As such, governments of the
region have been striving to raise food safety standards to the levels of their trading
partners and western countries. Currently, the Chinese government is taking stringent
measures to significantly enhance food safety testing, particularly in the dairy sector,
following the recent incident involving contaminated dairy products.
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Qiagen and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) started collaboration to develop new
molecular testing solutions to improve the safety of food products. This will feed the
growing demand for quicker, more accurate and more efficient tests for food-borne
pathogens by employing the power of the most advanced molecular testing technologies.
The collaboration takes place at the campus of the Institute of Nutritional Sciences (INS),
Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences in Xuhui district, and has been operational since
mid-September 2008. Qiagen will equip the joint lab with instruments and consumables
while CAS will provide the physical space and researchers. Under this collaboration, food
safety experts from the INS will use Qiagen technologies, to develop a wide range of
molecular tests for the detection of food-borne pathogens. These QIAplex multiplex
assays allow the design of highly sensitive molecular tests for up to 50 different pathogens
in one single run.
POC diagnostics for the developing countries
Most of the current molecular diagnostics has developed in response to the needs of the
developed world and are used in well-funded laboratories in highly regulated and qualityassessed environments. Such approaches do not address the needs of the majority of the
world's people afflicted with infectious diseases, who have, at best, access to poorly
resourced health care facilities with almost no supporting clinical laboratory
infrastructure. A major challenge is to develop diagnostic tests to meet the needs of these
people, the majority of whom are in the developing world. POC diagnostics would be most
appropriate for these markets. However, there is much room for innovation, adaptation,
and cost reduction before these technologies can impact health care in the developing
world (Yager et al 2008). The overall value of these markets could be considerable
considering the over billion mark populations of India and China alone.
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13. COMPANIES
MOLECULAR
INVOLVED IN
DIAGNOSTICS
Introduction
There are over 500 companies involved in molecular diagnostics of which 312 are profiled
here. They belong to several categories, some of which have already been identified in
previous chapters: PNA-based diagnostics, biochip technology for molecular diagnostics,
protein chip technology, biosensors and molecular labels, preimplantation genetic
diagnosis, cancer screening and molecular diagnostics, molecular toxicology, combination
of diagnostics and therapeutics, diagnosis of hospital-acquired infections, molecular
diagnosis of food-borne infections, forensic applications of molecular diagnostics and
detection of biological warfare agents.
Major players in molecular diagnostics
Top ten players in molecular diagnostics are shown in Table 13-1. Together, these
companies account for approximately 80% of all revenues from molecular diagnostics.
Income figures for their molecular diagnostics businesses are difficult to obtain because
some of these companies, e.g. Abbott, are also major players in the immunodiagnostics
market. The listing is not in the exact rank order but Roche is clearly the leader with
about 20% of the diagnostic market and 50% of the world market of PCR-based testing
and Abbott is the second largest in this business with 15% of the world diagnostic market
and predominance in immunodiagnostics.
Table 13-1: Top ten players in molecular diagnostics
Company
Technologies/comments
Roche Diagnostics
Largest molecular diagnostics company with 50% share of the
market: PCR technologies, reagents and equipment, LightCycler.
Also has 19% share of the overall IVD market. Combines
diagnostics and therapeutics with personalized medicine.
Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics
Largest diagnostic company. Comprehensive portfolio covering
both in vivo and IVD. Has 20% share of the overall IVD market.
Abbott Diagnostics
Has 12% share of the overall IVD market. Third largest IVD
business after Siemens and Roche.
Ortho Clinical Diagnostics (Johnson &
Johnson)
Immunodiagnostics, screening of blood for transfusion. Has 10%
share of the overall IVD market.
Life Technologies (formed by merger of
Invitrogen Corporation and Applied
Biosystems)
GeneAmp high-volume PCR Systems, genetic analysis, PNA
technology, genotyping, sequencing, biomarkers, largest
manufacturer and supplier of reagents used in diagnostics
QIAGEN (merger with Digene)
Leading provider of innovative enabling technologies/products for
the separation/purification of nucleic acids/molecular diagnosis
with focus on infectious diseases (Digene's HPV test) and cancer.
BioMerieux
Immunodiagnostics, NASBA technology (from Organon Teknika)
BD Biosciences
PCR products, immunodiagnostics
Laboratory Corporation of America (with
acquisition of Genzyme Genetics)
Largest service provider of molecular diagnostics. Develops tests
and provides genetic testing and cancer diagnostics.
Sysmex
Largest molecular diagnostic company in Asia. Use of new
technologies and application in personalized medicine.
Jain PharmaBiotech
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Profiles of selected companies
Selected companies are profiled in this section with essential contact information,
overview, technology and collaborations, which are tabulated at the end.
2020 GeneSystems Inc
9430 Key West Ave
Rockville MD 20850, USA
Web site: http://www.2020gene.com/
Tel: (240)453-6339
Fax: (240)453-6208
E-mail: custservice@2020gene.com
Contact: Jonathan Cohen (jcohen@2020gene.com)
Overview. 20/20 Gene Systems has developed and commercialized a new protein array
platform with applications in pharmaceutical R&D, laboratory medicine and personalized
medicine. 20/20 uses its technology in collaboration with a pharmaceutical company to
identify differential proteomes of responders versus nonresponders of their drug
candidates. This technology has also important advantages in proteomics, functional
genomics, and the high-throughput screening of pharmaceutical compounds.
Technology/products relevant to molecular diagnostics. 20/20’s Layered Gene
Scanning (LGS), unlike the classical techniques now in use, yields digital, numerical
values from multiple genes or proteins while integrating this information with the shape
and morphology of the tissue. Thus it marries the visual appeal of classical pathology with
the throughput required of 21st century genomics and proteomics.
20/20 has launched proprietary Proteome Identification Kits, which enable large
numbers of proteins to be identified in parallel using ordinary laboratory equipment (see
Chapter 4). The screening is generally done using three proprietary components: a
membrane stack that is applied to the sample, a transfer solution for moving the proteins
onto the stack, and image analysis software for combining the images generated by each
layer to produce a proteomic profile of the sample. Many advantages of this technology
over other approaches are the ability to detect proteins of low abundance, including many
important targets of pharmaceutical intervention that are hidden from most existing
identification approaches. This is also believed to be the first technique for visualizing the
location of numerous targets in a single tissue section.
BioCheck™ Powder Screening Kit works by quickly identifying the presence or absence of
protein. It provides a rapid screen for the possible presence of multiple bioterrorism
agents such as anthrax and ricin toxin, while ruling ordinary substances.
PAULAs™ (Protein Arrays Utilizing Lung Antibodies) multi-biomarker blood test may be
able to detect NSCLC significantly earlier and with better accuracy than CT scans.
ErbBTest™ uses Layered Peptide Arrays and Layered Expression Scanning to profile
tumors for response to drugs that target the ErbB1 and ErbB2 pathways.
Collaborations. In 2002. Wako Pure Chemical Industries Ltd, Japan, signed an
exclusive marketing and distribution agreement with 20/20 to market 20/20 product for
multiplex analysis of proteins separated on electrophoresis gels in the Far East. In the
same year, 20/20 GeneSystems entered a Technology Access Agreement with Novartis,
which provides funding and tissue samples while gaining early access to 20/20’s P-FILM
to identify protein expression and activation patterns in tumor samples for subtyping.
In 2005, The University of Kentucky licensed a panel of protein biomarkers to 20/20,
which has used these to develop a lung cancer diagnostic tool. These are multiple
antibodies that the body's immune system produces in response to lung cancer. In 2008,
20/20 Gene licensed IP related to its blood-based biomarker test for early-stage lung
cancer to Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics.
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3M Medical Diagnostics
3M Corporate Headquarters
3M Center
St. Paul, MN 55144-1000, USA
Web site: http://www.3m.com/
Contact: Angela Dillow PhD, Global Business Manager
Overview. 3M produces thousands of innovative products for dozens of diverse markets.
3M’s core strength is applying its more than 40 distinct technology platforms – often in
combination – to a wide array of customer needs. With $24 billion in sales, 3M employs
75,000 people worldwide and has operations in more than 60 countries. 3M Healthcare
has launched Medical Diagnostics business unit, which is focused on developing and
commercializing rapid diagnostic product This new business builds on 3M Health Care's
leading infection prevention product portfolio by offering hospitals new rapid diagnostic
tests to detect the presence of potentially destructive microbes before they spread and
possibly infect patients. solutions for the detection of key infectious pathogens. In
February 2007, 3M acquired Acolyte Biomedica, a British clinical diagnostics firm.
Technologies/services/ products relevant to molecular diagnostics. 3M
Medical Diagnostics will focus on developing and commercializing rapid diagnostic
product solutions for the detection of key infectious pathogens, including methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and other treatment-resistant microbes. It will
provide hospitals with rapid, easy-to-use microbial diagnostic tests that may help improve
patient outcomes, reduce costs, reduce the impact of resistant microbes and improve
laboratory profitability. 3M plans to introduce new rapid diagnostic products that will
simplify the diagnostic testing process and provide more rapid results than traditional
microbiology tests for the detection of key microbes such as MRSA and influenza A as well
as B.
One of the assets with Biomedica acquisition is a rapid MRSA test, BacLite Rapid, a test
that can detect the presence of MRSA from clinical samples in less than 5 h. Other rapid
culture-based screening tests include vancomycin-resistant enterococcus, which simplify
the diagnostic process by automating traditional culture process, resulting in reliable
confirmed ‘negatives’ in hours rather than days.
3M™ Diagnostic Tape is a specially designed tapes for applications such as: blood
glucose, drug discovery, immuno assays, molecular diagnostics, clinical chemistry and
microbiology. It is available in a variety of materials: breathable, aluminum, optically
clear polyester tape, non-fluorescing transparent polyolefin tape, transparent diagnostic
tape and white polyester tape.
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454 Life Sciences
A Roche company
15 Commercial Street
Branford, CT 06405, USA
Web site: http://www.454.com/
Tel: (203) 871-2300
Fax: (203) 481-2075
E-mail: info@454.com
President and CEO: Christopher McLeod
Overview. 454 Life Sciences, a subsidiary of Roche Diagnostics, is commercializing
novel instrumentation and services for rapidly and comprehensively conducting highthroughput nucleotide sequencing, with specific application to sequencing of whole
genomes and ultra deep sequencing of target genes. The Company's instrument systems,
based on proprietary nanoscale technologies, patented light emitting sequencing
chemistry, and state of the art image processing and informatics, have 100 times the
throughput of existing sequencing machines. 454 is marketing its services and
instruments to pharmaceutical, biotechnology, biodefense, and agriculture companies as
well as to universities and government agencies. In 2007, Roche acquired 454 for $155
million in cash and stock but 167 employees of 454 remained in Branford, CT.
Technology/applications. 454 Life Sciences’ nanotechnology-based approach to
sequencing enables a single instrument to produce over 20 million nucleotide bases per
four hour run, totaling more than 100 times the capacity of instruments using the current
macroscale technology. This technology is based on integrating proprietary picolitertechnologies (a picoliter is a billionth of a liter), patented light emitting sequencing
chemistries, and state-of-the-art informatics. The patented Genome Sequencing System
utilizes this technology and is a scalable, ultrafast and cost-effective system with
applications for whole genome sequencing and deep sequencing of genes of interest. 454
Life Sciences began commercialization of instrument systems and proprietary reagents in
2005 and to date, it has created a massively parallel sequencing system which can
routinely sequence 10 Mbp genomes. Planned applications include de novo sequencing of
microorganisms, model organisms and human genomes, as well as expression profiling
and karyotyping. This technology will enable the generation of genomic data and
applications necessary to expand the market and allow for the Cancer Genome project
and personalized medicine to become a reality. The new genome sequencing technique is
100 times faster than previous technologies. This is the first new technology for genome
sequencing to be developed and commercialized since Sanger-based DNA sequencing.
In 2007, 454 Life Sciences, in collaboration with scientists at the Human Genome
Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, completed a project to sequence the
genome of James D. Watson, co-discoverer of the double-helix structure of DNA by using
the Genome Sequencer FLX™ system and marks the first individual genome to be
sequenced for less than $1 million. The aim for further development is to reduce the cost
of human genome sequencing to $10,000.
Collaborations. In 2003, 454 Life Sciences obtained a license from Biotage AB for sole
use of sequencing by synthesis (Pyrosequencing) for whole genome applications.
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AbaStar MDx™ Inc
190 Margate, Ste B
Lake Bluff, IL 60044, USA
Web site: http://www.abastarmdx.com/
Tel: 847-778-0522
Email: info@AbaStarMDx.com
President and CEO Terry Osborn PhD, MBA (twosborn@abastarmdx.com)
Overview. AbaStar MDx™ Inc develops blood-based gene expression, molecular
diagnostic tests for the accurate diagnosis of mental disorders and neurodegenerative
diseases. From a simple blood sample, the Company's gene expression products detect
and measure the unique disease-specific gene profile or molecular signature. Determining
the molecular signature of a disease from a sample of blood revolutionizes diagnostic
technology. For brain disorders, this breakthrough technology enables accurate diagnosis
with a laboratory test for the first time. The resultant early detection, patient monitoring,
disease progression and effective treatment of these diseases will eliminate years of
suffering through misdiagnoses and expensive trial and error medication treatments.
Products and services. The initial market entry is planned to be diagnostic tests which
accurately diagnose and differentiate patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
from a simple blood sample. A patient's blood will be drawn, sent to AbaStar approved
CLIA laboratory, tested, then the results returned to the physician the next day. Once
FDA approval of the 510k is achieved, diagnostic kits will be commercialized for use in
hospitals and clinical reference laboratories.
Collaborations. On 6 October 2008, AbaStar licensed Gene Express’ SEM Center and
StaRT-PCR technology for the development of biomarker tests for neurological and
psychological disorders. It will combine the PCR technology with its own RNA biomarker
signatures to develop diagnostic tests that run from a blood sample and provide results in
a day. The firms expect to collaborate over the next several years on developing and
commercializing the tests. They will create several hundred gene standards, screen gene
expression profiles, and create validated standardized mixtures of internal standards for
clinical trial use. The overall value of the pact could potentially exceed $100 million.
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Abaxis North America
3240 Whipple Road
Union City, CA 94587, USA
Web site: http://www.abaxis.com/
Tel: 510/675-6500
Fax: 510/441-6150
Email: abaxis@abaxis.com
Abaxis Europe: Otto-Hesse-Strasse 19, T9, 3 OG Ost, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany
Chairman, President & CEO: Clint Severson (clintseverson@abaxis.com)
Overview. Abaxis is a diagnostic company that supplies point-of-care (POC) blood
analyzers for the medical and veterinary markets. Abaxis provides leading edge
technology, tools and services that support best medical practices, enabling physicians
and veterinarians to respond to the health needs of their clients at the POC. Abaxis is
headquartered in the US, and conducts operations around the world.
Technology/products. Abaxis Laboratory System consists of a compact, chemistry
analyzer capable of electrolytes, blood gas and immunoassays, a complete easy to use
hematology analyzer and a series of 8-cm diameter single-use plastic discs, called reagent
rotors, which contain all the necessary reagents to perform a fixed menu of tests. The
System can be operated with minimal training and perform multiple tests on whole blood,
serum or plasma, and provides test results in minutes with the precision and accuracy
equivalent to that of a clinical laboratory.
Piccolo technology was first developed for NASA, routinely used by the US military,
physician offices, hospitals, urgent care clinics and oncology clinics. The next generation
compact Piccolo xpress analyzer provides multichemistry panels in virtually any
treatment setting with the precision and accuracy of larger laboratory analyzers. Piccolo
xpress is an innovative, state-of-the-art analyzer that expand diagnostic services and
reduce costs while providing better care. The patented self-contained reagent discs are
bar coded, contain liquid diluent and dry reagents and use centrifugal and capillary
technology to provide the most commonly requested chemistry panel results in
approximately 12 minutes.
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Abbott Diagnostics
100 Abbott Park Road
Abbott Park, IL 60064-3500, USA
Web site: http://www.abbottdiagnostics.com/
Tel: (847) 937-6100
Abbott Molecular
1300 E.Touhy Ave
Des Plaines, Illinois 60018, USA
Web site: http://www.abbottmolecular.com/
Tel: (224) 361-7800
Contact: Stafford O'Kelly, Head, Molecular Diagnostic Business
Overview. Abbott Laboratories' diagnostics business is the world's second largest after
Roche Diagnostics. However, Abbott is a global leader in in vitro immunodiagnostics and
offers a broad range of innovative instrument systems and tests across key segments of
the global diagnostics market, including hospitals, reference labs, blood banks, physician
offices, clinics and consumers. Abbott Molecular provides physicians with critical
information based on the early detection of pathogens and subtle changes in patients'
genes and chromosomes, enabling earlier diagnosis, selection of appropriate treatment
and monitoring of disease progression. The business includes instruments and reagents
used to conduct analysis of patient DNA and RNA. Abbott’s diagnostics business earned
approximately $3.1 billion in 2007, with approximately $250 million coming from the
molecular diagnostics unit. Abbott’s long-standing commitment to the development of
diagnostics has led to products that set the standard in several key segments of the
diagnostics market. Abbott’s systems and more than 200 diagnostic tests provide early,
accurate detection and management of medical conditions. Its research focuses on
immunodiagnostics, hematology, blood glucose monitoring and molecular diagnostics.
The company is also actively developing DNA-based testing methods, as well as the next
generation of "non-invasive" diagnostic technologies. In 2001, Abbott acquired Vysis Inc
(now Abbott Molecular). In 2003, Abbott acquired i-STAT Corporation, a leading
manufacturer of point-of-care diagnostic systems (POC) for blood analysis, for $392
million. In 2007, GE Healthcare acquired Abbott's POC and IVD businesses but not
cytogenetic technologies. In 2008, Abbott exercised an option to acquire the remaining
81.4% Ibis Biosciences that it didn’t already own for $175 million; 18.6% was acquired
earlier for $40 million.
Technologies/products relevant to molecular diagnostics. Abbott m2000™
system is an automated instrument for DNA and RNA testing in molecular laboratories. It
is based on real-time PCR technology and consists of the m2000sp for automated sample
preparation and the m2000rt for real-time PCR detection and analysis, offering an
efficient workflow for the lab. It is available in most major markets throughout the world.
Outside the US, an extensive menu for infectious disease testing is available.
CE-marked KIF6 genotyping assay for use on m2000 is now available in Europe to detect
a genetic biomarker that may be used in conjunction with clinical evaluation and patient
assessment to identify individuals at risk for coronary heart disease and to treat patients
with elevated cholesterol, for whom statin treatment is being considered.
LCR. Abbott introduced ligase chain reaction (LCR) and developed automation in this
area. It is developing a battery of tests for the LCx system using LCR and PCR
technologies. The Abbott LCx Analyzer brings DNA testing to the routine clinical
laboratory, combining LCR with the accuracy and reliability of MEIA detection. Assays on
the LCx Analyzer are: C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhea (in the US, chlamydia and
gonorrhea tests are marketed together as Uriprobe).
Immunodiagnostic systems. This is the cornerstone of Abbott's diagnostics for analyzing
antibody/antigen reactions for many diseases. Abbott is continually adding more tests to
its systems: ARCHITECT, AxSYM and IMx, etc.
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Abbott's HIV antigen assay for use in blood screening centers was approved by the FDA
for the detection of the HIV-1 p24 antigen. It offers two major benefits over previous
assays: (1) reduces the "window" period during which new HIV infection may be present
but not detected with earlier assays; and (2) cuts testing time to 4h from 24h previously
required. Other assays include biomarkers for heart attack (Troponin-1), arthritis, bone
and joint diseases and prostate specific antigen.
Chemiluminescence technology. This is used in the blood transfusion safety testing
market with Abbott PRISM, which offers improved assay performance as well as speed
and automation in one system. Various tests include those for HIV, HTLV, HCV and
HBsAB (hepatitis B serum antibodies). PRISM® HCV test can be used by laboratory
technicians to screen individual donations of blood and plasma for antibodies to HCV.
Used in more than 30 countries, the PRISM system was approved for use in the US with
its first three HBV tests: a core test (PRISM® HBcore), introduced in 2005; and two HBV
surface antigen tests (PRISM® HBsAg and HBsAg Confirmatory), introduced in 2006.
Additional retrovirus screening tests are currently under FDA review.
Tests for infectious diseases. Abbott co-markets a rapid test for use by public health
agencies to detect the West Nile virus in mosquitos and birds, the reservoirs for the virus.
Antibodies to the virus can be detected in recently infected individuals. It is also comarkeing a diagnostic test for the virus that causes SARS.
The fully automated hepatitis A test, HAVAB 2.0, used with AxSYM automated
immunoassay instrument system, detects total antibody to hepatitis A in serum/plasma.
Abbott RealTime™ HCV assay for monitoring HCV viral load in patients has CE Mark
certification, allowing it to be marketed in the European Union. The Abbott m2000
system purifies the RNA from the specimen and automatically combines this with the
assay reagents. Data are automatically calculated by the system's software to provide
highly reliable patient results for HCV viral load testing. In real-time PCR, the amplified
DNA sequences are detected throughout the PCR process, instead of at the end of the
amplification process. The instrument and reagents allow laboratories to provide highly
accurate as well as reproducible results test results more quickly, increase productivity
and help reduce human error. It is capable of detecting HCV RNA in plasma down to as
few as 12 IU of HCV RNA/ml. With a broad dynamic range that quantitates (precisely
measures HCV levels) specimens as high as 100 million IU of RNA/ml, the need for
sample dilutions and additional testing is virtually eliminated.
On 31 March 2011, Abbott received the CE Mark for the Abbott HBV Sequencing test, its
first DNA sequencing assay, to identify genomic sequences of HBV to guide and monitor
antiviral therapy. It is not intended for screening blood, plasma, or tissue donors for HBV
or as a diagnostic test to confirm HBV infection.
In 2006, Abbott’s highly sensitive new test for the simultaneous detection of the sexually
transmitted pathogens Chlamydia trachomatis and Neissera gonorrhoeae received CE
Mark certification, allowing it to be marketed in the European Union. In 2008, Abbott
received the CE Mark for a PCR-based test that can detect a new variant strain of C.
trachomatis found in one in five chlamydia cases in Sweden. The assay, which is sold for
clinical diagnostic in the EU, is run on Abbott’s automated m2000 real-time PCR system
and is offered in Europe as part of its alliance with Celera.
In 2006, Abbott received approval from the FDA for Abbott PRISM ® hepatitis B surface
antigen (HBsAg) and PRISM® HBsAg confirmatory tests.
Abbott markets an IVD made by Celera that detects the A/H5 influenza virus. The test
runs on Abbott's m2000 system for detecting and monitoring infectious diseases and uses
automated real-time PCR technology from Life Technologies.
ARCHITECT HIV Ag/Ab Combo assay is a chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay
for the simultaneous qualitative detection of HIV p24 antigen and antibodies to HIV type
1 (HIV-1 group M and group O) and/or type 2 (HIV-2) in human serum and plasma
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(EDTA and heparin). The Combo assay is intended to be used as an aid in the diagnosis of
HIV-1/HIV-2 infection, including acute or primary HIV-1 infection.
Abbott' HIV-1 viral load prognostic test, developed in collaboration with Celera, is used on
its m2000 RT-PCR platform. The assay measures the levels of HIV circulating in a
patient's bloodstream, including the three common HIV-1 groups and non-B subtypes. It
is used for disease prognosis and to assess response to antiretroviral treatment. The assay
can measure HIV-1 in plasma down to as few as 40 RNA molecules per milliliter, and up
to as many as 10 million molecules per milliliter.
Cytogenetics. GeneTrait™ CGH Microarray System DX is used to test blood samples for
chromosomal changes in multiple genetic conditions. Abbott has launched several FISH
tests in Europe that identify chromosomal abnormalities associated with leukemia. The
following were acquired with takeover of Vysis:

AneuVysion assay is used in conjunction with fetal karyotype analysis that provides
a rapid method for detection of trisomy 13, 18, 21 (Down syndrome) and sex
chromosome aneusomies (such as Klinefelter and Turner syndromes). It provides
simultaneous results on all five chromosomes within 6 hours.

Breast Aneusomy Probe Set, based on FISH, enables detection of gains or losses of
chromosome 1, 8, 11, and 17. This could be an early event in breast carcinoma.

UroVysion™, a FISH-based DNA probe assay, is used as an aid in the initial
diagnosis of bladder cancer in patients with blood in urine suspected of having
bladder cancer as well as for monitoring of bladder cancer recurrence.

PathVysion HER-2 DNA Probe Kit is designed to detect amplification of the HER2/neu gene (also known as c-erbB2) via FISH in human breast cancer tissue
specimens. Results from the PathVysion HER-2 DNA Probe Kit are intended for use
as an adjunct to existing clinical and pathologic information currently used as
prognostic factors in stage II, node-positive breast cancer patients. The PathVysion
HER-2 DNA Probe Kit is indicated as an aid to predict disease-free and overall
survival patients with stage II node-positive breast cancer treated with adjuvant
cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin and 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy. HER-2 test is
approved for identification of breast cancer patients who could benefit from
treatment with the drug Herceptin.

GeneTrait™ CGH Microarray System DX is a test in blood samples for detection of
chromosomal changes in multiple genetic conditions.
Cancer diagnosis. In 2005, the FDA approved UroVysion™, a FISH-based DNA probe
assay, for use as an aid in the initial diagnosis of bladder cancer in patients with blood in
urine suspected of having bladder cancer. This is the first gene-based test available for
both diagnosis and monitoring of bladder cancer recurrence.
Abbott/Vysis HER-2 test is used to identify breast cancer patients who could benefit from
treatment with Herceptin. Abbott's Vysis® AutoVysion™ System is used with the Vysis®
PathVysion® HER-2 DNA Probe Kit as an aid in determining HER-2 gene status in
women who have been diagnosed with breast cancer. AutoVysion, developed in
collaboration with MetaSystems, is designed to be used with Abbott's FISH technology
and utilizes an automated scanning microscope and computer-assisted imaging system to
aid in the detection and counting of FISH signals from breast cancer tissue sections.
Point of Care. i-STAT® handheld analyzer provides results for some of the most
commonly ordered medical tests at the patient's side in just minutes. With the acquisition
of Ibis, Abbott gained access to the Ibis T5000 Biosensor System, which is used for rapid
identification and characterization of infectious agents. The system interrogates common
sequences among common classes or organisms and can identify virtually all bacteria,
viruses and fungi, and can provide information about drug resistance, virulence, and
strain type of these pathogens within a few hours.
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Collaborations relevant to molecular diagnostics. Abbott is collaborating with
Roche/Genentech, the developers and marketers of Herceptin to extend the use of
PathVysion as an aid in the assessment of its use in breast cancer patients.
In 2002, Abbott Laboratories and Celera Diagnostics announced a long-term strategic
alliance to develop, manufacture and market a broad range of in vitro molecular
diagnostic products for disease detection, disease progression monitoring and therapy
selection. Celera Diagnostics will focus primarily on genetic marker discovery, new
marker validation and assay development. Abbott will focus on product development,
sales and marketing  serving as the worldwide distributor for most products developed
by the alliance. Abbott and Celera will share both expenditures and profits related to R &
D, manufacture and commercialization of new molecular diagnostic products.
In 2003, Luminex Corporation executed two agreements that grant Abbott license, supply
and distribution rights to its proprietary biological testing technologies including beadbased xMAP technology, for the development of assays and proprietary instruments. The
companies also signed a supply and distribution agreement granting Abbott rights to
purchase and distribute Luminex products.
In 2003, Abbott entered an agreement with Artus GmbH to market a commercial PCRbased test that directly detects Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in patient
samples and produces results in 2 hours. In 2004, the agreement was amended to expand
Abbott's distribution rights to all of Artus' nucleic acid-based diagnostics tests for use on
instruments that use real-time PCR technology.
In 2003, Abbott and Promega Corporation signed an agreement to provide nucleic acid
extraction products that will give molecular diagnostics laboratories the ability to further
automate testing for infectious diseases. The Abbott/Promega collaboration will provide a
highly sensitive, efficient system to purify and extract viral RNA from patient samples
using Abbott's novel magnetic particle technology.
In 2004, Abbott and BioGenex Laboratories signed an agreement to distribute and
market Abbott's Vysis® AutoVysion™ System for use with the Vysis® PathVysion®
HER-2 DNA Probe Kit. The system was approved by the FDA in 2004.
In 2005, Abbott licenced RECAF™ (receptor for alpha-fetoprotein technology) from
BioCurex for use in the development of cancer diagnostics tests. RECAF is found on
malignant cells but is absent in most normal cells.
In 2006, Abbott licensed a number of patents from Affymetrix, which allows it to
manufacture and sell comparative genomic hybridization microarrays, readers, and
software for research and diagnostics.
In 2007, Abbott licensed Epigenomics' DNA methylation biomarker Septin 9. The
companies plan to develop it into a CE-marked IVD blood test for early detection of
colorectal cancer for launch in Europe in 2009 and file for approval with the FDA in 2010.
In 2009, Abbott signed an agreement with Pfizer Inc to develop a companion molecular
diagnostic test that will determine a patient's genetic status and will be used in patient
selection for future clinical trials of PF-02341066 for NSCLC.
In March 2010, Abbott signed an agreement with GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) to develop a
and commercialize a PCR test for use on m2000™ as an aid in selecting patients who may
benefit from GSK's Antigen-Specific Cancer Immunotherapeutic (MAGE-A3 ASCI)
candidate, which is currently being evaluated as an adjuvant treatment in melanoma
biopsy specimens in the phase III clinical study DERMA. To be eligible to receive MAGEA3 ASCI, patients must have MAGE-A3 expressing melanoma tumors.
In July 2010, Abbott made a deal with Leica Microsystems to supply its FISH probes
targeting the HER2 gene locus, which will be used to develop the automated HER2 FISH
test on Leica's BOND automated advanced staining platform.
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Abviva Inc
10940 Wilshire Blvd, Suite 600
Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
Web site: http://www.abviva.com/
Tel: 310-443-4102
Fax: 310-443-4103
Email: info@abviva.com
CEO: Doug Lane
Contact: Ms. Adina Shaheri (Adina@abviva.com)
Overview. Abviva Inc is a publicly traded biomedical company established to develop
and commercialize diagnostic and therapeutic products from a protein discovered by
cancer research scientists at the University of Michigan Cancer Center, which is produced
in breast epithelial cells that inhibits the growth of breast cancer. Abviva has licensed the
mammastatin patent granted to University of Michigan in February 2008.
R&D. Abviva’s research interests are directed toward innovating and developing breast
cancer diagnostic and breast cancer therapeutic products that can benefit individuals
throughout the world. Abviva intends to conduct basic, translational and clinical research
with biotechnology, pharmaceutical and leading university and government institutions
world wide through internal and external collaborative research. Aviva hopes that
research conducted on mammastatin will advance the knowledge and understanding of
the biological mechanisms underlying the mammastatin technology as well as advance
the scientific, medical, diagnostic and therapeutic understanding of mammastatin and
breast cancer.
Product. Mammastatin is a protein that has been found to be present in the breast tissue
of healthy women. That concentration of mammastatin not only drops significantly in
women with breast cancer but also in women at high risk for breast cancer. This discovery
was developed into a diagnostic blood test, the Mammastatin Serum Assay (MSA), as a
broad population based screening test for the early detection of women who are at high
risk of developing breast cancer.
In clinical studies, 98% of women in the studies who had no history of breast cancer had
elevated or moderate levels of mammastatin in the blood serum as measured by the
Mammastatin Serum Assay. Conversely, 74% of women who had breast cancer or who
had a family history of breast cancer had no detectable levels of mammastatin or very low
levels.
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Accelr8 Technology Corporation
7000 North Broadway
Building 3-307
Denver, CO 80221, USA
Web site: http://www.accelr8.com/
Tel: (303) 863-8088
Fax: (303) 863-1218
E-mail: info@accelr8.com
CEO & Chairman: Tom Geimer (tom.geimer@accelr8.com)
Overview. Accelr8 Technology Corporation entered the biosciences industry early in
2001 with the acquisition of advanced materials and instrumentation platforms for ultrasensitive bio-analytic assays. The related technologies in this portfolio are referred to as
the Accelr8 Modular Assay System (AMAS).
Technology/products relevant to molecular diagnostics. Accerl8 developed
OptiChem intelligent surface chemistry, the OTER hand-held instrumentation, and
QuanDx digital instrumentation for application in several life science markets. The
inherently modular nature of the product platform family AMAS is highly adaptable.
Modularity from the molecular level to the instrumentation level offers unprecedented
power and precision to the explorers who will discover new advances in genomic and
proteomic microarrays, immunodiagnostics, and microfluidic “lab-on-a-chip”
technologies.
QuanDx nano-particle counting offers ultra-sensitive signal detection with exceptionally
low noise because of its digital quantation strategy. Rather than averaging the signal over
a large area that consists mostly of zero-signal background, the QuanDx digital counter
ignores blank background in its computations. This gives the QuanDx digital method the
ability to measure extraordinarily low levels of analyte –down to a single binding event.
OTER is a hand-held ellipsometric detection instrument for biochemical, immunologic,
and molecular diagnostics. OTER offers simplicity and point-of-need capability to easily
detect and measure low levels of biological affinity binding reactions.
The most powerful method to exploit OptiChem’s exceptional signal-to-noise, sensitivity,
and specificity in a bio-analytic application is to design the measurement with OTER or
QuanDx as the quantitative readout method. Accelr8 developed OptiChem specifically to
enhance the instrumentation it had already started developing.
Microarray slides based on OptiChem technology  covalent amine reactive and covalent
thiol reactive slides  offer the DNA array and protein array designer a choice of chemical
reaction conditions for creating gene arrays used in drug discovery, gene expression
profiling and gene-based diagnostics. These new slides also have broad application in
protein-based assays used in proteomics for drug discovery and antibody arrays for
immunoassays such as micro-ELISA for future medical diagnostics.
BACcelr8r™ rapid bacterial analyzer, in development, will be an integrated bacterial
analysis system intended for research and clinical applications. It is intended to identify,
count, and provide complete antibiotic susceptibility data by bacterial species within a few
hours of sample injection without prior culturing
Collaborations. In 2001, Xtrana and Accelr8 Technology Corp signed an agreement to
jointly develop an advanced quantitative nucleic acid-based analytic platform for point of
care applications. The phased agreement begins with the development of a demonstration
system using Xtrana's proprietary sample preparation and amplification technologies,
combined with Accelr8's surface coatings and digital measurement instrumentation.
In November 2007 NanoString Technologies Inc acquired a license for using Accerl8’s
OptiChem® coatings on its innovative molecular identification platform in preparation
for commercial launch of its nCounter™ Analysis System.
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In December 2007 Becton Dickinson & Company purchased an exclusive right to to
develop Accelr8's BACcel® rapid diagnostic platform.
On 3 January 2008, Accelr8 has begun joint research programs with Washington
University in St. Louis School of Medicine and with the Denver Health and Hospital
Authority. The two institutions will conduct preclinical studies to identify antibiotic
resistance mechanisms using Accelr8's patented analytical methods. The company
intends to use its BACcel® system, which is in development to speed the diagnosis of
life-threatening infections in critically ill patients, and particularly for healthcareassociated infections.
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AcroMetrix
6058 Egret Court
Benicia, CA 94510, USA
Web site: http://www.acrometrix.com/
Tel: (707) 746-8888
Fax: (707) 746-8881
E-mail: contact@acrometrix.com
President: Michael J. Eck
Overview. AcroMetrix, a privately held biotechnology company, specializes in products
and services for accuracy and reliable testing of infectious disease. It is a market leader in
the emerging field of quality systems for molecular and genomic diagnostics. Its
LabQC.net offers a proprietary, Internet-based quality assurance system that allows
major diagnostic manufacturers, blood centers, government laboratories, and reference
laboratories to develop and track ongoing proficiency for training and validation
Products/services. Current products relevant to molecular diagnostics include:
The NAP HCV RNA Quantification Panel provides a consistent standard across all test
methods, enabling clinical laboratories and diagnostic manufacturers to assess the
performance of their quantitative and qualitative HCV RNA molecular diagnostic tests.
The NAP HBV DNA Quantification Panel supports diagnostic manufacturers and testing
laboratories by providing a standardized tool for ensuring consistency, accuracy and
quality in HBV nucleic acid testing. Panel members mimic true patient specimens and
contain the entire HBV genome, enabling laboratories to monitor all testing steps using
any nucleic acid test method for the detection or quantification of HBV DNA.
NAC HIV-1 RNA controls provide blood banks and clinical laboratories with an
independent set of external controls, allowing testing laboratories and other users to
compare results obtained by different methodologies, evaluate or compare new nucleic
acid test procedures for HIV-1 RNA, and demonstrate assay proficiency and
reproducibility within the laboratory. AcroMetrix NAC HIV Drug Resistance Genotype
controls include a wild type specimen and two controls with multiple mutations in both
the reverse transcriptase and protease genes of the virus. These controls ensure that
laboratories are conducting the test procedures correctly and identifying the correct
mutations in their HIV genotype testing. In October 2007, AcroMetrix released
OptiQuant HIV-1 Quantification Panel, which is the first to utilize an EDTA-based normal
human plasma matrix. This product is for research use only.
Launches in 2007. OptiChallenge Inhibition Panel is used for evaluating the performance
of an assay in the presence of interfering substances such as heparin or bilirubin in the
sample. OptiQual® Enterovirus Low Positive Control, which is the first ready-to-use
control for assessing the performance of nucleic acid test procedures for the qualitative
determination of enterovirus RNA. It is for research use only.
Collaborations. In 2003. AccuTest Inc and AcroMetrix teamed up to offer clinical
laboratories a set of proficiency testing programs for HIV resistance testing and HCV
genotyping. AcroMetrix signed an exclusive agreement with Nabi Biopharmaceuticals to
offer ViroSure quality control products for infectious disease testing to clinical
laboratories that screen blood.
In 2005, AcroMetrix completed negotiations with America’s Blood Centers to provide
quality control products for both nucleic acid and EIA testing to the 76 members of
America’s Blood Centers. On 22 January 2009, this contract was extended up to 31
December 2009.
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AdvanDx Inc
10A Roessler Road
Woburn, MA 01801, USA
Web site: http://www.advandx.com
Tel: (781) 376-0009
Fax: (781) 376-0111
President & CEO: Thais T. Johansen
Contact: Henrik Stender, VP Research & Development (henrik.stender@advandx.com)
Overview. AdvanDx Inc, founded in 2002, is a leader in the development of IVD
products based on PNA probe technology. The founders were involved in the early
development of PNA based assays and its potential use in diagnostics. In 2007, AdvanDx
closed a $15 million Series C financing round from bioMérieux and existing investors LD
Pensions and SLS Venture, which was used to accelerate commercialization of its product
pipeline through its global sales and marketing operations as well as to expand its R & D.
Technology/products. The PNA FISH technology gives AdvanDx a significant
advantage in providing its customers with a broad range of unique and highly
differentiated in vitro diagnostic products. This novel technique combines the simplicity
of current staining methods such as Gram staining, with the specificity of molecular
techniques. In this way, presumptive detection of the causative agent routinely performed
by microscopic examination can be improved to provide final identification.
The Company's first product line is intended for rapid and definitive identification of
positive blood cultures by PNA FISH for selecting appropriate antibiotic therapy.
EVIGENE™ kits can be used for epidemiological purposes and help guide infection
control measures to prevent serious infections with antibiotic resistant bacteria such as
MRSA (Methicillin-resistant S. aureus), VRE (Vancomycin-resistant enterococci) and
VRSA (Vancomycin-resistant S. aureus). The tools will also help US researchers develop
the means by which to combat the high-profile, community-acquired MRSA.
In 2009, AdvanDx received FDA clearance for a 90-min version of its PNA FISH test for
the bloodstream pathogen Enterococcus faecalis. The test is faster than the existing 2½
hour E. faecalis PNA FISH test but appears to have similar sensitivity and specificity,
based on clinical validation studies in the US and Europe.
In May 2010, AdvanDx started to offer Inverness Medical Innovations' BinaxNow PBP2a
test in the US. It is an antibody-based rapid immunochromatographic membrane assay,
which received 510(k) clearance from the FDA in for rapid detection of penicillin-binding
protein 2a present in MRSA directly from S. aureas-positive blood cultures.
In July 2010, AdvanDx received 510(k) clearance from the FDA for a rapid version of its
Yeast Traffic Light PNA FISH test for detecting as many as five Candida species, which
can cause hospital-acquired infections, from blood culture. But by cutting the PNA probe
hybridization time by two-thirds, AdvanDx is now providing a 90-minute protocol test.
On 17 Jan 2011, GNR Traffic Light PNA FISH test received 510(k) clearance from FDA.
The test is the first capable of simultaneously identifying E. coli, K. pneumoniae and P.
aeruginosa directly from blood cultures containing Gram-negative rods in <90 minutes.
Collaborations. In 2007, bioMérieux signed an exclusive distribution agreement for the
US for AdvanDx's PNA FISH™ rapid diagnostic tests. The combination with bioMérieux’s
BacT/ALERT® range will provide clinicians with quicker and more accurate results, for
an earlier treatment of septic patients.
In 2007, AdvanDx agreed to buy PNA probes from Panagene, which target specific RNA
in the bacteria for use in its PNA FISH for diagnosis of bacterial infections.
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AdnaGen AG
Ostpassage 7
D-30853 Langenhagen, Germany
Web site: http://www.adnagen.com/
Tel: +49 (0) 511 72595050
Fax: +49 (0) 511 72595040
E-mail: support@adnagen.com
Contact: Winfried Albert PhD, Managing Director (wa@adnagen.com)
Overview. AdnaGen AG, founded in 1999, is a R&D company that focuses on the
development of innovative cancer diagnostics by utilizing its proprietary technology for
the detection and analysis of rare cells. Through the sensitive and accurate detection of
disseminated tumor cells in body fluids and biological samples, AdnaGen has developed
superior cancer diagnostics. Proof-of-concept has been achieved and clinical studies have
been concluded or are in progress for breast, colon and prostate cancer. All tests are CEmarked. AdnaGen has 14 employees, and since 2001 is certified according to ISO 9001
and EN 13485. In 2005, OncoVista acquired majority share in AdnaGen.
Technology. AdnaGen's technology based on its proprietary "Combination-ofCombinations-Principle" (COCP) overcomes the problems of high molecular and
biochemical variability of tumor cells and a lack of specificity if high sensitivity is
required. The technology is based on reverse transcription PCR for the detection of
circulating tumor cells in blood. The advantage of this diagnostic approach over the
currently established methods is the direct detection of disseminated tumor cells in
patient's blood by means of the analysis of the tumor associated gene expression. Within
the framework of therapy monitoring, a conclusion concerning successful cancer therapy
(surgery, chemotherapy, radiation) may be reached early on. Moreover, the detection of
tumor cells in the circulation may indicate residual cells and recurrence of the disease in
the course of cancer follow-up care.
Prenatal diagnostics. AdnaGen had its antibodies externally assessed and has received a
confirmation that they are specific for fetal erythroid cells. These antibodies can be used
to distinguish fetal and maternal cells in blood of pregnant women and thus are the key
component for a new dimension in prenatal diagnosis.
Products. AdnaGen develops test systems for the medical laboratories and clinical
research laboratories. The AdnaTest products for the tumor diagnostics (patent pending)
are complete diagnostic kits consisting of reagents for immunomagnetic selection, mRNA
isolation and multiplex RT-PCR, running on standard technology platforms.
Collaborations. In 2005, Gen-Probe licensed technology from AdnaGen for molecular
diagnostic tests for prostate and bladder cancers that also help determine the
aggressiveness of these malignancies, and monitor responses to therapy.
In 2007, following successful conclusion of a feasibility study to convert the current gelbased AdnaDetect products into a routine IVD multiplex platform, Innogenetics and
AdnaGen signed an exclusive worldwide license agreement to develop and commercialize
new multiplex tests in oncology, which rely on circulating tumor cells in patients’ blood.
The license covers fields such as breast and colon cancer.
According to an agreement signed on 26 January 2010, scientists at the Institute of
Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Science will use the Adnatest BreastCancer assay
to evaluate the relationship between HER2 status of metastatic tumors and of circulating
tumor cells in the 3-year COHERTA study, which is funded in part through a grant from
Hoffman-La Roche's Czech and Slovak subsidiaries.
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Affymetrix
3380 Central Expressway,
Santa Clara, California 95051, USA
Web site: http://www.affymetrix.com/
Tel: (408) 522 6000
Fax: (408) 481-0422
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer: Stephen Fodor PhD
Overview. Affymetrix is a leader in developing and commercializing systems to acquire,
analyze and manage complex genetic information. Affymetrix develops DNA microchips
and has three distinct business areas: (1) gene expression analysis; (2) genotyping; and
(3) health management. Affymetrix's disease management assays are designed to
determine the role of genetic variability in cancer, HIV infection and drug metabolism. In
2005, Affymetrix acquired ParAllele BioScience Inc, which provides assay technology for
comprehensive genetic studies, for $120 million in stock. In summer 2008, Affymetrix
purchased True Materials, which is developing a digitally encoded microparticle
technology that will enable the array manufacturer to enter low to mid-multiplex markets
and compete with bead-based platforms. In December 2009, Affymetrix acquired
Panomics, a maker of assays for low- to mid-plex genetic, protein, and cellular analysis
applications, for $73 million in cash. This will strengthen Affymetrix’s position in the
high-growth validation and routine testing markets, and it will enable it to offer a more
complete customer workflow that will combine its whole-genome microarray products
with Panomics’ products focused on genes and proteins of interest.
Technology/products relevant to molecular diagnostics. The GeneChip system is
described in Chapter 3. In 2004, it gained FDA approval as the world's first microarray
instrument system for clinical diagnostics. The GeneChip System 3000Dx (GCS 3000Dx)
is CE marked (Conformite Europeene) for in-vitro diagnostic use, enabling clinical
laboratories in Europe to analyze microarray diagnostics, such as the Roche AmpliChip
CYP450 Test. Other products based on GeneChip technology that are available include
GeneChip p53 assay to analyze the coding region of p53, CustomSeq™ SARS pathogen
detection and resequencing array and GeneChip Smallpox Resequencing Array Set for the
entire smallpox genome. Affymetrix is developing a biodefense microarray that can detect
hundreds of bacterial and viral biological threats (Chapter 9).
GeneChip CustomExpress arrays can measure up to 61,000 on a single array. It is used
along with Affymetrix GeneChip® Scanner 3000. HG-U133 Plus 2 Array has the proteincoding content of the human genome on a chip. GeneChip® Mapping 10K 2.0 Array
(10,000 SNPs) and the GeneChip® Mapping 100K Array Set (100,000 SNPs) are
commercially available. In 2007, the US list price of its current two-chip 500K SNP
genotyping set was reduced to $250. Additionally, the 500K set is now offered as a single
array, increasing throughput and enabling scientists to devote their resources toward
performing larger experiments.
Collaborations. Availability of the new GCS 3000Dx system offers Roche Diagnostics
and other partners an IVD platform to develop genotyping and gene expression arraybased assays that will help improve patient care. Affymetrix and Roche combine PCR with
GeneChip system for analyzing 56 important mutations in cystic fibrosis. Genzyme
Oncology has licensed to Affymetrix rights to p53 gene for high-density DNA array
diagnostics. TGen offers genotyping services to its collaborators using GeneChip®.
Collaborations in 2002: (1) nucleic acid purification products from QIAGEN were used
with Affymetrix' GeneChip arrays for target labeling in expression analysis; (2) ScheringPlough Research Institute gained access rights to Affymetrix' standard and custom
GeneChip arrays for use in monitoring gene expression.
In 2003, Affymetrix and bioMerieux expanded their alliance to develop tests in infectious
disease and breast cancer using Affymetrix GeneChip probe arrays; this was extended to
other cancers in 2005.
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Collaborations in 2004: (1) Invitrogen's (now Life Technologies) reagents were optimized
for use with Affymetrix GeneChip technology, offering a complete, standardized sample
preparation system; (2) Aventis gained early access to GeneChip Human Genome U133A
Arrays; (3) Ipsogen became an authorized Service Provider for Affymetrix GeneChip
system; (4) Veridex licensed GeneChip technology to manufacture and market in vitro
cancer diagnostic tools.
Collaborations in 2005: (1) Affymetrix granted PathWork Informatics long-term nonexclusive access to its microarray technology to develop and market IVDs for cancer as
well as the right to use Affymetrix's technology to develop tests for tumors of unknown
origin and other cancer tests; (2) Agencourt Bioscience Corporation, a wholly owned
subsidiary of Beckman Coulter, signed a distribution and supply agreement to provide a
nucleic acid purification product, Agencourt RNAClean, to be included in the reagent kit
for Affymetrix' GeneChip® Array Station; (3) Applied Biosystems (now Life
Technologies) licensed several Affymetrix patents related to the manufacture, sale, and
use of microarrays to expand its Expression Array system and to enable customers to use
that system for gene expression, research and development; (4) Affymetrix granted
Shanghai GeneCore BioTechnologies, a fully owned subsidiary of Vita Genomics nonexclusive access to its microarray technology to develop and market IVD to detect
interferon- treatment response in patients with HBV and HCV as well as for early onset
and allergic asthma in children.
Collaborations in 2006. (1) Affymetrix started 5-year collaboration with Duke University
to analyze genomic information across large patient samples. Duke researchers will use
Affymetrix GeneChip® microarray technology to develop applications for translational
research projects. The initial projects will focus on cancer and cardiovascular disease. The
Affymetrix technology will enable them to discover RNA and DNA patterns that can
better classify, manage and treat complex diseases. As part of the agreement, Affymetrix
will fund creative research and clinical projects that could lead to new genomic
applications on the GeneChip platform, as well as diagnostics and screening tests. (2)
Signature Genomic Laboratories obtained a non-exclusive, worldwide license for a
number of Affymetrix patents related to the use of microarrays for comparative genomic
hybridization analysis to be applied to Signature Genomics' SignatureChip® microarraybased diagnostics for cytogenetic abnormalities. (3) Abbott licensed a number of patents
of Affymetrix, which allows it to manufacture and sell comparative genomic hybridization
microarrays, readers, and software for research and diagnostics. (4) NimbleGen Systems
Inc licensed a number of Affymetrix patents on nucleic acid microarrays. (5) Affymetrix
granted Epigenomics nonexclusive access to its microarray technology to develop
microarray-based IVD tests for oncology based on DNA methylation methods.
Epigenomics will first develop pathology tests in prostate and breast cancer and plans to
transfer its molecular classification test for prostate cancer onto the Affymetrix platform
to use it in clinical trials for FDA approval of the assay, which started in 2007. (6)
Affymetrix and Partners HealthCare entered into a 3-year translational research
collaboration to develop microarray-based diagnostics for complex diseases such as
newborn hearing loss, autism and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Partners researchers at
Harvard Medical School, Partners HealthCare and Harvard Medical School-Partners
HealthCare Center for Genetics and Genomics will create and validate microarray tests in
CLIA laboratories. In 2007, Affymetrix expanded the alliance to include a contract arraymanufacturing agreement, which will enable the companies to use custom chips made by
Affymetrix for lab-developed diagnostics. The team at Partners will begin focusing on
array-based tests for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and other indications.
In 2007, Affymetrix started partnership with Navigenics to offer personal genetics service
online (See chapter 5).
In 2008, Affymetrix agreed to allow use of its microarray technology by Avesthagen Ltd
(Bangalore, India for the AVESTAGENOME Project™ to explore the genetic basis of
longevity and create a genetic, genealogic and medical database of the Parsi-Zoroastrian
population. It will lead to discovery of novel biomarkers and drug targets for predictive,
preventive and personalized healthcare. Affymetrix agreed to market Asuragen’s in vitro
transcription reagent kits for use with its GeneChip System 3000Dx.
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In 2008, Medical Prognosis Institute agreed to use Affy microarray platform to develop
drug sensitivity prediction/prognostic tools for cancer.
In August 2009, Affymetrix and Beckman started to co-develop products that will expand
the list of Affymetrix-validated automated target preparation methods based on an
Affymetrix-specific configuration of Beckman's Biomek FX Dual Arm Multichannel-Span
8 Liquid Handler.
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Agendia BV
Slotervaart Hospital, Floor 9D
Louwesweg 6
NL-1066 EC Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Web site: http://www.agendia.com/
Tel: +31 20 512 9161
Fax: +31 20 512 9162
E-mail: info@agendia.com
CEO: Dr Bernhard Sixt
Overview. Agendia BV originated in the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam and
focuses on the development of new prognostic tools, based on gene expression profiling,
to be used in oncology. Agendia’s first product is MammaPrint®, a gene expression
profiling service to assess the risk of recurrence in breast cancer patients. Through
MammaPrint® and future products, Agendia wants to enable cancer patients to benefit
immediately from the latest scientific findings in cancer research. This approach will
facilitate the development of personalized treatment of breast cancer.
Technology/services. Agendia uses microarrays for gene expression profiling to
analyze tumor samples and map the tumor’s specific properties. The result is a reliable
prediction whether a patient runs a high or low risk of recurrence of the cancer. In
addition, Agendia also offers CupPrint™ service aimed at identifying the primary tumor
in patients diagnosed with distant metastasis. DiscoverPrint is an all-inclusive DNA
microarray for genome-wide coverage.
Agendia’s highly innovative methods offer physicians and patients crucial information for
determining the most adequate treatment plan and significantly enhance the chances for
success, while at the same minimizing overtreatment or invasive diagnostic procedures.
Products. MammaPrint®, a 70-gene expression array, accurately predicts the clinical
outcome of breast cancer. It is approved in the EU and was cleared by the FDA in 2007. It
is the first multigene expression test for breast cancer to be approved in the US. Its key
features include the following: (1) gene expression profiling offers valuable assistance in
making the right treatment decisions; (2) it looks at multiple genes, which ensures more
accurate results for breast cancer recurrence than currently available genetic tests; and
(3) its gene set has been validated in hundreds of patients.
TargetPrint®, approved by the FDA on 4 September 2008, enables quantitative
determination of gene expression levels of the estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor
and HER2 in breast cancer biopsies. This is of paramount importance in planning
treatment of breast cancer patients after surgery and assists physicians and patients in
making informed treatment decisions. TargetPrint runs on Agendia's High Density Chip,
which received market clearance from the FDA in August 2008.
Collaborations. In 2004, Agendia signed an agreement with the Molecular Profiling
Institute (Phoenix, AZ) for distribution of MammaPrint® in the US.
In February 2007, Agendia and Medvet Science, one of Australia’s leading medical
research organisations and a major provider of medical testing services to hospitals and
the communities, signed an agreement for distribution of the MammaPrint breast cancer
gene prognosis test in Australia.
On 15 July 2008, Ferrer inCode, a subsidiary of Spanish firm Grupo Ferrer involved in
personalized medicine, gained exclusive rights to sell Agendia’s MammaPrint and
CupPrint services in Germany, France, Italy, and Portugal. Ferrer already sells the tests in
Spain under an agreement signed in 2007.
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Agilent Technologies
5301 Stevens Creek Blvd
Santa Clara, CA 95051, USA
Web site: http://www.agilent.com/
Tel: (408) 345-8886
President & CEO: William P. Sullivan
Overview. Agilent Technologies is a recognized leading supplier of high-quality
instrument and software solutions, such as liquid chromatographs and mass
spectrometers, to the pharmaceutical industry's drug development and quality control
value chain. Agilent is specifically targeting gene expression, genotyping, screening and
proteomics research with nanoscale technologies, such as microarrays and microfluidic
lab-on-a-chip tools, coupled with sophisticated informatics software. The Life Sciences
Business Unit within its Chemical Analysis Group (CAG) provides more rapid and
comprehensive solutions in genomics, chemical and biochemical measurements,
microfluidics, informatics, and other analytical areas to its growing customer base in the
pharmaceutical, agricultural, genomics and academic markets. Agilent's CAG has two
business units: life sciences and chemical solutions. Agilent Laboratories is Agilent
Technologies' central research organization. In 2004, Agilent acquired Silicon Genetics
and added genomics data analysis and management tools to its portfolio. In 2005, Agilent
acquired Computational Biology Corp, a biotech pioneer in ChIP-on-chip, a microarraybased technique for understanding gene regulation in disease. Agilent Technologies Inc is
a global technology leader in electronics, life sciences and chemical analysis and serves
customers in more than 110 countries. In 2007, Agilent paid $246 million to acquire
Stratagene  a developer, manufacturer and marketer of specialized life science research
and diagnostic products. Stratagene will operate as a division of Agilent
(http://www.stratagene.com/). Dr. Joseph A. Sorge, Chairman, CEO and founder of
Stratagene and its largest stockholder has formed a new company to pursue molecular
diagnostic applications. The new company will purchase for $6.6 million certain assets of
Stratagene from Agilent immediately following the close of the transaction and will
license from Agilent certain of their molecular diagnostic technologies. In 2009, Agilent
acquired Varian for approximately $1.5 billion, which expands its presence in the life
sciences research and applied markets, such as the environment and energy. Agilent will
expand its product portfolio into atomic and molecular spectroscopy and in other fields
including NMR, imaging, and vacuum technologies.
Technology/products. Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer is a fully automated, integrated
hardware and software system that speeds the collection, analysis, confirmation, and
purification of nucleic acids. It is used with Caliper's LabChip kits. Caliper and Agilent
provide RNA 6000 Nano LabChip kit for the automated quality control of total and
mRNA. It is designed for use with the Agilent 2100 bioanalyzer. Agilent's Total RNA
Isolation Mini Kit uses a prefiltration column to remove up to 1,000 times more genomic
DNA than competing products. The kit does not require the use of DNase enzyme, which
is commonly used to remove genomic DNA but can compromise the quality of RNA.
The whole genome microarray is based on Agilent's new double-density format, which
can accommodate 44,000 features on a single microarray. The new platform enables
drug-discovery and disease researchers to perform whole-genome screening at a lower
cost and with higher reproducibility. A state-of-the-art dual-laser automated Microarray
Scanner provides rapid and accurate reading of fluorescently labeled microarrays.
Agilent’s Human Genome CGH Microarray and CGH Analytics software are designed for
the study of genomic alterations in cancer.
Nanopore technology is used for analysis of nucleic acids that converts strings of
nucleotides directly into electronic signatures. It can be used for sequencing individual,
chromosome-length molecules of DNA quickly, easily and cost-effectively.
With a DARPA grant, Agilent developed a two-step process for the chemical synthesis of
nucleic acids; this reduces the time, and cost of manufacture of DNA microarrays.
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Agilent's ability to quickly design and fabricate custom microarrays with high sensitivity
and specificity for measuring CNVs in genomic DNA proved to be an asset for validation
and further study of new sequences. Agilent maintains a database of 20 million CNV
probes that facilitate experimental design.
Collaborations relevant to molecular diagnostics. In 2003, Agilent and Paradigm
Genetics introduced a 60-mer Mouse Oligo Microarray Kit to conduct genome-wide
profiling research for understanding adverse drug reactions, effects of toxic substances,
and to study genetic diseases such as cancer.
In 2005, Invitrogen (now Life Technologies) and Agilent signed an agreement to comarket the PathAlert Detection System, a cost-effective screening and confirmatory
detection system for infectious agents by the US Department of Defense and the US
Environmental Protection Agency.
In 2005, Agilent obtained a non-exclusive license to use a majority of Caliper's
microfluidics patent estate for the development of clinical diagnostic applications on
Agilent's 2100 Bioanalyzer, its 5100 Automated Lab-on-a-Chip platform and future
instrument platforms.
In 2006, Agilent entered into a marketing alliance with ExonHit Therapeutics to market
and sell nine different ExonHit human and mouse SpliceArrays as commercial products.
These SpliceArrays include GPCR, Ion Channel, nuclear receptors and apoptosis
pathways. SpliceArrays are a new generation of microarrays that resolve the expression of
genes at the level of their alternatively spliced transcripts.
In 2006, Agilent obtained worldwide, nonexclusive patent licenses from Abbott Molecular
Inc for the manufacture, marketing and sale of oligonucleotide microarrays using a twoor-more color technology for gene expression and CGH applications. This broad license
covers microarray applications, including research, commercial laboratories and IVD.
Expressly built into the grant of rights are related products, instruments, components and
services.
In 2009, Agilent signed an agreement with Life Technologies to co-market its SureSelect
Target Enrichment System with Life Technologies SOLiD sequencing system.
On 1 Feb 2011, Agilent Technologies and Sage Science signed a co-marketing deal
covering their respective technologies for next-generation sequencing applications: 2100
Bioanalyzer for detecting and quantifying nucleic acids and Pippin Prep DNA size
selection system to advance and streamline sample preparation. The partners will also
develop application studies that leverage the combined capabilities of the two systems.
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Akonni Biosystems
400 Sagner Ave, Suite 300
Frederick, MD 21701, USA
Web site: http://www.akonni.com/
Tel: (301) 698-0101
Fax: (301) 698-0202
Email: info@akonni.com
CEO: Charles Daitch PhD
Overview. Akonni Biosystems, founded in 2003, is based on technology developed at
Argonne National Laboratory and the Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology and has
over 20 patents issued with 13 others pending. It uses gel-drop array technologies
optimized for medical applications. As a molecular diagnostics company, it develops,
manufactures, and markets integrated molecular diagnostic systems on a microarray
platform. In September 2010, Akonni received a $3 million Challenge Grant from the
NIH to enable it to advance the development of its multi-drug resistant/extensively drugresistant genotyping test for bacteria. In December 2010, it was awarded a $150,000
National Science Foundation grant to evaluate a method of manufacturing microarrays
that could dramatically lower the cost of doing molecular diagnostic testing. Akonni will
use the phase I grant to assess lab-on-a-film microarray manufacturing and assembly
methods. It is seeking to raise $8 million. The benefit of this manufacturing approach is
that lab-on-a-film microarray production and assembly can be automated at very high
speeds, resulting in 10- to 100-fold savings in costs.
Technology/products. Akonni TruDiagnosis® Systems enable rapid and highly
affordable testing for a variety of molecular biomarkers associated with human diseases
on a gel-drop microarray platform. This is accomplished by combining in an end-to-end
workflow several highly complex laboratory processes, including steps for sample
preparation, analysis, and reporting. Multiplexed analyses of clinical samples such as
culture, blood, saliva, nasal swab and urine can be performed in 15 m for immunoassays
to 3 h for nucleic acid tests depending on intended use. Akonni has solutions for
decentralized bench-top testing for near-POC settings and centralized high-throughput
testing for reference laboratories. TruDiagnosis Systems comprising TruDx™ Readers,
TruCycler™ Thermal Cyclers, TruArray® Tests and TruTip™ Kits, and are capable of
testing for both genetic and antibody-based disease indicators.
Akonni TruTip Kits provide life science research and molecular laboratories with an
affordable, rapid and robust means of extracting nucleic acids. TruTip Kits deliver
inhibitor‐free, PCR‐ready DNA and/or RNA in as few as four minutes, starting from a wide range
of sample matrices (e.g. blood, buccal swab, tissue, culture, sputum, urine), sample viscosities,
and sample sources, (e.g. bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi, humans, animals). TruTip
Kits do not require any expensive capital equipment or hazardous organic extractions,
and can be extended to high throughput robotic platforms.
Collaborations. In April 2010, Eppendorf and Akonni signed an agreement to promote
Akonni TruTip nucleic acid extraction kits configured for use with Eppendorf epMotion
automated pipetting systems. Eppendorf will promote the extraction kits to clinical,
clinical research and forensic laboratories in North America, providing users with access
to the most rapid and reliable means for automatically extracting PCR-ready DNA and/or
RNA from larger volume samples.
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Akubio Ltd
181 Cambridge Science Park
Cambridge CB4 0GJ, United Kingdom
Web site: http://www.akubio.com/ (does not open)
Tel: +44(0)1223 225 335 (no answer)
Fax: +44(0)1223 225 336
E-mail: info@akubio.com (returned undelivered)
CEO: Andrew Mackintosh
Please note: efforts are being made to determine the current status of the company.
Overview. Akubio, formed in 2001, is a spin-off company from the University of
Cambridge Department of Chemistry, which has raised seed funding from the University
of Cambridge Challenge Fund, the University of Cambridge and the life sciences venture
capital company, Abingworth Management. Akubio has developed highly sensitive
acoustic detection technology which is quantitative, rapid and label-free with great
potential for applications in drug discovery and diagnostics.
Technology. Akubio is developing proprietary acoustic detection technologies for
commercialization in the life science research markets, including drug discovery and
development and the in vitro diagnostic market. These technologies offer the increases in
speed, throughput, sensitivity and flexibility that will revolutionize the way that many
existing tests are carried out. Technology platforms are:
Rupture Event Scanning™ (REVS™). It can be used to size, separate and detect ligands.
The technique works by effectively shaking the ligand, such as a virus particle, off a
vibrating surface, at present a quartz resonator. The acoustic energy, or sound, generated
when interactions between the ligand and its receptor are broken is then sensitively
detected by using the resonator as a very sensitive microphone.
Resonance Acoustic Profiling™ (RAP™). By monitoring the change in resonant frequency
of a resonating quartz crystal, these resonators can be used together with appropriate
surface chemistry and fluid delivery systems to detect the adsorption of proteins,
oligonucleotides such as DNA and RNA, cells, low molecular weight molecules (including
drugs), and other ligands to surface-bound receptors. This allows the label-free
determination of interaction affinities and kinetics in real time.
In addition, Akubio’s technologies will enable new tests to be carried out both in the
laboratory and at point of use, be it in a patient’s home or at a hospital bedside. Akubio
will exploit these markets in partnership with major players in specific segments and,
where appropriate, by creating its own sales distribution channels.
The company’s proprietary acoustic detection system can detect a single virus particle in
less than one hour without the need for labeling or extensive sample preparation, for
example it can be applied to whole blood samples. The technique is quantitative, can
measure the affinity of a ligand for its receptor and can be used to separate the ligand
from a complex mixture. Advantages of Akubio's technology are:

Label free detection with high specificity and sensitivity

Wide range of applications: small molecules, proteins, DNA, viruses, bacteria and
cells

Minimal sample preparation, which makes it faster than techniques using
amplification technology making it suitable for point-of-care applications.
Collaborations. In February 2007, Akubio installed a RAP∙id 4 system at UCB Pharma,
which has assisted in the development of the new analytical instrument that measure
molecular interactions.
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Allegro Diagnostics Inc
650 Albany Street
Boston, MA 02118, USA
Web site: http://www.allegrodiagnostics.com/
Tel: 617-414-6990
Email: info@allegrodx.com
CEO: Dan Rippy (drippy@allegrodx.com)
Overview. Allegro Diagnostics Inc. is a molecular diagnostics company using proprietary
technology and bioinformatics to diagnose diseases of epithelial origin, such as lung
cancer. Founded in 2006, the company received a seed Launch Award of $175,000 from
the Boston University Office of Technology Development in 2007. In February 2008,
Allegro Diagnostics raised a $4 million A round of financing from Kodiak Venture
Partners and Catalyst Health Ventures. Allegro Diagnostics plans to develop and
commercialize its gene biomarker technology. The company's work is based on the
research of its founders, Jerome Brody, MD and Avrum Spira, MD, MSc, at the
Pulmonary Center at the Boston University School of Medicine.
Technology/products. Allegro Diagnostics was founded on three basic principles that
have been developed and refined by the research of its founders:
1.
The molecular "field of injury" extends beyond cells that manifest the disease of
interest.
2. Pure populations of epithelial cells from the field of injury need to be easily
accessible.
3. Global gene expression in these epithelial cells provides clinically important
diagnostic, prognostic, and pathogenic information about the disease of interest.
Allegro Diagnostics has developed a significant patent portfolio in the areas of gene
expression, bioinformatics, and diagnostics. The company's initial products will be a
biomarker for confirmation of presence or absence of lung cancer, disease
characterization, and screening of high risk populations.
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Almac Diagnostics
19 Seagoe Industrial Estate
Craigavon, BT63 5QD, United Kingdom
Web site: http://www.almacgroup.com/diagnostics/
Tel: +44 (0) 28 3833 7575
Fax: +44 (0) 28 3839 8676
Email: diagnostics@almacgroup.com
CEO: Alan Armstrong
Overview. Almac Diagnostics (formerly ArraDx) is a part of the Almac Group that
develops and delivers genomics solutions for the advancement of science and the
improvement of patient care. Almac’s Genomic Services division provides a range of
genomics services to customers in pharmaceutical and biotech companies as well as
leading academic institutions.
Technology/products/services. Almac is the first Affymetrix service provider to gain
ISO 17025 accreditation for its gene expression and bioinformatics services. The
Genomic Services division provides all inclusive gene expression, SNP and bioinformatics
services to academia, biotech and pharmaceutical companies. These services include
analysis on its unique Disease Specific Array™ research tools, which provide the ability to
detect the maximum information in a given cancer type.
Almac's unique range of Disease Specific Array™ research tools (patent pending) are the
first microarrays based on the transcriptome of an individual disease. As a result, these
research tools deliver reliable and relevant information not available on other arrays. All
DSA™ research tools have been developed to work with both fresh frozen and paraffin
embedded tissue, thereby enabling retrospective analysis.
In May 2007, Almac Diagnostics was planning to meet with the FDA about starting
clinical trials of an array-based IVD test for colorectal recurrence it hopes to launch in
2008 if the FDA clears its 510(k) application. Almac developed the colorectal cancer gene
signature from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples. It is designed to help
clinicians determine the risk of cancer recurrence in patients diagnosed with stage II
colorectal cancer. As it moves forward with clinical trials, the company will probably
count on its alliance with the Massachusetts General Hospital (Boston, MA) and other
partners to provide useful data for the 510(k) submission.
Collaborations. In 2006, Almac signed an agreement with EiRx Therapeutics plc,
whereby it will measure and correlate gene expression changes associated with the
transformation using gene microarray technology. The molecular function of candidate
genes in colorectal cancer cells will then be validated using EiRx's proprietary siRNA
delivery system and in vitro apoptosis assays. These targets will form the basis for the
design of new drugs designed to selectively and specifically induce apoptosis in colorectal
cancer cells.
In 2006, Almac licensed the flagship MetaCore data mining suite from GeneGo Inc in a
multiple-year agreement to use it in the development of novel microarray-based products
for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
On 21 February 2008, Almac extended its ‘Powered by Affymetrix™’ agreement with
Affymetrix Inc for an additional 15 years. The new agreement enables Almac to develop
diagnostic products utilizing Affymetrix’ microarray technology for all cancer areas.
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AltheaDx
3550 Dunhill Street
San Diego, California 92121, USA
Web site: http://www.altheadx.com/
Tel: (858) 882-0123
Fax: (858) 882-0133
Email: sales@altheadx.com
CEO: David Macdonald
Overview. AltheaDx, a spinout from Althea Technologies, is focused on providing
comprehensive oncology testing services. It operates laboratory service operations for
biopharma customers in compliance with GLP requirements. CLIA certification is in
process. It launched a biomarker discovery and development program to facilitate
incorporation and adoption of targeted therapeutics.
Technologies/services. AltheaDx provides a complete gene expression service. It has a
novel technology for gene quantification. Quantitative method are based on reverse
transcription PCR, patented universal primer strategy for high throughput multiplexing,
and homogenous single tube assays. Other services include:

Microarray service is provided for tissue types including formalin-fixed, paraffinembedded tissue blocks or slides. Data analysis is provided.

Genotyping service includes single mutation detection, SNP analysis, targeted PCR
sequencing, and gene mutation panels.

Cancer assays include Breast Cancer Plex and Metastasis Plex.

Inflammation assays Immunotoxicity Plex, Inflammatory Plex and Sepsis Plex.
Collaborations. AltheaDx has several key patents and technology affiliations with
academic institutions, including: NIH, NCI, UCSD, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, MD
Anderson, and Memorial Sloan Kettering. Industrial collaborations are:

In October 2007, AltheaDx expansion a collaboration with BiPar Sciences Inc to
provide pharmacogenomic support for drug development programs in oncology.

On 14 April 2008, Poniard Pharmaceuticals selected AltheaDx's Express Pathway
program to identify molecular signatures that may be correlated to platinum
resistance.

On 15 April 2008, AltheaDx started to offer Affymetrix Technology as part of a
complete biomarker discovery and development platform.

On 4 November 2008, AltheaDx agreed to distribute DxS’ genetic assay for K-RAS
mutations for use in clinical studies in the US.
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AmberGen Inc
313 Pleasant Street
Watertown, MA, 02472, USA
Web site: http://www.ambergen.com/ (undergoing updating on 22 Aug 2008)
Tel: 617-923-9990
Fax: 617-923-9980
Director of Molecular Therapeutics Div: Richard Del Mastro PhD (rdm@ambergen.com)
Contact: Shella Batelman, Director of Administration (shella@ambergen.com)
Overview. AmberGen Inc (AMB) is an innovator of molecular diagnostics. It is
developing clinical assays based on novel molecular profiling technology which can
accurately diagnose and predict the course of a variety of diseases. These are based on in
vitro protein expression, photo cleavable linkers and novel labeling techniques. Several
products are under development from this platform technology. The Molecular
Therapeutics Division enables the technology to be applied to rapidly validate genes in
disease associated pathways using a focused systems biology approach. This will enable
novel drug targets to emerge whose biological functions are known, leading to the
development of cell based assays for the screening of lead compounds. As part of this
discovery, the mechanistic role of disease associated SNPs within these genes are being
resolved in an effort to determine their effect on diversity and drug interactions. The
Division is focused on asthma, osteoporosis and Alzheimer's disease.
Funding has been provided by the National Institutes of Health through their Small
Business Innovation Research grant program. AmberGen has fourteen issued patents,
some of which are licensed from Boston University.
Technology/products. The ELISA-based protein truncation test, the first such assay
that allows rapid automated mutation detection, is doing well in validation trials.
Applications are in screening for colorectal cancer, breast cancer, and other diseases
where the mutation results in a truncated protein.
A sensitive, cost-effective and high throughput system for detecting drug-resistant strains
of HIV-1 virus is based on the company’s proprietary cell-free protein expression
inventions and mass spectrometry.
AmberGen's protein-protein micro-array combines cell-free methods for rapid expression
of specially engineered protein libraries with advanced technology for micro-array
fabrication and readout. The first such array is based on kinase proteins and has
applications in detecting interactions to map critical cell signaling pathways in the areas
of autoimmune and infectious diseases.
Photo Cleavable Mass Tags facilitates mutation/SNP detection at the DNA level with
multiplex mass spectrometry readout. Applications are in biomarkers for disease
detection and treatment monitoring. Photo Cleavable Isotope Coded Affinity Tags when
used in conjunction with mass spectrometry allows changes in the abundance of specific
proteins in a complex mixture to be identified and monitored.
AmberGen has invented reagents useful for rapid isolation and labeling of proteins and
DNA (PC-biotins, PC-amidites and FluoroTect tRNAs). Certain kits are sold through
Promega and Glen Research.
TRAMPE™ (Transfer RNA-Mediated Protein Engineering) is the world's first integrated
cell-free protein expression and screening system. Through the use of AmberGen's
"ProScreen™" system, the individual proteins coded by individual genes can be
expressed, detected, purified, and analyzed with exponential reductions in both time and
cost. While it now typically takes days or even weeks to express, detect and purify a single
protein using traditional cellular-expression systems, AmberGen's cell-free protein
expression technology can produce the same protein in less than an hour.
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Ambry Genetics Corporation
100 Columbia #200
Aliso Viejo, CA 92656, USA
Web site: http://www.ambrygen.com/
Tel: (949) 642-7202
E-mail: info@ambrygen.com
CEO: Charles L. M. Dunlop
Overview. Ambry Genetics is a state-of-the-art laboratory engaged in testing of human
DNA to detect the presence of genetic anomalies known to be the cause or to be
associated with disease. The Ambry Test uses the latest in sequence analysis technology in
conjunction with results of the Human Genome Project. Ambry Genetics provides fast,
sensitive and cost-effective diagnostic genetic tests. On 28 January 2008, Ambry created
a new division to support pharmaceutical research, CROs and clinical trials.
Technology. Using patent pending innovations Ambry scientists have developed a
sensitive genetic testing service available for use in the clinical setting. By scanning the
entire length of a gene, virtually every genetic anomaly leading to disease will be detected.
This is especially important when patients are medium or high risk. SNP technologies
determine if a patient carries a common mutation, but if there is a heightened risk of
disease, or other situation where increased sensitivity is needed, then the Ambry Test is
the only realistic alternative.
Services. Currently Ambry Genetics is offering the following testing services:

Ambry CF test: full CFTR sequence analysis. The most comprehensive genetic test
available for the detection of over 900 mutations leading to cystic fibrosis.

Fragile X Southern blot analysis: analysis for Fragile X expanded repeat region.

Ambry Test: Prenatal Panel
Research. Current research projects involve cystic fibrosis patients where other DNA
testing methods have not detected the presence of one or two disease causing alleles. This
includes only affected individuals with positive sweat chloride test results.
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AmeriPath Inc
7111 Fairway Drive, Suite 400
Palm Beach Gardens, FL 33418, USA
Web site: http://www.ameripath.com/
E-mail: webmaster@ameripath.com
President: David L. Redmond
Overview. AmeriPath Inc is a leading national provider of cancer diagnostics, genomics,
and related information services. The company's extensive diagnostics infrastructure
includes over 400 pathologists and doctorate-level scientists providing services in over 40
independent pathology laboratories, more than 200 hospitals, the Center for Advanced
Diagnostics (CAD) and Dermpath Diagnostics, a division of AmeriPath®. CAD provides
specialized diagnostic testing and information services including Fluorescence In-Situ
Hybridization (FISH), Flow Cytometry, DNA Analysis, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR),
Molecular Genetics, Cytogenetics and HPV Typing. AmeriPath® has over 60 boardcertified dermatopathologists supporting Dermpath Diagnostics, one of the country's
leading providers of dermatopathology services. Additionally, AmeriPath® provides
clinical trial and research development support to firms involved in developing new
cancer and genomic diagnostics and therapeutics.
Services. CAD provides specialized diagnostic testing and information services including
fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH), flow cytometry, DNA analysis, polymerase
chain reaction (PCR), molecular genetics, cytogenetics, and HPV typing. AmeriPath
provides pharmacogenomics testing for personalized management of various diseases,
particularly cancer.
Collaborations relevant to molecular diagnostics. In 2002, AmeriPath started
collaboration with TriPath Oncology Inc, a wholly owned subsidiary of TriPath Imaging
Inc on the validation and clinical use of a novel gene expression assay for malignant
melanoma.
In 2003, AmeriPath Inc signed a 5-year strategic alliance agreement with Roche
Diagnostics to establish a series of Molecular Centers of Excellence to perform esoteric
genomic diagnostic testing using Roche PCR and other advanced genomic technologies.
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AMODIA Bioservice GmbH
Rebenring 31
D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
Web site: http://www.amodia.com/
Managing Director: Ulrich Krause
Overview. AMODIA (Applied MOlecular DIAgnostics) Bioservice GmbH, established in
2000, is located at the campus of the German Federal Institution for Biotechnological
Research in Braunschweig, the Helmholtz Center for Infection Research. It is a specialist
for microbial identification. Its products range from CE-certified IVD and test-kits for the
detection of GMOs to customer-specific test-kits for the monitoring of industrial
production processes.
Services. These are:

Universal detection and identification of microorganisms in customer samples

Identification of microbiological isolates

Development of test-kits for the detection of pathogens, microorganisms, industrial
contaminations etc.

Consulting in molecular biology and diagnostics
Technology. The universal molecular identification is a proprietary core technology
developed by AMODIA and one of its focal points. It establishes molecular tests on a
proprietary detection platform, Lateral Flow Dipsticks (LFD), which are an established
and commonly used detection platform in immuno-assays. AMODIA has extended this
fast and reliable tool in such a way that now amplification products from DNA or RNA
could be detected. The specificity of the detection is increased by probe hybridization
during the analysis. This internal sequence verification of the amplification product
guarantees a reliable molecular detection. This makes the AMODIA-LFD an ideal
replacement for the time consuming agarose gels. AMODIA uses this detection platform
to develop customer specific molecular tests.
Products. CE-certified medical products according to the IVD guidelines:

GenFlow Borrelia for detection of Borrelia burgdorferi

GenFlow Neisseria for detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Test-kits for the surveillance of food:
- AMODIA DetectLine 35S screen 123 for detection of GMO
- Detection of the "White Spot Syndrome Virus" in shrimp

Monitoring of industrial production processes.
Collaborations. AMODIA products are distributed by DEMEDITEC Diagnostics GmbH,
Kiel (Germany).
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Amoy Diagnostics Co Ltd
5F, Kechuang Building, 289Haicang wengjiao Road
Xiamen 361026, China
Web site: http://www.amoydx.com/en/
Tel: +86 592 6806831
Fax: +86 592 6806839
CEO: Li-mou Zheng PhD
Overview. Amoy Diagnostics Co Ltd (AmoyDx), founded in 2007, is a leader in
translating molecular diagnostics research and development into pre-clinical and medical
practice. AmoyDx aims to improve the quality of diagnostics and efficacy of treatment for
cancer patients, and to move discoveries from the bench to the bedside. The company
possesses key patents and technology affiliations with a variety of hospitals,
biopharmaceutical companies and academic institutions. AmoyDx has been awarded the
Medical Device Manufacturing License by the State Food and Drug Administration of
China (SFDA) and has been issued certifications of Quality Management System and
ISO13485 by China and the European Union respectively
Products. Product portfolio includes validated tests in the following areas:

Gene Expression Analysis Kits RRM1, TYMS, and ERCC1

Six Mutations Detection Kit for TP53

Five Mutations Detection Kit for PIK3CA

Mutation Detection Kits for PDGFRA D842V, JAK2 V617F and ABL1 T315I

Tumor mutation analysis: KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, KIT, PIK3CA, PDGFRA, ABL1,
TP53, JAK2.

Chemotherapy-related gene expression analysis: TYMS, ERCC1, RRM1
KRAS mutation detection kit was approved by the Chinese State Food and Drug
Administration in November 2010 for use in personalized clinical testing in oncology. The
assay is based on ADx-ARMS technology, which uses a 2-step process to detect mutations
in the KRAS gene. The method has been validated on several PCR platforms including the
Roche Light Cycler 480 I and Light Cycler 480 II; Stratagene MX 3000P and 3005P;
Applied Biosystems StepOne Plus 7300 and 7500; and Bio-Rad IQ5 and CFX96.
AmoyDx has also developed and validated test kits for EGFR and BRAF mutations based
on the ADx-ARMS technology and anticipates SFDA approval. It has applied for the CE
Mark for its KRAS, EGFR, and BRAF assays. Amoy has received marketing approval from
China's State Food and Drug Administration for its EGFR and BRAF tests for clinical use.
The AmoyDx EGFR assay tests for mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain associated
with sensitivity to the kinase inhibitors gefitinib (Iressa) and erlotinib (Tarceva). The test
also detects the T790M mutation that is associated with resistance to treatment. The
AmoyDx BRAF test detects the mutation that causes the V600E amino acid substitution
in the BRAF protein, which is found primarily in malignant melanoma. Several drug firms
are developing therapies targeting the BRAF mutation.
Services. In addition to pre-packaged kits for point-of-service use, AmoyDx provides
diagnostic testing services in support of cancer research and treatment for
biopharmaceutical companies, academic institutions and governmental agencies.
Collaborations. AmoyDx has partnered with AstraZeneca, which sells Iressa, to
introduce the EGFR kits to clinicians in mainland China.
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Anagnostics Bioanalysis GmbH
Westbahnstrasse 55
A-4300 St. Valentin, Austria
Web site: http://www.anagnostics.com/
Tel: +43-7435 58193 0
Email: info@anagnostics.com
CEO: Christoph Reschreiter (c.reschreiter@anagnostics.com)
Overview. Anagnostics has developed a diagnostic device which combines the strengths
of the most important molecular diagnostic techniques. It tests over 1,000 variables
simultaneously with a fully automated system providing high precision quantitative
results at high speed and low cost. The features of its technology supersede realtime PCR
technology and devices, which are limited to test only a single variable at a time. Its
patented technology has established new standards enabling the use of high performance
molecular diagnostics in hospitals, in physicians’ offices, in the food industry and for
purposes of defense against bioterrorism.
Technology. High performance molecular diagnostics technology is based on the use of
two cylinders. Detector molecules are immobilized on the superficies surface of the inner
cylinder, which is placed into a cylindrical container. Both parts fit together and form a
small hybridization chamber − HybCell. The liquid sample is filled into the cylindrical
container and the interactions between the molecules take place during continuous
rotation. This assures reliable liquid handling, optimal temperature distribution and
quantitative realtime measurements.
Products/applications. Anagnostics’ HybOrg provides multiplex diagnosis, which is an
advantage for smaller laboratories. The same device may be used for a series of different
analysis. DNA analysis is processed on the same device as protein analysis.
Infectious diseases testing. Fast integrated DNA and protein tests focusing on the
pathogen, its sensitivity/resistance and inflammation status of patients enable targeted
therapy. Genomic DNA from body fluids or smear is used as sample material. DNA tests
are based on multiplex PCR with subsequent hybridization on the HybCell. Speciesspecific fluorescence-labeled primers are used to amplify target regions in each pathogen
and in human DNA. Specific and unique DNA sequences allow distinction between PCR
amplicons and therefore simultaneous hybridization and identification of up to 8 patient
samples in 1 HybCell. “DNA-barcoding" technology increases throughput significantly.
Cancer mutation analysis. Anagnostics’ KRAS test for personalized oncology is easy to use
and delivers fast and comprehensive results. Using compact sequencing© technology, a
high number of clinically relevant mutations is targeted. The sequence enclosing codons
(e.g. KRAS 12/13) are amplified in an upstream PCR reaction. Concurrently the
amplificate is labeled with a fluorescence marker. Qualitative analysis is done within the
HybCell, where PCR amplificates bind to immobilized probes. The KRAS test is extended
to test further mutations such as BRAF and EGFR.
Drugs of abuse testing. Anagnostics' multiplexed, competitive immunochemical tests are
used for drugs of abuse monitoring in a therapeutical setting. Urine and saliva are semiquantitatively tested for drugs of abuse and psychotropic substances.
Collaborations. On 15 April 2011, Anagnostics and blood bank Linz started to work
together on a new method based on HybCell for targeted enrichment of defined DNA
sequences from human samples to be used for increasing specificity and sensitivity as well
as increasing throughput of NGS. Several steps are integrated into one step and result in
simplification of the process. The joint project is partly funded by Österreichische
Forschungsfördergesellschaft, and the proof of concept is expected in the middle of 2011.
On 15 April 2011, Anagnostics and Invicon Diagnostic Concepts GmbH started
collaboration to offer products for clinical chemistry, protein diagnostics, quality control
and molecular biology in Germany. Invicon distributes Anagnostics' screening products
for drugs of abuse (hybcell DoA tests, hyborg system).
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Antara Biosciences Inc
2375 Garcia Avenue
Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
Web site: http://www.antara-bio.com/
Tel: (650) 564-9850
Fax: (650) 564-9971
E-mail: info@antara-bio.com
Chief Executive Officer: Marc R. Labgold, PhD
Overview. Antara BioSciences Inc was established in 2005 by Tokyo-based K.K. Eurus
Genomics in order to enter the in vitro diagnostic (IVD) business in the US. Antara plans
to develop DNA chips and diagnostic systems based on the licensed patents and guide the
products through the approval procedures of the FDA.
Technology/products/services. Antara’s
method consists of three basic elements:
proprietary

The Quantum IQ (Q-IQ)™ Electrochemical Analyzer

Universal Q-IQ™ Electrochemical Chips

Customizable NA-BP reagents
electrochemical
detection
The system is rapid and does not require sample labeling or amplification. It provides
equivalent or higher sensitivity than currently available methods in less time, and range
from 30 to 90 min depending on the application, but can be as short as 15 minutes.
Antara has several research programs including IVD, and applications in drug discovery
and pharmacogenomics. The company provides:

Platform instruments and reagents (chips, chemistry, etc.)

Custom content reagents

Integrated RFID-based chip/sample tracking
Collaborations. Antara’s affiliates include Eurus Genomics, Genesys Technologies Inc
and Toshiba Corporation.
In 2006, Toshiba licensed key patents on DNA chips, DNA detection and analysis to
Antara. The license covers the application of Toshiba-developed and patented DNA chips
and electrochemical DNA analysis system to IVD of disease in humans within the US.
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AION Diagnostics Limited
Box 7, Level 2, The Mirimar
40 - 48 Subiaco Square Road
Subiaco 6008 Australia
Web site: http://www.aiondiagnostics.com/
Tel: + 61 8 6461 9400
Fax: + 61 8 6461 9499
E-mail: info@aiondiagnostics.com
Managing Director: Dr Anna Kluczewska
Overview. AION Diagnostics was created as a wholly owned spin off from pSivida Ltd in
2004. pSivida has seed funded AION Diagnostics through an investment of AU$1.2
million and has licensed diagnostic and sensor applications of the BioSilicon platform
technology to AION Diagnostics. Development of diagnostics within pSivida has
demonstrated significant potential for diagnostic products utilizing the biodegradable,
optical, semi conductor and micromachining properties of BioSilicon. By adopting the
biocompatible and biodegradable properties of BioSilicon, AION Diagnostics will be
commercializing diagnostic products that will provide real time continuous measurement
of important diagnostic markers. AION is starting with a valuable intellectual property
portfolio and the ability to leverage off pSivida's technical knowledge in BioSilicon
together with that of its partners including QinetiQ Ltd, and Forschungszentrum, Neuss,
in Germany.At an early stage, AION Diagnostics will develop products through strategic
collaborations with Universities and research institutions in Australia and with overseas
industry partners. AION Diagnostics will seek grant funding in Australia and the US as
part of this collaborative research structure. It is expected that second round funding for
AION Diagnostics will be provided by industry partners and or venture capitalists prior to
an initial public offering (IPO) in Australia.
Technology. AION’s BioSilicon™ is an example of how the element silicon is
nanostructured to create nanopores measuring 10 atoms across within the material.
These pores, forming a honeycomb structure, can be loaded with drugs, including small
molecules, peptides, proteins and vaccines. BioSilicon’s unique and versatile properties
have vast applications in diagnostic and sensor markets. Diagnostic applications will
exploit the biodegradable, optical, semi conductor and micro machining properties of
BioSilicon. In 2006, AION announced that it has discovered a novel new property to its
nanotechnology platform, BioSilicon. The biomaterial has been shown to be effectively
visualized on four key imaging modalities; x-ray, ultrasound, CT and MRI. A modified
form of nano-structured porous silicon (mpSi) retains key properties of silicon and is
specifically engineered for in-vivo hybrid imaging.
Products. AION's tissue marker portfolio of potential products is expected to be used for
marking of biopsy sites and monitoring and guiding cancer therapeutic regimes.
Advantages of this BioSilicon-based technology are that the markers can be visualized by
any key imaging modality and that biodegradation time can be engineered to optimize
clinical requirements for visualization and spatial enhancement of pathology. The first of
these products are expected to be approved in 2008. The FDA has indicated a 510(K)
device registration path to approval for the first tissue marker products, with subsequent
indications to be filed shortly after.
In 2007, AION expanded into new applications based on the modified porous silicon
platform to target the preclinical small animal imaging sector and have been developed as
a result of advancements in the Company’s core human healthcare division. AION is
developing hybrid molecular imaging probes designed for the early detection and
monitoring of a range of significant diseases, with visualization on several key modalities.
Modified pSi can be loaded with a wide variety of selective agents, including "smart"
probes and ligands, which will facilitate targeted imaging of specific sites within the body.
This combines porous silicon's unique capabilities to act as both the signaling component
and probe carrier, significantly reducing the complexity of the molecular imaging agent.
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Applied BioCode Inc
10020 Pioneer Blvd, Suite 102
Santa Fe Springs, CA 90670, USA
Web site: http://www.apbiocode.com/
Tel: 562-801-0050
Fax: 562-801-0060
Email: info@apbiocode.com
Overview. Applied BioCode Inc (ABC) is a privately held biotechnology company with
company headquarters located in Santa Fe Springs, Southern California. The company
was formed to research, develop, and commercialize its Barcoded Magnetic Bead (BMB)
technology within the medical diagnostic and life sciences markets. BMB is a spin-out
technology from Maxwell Sensors Inc (see separate profile). On 7 July 2010, ABC and
Maxwell Sensors received a $2.8 million, 3-year grant from the Recovery Act Limited
Competition of NIH for developing a high-throughput multiplex diagnostic testing
platform using their technology.
Technology/products. ABC has combined photolithographic digital barcodes with
immuno- and molecular chemistry to create a new, patented BMB technology designed to
significantly improve the isolation and identification capacity of IVD. The BMBs' barcode
patterns give a high-contrast transmitted signal and no fluorescence background,
allowing the barcode to be identified easily and accurately, with near 100% decoding
accuracy. Furthermore, because the fluorescence is detected at steady state, the variation
of the fluorescence signal is minimal, which is very important for quantitative assays,
such as protein analysis. It is a breakthrough bioassay platform that can significantly
improve the throughput and reduce the cost of diagnostic testing. The beads use 128
different barcodes that allow up to 128 separate assays to be completed on one sample
simultaneously. A barcode can be assigned to each probe, allowing analysis of multiple
targets in one test tube or one microwell for most clinical diagnostic applications.
BioCode-1000 analyzer is a rapid BMB imaging system for a 96-well microplate format.
The system rapidly displays the barcode and fluorescence intensity for each BMB.
BioCode-1000 software is a powerful, but easy to use control program and user interface
for operating the BioCode-1000 analyzer.
Applications. These include the following:

Infectious disease testing

Biomarker validation & pharmacogenomics

Cancer diagnostics

Companion diagnostics

Gene expression & genetic testing
Collaborations. On 21 April 2011, EraGen received access to Applied BioCode's
barcoded magnetic bead technology and CE-Marked BioCode-1000 system, which
EraGen will couple with its MultiCode-PLx assays for analyzing nucleic acid targets in
infectious disease and genetic testing.
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Applied Spectral Imaging Inc
1497 Poinsettia Avenue, #158
Vista, CA 92081, USA
Web site: http://www.spectral-imaging.com/
Tel: (760) 929-2840
Fax: (760) 929-2842
Address in Israel: P.O. Box 101
Migdal Ha’Emek 10551, Israel
Tel: +972-4-6547567
Fax: +972-4-6547507
Chief Executive Officer: Limor Shiposh (limor.shiposh@spectral-imaging.com)
Overview. Applied Spectral Imaging (ASI) is a privately held imaging company based in
Israel, with wholly owned subsidiaries in US and Germany. ASI has developed and
commercialized products in cytogenetics. It has brought to market SpectraView, a general
analytical imaging system that may be used in a wide range of applications and industries.
Products relevant to molecular diagnostics. SkyVision is a complete cytogenetics
workstation for SKY (spectral karyotyping), G-banding and FISH. SKY is a molecular
cytogenetic technique, which identifies and displays all chromosomes in unique colors.
After a single SkyPaint hybridization, SkyVision can detect subtle translocations, complex
and small marker chromosomes, HSRs and double minutes. Advantages of SkyVision are:

Complete solution that includes reagents, instruments, analysis and training

No need to identify chromosomes before analysis

Accurate analysis of abnormal karyotypes unresolved by classical cytogenetics.

Able to identify cryptic translocations in apparently normal karyotypes.

Used as a screening tool for cancer progression and for monitoring residual disease.

To identify previously unknown breakpoints, the starting point for gene discovery.

Multi-use for standard G-banded karyotyping and traditional FISH.

Able to combine SKY information with banding information and ideograms.
BandView is approved by the FDA for in vitro diagnostic use as an aid to cytogeneticists in
diagnosing birth defects, genetic diseases, cancer and the effect of cancer treatments. This
system can be expanded to include ASI's SKY system as well as FISH.
ASI's fluorescent detection technology circumvents inherent fluorescent detection
limitations caused by spectral overlap. ASI's breakthrough technology enables superior
multiplexing due to the ability to use multiple distinct fluorophores for clean, delineated
signals. By integrating ASI's detection technology into existing fluorescent-based
instrument platforms, ASI hopes to develop new products for multiplexing applications,
as well as for improving the capacity of the existing products.
In 2003, ASI introduced CytoLabView, the most complete cytogenetics workstation for
banding, FISH, CGH and multicolor karyotyping. It applies the most advanced
technologies in image processing to the specific tasks cytogeneticists face in their labs.
In 2004 ASI introduced multi-species automated karyotyping as an add-on to
BandView™. It enables research cytogeneticist to customize karyotypes to support any
number of chromosome and classes, including hundreds of chromosomes in a karyotype.
Collaborations. In 2002, ASI and Chemical Diversity Labs Inc (CDL) signed an
agreement by which CDL will test its proprietary drug candidate library against multiple
receptor targets utilizing ASI's automated multiplex assay detection platform.
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Arcxis Biotechnologies Inc
6920 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 215
Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA
Web site: http://www.arcxis.com/
Tel: (925) 461-1300
Fax: (925) 265-9000
Email: info@arcxis.com
CEO: Christine Meda
Overview. Arcxis Biotechnologies is a private, venture-funded company that designs,
develops and markets instrument systems and reagents for the isolation and purification
of RNA and DNA. Its innovative products deliver to the arena of life sciences
(research/clinical and diagnostic) easier, faster and more reliable solutions, providing
cost effective analysis.
Technologies/products. Arcxis' current focus is the manufacture of instruments and
reagents to improve sample preparation of nucleic acids and proteins, capable of
achieving high throughput in a flexible format. Its first product is an automated
instrument to co-process multiple samples for the extraction and purification of nucleic
acids. It is shortening the workflows (extraction, isolation, purification, concentration and
elution) into a simple, effective, reliable and inexpensive single step. The instrument
workstation leverages propriety technology that is co-developed from its partnership with
Sandia National Laboratories.
Arcxis is developing linear microarrays for ultra-rapid identification of genetic material.
These arrays are fabricated on a specialized material that allows for rapid hybridization of
nucleic acids and proteins in a low volume/high surface environment. Co-development of
a detection platform will allow the user to perform one-step hybridization and analysis in
an extremely short time-frame. This technology is currently under development for POC
assays for respiratory viruses.
In 2007, Arcxis and United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases
(USAMRIID) successfully concluded their collaboration using Arcxis’s patented Tentacle
Probe technology for the detection of bacterial pathogens. Investigators demonstrated
that the resulting assay was targeted to a chromosomal sequence in the gyrA gene of B.
anthracis (anthrax), an organism which is a common focus of bioterrorist interest. The
Tentacle Probe assay eliminated false positives, previously observed with closely related
and naturally occurring bacterial species, such as B. cereus. The improved performance is
due to the incorporation of multiple binding sites into the probe that combine to have a
very strong overall cooperative effect. It succeeded in identifying virulent from nonvirulent Bacillus strains without sacrificing specificity or sensitivity.
In 2007, Arcxis received a $1 million phase II award from the US Department of
Homeland Security to continue developing its BioPhalanx instrument, a portable, rapiddetection bio-threat analyzer. Arcxis' assays will combine its micro-preparation cards for
rapid sample preparation, micro channel-based microarrays for detecting nucleic acids,
and its so-called "tentacle probes" for designing specific assays targeted at bio-threats.
Collaborations. In September 2008, Roche agreed to apply Arcxis’ proprietary
technology for isolation and concentration of total RNA and genomic DNA to PCR™ and
RT-PCR™ based diagnostic tests.
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Arrayit Corporation
524 East Weddell Drive
Sunnyvale, CA 94089, USA
Web site: http://www.arrayit.com
Tel: (408) 744-1331
Fax: (408) 744-1711
Chief Executive Officer: Ms. Rene Schena (rene@arrayit.com)
President: Dr. Mark Schena (mark@arrayit.com)
Overview. Arrayit Corporation, a subsidiary of Integrated Media Holdings Inc, is a
leading life sciences company providing innovative products and services to empower
scientists and clinicians to explore the human genome as well as the genomes of plants
and animals. Arrayit is the leading provider of most comprehensive microarray platform
including protein and DNA microarrays as well as microarray printers and readers.
Technology/products relevant to molecular diagnostics. Arrayit's Variation
Identification Platform (VIP™) technology is used for human disease screening, blood
typing, and diagnosis of infectious disease. VIP™ tests are currently are being developed
for cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, and several serious diseases that are treatable by
early detection. Arrayit is developing a microarray-based diagnostic test to detect the
H1N1 flu virus. VIP™ can also be used to identify disease carriers, for forensics, food
safety testing, parentage testing, HLA screening, blood typing and anti-terrorism analysis.
Amplified DNA samples from several patients can be printed into a VIP™ microarray, and
screened for genetic variations of interest. This can enable clinicians to test up to 100,000
patients against a single disease by printing that bio-information on a single slide and
then drawing a diagnosis for each individual patient. VIP™ greatly reduces cost by
amortizing the procedure over many patients, and improves testing accuracy by utilizing a
single synthetic testing mixture on all of the patient samples.
ArrayIt® microarray platforms have fluorescent and colorimetric DNA microarrays
genotyping. It offers industry leading preprinted microarrays including H25K, the first
microarray designed and built using the entire human genome sequence as a blueprint.
On 21 April 2009, Arrayit announced a scientific discovery, which combines advances in
surface chemistry, bioinformatics, instrumentation and microarray technology to reduce
the time required for analysis of the human genome from several days to less than 6 h.
Arrayit will offer it as an improvement to its H25K whole human genome product line.
Arrayit has created the market's only antibody microarray containing monoclonal
antibodies generated against native human plasma proteins, PlasmaScan antibodies,
which are provided by BioSystems International. They react with native human proteins
with proper folding and post-translation modification to exhibit high antibody binding.
Arrayit's H25K microarray and PlasmaScan 80 have enabled rapid and efficient plasma
sample preparation of specimens from PD patients for discovery of biomarkers.
In September 2009, ArrayIt launched a biomarker discovery service capable of identifying
multiple new major genetic links for human diseases. It will run analysis of DNA or RNA
samples on a custom microarray for a contract fee ranging from $100,000 to $1 million
and will retain a small percentage of each discovery as a downstream royalty.
Arrayit's flagship microarray platform, is a "turn-key" solution for colorimetric protein
microarray analysis including an entire line of microarray platforms for low-, mediumand high-throughput microarray analysis of nucleic acids and proteins with fluorescent,
colorimetric, chemilluminescent and SPR detection.
Collaborations. On 16 July 2009, ArrayIt started collaboration with The Parkinson's
Institute of Sunnyvale, California to discover biomarkers for Parkinson's disease from a
prospective collection of samples from well-characterized PD patients.
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Artemis Health Inc
1430 O’Brien Drive, Suite H
Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
Web site: http://www.artemishealthinc.com/
Tel: (650) 323-4300
Fax: (650) 323-4308
Email: info@artemishealthinc.com
President and CEO: Lissa Goldenstein
Overview. Artemis Health is an early-stage company dedicated to the development of
non-invasive prenatal diagnostic tests. It develops and commercializes genome-based
prenatal diagnostic tests for use in early pregnancy. With a single maternal blood draw,
these tests will provide valuable genetic information without risk to the mother or baby.
Technologies/applications. Artemis’ primary emphasis is on the isolation of intact
fetal cells, including the entire fetal genome, from maternal blood for advanced genetic
testing by applying its patented technologies and processes to address this challenge.
Once isolated, the fetal cells provide enough fetal DNA to test for various genetic
disorders, which are currently diagnosed using invasive and sometimes risky procedures
such as amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling. It uses the most advanced and proven
methods of genetic analysis, enabling it to provide the best possible information to
women who use its tests. Although karyotype is still considered the gold standard for
prenatal testing, other methods such as aCGH and DNA sequencing are also used. Cellfree DNA from maternal blood can be analyzed by shotgun sequencing to accurately
detect the presence of fetal aneuploidy.
Artemis has developed a proprietary microfluidic technology that successfully and reliably
recovers intact fetal cells from maternal blood samples. In the laboratory, a device gently
separates these rare cells of interest from the billions of maternal background cells. The
result is an unparalleled recovery of intact fetal cells that can provide critical clinical
information.
In January 2009, Artemis obtained a coexclusive, worldwide license from Stanford
University to develop cell-free fetal DNA prenatal tests that predict chromosomal and
genetic disorders. The IP license includes the use of digital PCR technology and shotgun
sequencing to analyze cell-free fetal DNA from maternal blood, particularly for the
diagnosis of fetal genetic disorders such as Down's syndrome, Edwards syndrome
(trisomy 18), and Patau syndrome (trisomy 13). This will complement Artemis’ prenatal
diagnostic platform focused on intact fetal cells. Its first product will be based on a
simple, non-invasive approach for early prenatal detection of fetal chromosomal
abnormalities.
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Asuragen Inc
2150 Woodward
Austin, TX 78744-1832, USA
Web site: http://www.asuragendx.com/
Tel: (512) 681-5200
Fax: (512) 651-0601
Email: contact@asuragen.com
CEO: Matt Winkler
General Manager: Scott Hunicke-Smith PhD, (shunickesmith@asuragen.com)
Overview. Asuragen Inc was formed as a spin-off of Ambion Inc following the sale of its
Research Products Division in 2005. In 2007, Assuragen spun out Mirna Therapeutics
(see separate profile), for developing miRNA therapeutics. Asuragen is a fully integrated
RNA-based therapeutic and diagnostics company with a core focus on miRNA. It is
leveraging its broad miRNA/mRNA IP portfolio to build a significant business focused on
four product segments: (1) companion diagnostics; (2) diagnostic products; (3)
pharmacogenomic services; and (4) clinical laboratory. It has a focus on oncology.
Technology/products. Asuragen’s current diagnostic product portfolio consists of
Signature® Genetic Testing and Oncology Testing products as well as industry leading
controls and standards engineered using its patented Armored® RNA technology
including custom Armored RNA constructs for licensees of its Armored RNA technology.
miRNAs are being developed as diagnostics. Asuragen offers the next generation of
microarray content through its miRNA Expression Profiling Service.

In 2008, Asuragen launched RNARetain™ Pre-Analytical RNA Stabilization Solution
in Europe. It is clinically validated and cGMP manufactured sample collection and
RNA stabilization solution with CE-mark. Based upon patented technology,
RNARetain is labeled for the collection, storage, and transport of clinical human
cellular and solid tissue specimens and stabilization of intracellular RNA within these
specimens for subsequent extraction and molecular analysis.

Inform™ KRAS and BRAF are molecular assays for colorectal cancer run on
formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue. These Laboratory Developed Tests
interrogate mutations within the KRAS and BRAF genes, respectively.

miRInform Pancreas is a state of the art miRNA-based laboratory developed test, run
on formalin-fixed paraffin-embeddedspecimens, which aids in the differential
diagnosis and disease management of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma patients.

Optimum® FFPE RNA Isolation Kit. This is a phenol-free isolation of total RNA from
formalin or paraformaldehyde fixed paraffin-embedded tissues, which is optimized
for qRT-PCR analysis.
Collaborations. Asuragen has maintained the agreement signed by Ambion in 2005 to
gain access to proprietary miRNA sequences discovered and owned by Rosetta Genomics,
which enables it to adapt its miRNA platforms to detect, quantify, and functionally
characterize Rosetta's proprietary miRNA sequences. The resulting products will facilitate
basic and applied miRNA research by academic and industrial scientists.
In 2006, Digene agreed to market and distribute cystic fibrosis screening products made
by Asuragen. Terms of the exclusive, worldwide deal call for Digene to make an up-front
payment to Asuragen, and to make additional payments based on regulatory milestones.
Asuragen will also develop its next-generation CF test, Signature CF Expand, which will
broaden the mutation panel to include ethnic-specific mutations that can be adapted for
use in carrier screening and may find additional utility for neonatal and newborn testing.
Digene will also distribute this product exclusively and worldwide. In addition, Digene
will have the first right of refusal on future genetic test products developed by Asuragen.
The Signature products use the Luminex xMAP technology.
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In 2006, Asuragen licensed miRNA sequences from Rockefeller University to develop
early cancer detection tools.
In 2007 Asuragen started research collaboration with Merck & Co to develop a biomarker
and pharmacogenomic test for cancer clinical trials.
In 2007, Xenomics Inc granted Asuragen co-exclusive worldwide rights to incorporate
NPM1 technology into Asuragen’s molecular diagnostic products. Asuragen will have the
right to develop, manufacture and market products for the diagnosis, stratification and
monitoring of patients with acute myeloid leukemia.
In 2009, Asuragen signed an agreement with Biogen Idec to use its RNA technologies to
develop a companion diagnostic test to help select which patients will benefit from a
cancer drug candidate that Biogen Idec now has in clinical development.
In 2009, Asuragen signed an agreement with Life Technologies to develop and
commercialize its BCR/ABL1 assay, which will simultaneously detect and quantify
BCR/ABL1 fusion transcripts (b2a2, b3a2, and e1a2) in a single reaction. Monitoring the
level of these transcripts may prove helpful in prognosing and managing treatment of
leukemia with the drugs imatinib (Gleevec), sunitinib (Sutent), and dasatinib (Sprycell).
Asuragen will pursue CE marked-IVD registration in Europe and regulatory clearance in
the US. The test will be distributed by Life Technologies and run exclusively on Applied
Biosystems/ 7500 Fast Dx Real-Time PCR Instrument.
In March 2010, Biomedical Diagnostics (BMD) agreed to distribute Asuragen's cancer
assays in France including Signature Oncology Portfolio. BMD will support Asuragen's
efforts to establish clinical validation sites for the Signature KRAS/BRAF assay in France.
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Athena Diagnostics Inc
Four Biotech Park
377 Plantation Street
Worcester, MA 01605, USA
Web site: http://www.athenadiagnostics.com/
Tel: 508-756-2886
Fax: 508-753-5601
President and Chief Executive Officer: Robert E. Flaherty
Overview. Athena Diagnostics is a reference laboratory dedicated to the development
and commercialization of diagnostic testing for neurological disorders. Using innovative
technologies, Athena provides neurologists and other physicians with diagnostic answers
that can improve the quality of health care for patients in a cost effective manner. The
technologies are licensed predominantly from the academic research environment and
represent the Company's commitment to cutting-edge technology and its close
relationships with world-renowned experts in neurology and genetics. The ownership of
Athena Diagnostics has changed from Elan Pharmaceuticals Inc to Behrman Capital, a
private equity investment firm based in New York and San Francisco. In 2006, Fisher
Scientific International Inc acquired Athena for $283 million cash.
Technologies. Technologies that are relevant to molecular diagnostics are:

Mass spectrometry

Isotope substitution

Spectrophotometry

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

Radioimmune assay (RIA)

Western blot

Southern blot

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE)

Automated DNA sequencing
Tests and services. Athena Diagnostics focuses its business on four principal areas of
highly sophisticated assays: neurogenetic diagnostics that assist in the detection of
mutations in the genetic code responsible for certain disorders; peripheral neuropathy
and paraneoplastic diagnostics that detect the presence of autoantibodies that may attack
the nervous system; Alzheimer's disease diagnostics; and neutralizing antibody detection
assays used to detect the presence of antibodies to one of the most common therapies for
relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. The detailed list can be viewed on the Company's
Web site. The latest test offered is to detect parkin gene for Parkinson's disease in patients
with movement disorders. The Company also provides two educational programs.
NeuroCAST is an innovative, internet-based educational program designed to bring the
physicians current information about important issues in the early and accurate diagnosis
of neurological disease. LabCAST is an internet-based educational program that brings
information about current issues in laboratory methodology, technologies for the
diagnosis to the physician's desktop.
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Atom Sciences
114 Ridgeway Center
Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
Web site: http://www.atom-sci.com/
Tel: (865) 483-1113
Fax: (865) 483-3316
E-mail: info@atom-sci.com
President & CEO: Tom J. Whitaker, PhD
Overview. Atom Sciences Inc (ASI) is a privately held, high-tech corporation. The
Company was incorporated in 1981 to commercialize Resonance Ionization (RI), a laserbased technology initially developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory by Dr. G. S. Hurst
and coworkers. The initial work in characterization of materials has expanded to include
biotechnology applications of RI and this has further led to non-RI biotechnology
projects.
Technology relevant to molecular diagnostics. Atom Sciences is currently
conducting several research projects to develop improved DNA diagnostics. The common
thread throughout these projects is the use of DNA arrays. These projects are:
Electrical Detection of DNA Hybridization. A very inexpensive electrical method has been
shown to determine which probe sites have undergone hybridization. This technique is
based on the fact that a probe attached to a gold surface will form an electrically
insulating layer between the gold surface and a conducting buffer solution.
Negative Ion SIMS Detection of DNA/PNA Hybrids. In this unique detection method,
evidence of hybridization of DNA to PNA is provided by the presence of PO2- and PO3- in
the negative secondary ion mass spectrum of the probe site. This provides a sensitive
method for detection of hybridization and requires no labeling.
Quantitative Detection of DNA Hybrids. This method uses a laser-based ionization
technique coupled with mass spectrometry to detect hybridized target DNA, which is
labeled with a stable isotope.
Recent research grants. On 5 September 2001, Atom Sciences was awarded three new
grants from the National Institutes of Health totaling $298,000 for the following projects:
1.
The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases issued the grants for the
project, titled “Inexpensive Genetic Detection of Infectious Organisms,” which is
aimed at developing an inexpensive and rapid diagnostic test that can be used to
identify bacteria and viruses.
2. The project “Screening Digestive Diseases with Microcantilever Arrays” will be
performed under the auspices of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and
Kidney Diseases. The research will test the feasibility of an improvement in current
microcantilever technology to detect genetic traits. The technique may offer a
sensitive diagnostic test for gene mutations linked to hereditary diseases or the
susceptibility to those diseases.
3. The National Human Genome Research Institute funds the project "SNP Detection
with Unlabeled, Unamplified Target DNA". This project addresses the problem of
identifying minor DNA sequence differences, such as gene mutations that cause
disease, and how frequently they occur in the human population. The research is
aimed toward simultaneous detection of multiple sequences from a single DNA
sample.
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Aushon BioSystems Inc
43 Manning Rd
Billerica, MA 01821, USA
Web site: http://www.aushon.com/
Tel: 978-436-6400
Fax: 978-667-3970
CEO: Pete Honkanen (pete.honkanen@aushon.com)
Overview. Aushon BioSystems Inc (Aushon) is a privately-owned corporation
developing products and services at the confluence of life science and advanced
engineering. Targeting the genomic and proteomic research and diagnostics markets,
Aushon's goal is to enable breakthroughs in biological research, diagnostics, drug
discovery and the treatment of disease. Aushon's tools and technology will facilitate the
realization of personalized medicine using genomic and proteomic signatures.
Technology/products. A Reverse Phase Array (RPA) is a type of protein array where
lysates generated from cell lines, tissue samples, blood samples, or any other source of
proteomic material are arrayed in a micro dot-blot format. The technique provides a new
platform for measuring protein expression levels in a large number of biological samples
simultaneously. One common detection methodology for RPAs involves colorimetric
detection via amplification step involving tagged secondary antibodies. The RPA data,
viewed as series of dilution curves, provides a sensitive, quantitative, and much higher
throughput alternative to Western blotting.
Aushon BioSystems’ 2470 arrayer is a proven technology for building exceptionally high
quality Reverse Phase Protein Lysate microarrays. The 2470 can produce arrays of the
often viscous lysate material with the linearity and consistency to permit data extraction
from dilution series curves. Antibody microarrays provide a high-throughput platform for
protein expression profiling. The high quality printing provided by the Aushon 2470
arrayer is ideal for the unique challenges of antibody array fabrication.
In addition to standard microscope slides, the Aushon 2470 can print arrays into the wells
of 96- and 384-well plates. The number of features per well depends on the well size and
the desired spot size and spacing. Well-plate based arrays can be either DNA or protein
based. This image also highlights the flexibility of its printing software which allows the
user to completely control their array layout.
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AutoGenomics Inc
2251 Rutherford Road
Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
Web site: http://www.autogenomics.com/
Tel: (760) 804-7378
Fax: (760) 804-7382
Chairman, President & CEO: Fareed Kureshy
Contact: Dr. Richard Hamill (rhamill@autogenomics.com)
Overview. AutoGenomics Inc, a privately owned company, integrates discrete processes
of genomic and proteomic analyses into a continuous-flow, automated system that
represents a fundamental shift from the way these analyses are performed today. The
Infiniti System will provide clinical laboratories unparalleled workflow improvements,
significant cost efficiencies through labor savings and reduction in the cost of reportable
results. For predisposition screening, personalized medicine, genetic disorders, DNA
fingerprinting and agriculture, these features are essential. The primary goal of
AutoGenomics is to position the Infiniti System as the platform of choice for the
molecular diagnostics market. The strategy includes aggressively increasing the test
application menu through both internal development and strategic alliances. This initial
market introduction will be followed by entry in the proteomics and forensic market
segments. The Company's initial clinical focus is serving the needs of diagnostic
laboratories with specific test applications addressing women's health, newborn
screening, cardiovascular disease and cancer screening. AutoGenomics had an installed
base of 58 Infiniti analyzers in reference laboratories, hospital laboratories, and specialty
clinics throughout North America. Its customers include ARUP Laboratories, Cleveland
Clinic, Johns Hopkins Hospital, and the Montreal Heart Institute. On 25 July 2008,
AutoGenomics filed a preliminary prospectus with the US Securities and Exchange
Commission to float an unspecified number of common shares in an IPO on the Nasdaq.
Technology/products. AutoGenomics' Infiniti System seamlessly integrates genomic
and proteomic samples into automated molecular testing, which delivers sample to
results in a totally "hands off" manner offering random access with continuous flow
operation. It integrates sample handling, reagent management, hybridization and
detection for the analyses of DNA and proteins in a totally self-contained system. The
"open architecture" design enables adaptation of multiple technologies such as
hybridization assay, primer extension assay, competitive and sandwich format
immunoassays to perform SNPs genotyping, STRs, micro-satellite analysis, gene
expression analysis and protein determinations. Key components of the System are:

Infiniti Analyzer. This was cleared as a stand-alone instrument for multiplexed
assays by the FDA in May 2007.

BioFilmChip microarray

Intellipac reagent management module

Qmatic operating software with applications interface
Infiniti Factor II and Factor V assays for diagnosing thrombophilia were cleared in
February 2007. AutoGenomics currently offers 26 test applications on the system,
including research-use-only tests for HPV, respiratory illness, breast and bladder cancer
risk, and cystic fibrosis. It also has FDA clearance for 2C9/VKORC1 multiplexed assay
(used to assess sensitivity to anticoagulation with warfarin), and for Factor II, Factor V,
and Factor II-V panel tests. AutoGenomics is discussing the design of a clinical trial for its
HPV screening test with FDA, and the PMA process for such a test could take 2-3 years or
longer. It also intends to submit a 510(k) with the FDA for its HPV genotyping test.
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Avacta Ltd
103 Clarendon Road
Leeds, LS2 9DF, UK
Web site: http://www.avacta.com/
Tel: +44 (0) 870 835 4367
Fax: +44 (0) 870 835 4368
E-mail: info@avacta.com
CEO: Prof. Alastair Smith
Contact: Russell Hodgetts, Business Development Manager (russell@avacta.com)
Overview. Avacta Ltd, an innovative chemical and biological detection technology
company, and Avacta Analytical Ltd, an analytical service, technical problem solving and
contract R&D provider, are part of the Avacta Group founded in 2004. Avacta is
developing a market driven technology portfolio with applications in defence, clinical
diagnostics and personalized medicine, high throughput screening and process
measurement particularly in the biomanufacturing sector. The company is involved in a
number of co-development projects with commercial partners and collaborations with the
UK academic sector to develop technology for remote sensing of chemical and biological
agents, high throughput screening of membrane and soluble protein drug targets and
clinical diagnostics using advanced optical spectroscopy.
Avacta Analytical Ltd harnesses unrivalled expertise and infrastructure in spectroscopy,
imaging and analysis to provide high end analytical support and technical problem
solving to clients in a very broad range of industries. The company specializes in advanced
optical spectroscopy including Raman, fluorescence and infra-red, and in surface analysis
using electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, XPS, Auger spectroscopy, SPR and
ellipsometry. These techniques are offered for technical problem solving, routine
characterization and contract R&D projects of short or long duration.
In December 2007 Avacta acquired Oxford Medical Diagnostics Ltd, a specialist in high
sensitivity laser based gas detection technology which spun out from Oxford University in
2004. The applications are synergistic with Avacta’s existing products and customers and
the technology is complimentary, providing gas phase detection capabilities to work
alongside Avacta’s core strengths in liquids and solids analysis.
Technology. Avacta has extensive expertise in spectroscopy, optical design, imaging
technologies and molecular biophysics and together these skills are being focused on
innovative solutions to problems in biotech, healthcare and homeland security. Avacta's
key platform technologies lie in the following areas:

Remote sensing of chemical and biological hazards

High throughput screening technology for a range of targets and analytes including
membrane proteins

Clinical diagnosis including rapid bedside diagnostic tools and tissue imaging

On-line or near-line analysis for bioprocess monitoring
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AVIVA Biosciences
11180 Roselle Street, Suite 200
San Diego, CA 92121, USA
Web site: http://www.avivabio.com/
Tel: (858) 259-0888
Fax: (858) 259-9040
Email: products@avivabio.com
President & CEO: Julian Yuan
Overview. AVIVA Biosciences is focused on developing enabling technologies in the
areas of drug discovery and the processing of cells for the research, therapeutic and
diagnostic markets. Initially founded on an intellectual property portfolio of micro
fabricated structures for biological sample preparation, the company has developed
breakthrough technological solutions for ion channel drug discovery and rare cell
isolation. Drugs targeting ion channels represent a major opportunity for new
pharmaceuticals, while rare cell isolation is used for prenatal genetic testing, and cancer
therapies. AVIVA's core competencies are in the areas of electrophysiology, drug
discovery, cell biology and the processing and measurement of cells.
In 2001, AVIVA Biosciences established AVIVA Antibody Corporation in order to allow
each company to focus its development efforts on its respective core business - developing
multiple-force active biochips for non-invasive prenatal screening, micrometastasis
cancer cell detection, and ion channel drug screening and will utilize AVIVA Antibodys
monoclonal antibodies in various applications.
Technology relevant to molecular diagnostics. AVIVA holds fundamental
inventions in the fabrication and application of planar micro fabricated devices for cell
based processing and manipulation, electrophysiology measurements, and cell isolation.
In addition, the company has developed proprietary surface chemistries, microbeads,
antibodies and reagent compositions that are used in combination with the planar devices
to offer complete solutions to critical bioassay applications.
AVIVA has developed methods for isolating a small number of rare cells from blood
samples. Applications include prenatal testing for fetal genetic defects as an alternative to
highly invasive procedures such as amniocentesis. AVIVA is also pursuing a noninvasive
alternative to amniocentesis, a diagnostic test used in high-risk pregnancies that has a low
but real risk of miscarriage. Normally, fetal cells are isolated for genetic analysis by
collecting amniotic fluid from the womb with a large needle. AVIVA's microfluidic system,
currently in testing at Baylor School of Medicine in Houston, can instead isolate the rare
fetal cells that make their way into the mother's bloodstream. Other potential applications
include isolation of cancer cell metastasis detection and stem cell isolation.
Exploiting its core competencies in micro fabrication and biochemistry, AVIVA is
developing a biochip-based system to enrich and isolate fetal cells from maternal blood
for prenatal screening and diagnosis. The three components of this system are a
complexity reduction device to remove the majority of erythrocytes, a specific isolation
chemistry (reagent composition and protocol) to enrich fetal cells based on antibody
binding, and a high-resolution filtration and re-suspension device. AVIVA is developing a
fetal cell isolation chip and the related instrumentation, reagents, and protocols to create
a non-invasive alternative to amniocentesis for prenatal genetic testing. AVIVA's fetal cell
isolation technology processes 20-40 mL of blood sample, avoids the need for
centrifugation, removes majority of unwanted cells, and recovers reliably up to 90% of
target cells.
In 2003, AVIVA started the commercial shipment of SealChip16™, a single-use
disposable product that performs automated high-throughput and high quality patch
clamp screenings for ion channel drug targets. SealChip16™ will greatly accelerate high
quality ion channel lead discovery for researchers in the pharmaceutical, biotech, as well
as academic research communities.
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Axis-Shield ASA
Luna Place
Technology Park, DD2 1XA, Scotland
Web site: http://www.axis-shield.com/
Tel: +44 (0) 1382 422000
Fax: + 44 (0) 1382 561201
CEO: Ian D Gilham BSc, PhD
Overview. Axis-Shield, formed in 1999 through the merger of Shield Diagnostics plc
(Scotland) and Axis Biochemicals ASA (Norway) has around 400 employees divided
between operations in the UK and Norway. Axis-Shield has strong capabilities and
resources in the development and commercialization of innovative laboratory diagnostics
and point-of-care (POC) diagnostics. Axis-Shield products are based on patent protected
technologies from in-house research, development and production activities. The
company specializes in developing diagnostic tests combining traditional antibody
approaches with state of the art advances in technology. Core competence lies in using
proprietary chemistries to develop new and novel markers serving unmet clinical needs.
Technologies/products. Key clinical areas for laboratory diagnostics are:

Cardiovascular disease

Rheumatoid arthritis

Alcohol-related disease

Diabetes

Infectious diseases

Vitamin B12 deficiency. Automated direct quantification of holoTC biomarker.
POC diagnostics. Formerly as the Diagnostic Division of Nycomed Pharma, Axis-Shield
has more than 40 years' experience in the development, manufacture, marketing and
sales of in vitro diagnostic products. In collaboration with scientific institutions and
companies throughout the world, it has brought several unique products to the market:
Thrombotest™, Lymphoprep™ and the NycoCard® product portfolio for use in the POC
market. AxSYM BNP detects a low concentration of BNP, a marker of congestive heart
failure. It is used to identify patients at an early stage of disease as well as to monitor the
pumping function of the heart. The Afinion™ system for decentralized IVD testing,
introduced in November 2004, is expected to make an important contribution to
diagnosis at the POC, allowing doctors to test for various biochemical parameters during
patient consultation.
Combination of diagnostics with therapeutics. Axis-Shield DIASTAT Anti-cyclic
citrullinated peptides (CCP) detects antibodies against CPP that are derived from
filaggrin, a protein associated with epidermal intermediate filaments. Antibodies to these
CCPs correlate positively with the severity and incidence of RA and its symptoms.
Collaborations. Axis-Shield’s major outlet for Homocysteine (an important biomarker
for cardiovascular risk) and other novel laboratory based tests is via OEM agreements
with global platform suppliers such as Abbott, Roche, Dade Behring, DPC and BioRad.
Axis-Shield recently agreed with Abbott to develop 12 new marker tests for their AxSYM®
platform. These development and commercial agreements between Axis-Shield and the
industry majors are a reflection of Axis-Shield’s proven capabilities in laboratory
diagnostics. In POC diagnostics, Axis-Shield is enjoying a leading market position
targeting small hospital and primary care laboratories.
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Ayanda Biosystems SA
PSE-C Parc Scientifique, EPFL
CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
Web site: http://www.ayanda-biosys.com/
Tel/Fax: +41 21 693 8631
Email: info@ayanda-biosys.com
CEO: Solomzi Makohliso PhD (s.makohliso@ayanda-biosys.com)
Overview. Ayanda Biosystems is a technology development company of innovative tools
for medical diagnostics and drug discovery applications. Founded in 2001, Ayanda (a
South African name signifying growth and prosperity) is a spin-off of the Swiss Federal
Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL). The goal of Ayanda is to identify promising
IP/Technologies that satisfy an identified market need and then bring together the
necessary expertise and resources on a project-by-project basis to develop products with
significant market potential. Ayanda benefits from its close collaboration with the EPFL,
an experienced management team that combine bioengineering innovation with business
development skills and a strong IP portfolio.
Technology. The Ayanda™ multi-electrode array (MEA) biochips are fabricated on
transparent microchips and are adapted to the commercially available MEA60 signal
amplification and data acquisition system from Multi Channel Systems MCS (Reutlingen,
Germany). Ayanda offers various micro-electrode geometries on the Ayanda™ MEA
biochips ranging from planar to 3D tip-shaped electrodes. In the drug discovery process,
the use of MEA technology in secondary screening provides more in depth information on
the systems biology response.
Ayanda has secured exclusive intellectual property rights for a novel nanotechnology,
which was developed at the Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry of the EPFL. The central
component of this platform is the Synthetic Ligand-gated Ion Channel (SLIC™) construct
which is immobilized in a lipid-based matrix. The SLIC™ system exploits the high
efficiency of ligand-receptor interactions for the purpose of capturing a selected
biomolecule from the analyte and is detected via an electrochemical scheme. This
nanotechnology overcomes various key problems and provides the following benefits:

No sample labeling required, which eliminatesthe potential for artefacts arising from
alteration of native protein function.

Well-defined, biofriendly surface chemistry, which avoids non-specific adsorption of
protein on non-capture sites.

Ultrasensitive detection that has the potential to detect a few to even single
biomolecules without any amplification steps.
Products relevant to molecular diagnostics. Ayanda is developing novel assays for
infectious diseases such as HIV and respiratory diseases (pneumonia, tuberculosis and
influenza), based on the proprietary Ayanda™ SLIC Platform. The Ayanda™ SLIC
Platform under development consists of a bioelectronics reader instrument for device
control/data processing and disposable microplates that incorporate the SLIC detection
nanotechnology. Key features are:

Rapid and easy to use for point-of-care.

Low-cost that should be affordable for developing countries.

Adaptable to both low and high volume testing applications.
For HIV, Ayanda is developing an ultra sensitive test for viral load and neonatal testing.
For respiratory diseases, it is developing novel molecular tests for pneumonia,
tuberculosis and influenza through an EU-FP6 grant.
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Bar Harbor BioTechnology Inc
18 River Field Road
Trenton, ME 04605, USA
Web site: http://www.bhbio.com/
Tel: (207) 667-7900
Fax: (207) 667-7733
Email: info@bhbio.com
President: Robert Phelps (rphelps@barharborbio.com)
Overview. Bar Harbor BioTechnology Inc (BHB) is developing innovative molecular
biology products and services that advance life science research and clinical medicine.
BHB began operations in 2006 as the first commercial spin-off of the Jackson Laboratory,
a leading independent research institution specializing in mammalian genetics. BHB's
team are experienced life scientists who formulated the technology for their own unmet
research needs and now continue this theme with offerings customized by them to meet
other scientists' needs. The technology utilizes the real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR).
BHB offers the highest performance qPCR-based laboratory products and computational
tools for molecular profiling at the levels of both RNA-based gene expression
(transcriptomics) and DNA-based gene quantification (genomics). In October 2007, the
company recently announced the completion of a Series A round of financing as well as
receiving a $334,632 Development Award from the Maine Technology Institute to
develop human genetic profiling products.
Technology. BHB uses qPCR for accurate measurements of gene expression having a
wider dynamic range and better resolution when compared to microarray approaches.
Depending on the biological system to be studied different subsets of genes therefore
provide the greatest information value. BHB's overall approach is termed PerfectCircle
BioAnalysis. It provides intelligently pre-selected gene primer sets in 96- and 384-well
formats and qPCR data handling combined with bioinformatics integration tools. Overall,
it is a complete system for gene expression research.
Products: These includes StellARray™ Gene Expression / CNV System, the Global
Pattern Recognition™ data analysis tool and GeneSieve™ bioinformatics tool. By
streamlining gene-based molecular profiling and information technologies, BHB's
integrated bioanalysis suite will make molecular profiling more convenient, reliable and
informative than ever before. The resulting information will either be satisfactory and
does not need further gene profiling analysis or it will assist the customer to refine their
questions and to select additional StellARrays™ for further experimentation. The
integrated and easy-to-use BHB GeneSieve™ Bioinformatics modules will help customers
with experimental design, analysis, improve their analysis and ultimately accelerate
research. BHB has the exclusive license to the GPR software program which utilizes a
unique statistical algorithm to overcome a major limitation in qPCR data analysis,
referred to as "normalization" - by using a larger number of data reference points when
compared to other available software tools. GPR can be easily accessed online.
PerfectCircle™. The combination of GeneSieve™ bioinformatics, StellARray™ Real-Time
PCR arrays, and Global Pattern Recognition™ bioanalysis software will change the way
gene expression experiments are done.
On 6 March 2008 , BHB launched its new line of human StellARray™ products for gene
expression research. This initial offering of 43 different biological pathways for scientists
to select from includes many major human diseases. Configured to perform gene
expression or gene copy number experiments these new Real-Time PCR arrays are the
first of their kind in the field of gene expression research.
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BCR Diagnostics Inc
184 John Clarke Road
Middletown, RI 02842,, USA
Web site: http://www.bcrbiotech.com/
Tel: (401) 849-9957
E-mail: info@bcrbiotech.com
Contact: Boris Rotman, PhD
Overview. BCR is a privately held Rhode Island corporation dedicated to developing
novel biosensor platforms for detecting extremely low levels of bacteria in real time (i.e.,
under 5 minutes). Currently, bacteriologic testing requires between 24 and 48 hours for
completion. Life-saving applications for BCR's products include clinical diagnostics,
biological warfare defense, testing blood products intended for transfusion, screening
food and beverages, environmental monitoring, and sterility testing.
Technology/products. The LEXSAS™ (Label-free Exponential Signal-Amplification
System) technology employs ultra sensitive nanodevices (prepared from dormant
microbial spores) capable of sending fluorescent light signals when encountering
individual bacterial cells. The key features of the LEXSAS™ biosensor derive from using
dormant spores as detectors capable of sensing, transducing, and amplifying
environmental signals in real-time. Dormant spores of various Bacillus species are ideal
detectors because they have no detectable oxidative metabolism or macromolecular
synthesis, but acquire within minutes normal cell functions in response to discrete
external signals. Within the biosensor chip, spores encountering individual bacterial cells
respond by sending green fluorescent light signals. By coupling the biosensor with stateof-the-art optics and imaging systems, the fluorescence is converted to time-dependent
data profiles containing biochemical information for detecting and identifying the
bacteria in the test sample. BCR is currently using a laboratory biosensor prototype for
real-time (under 5 min) testing of six different pathogenic bacteria. Other features of this
technology include: ability to test samples with little or no preparation, low cost, linear
dynamic range extending from one to one million bacterial cells per sample, portability
(point-of-care testing), and applicability to automated high-throughput testing.
Current work at BCR is largely devoted to developing a real-time biosensor for screening
bacterially-contaminated platelets immediately before transfusion. The project is funded
by the NIH because transfusion-related bacterial infections remain a serious public health
problem.
BCR has developed a novel microfluidic biosensor applicable to detecting airborne
weaponized biological particles such as aerosolized microorganisms (e.g., anthrax spores,
bacteria, and fungi) and particles coated with toxic agents (e.g., ricin toxin and viruses).
Biosensing is performed on a disposable chip containing 80,000 micro-colanders® filled
with nanodetectors capable of emitting fluorescent light in the presence of specific
biological particles. The biosensor is designed to provide an optimal combination of
speed, sensitivity, specificity, and cost effectiveness.
The US Patent Office has recently issued a new patent extending coverage of BCR’s sporebased biosensor technology. This is the fourth US patent awarded to BCR for protecting
the biosensor intellectual property. Other BCR products include diagnostic tests for
enumerating tumor cells in blood and bone marrow (US Patents No. 5,472,846 and
5,792,617).
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BD Diagnostic Systems
1 Becton Drive
Franklin Lakes, New Jersey, 07417-1885, USA
Web site: http://www.bd.com/
Tel: (800) 631-0174
President: Philippe Jacon
Overview. BD Diagnostics, a part of BD (Becton, Dickinson and Company) offers system
solutions for collecting, identifying and transporting specimens; advanced
instrumentation for quickly and accurately analyzing specimens; and services focused on
customers' process flow, supply chain management, and training and education. It is
composed of two operating units: Preanalytical Systems for blood collection devices, and
Diagnostic Systems for microbiology products. In 2006, BD acquired GeneOhm Sciences
for $230 million plus incentives. In 2006, BD acquired 93.5% of the outstanding shares of
TriPath Imaging Inc, which it does not already own for $350 million. TriPath develops,
manufactures, and markets innovative solutions to improve the clinical management of
cancer, including detection, diagnosis, staging and treatment. In November 2009, BD
acquired HandyLab Inc, which develops molecular diagnostic assays and automation
platforms, for $275 million. BD will place its infectious disease-related tests on
HandyLab’s platform. It will also leverage the firm’s instrumentation for further
expansion into the molecular diagnostic arena.
Technologies & Services. TITANIUM Taq DNA polymerase is engineered to generate
the highest yields from all targets, including rare ones. This polymerase is ideal for
amplifying fragments from any DNA template, including bacterial and plasmid DNA,
cDNA, and complex genomic DNA. BD provides Gentest specialty reagents for P450 drug
metabolism and toxicology that enable in-vitro screening of drug candidates, for adverse
drug-drug interactions and toxicity, including liver toxicity.
Atlas SMART Probe Amplification kit uses Clontech's PCR-based SMART technology to
amplify RNA from as little as 1,000 cells or 100 µg of tissue.
BDProbeTec ET system's simple workflow and reagent design permit any lab to perform
advanced high throughput clinical molecular diagnostics such as Mycobacterial Assays.
The system uses Strand Displacement Amplification (SDA)  BD's proprietary isothermal
amplification technology based on restriction enzyme and a polymerase. The approved
BDProbeTec ET system provides real-time amplification with simultaneous detection.
ProbeTec™ ET Legionella DNA Amplified Assay designed for the detection of L.
pneumophila. Another assay detects Mycoplasma pneumoniae in atypical pneumonia.
BACTEC (Blood Culture Procedural Trays) are used for safer blood culture. A one-stop
testing service detects C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae using BDProbeTec ET CT/GC
Amplified DNA Assays and HIV-1 antibody using Calypte's HIV-1 antibody tests from a
single urine sample. The tests are approved by the FDA and BD plans to launch the DNA
assays in January 2010. It will market these to large hospitals and reference labs.
BD Directigen Flu A+B assay differentiates influenza A and B.
BD FACSCanto™ has been cleared in the US for IVD. The self-contained design facilitates
automated cleaning, startup, and shutdown routines.
In 2007, the FDA granted 510(k) clearance to BD’s GeneOhm StaphSR assay, which
identifies methicillin-resistant S. aureus from patients with positive blood cultures in 2
hours. BD has also filed for vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE) and a toxin gene
associated with Clostridium difficile.
BD has acquired HandyLab's Jaguar system, which is an integrated benchtop molecular
diagnostic system to provide hands-off operation. The system incorporates clinical
sample preparation, nucleic acid extraction, as well as microfluidic real-time PCR
amplification and detection. The self workstation is designed to accommodate on-demand
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and batch workflows. It generates up to 24 real-time PCR results in under 2 h. BD plans
to place its GeneOhm™ molecular assays for MRSA, Clostridium difficile, and
Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus onto the Jaguar platform and market them on the
new BD MAX™ system for molecular diagnostics based on real-time PCR.
Collaborations relevant to molecular diagnostics. In 2001, BD and QIAGEN
formed a joint venture, PreAnalytiX GmbH to launch PAXgene Blood RNA System for
integrating the key steps of sample collection, stabilization and purification. This was
optimized in 2003 for use with Affymetrix GeneChip. BD has agreements with TriPath
Imaging to facilitate detection of biomarkers for various cancer diagnostics and provides
BD antibody library for Zyomyx Inc's high-density protein biochips.
In 2003, Genaissance (now part of Clinical Data Inc) acquired a license to BD's ProbeTec
ET platform and SDA Technology for use in its CLIA compliant diagnostic test.
In 2006, BD signed an agreement with BioReference Labs to supply SCARA robotic
automation platform of the BD Viper System for testing and diagnosis of sexually
transmitted infections (C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae).
In 2008, Accelr8 Technology reached an agreement in principle with BD for funding of an
18-month milestone project for Accelr8’s rapid bacterial diagnostic system. Under terms
of the preliminary pact, BD will receive an option to license the resulting technology to
develop and sell a clinical diagnostic system for infectious diseases.
On 21 June 2010, Exiqon licensed its LNA technology to BD for the development of
infectious disease diagnostics. BD will market a number of defined LNA-enhanced
products to run on its BD Max system for molecular diagnostics.
On 29 September 2010, Bruker Daltonics signed a co-development and co-marketing
agreement with BD to combine its MALDI Biotyper microbial identification system with
BD's Phoenix Microbiology System for microbial identification.
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BD Diagnostics - GeneOhm
6146 Nancy Ridge Drive, Suite 101
San Diego, CA 92121, USA
Web site: http://www.bd.com/geneohm/
Tel: (858) 334-6300
Fax: (858) 334-6301
E-mail: geneohm_customer_service@bd.com
Overview. BD GeneOhm™, formed by acquisition of GeneOhm Sciences Inc by Becton
Dickenson in 2006, is at the forefront of rapid, nucleic acid-based system development
for the detection and identification of infectious agents and genetic variations. Leveraging
the advantages of rapid, molecular-based diagnostics, the BD GeneOhm™ line of
products assists in transforming health-care by enabling earlier and more definitive
clinical decisions that improve both the quality and the cost of patient care. Through these
products, it is dedicated to offering laboratories and clinicians state-of-the-art, molecular
based tests that can provide results in less than two hours.
Technology/Products. BD GeneOhm's IDI-MRSA™ and IDI-Strep B™ Assays are FDA
cleared to run on the Cepheid SmartCycler®. The assays use BD GeneOhm’s proprietary
and highly efficient sample preparation technology combined with real-time PCR to
identify target nucleic acid sequences directly from specimens in one to two hours of total
test procedure time. This will play a role in stopping the spread of methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus. In December 2007, GeneOhm announced the European launch
of the BD GeneOhm™ StaphSR assay for nasal and wound specimens as a CE marked
product under the European In Vitro Diagnostics Directive.
BD GeneOhm has developed the ePlex™ Platform for multiplexed molecular diagnostics.
It leverages the unique electrical properties of nucleic acids to identify human genetic
mutations that confer increased risk for disease and to detect the RNA or DNA of
infectious microorganisms. The platform provides a robust, cost-effective solution for
rapidly detecting multiple analytes in a single molecular diagnostic assay. GeneOhm is
expanding its menu for the ePlex Platform in the areas of inherited disease, infectious
disease and oncology.
IDI-Lysis Kit addresses the need of labs to efficiently extract DNA from a variety of
sample types in a timely manner. BD GeneOhm is developing future molecular-based
products using both its real-time PCR and ePlex™ platforms, including:

Vancomycin resistance

MSSA/MRSA

Bacterial detection and identification

Fungal detection and identification
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Beckman Coulter Inc
4300 N. Harbor Blvd
Fullerton, CA 9284-3100, USA
Web site: http://www.beckman-coulter.com/
Tel: (714) 871-4848
Fax: (714) 743-8283
Overview. Beckman Coulter Inc is a leading provider of instrument systems  from
integrated laboratory automation solutions to diagnostic rapid-test kits. The company’s
ProteomeLab, GenomeLab, and CellLab products advance the diagnosis of disease.
Acquisitions. In 2002, Beckman acquired certain assets of Orchid's including SNP
genotyping instruments, bioinformatic software and related consumables business. In
2003, Beckman took over the technologies of Peoples Genetics Inc, which are applied to
large pools of DNA to enable rapid identification and validation of low frequency
mutations that contribute to common complex diseases. In 2006, Beckman acquired
Lumigen Inc, a developer and manufacturer of novel detection chemistries, for $185
million. In 2007, Beckman acquired remaining 80% of NexGen Diagnostics, a spin-out of
Lumigen along with IP to enable development of NA-based molecular diagnostics. Other
acquisitions in 2009 include: (1) Cogenics division of Clinical Data for $17 million, which
provides genomics services, such as DNA sequencing, gene expression, clinical and
nonclinical genotyping, biomanufacturing support, nucleic acid extraction, and
biobanking, complementing those of Beckman's Agencourt Biosciences business, which
also offers genomics services and nucleic acid purification products; and (2) Olympus'
lab-based diagnostics for $780 million. On 9 Feb 2011, Danaher Corporation acquired
Beckman for $6.8 billion to include it in its Life Sciences & Diagnostics segment.
Products. GenomeLab employs Beckman's strengths in laboratory automation, CE,
HPLC, centrifugation, flow cytometry and microarrays to provide solutions all along the
genetic analysis pathway. GenomeLab™ GeXP Genetic Analysis System uses a patented,
highly multiplexed PCR approach to quickly and efficiently look at the expression of
multiplexed gene sets with greater sensitivity and speed. VidieraNsD Nucleic Sample
Detection Platform is a fully automated platform for molecular diagnostic laboratories
that separates DNA molecules by CE. VidieraNsP Nucleic Sample Preparation System is
a fully automated platform that performs nucleic acid isolation, quantitation,
normalization and reaction set up. These two platforms help laboratories in developing
assays for hematopathology, cancer, cardiology and inherited disorders. These platforms
will enable Beckman to launch the next generation molecular diagnostics.
Cancer tests. Access® BR Monitor, a test designed for the quantitative determination of
cancer antigen 15-3 levels in human serum and plasma, aids in the management of breast
cancer. Hemoccult® ICT, an immunochemical fecal occult blood, test used for detecting
fecal occult blood in colorectal cancer screening.
Collaborations relevant to molecular diagnostics. In 2004. GTx Inc started a
collaboration with Hybritech Inc (subsidiary of Beckman) to provide clinical samples
from its phase IIb clinical trial program evaluating Acapodene for the treatment of high
grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia that has the potential to progress to prostate
cancer. Beckman signed an agreement with PointCare Technologies Inc to obtain
exclusive global sales and marketing responsibilities for the new PointCARE™ system for
for monitoring drug therapy in AIDS patients.
In 2006, Beckman acquired an IVD product license to all real time PCR patents from
Roche Diagnostics by paying a one time license fee of $27.5 million and will also pay
royalties on sales of all licensed products. In 2007, Beckman extended by 8 years an
alliance with Bio-Rad Laboratories to develop and manufacture new blood-based
immunoassays for HIV and HBV for its UniCel and Access systems. In 2008, Beckman
launched a 4-year collaborative research program in molecular diagnostics with
researchers at the National University of Ireland, Galway.
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BG Medicine Inc
610 Lincoln Street North
Waltham, MA 02451, USA
Web site: http://www.bg-medicine.com/
Tel: (781) 890-1199
Fax: (781) 895-1119
President: Pieter Muntendam MD
Overview. BG Medicine (formerly Beyond Genomics Inc), is pioneering the commercial
application of systems pharmacology, which is based on scientific advances in the systems
biology field. Its advanced proprietary platform enables novel paths to new medicines
through molecular fingerprinting of genes, proteins, and metabolites combined with
powerful bioinformatics integration to produce Systems Response Profiles™. BG has
received investments from institutional (Flagship Ventures and Gilde Investment
Management) and strategic partners in excess of $26 million.
Technologies. Examples of the Company's technologies include:

Peptide Signature Scans to identify disease-specific proteins from complex mixtures

Global Internal Standard Technology for targeted quantitative proteomics

2D-MS, a new generation of multidimensional mass spectrometry

Proteometer to analyze proteins and protein-protein interactions

Metabolite fingerprint technologies to measure and track metabolic changes

mRNA expression profiles that link gene response to protein and metabolite activity
and cell signaling mechanisms.

Systems biology informatics that includes advanced algorithms, data mining tools,
and databases to integrate information from the gene, protein and metabolite level.
Biosystem Markers. Technology is used to discover novel diagnostic or prognostic
markers for patient stratification by analysis of protein/metabolite/mRNA or
protein/metabolite/genetic patterns in large numbers of clinical samples.
Collaborations relevant to molecular diagnostics. In 2002, BG signed an
agreement with diaDexus to apply its Systems Pharmacology approach to diaDexus'
cancer diagnostics and drug discovery. In the same year, BG started collaboration with
GlaxoSmithKline to use its sytems biology approach for elucidating disease pathways and
for identifying protein and metabolite markers of disease states and drug response.
In 2003, BG started collaboration with Novartis AG to use its Systems Pharmacology
approach to analyze samples of patients with cardiovascular disease. It will identify and
characterize differences between normal and abnormal samples, leading to discovery of
molecular markers to predict, diagnose and monitor the progression of disease.
In 2004, BG entered into collaboration with AstraZeneca to apply its Systems
Pharmacology platform and BioSystemics tools for integration and analysis of transcript,
protein and metabolite data to discover biomarkers of drug-induced toxicity.
In 2005, BG signed an agreement with Boehringer Ingelheim to apply its Systems
Pharmacology platform to elucidate tissue drug effects and discover circulating
biomarkers for clinical application. In 2006, Philips and BG formed an alliance to develop
next-generation molecular healthcare products for use in areas including molecular
imaging and POC diagnostics incorporating BG’s technologies that identify disease
biomarkers. In January 2007, BG started collaboration with Life Technologies for
research in molecular medicine.
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Bioarray Solutions LLC
35 Technology Drive,
Warren, NJ 07059, USA
Web site: http://www.bioarrays.com/
Tel: 908-226-8200
E-mail: ceo@bioarrays.com
President & CEO: Dr. Michael Seul (mseul@bioarrays.com)
Overview. BioArray Solutions, is an early-stage company, which has developed a
proprietary, uniquely flexible and versatile optically programmable array technology as a
platform for hosting thousands of simultaneous biochemical tests (assays) on the surface
of a semiconductor chip. The company's novel array manufacturing process enables the
rapid and flexible assembly of arrays composed of any desired set of beads displaying
oligonucleotides, cDNA fragments or proteins.
Technology. BioArray's core technology, Light-controlled Electrokinetic Assembly of P
articles near Surfaces (LEAPS), enables computer controlled assembly of beads and cells
into planar arrays within a miniaturized, enclosed fluid compartment on the surface of a
semiconductor wafer. Combining three functional components, LEAPS provides a set of
fundamental operations for the interactive control of fluid flow and bead transport such
as bead array assembly in designated areas of the substrate, "dragging" and "dropping" of
arrays, and sorting of mixed bead and cell populations. Fluorescence or other optical
signals from individual beads within the array can be collected by a parallel imaging
detector such as a CCD camera. Extensive image analysis is applied to extract quantitative
assay data.
Optically Programmable Bead Arrays. BioArray has developed proprietary technology to
array and probe thousands of beads simultaneously. This assay format is applicable to any
homogeneous assay designed to monitor the binding of one molecule (ligand) to another
(receptor) including antigen-antibody binding and nucleic acid hybridization. Beaded
polymers (beads) are used in hundreds of different biological assays ranging from in vitro
immunodiagnostics to high-throughput drug screening. Many of these assays will be
ported to the company's highly parallel on-chip format.
Array Cytometry. Cells (bacterial, yeast, human) also have been arrayed, enabling a highly
parallel format facilitating the analysis of large numbers of cells by quantitative, multicolor image analysis to determine cell surface markers. In addition, array cytometry
enables sorting of heterogeneous cell populations into subpopulations.
Applications. Applications include chip-based DNA and protein analysis as well as
array cytometry, a novel format of quantitative, multi-parameter cellular analysis. The
Company’s technology ideal for the profiling of genes and proteins in large groups of
patients to monitor molecular markers and evaluate potential therapeutic agents.
Examples includeHLA immunogenetic typing, protein biomarker profiling, cystic fibrosis
and Ashkenazi Genetic Disease Carrier Panel.
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Biocartis SA
Scientific Parc EPFL, PSE-C
CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
Web site: http://www.biocartis.com/
Tel: +41 21 693 90 51
Fax: +41 21 560 42 9
CEO: Rudi Pauwels PhD (rpauwels@biocartis.com)
General Manager of Biocartis BV: Chris van Eekelen PhD
Overview. Biocartis is a molecular diagnostics company developing a new, broadly
applicable, bioanalytical platform that is particularly suited for the emerging needs of
personalized medicine, in particular the need to detect and quantify a growing number of
biomarkers. Biocartis aims to address the global demand for a more cost-effective
healthcare. The primary fields of applications targeted by the company and its partners
are the analysis of bio-molecules associated with risks factors, early detection, staging,
treatment selection, and monitoring of a disease. On 10 February 2010, Biocartis acquired
Philips' technology platform for rapid fully-automated DNA/RNA molecular diagnostic
testing. The platform has been designed for applications in a wide range of patient sample
testing, including oncology and infectious diseases. Biocartis will develop and
commercialize the platform, together with a menu of tests, through strategic partnerships
and will finalize validation of the platform at its newly-established and wholly-owned
Dutch subsidiary Biocartis BV (Eindhoven, the Netherlands), where it will benefit from
close access to the multi-disciplinary R&D facilities and services of Philips Corporate
Technologies. On 8 April 2010, Biocartis successfully closed a Series B equity financing
round and raised €30 million (~$41.3 million) from its current shareholder base of
leading life science investors and 2 new strategic investors: Debiopharm and Johnson &
Johnson Development Corporation, each obtaining a minority stake in Biocartis.
Technology/applications/products. Starting from a single, low-volume clinical
sample, the Biocartis platform has the potential to perform a simultaneous determination
(i.e. multiplexed analysis) of the presence and quantity of a large variety of different
biological molecules, such as DNA, RNA, proteins, and small molecules. Biocartis is
developing and integrating various proprietary technologies that include:

Digitally encoded and bio-functionalized microcarriers that selectively capture
specific target biomolecules in the sample. Biocartis has developed a highly
reproducible, industrial-scale manufacturing process for encoded microcarriers
whereby more than a million different codes can be generated.

Single use, disposable microfluidic cartridges that serve as fully integrated units for
sample input, processing, and analysis. The cartridge features were designed for
dynamic incubation, real-time analysis, and accelerated assay times.

A compact, electronic instrument that operates the single-use cartridges. The
functions include fluid actuation, temperature control, and an optical read-out
system for microcarrier decoding and target detection.

A highly-specific nucleic acid detection and isothermal amplification technology.
Biocartis' open and versatile platform is designed to pave the way to develop and
commercialize a wide range of low- to highly-multiplexed test applications with superior
sensitivity and specificity, at lower cost per targeted bio-analyte and with faster
turnaround times. The Biocartis solution will therefore significantly expand the range of
diagnostic applications in both research/clinical laboratory and near patient/point-ofcare (POC) settings.
Collaborations. On 4 Nov 2010, BioMérieux took a €9 million ($12.7 million) stake in
Biocartis to co-develop assays on Biocartis' molecular diagnostics platform, which was
acquired from Philips in February 2010. The firms plan to co-distribute the assays in
2012.
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BioCurex
7080 River Road, Suite 215
Richmond, BC, V6X 1X5, Canada
Web site: http://www.biocurex.com/
Tel: (604) 207 9150
Fax: (604) 207 9165
Email: Info@biocurex.com
CEO and President: Ricardo Moro-Vidal MD
Overview. BioCurex Inc is a biotechnology company that is developing products based
on patented/proprietary technology for cancer diagnosis and therapy. The core
technology identifies a cancer biomarker known as RECAF™, a receptor for alphafetoprotein (AFP). RECAF found only on malignant cells in a variety of cancers, but
absent in normal and most benign cells. BioCurex is also working on further methods for
cancer detection and cancer treatment. RECAF applications for diagnosis of cancer in
companion animals is carried out by its subsidiary, OncoPet Diagnostics Inc
(http://oncopetdiagnostics.com/).
Technology. RECAF™ technology is able to effectively locate biomarkers that are
present on cancer cells, but not on healthy cells. Unlike other cancer biomarkers, such as
CEA and PSA, which only detect the presence of a specific cancer type, RECAF is found on
most types of cancer and is applicable to a much larger patient population. It is useful for
follow-up of treated patients because their type of cancer is already known; what is
needed is a simple and inexpensive way to detect if it has recurred. Furthermore, RECAF
™ makes it possible to specifically target and treat the cancer with antibodies and drugs to
stop cancer growth without damaging healthy cells. This is possible for most types of
cancers studied so far including those involving breast, lung, stomach, prostate, and
leukemia.
Products/applications. BioCurex’s Histo-RECAF™ is a special cancer detection kit for
tissues that stains cancer cells brown, clearly distinguishing them from normal healthy
cells. Pathologists are able to easily identify cancer cells under a conventional microscope.
Using RECAF technology, leukemia cells can be “lit up” so that only infected blood cancer
cells are isolated for targeted treatment. Also the physicians can detect any recurrence of
the blood cancer at a very early stage using equipment that is available today. Cancer cells
shed RECAF™ into the blood stream where they can be detected by a blood test. Because
of its powerful detection capability and simple procedure, serum RECAF™, if approved,
could become a blood test widely available in any clinical laboratory so that physicians
can use it as frequently as required for both the initial screening of patients with
symptoms, and monitoring of those patients who have been previously treated for cancer.
Collaborations. In 2005, BioCurex signed a licensing agreement with Abbott
Laboratories for RECAF cancer technology. Abbott will handle FDA approvals,
manufacturing, marketing and distributing for clinical laboratory testing.
In 2008, BioCurex signed a licensing agreement for’s RECAF material and technology
with Inverness Medical Innovations Inc, which will have semi-exclusive global rights to
commercialize products using the RECAF blood tests for cancer detection. BioCurex will
be paid up-front fees, milestones plus royalties on product sales.
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Biodesix
P.O. Box 774872
1370 Bob Adams Dr
Steamboat Springs, CO 80477, USA
Web site: http://www.biodesix.com/
Tel: (970) 870-9041
Fax: (970) 870-9045
Email: info@biodesix.com
Contact: Frank Ronchetti, Chief Financial Office
Overview. Biodesix is pioneering personalized medicine by focusing on the unique
characteristics of the patient using mass spectrometry (MS)-based molecular diagnostics.
By rapidly and cost-effectively analyzing the concurrent presence of many proteins in
patient samples, its products will help physicians to provide treatment tailored
specifically to a patient. Biodesix has focused on applying signal processing, statistical
analysis, and an in-depth understanding of the physics of MS to build a bio-analysis
platform that can be used to develop diagnostic classifiers for use by researchers, drug
developers and clinicians. These classifiers can reproducibly, reliably, and with clinically
significant accuracy, predict and evaluate normal biologic or pathogenic states or the
probable pharmacological responses to a therapeutic intervention. In February 2009,
Biodesix purchased Sapio Sciences Exemplar laboratory information management system
that could track samples, support biobanking, and integrate with its MS instruments.
Technology/products. The MS platform discovers and evaluates diagnostic signatures.
VeriStrat™. Biodesix is developing diagnostic products for the noninvasive early detection
of disease, for stratifying patient populations to improve therapeutic treatment
(distinguishing between potential patients who will benefit from a particular treatment
from those who will not), and to provide technically simple means for continuous disease
monitoring. VeriStrat™, is a simple blood test, which enables separation of patients into
groups with statistically different prognoses when receiving second-line treatment using
inhibitors to the EGFR such as gefitinib (Iressa, AstraZeneca) and erlotinib (Tarceva,
OSI/Genentech/Roche). It is the first MS diagnostic that uses multiple biomarkers and
which has been shown to be clinically reproducible.
ProTS Platform. Biodesix has developed ProTS Platform- for the analysis and creation of
classifiers using specific features from MS spectra. Its unique benefits compared to other
diagnostic discovery and development techniques lie in the speed with which viable
classifiers can be discovered and clinically validated. Further, it works with a variety of
clinical specimens, requires little (or no) sample pretreatment, and is consistently
reproducible (with Biodesix's tools). Finally, the cost and time to perform the tests in a
clinical setting is relatively lower than other diagnostics. As a result, from discovery
through to the clinical use of the test, the ProTS Platform and diagnostic products
developed with it have very attractive cost and time advantages over competing
techniques in the area of molecular diagnostics, and provides the first validated platform
translating bench science to bedside use.
R & D. Biodesix has numerous projects underway and its areas of focus are in oncology
and degenerative diseases. It continues its research into cancer biomarkers, early
diagnostic tools for verifying lung cancer in high-risk populations, diagnosis of cancer in
males with elevated PSA, alternatives to existing techniques for identifying HER2 positive
breast cancer patients, stratifying aggressive cancers from more benign forms, stratifying
patients for reactions to targeted therapies in lung and other cancers, and similar efforts.
Although most of the work has been on serum or tissue samples, Biodesix has experience
analyzing other types of biological specimens: urine, CSF, tissue, etc.
Collaborations. Biodesix multiple collaborations with clinical and research partners:
University of Colorado Health Sciences Center; Vanderbilt University Medical Center; M.
D. Anderson Cancer center; Hospital San Raffaele, Italy; University Clinics, Innsbruck,
Austria; University Clinic of Nijmegen, Netherlands; and the NCI.
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BioGenex Laboratories Inc
4600 Norris Canyon Road,
San Ramon, CA 94583, USA
Web site: http://www.biogenex.com/
Tel: (925) 275 0550
E-mail: info@biogenex.com
Chairman: Krishan Kalra, PhD
Overview. A privately held company, BioGenex has rich history of innovation in the field
of Immunohistochemistry and ISH. For over two decades BioGenex has been serving the
worldwide clinical diagnostics market. In 2002, BioGenex acquired InnoGenex, a well
known supplier of IHC and ISH reagents. BioGenex offers a broad range of reagents,
detection kits, antibodies, probes, special stains, tissue microarrays, automated staining
and imaging systems to streamline and standardize cellular and molecular analysis.
Biogenex customers include reference labs, hospitals, cancer treatment centers, academic
medical institutions, and, pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. The BioGenex
R&D team consists of over 25 PhDs, MDs and engineers with strong multidisciplinary
backgrounds.
Technologies/products. Selected products are described here briefly; details of all are
provided on the BioGenix web site.
BioGenex offers fluorescein-labeled oligonucleotide probes for the detection of RNA or
DNA by ISH. These probes, available as Analyte Specific Reagents (ASRs), allow the
localization of specific nucleic acid sequences within cells from formalin-fixed, paraffinembedded tissue sections. When used with the BioGenex Super Sensitive detection
systems and the BioGenex proprietary Antigen Retrieval solutions, our probes (available
in both automated and manual formats) offer reliable, highly sensitive and easy-toperform DNA and RNA assays.
BioGenex provides a wide selection of Tissue Microarrays from normal and diseased cases
for high-throughput screening of in situ gene expression analysis in target validation
studies. Tissue Microarrays are available from human, mouse and rat tissues.
BioGenex offers two types of ISH Detection Systems: The Super Sensitive™ Link-Label
ISH Detection System and the Super Sensitive™ Polymer-HRP ISH Detection System.
The BioGenex ISH Detection Systems enable the detection of biotinylated, digoxigenated
or fluoresceinated probes, which bind to target sequences in routine paraffin-embedded
tissue sections. BioGenex offers a variety of nucleic acid probes. These ready-to-use ISH
detection systems provide rapid and convenient gene function analysis as well as drug
target validation.
In 2005, the FDA approved BioGenex InSite™ Her-2/neu Kit - total solution for breast
cancer therapy selection.
In 2005, BioGenix launched Xmatrx™ Automated Staining System for the complete
automation of slide-based cell and tissue testing assays for molecular pathology
applications, such as FISH, ISH and IHC.
Collaborations. In 2004, Abbott and BioGenex Laboratories signed an agreement to
distribute and market a new system that will fully automate molecular diagnostic tests
that employ Abbott's proprietary FISH technology. The system is designed to automate all
the assay steps required to perform Abbott's FISH-based tests, including the application,
removal and re-application of the coverslip resulting in a completely finished slide that is
ready to go directly on the microscope for review. It is expected to be introduced to the
market in the near future, pending regulatory clearance.
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BioHelix Corporation
32 Tozer Road
Beverly, MA 01915-5599, USA
Web site: http://www.biohelix.com/
Tel: 978-927-5056
Fax: 978-927-3382
Email: information@biohelix.com
Contact: Tamara Ranali PhD, Manager Business Development
Overview. BioHelix, founded in 2004, as a spin-off from New England Biolabs Inc,
BioHelix develops and commercializes simple, "instrument-free", nucleic acid
amplification tests for the clinical market. By combining its proprietary isothermal
nucleic acid amplification technology with an instrument-free DNA detection device, the
company's IsoAmp® assays enable more clinical laboratories to perform molecular
diagnostic tests with maximum flexibility and minimum capital expenditure. Through its
strong R&D capability and partnerships with IVD industry leaders, the company aims to
provide simple and cost-effective solutions for enabling molecular diagnostics to be
practiced in middle-tier hospital labs, at the point-of-care, and in the future, for
personalized medicine.
Technology/applications. BioHelix is developing a rich portfolio of proprietary
technologies for nucleic acid analysis and molecular diagnostics through internal research
and in-licensing of novel technology. Currently, it has two unique isothermal
amplification platforms: the target based-Helicase Dependant Amplification platform
(HDA); and the primase-based Whole Genome Amplification platform (pWGA). In
addition, it has also developed a series of amplification enhancer reagents targeted to
improve all types of nucleic acid amplification reactions. BioHelix's proprietary nucleic
acid technology platforms have several advantages; including high sensitivity &
specificity, ease-of-use, and low-cost. The company initially aims to commercialize assays
that target the infectious disease market. With the discovery of novel biomarkers fueling
the growth of the personalized medicine field, BioHelix's technology platforms are well
positioned to capture these emerging markets with our simple, rapid screening tests
capable of being performed at the point-of-care (POC) and; potentially even in the home.
Products. Diagnostic products are:

IsoAmp® On Demand Assays

BESt™ Cassette - BioHelix Express Strip Amplicon Detection Cassettes

General Purpose Reagents
Isothermal nucleic acid amplification products are:

Rapisome™pWGA kit - whole genome amplification

IsoAmpII tHDA kit - target sequence amplification

IsoAmp tHDA kit - available at New England Biolabs, Inc.
Other products are:

Primer Navigator™DNA amplification enhancers

Helicases: thermostable DNA helicase and mesophilic DNA helicase
Collaborations. On 6 October 2009, Quidel agreed to fund and jointly develop with
BioHelix assays to rapidly detect infectious pathogens in a handheld format using
BioHelix's isothermal amplification technology. Quidel will market the tests.
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bioMerieux SA
69280 Marcy l'étoile, France
Web site: http://www.biomerieux.com/
Tel: +33 (4) 78 87 20 00
Fax: +33 (4) 78 87 20 90
CEO: Stephane Bancel
Overview. As a major IVD player, bioMérieux develops, manufactures and markets
reagents and automated systems designed for medical analysis and product quality
control in the agri-food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. bioMérieux ranks as
the eighth largest molecular diagnostics company worldwide. Over 82 % of its activity
takes place on an international level. In 2001, Organon Teknika’s diagnostic products
were acquired by bioMérieux-Pierre Fabre Group to which biomerieux belonged at that
time. In 2002, biomerieux parted ways with Pierre-Fabre and the Mérieux family, Wendel
Investissement and the Dassault group - bioMérieux's traditional three shareholders have rejoined the new holding company New bioMérieux Alliance which also controls
Transgene SA. In 2006, Biomerieux acquired Bacterial BarCodes that has developed and
markets Diversilab®, a patented automated microbial genotyping system to track
hospital-acquired infections and for environmental control for product safety.
In 2006, bioMérieux was awarded up to €54.5 million ($70 million) over the next ten
years by France’s Agence de l’Innovation Industrielle to help fund the “Advanced
Diagnostics and New therapeutic Approaches” (ADNA) program, led by Mérieux Alliance.
This will contribute to the development of new diagnostic products, especially for
infectious diseases and cancer. The ADNA program aims to develop personalized medical
solutions for cancer, infectious diseases and rare genetic diseases. In September 2008,
BioMerieux acquired privately held molecular diagnostics firm AviaraDx (renamed
bioTheranostics) for $60 million. bioMérieux is present in over 150 countries, with more
than 100 distributors and 35 subsidiaries. The company has more than 5,500 employees.
Products. The following products of bioMerieux are relevant to molecular diagnostics:
Identifying pathogenic agents and studying bacterial resistance to antibiotics: ATB, mini
API, VITEK. ACCUPROBE tests enable the identification of the most common
mycobacteria, bacteria and fungi from a single colony. They combine the specificity of
DNA probes with the high sensitivity of Hybridization Protection Assay (HPA) technology
NucliSens technology (http://www.nuclisens.com/) based on NASBA was acquired by
takeover of Organon Teknika (see Chapter 6). In 2002, bioMerieux launched its new HIV1 viral load test, NucliSens EasyQ HIV-1, for therapeutic monitoring of HIV, which
identifies the level of HIV-1 viral RNA in plasma and can be used to monitor the effects of
anti-retroviral therapy by measuring changes in HIV-1 RNA levels.
FoodExpert-ID. In 2004, bioMérieux launched, the first high-density DNA chip for food
and animal feed testing. The FoodExpert-ID test, powered by Affymetrix® GeneChip®
technology, will make it possible to verify the animal species composition and the
authenticity of raw or processed food and animal feed.
In 2005, bioMérieux launched CE-approved Hepanostika HBsAg Ultra assay in Europe
and the Middle-East for the detection of HBV surface antigen in human plasma or serum.
HBsAg is the most important marker for the diagnosis of acute or chronic hepatitis HBV
infection.
In 2006, bioMérieux confirmed its commitment to the fight against emerging diseases
and launched its avian flu detection test. Developed to respond to the needs of reference
laboratories involved in the identification of the disease and in the fight against avian flu,
the test, called NucliSens EasyQ® Influenza H5 and N1 is a kit of reagents exclusively for
research purposes. It can detect the presence of both the H5 and N1 genetic targets in 90
minutes and will be used with the bioMérieux's NucliSens® range of molecular biology
systems.
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In 2006, bioMérieux launched TEMPO® EB, the first automated test for
Enterobacteriaceae enumeration in food products in 24 hours including confirmation.
Collaborations. In 2003, bioMerieux started to develop tests for infectious diseases and
breast cancer using Affymetrix GeneChip probe arrays. In 2005, the alliance was
extended to cover other cancers.
In 2004, a licensing agreement provided Gen-Probe access to bioMerieux's Nuclisens
EASYQ platform for tests for mutations that predispose to blood clotting disorders.
bioMérieux gained access to Novel Diagnostics' PlasmAcute antibody detection
technology for rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis.
In 2005, DiagnoSwiss granted bioMérieux license to the development, manufacturing and
marketing of electrochemical microchips for in vitro diagnostics. bioMérieux and ExonHit
extended their collaboration for six years for the discovery and development of new blood
diagnostics for early detection of cancer.
In 2006, bioMerieux exercised an option to develop diagnostic products for certain
undisclosed disease targets using Gen-Probe's patented ribosomal RNA technologies,
pursuant to terms of a 2004 agreement.
In 2006, EiRx Therapeutics and bioMérieux agreed to validate the diagnostic and
therapeutic potential of their candidate tumor biomarkers. bioMérieux will see if proteins
in EiRx's biomarker panel can become components in new diagnostics for colorectal
cancer. EiRx will use its siRNA-driven platform to test bioMérieux's colorectal biomarker
panel as targets for new drug therapies. During the evaluation phase of the collaboration,
which will last up to 18 months, the companies have an exclusive option to license and
"exploit" IP relevant to biomarker. bioMérieux will develop companion diagnostics for
any drug candidates developed by EiRx against targets proposed by it.
In 2006, four strategically aligned partners, bioMérieux, Généthon, GenoSafe® and
Transgene, teamed up for ADNA program to develop molecular diagnostics and
personalized medicine. An initial partnership between bioMérieux and Ipsen in oncology
research has given the project an additional boost.
In 2007, Cepheid and bioMerieux started a strategic relationship to use the best of their
respective technologies and commercial strengths towards the development and
commercialization of an innovative line of sepsis test products on the GeneXpert
platform. Both companies will jointly develop the products, Cepheid will be in charge of
manufacturing, and bioMerieux will distribute the sepsis assays on an exclusive
worldwide basis. The product menu comprises both bacterial and fungal identification
assays as well a series of genetic markers for antibiotic resistance. Cepheid will continue
to complete development, manufacture and market the MRSA products.
In 2007. BioMérieux and NuGen Technologies signed a cross-license and supply
agreement. BioMérieux gains rights to NuGen’s WT-Ovation RNA amplification system to
develop microarray-based cancer assays, and grants NuGen access to its linear
amplification technology for the research market. bioMérieux also signed an exclusive
distribution agreement for the US for AdvanDx's PNA FISH™ rapid diagnostic tests to
provide faster identification of bloodstream pathogens.
In 2008, bioMérieux signed a license and development agreement with ProteoSys, for
Annexin 3, which will be used to develop a urine-based, confirmatory diagnostic test for
prostate cancer. The new test should be developed on the VIDAS® platform.
In November 2009, GlaxoSmithKline and BioMerieux started collaboration to develop
and globally launch a predictive test, based on emerging biomarkers, to help clinicians
select the most appropriate treatment for different segments of breast cancer patients.
On 4 Nov 2010, BioMérieux took a €9 million ($12.7 million) stake in Biocartis to codevelop assays on Biocartis' molecular diagnostics platform, which was acquired from
Philips in February 2010. The firms plan to co-distribute the assays in 2012.
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BioNanomatrix LLC
3624 Market St, 5E
Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
Web site: http://www.bionanomatrix.com/
Tel: (609) 818-0054
Founder & CSO: Dr. Han Cao (Han@bionanomatrix.com)
President & CEO: Dr. Michael Boyce-Jacino
Contact: Gary Zweiger, PhD, VP Business Development
Overview. BioNanomatrix is an emerging company applying its breakthrough nanoscale
whole genome imaging and analytic platform to cancer diagnostics, clinical genetics and
other applications. It designs and manufactures nanochips, nanodevices and nanosystems
for biomedical applications, using its patented NANOANALYZER™ technology platform.
This platform provides fast, comprehensive, and low-cost analysis of genomic,
epigenomic and proteomic information with sensitivity at the single cell/single molecule
level. BioNanomatrix' patented technologies are exclusively licensed from Princeton
University. Founded in 2003, the company is headquartered in Philadelphia, PA, with its
research and design laboratories co-located at Princeton University. In March 2008,
BioNanomatrix secured $5.1 million in series A venture financing. The funding round
included an investment from Battelle’s affiliate Innovation Valley Partners, and from KT
Venture Group. Ben Franklin Technology Partners and 21 Ventures also participated in
the round through debt conversion agreements.
Technology. BioNanomatrix is developing pioneering integrated systems that enable
nanoscale single molecule identification and analysis of the entire genome, delivering
single molecule sensitivity with haplotyping capability in a highly parallel format. The
company's patented analytic platform based on this breakthrough technology provides
ultrahigh resolution analyses of DNA, RNA and other proteins more rapidly,
comprehensively and cost effectively than currently available approaches. Since 2006,
BioNanomatrix has received research grants from the NCI and SBIR grant from National
Human Genome Research Institute of the NIH for the development of nanotechnologies
critical for enabling essential breakthroughs that may have tremendous potential for
affecting biomedicine. In 2007, BioNanomatrix received a $200,000 grant from the NCI
to develop a nanofluidics technology for cell fractionation in partnership with Princeton
University. A SBIR grant of $2.1 million awarded in March 2009 will support further
development of BioNanomatrix's single-molecule nanoscale whole-genome analyzer. It
plans to use $830,000 in new supplemental grant funding from the National Human
Genome Research Institute to prepare for beta-testing of its NanoAnalyzer (SingleMolecule DNA Analyzer) in 2Q 2010.
Applications/products. Applications of this technology include:

Ultra-fast sizing/typing of mega-base genomic DNA

Genomic mapping, haplotyping and proteome sorting

Ultra-sensitive detections of biopathogens

High resolution cancer diagnostics
The company is developing two near-term products under the NanoAnalyzer trademark,
focusing on cancer diagnostics and genomic streaming analysis; two to three long term
products targeting the ultrafast genomic analysis nanodevices and systems. There are
some collaborative effort in proteomics and biopathogen detection area. The company is
interested in developing applications of its technology in cytogenetics.
Collaborations. BioNanomatrix also collaborates with other biotechnology and
pharmaceutical companies who do not have nanochip design and fabrication know-how
or capability. They can improve their current technology and assay performance by
applying micro/nanochip techniques through subcontracting or co-development deals.
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In 2007, BioNanomatrix signed a multi-year Cooperative Research and Development
Agreement (CRADA) with the Radiation Biology Branch at the NCI Institutes of Health to
develop methods to detect, identify and quantify DNA damage caused by ionizing
radiation using whole genome analyzer, the NANOANALYZER. The aim is to develop
tools expected to dramatically improve monitoring and assessment of cancer therapies
and therapeutic regimens, by allowing physicians to quantify easily and accurately the
extent of DNA damage during treatment.
In 2007, BioNanomatrix and Complete Genomics formed a joint venture that will share
an $8.8 million grant from the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
to develop technology that will be able to sequence a human genome in eight hours for
less than $100. The current aim has been to reduce this cost significantly in the coming
years, down to as little as $1000 per individual, but this is the first effort to target a price
point that would make it possible to sequence everyone's genome. The five-year matching
grant was awarded under NIST's Advanced Technology Program. The companies estimate
the total project cost to be around $17.8 million, and they plan to provide the additional
funds to complete the project. The proposed technology platform will use Complete
Genomics’ sequencing chemistry and BioNanomatrix’ nanofluidic technology. The
companies plan to adapt DNA sequencing chemistry with linearized nanoscale DNA
imaging to create a system that can read DNA sequences longer than 100,000 bases
quickly and with accuracy “exceeding the current industry standard.
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Bio-ID Diagnostic Inc
Bio-ID Diagnostic Inc
531, Blackthorn Crescent
Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7V1A8
Web site: http://www.bio-id-diagnostic.com/
Tel: (306) 975-9161
Fax: (306) 938-0751
E-mail: bioid@bio-id-diagnostic.com
Overview. Bio-ID Diagnostic Inc is a private biotechnology company incorporated in
1997. Bio-ID's core technologies are cost-effective, DNA and RNA based platform
technologies that have widespread applications in clinical medicine, veterinary medicine,
the pharmaceutical industry, as well as in the environmental and food industries. The
company has two subsidiaries: MultiGEN Diagnostics Inc (www.multigendiagnostics.com),
a
clinical
testing
laboratory
and
PharmacoGENIX
(www.pharmacogenix.com), a CRO serving pharmaceutical industry.
Technologies/products. Bio-ID has developed three nucleic acid-based platform
technologies that meet the expectations of both the routine diagnostic and drug
development markets.
Multiplex Sequencing - MultiGEN. This is a novel modification of the conventional 'Gold
Standard' DNA sequencing method. This technology enables simultaneous sequencing of
short stretches of DNA from more than one genome (such as multiple human pathogens),
multiple segments from same genome (such as human genetic markers and SNPs), or a
combination of both, using novel primer modifications. Applications of MultiGEN include
the testing of any sample carrying nucleic acid material from a wide range of sources
including: human clinical samples (e.g. screening for high risk subtypes of the human
papilloma virus, screening blood donations for infectious organisms, identifying human
genetic variations and SNPs, and selecting participants for clinical trials), environmental
samples, the food industry, and agribusiness.
Point-Of-Care (POC) Target Amplification - POCgen. This is a DNA based technology that
is designed for use at POC in locations and consists of a small portable and robust
instrument for use with disposable plastic cassettes that contain pre-dispensed chemicals.
Each cassette will test for a pre-set menu of up to 8 organisms that reflect likely
pathogens in typical unknown clinical or industrial samples. The instrument will be able
to process up to 8 cassettes simultaneously. Total DNA is prepared from the sample, and
a portion of this DNA is injected into the cassette, which is then placed in the equipment.
Results are obtained within one hour as to the presence or absence of each of the
pathogens in the test menu for that cassette. Detection of ‘Super Bugs’ on admission the
hospital.
Intra-cellular Gene Expression Profile (IGEP). Determination of the intracellular
expression of genes is becoming very important in areas such as the determination of
drug resistance in cancer chemotherapy, tissue differentiation in stem cell development,
the efficacy of xenotransplants, and in toxicity and efficacy testing in drug development.
Current technologies are mostly based on the averaging of gene expression in a particular
tissue. Bio-ID technology lends itself to the determination of the expression of multiple
genes in individual cells without disrupting the cells or preprocessing the sample.
West Nile Virus. Bio-ID has developed a test based on MultiGE technology that can be
used to diagnose the condition in symptomatic patients and animals, and also to detect
the virus in blood donations from otherwise well individuals.
SARS. Bio-ID has developed a test for SARS based on its MultiGEN technology. It
identifies the unique DNA sequence that is specific for the Coronavirus causing SARS and
offers the capability of reliably processing large numbers of samples, and will thereby
allow the creation of a globally effective early warning system for the disease.
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Bio-Rad Laboratories
Clinical Diagnostics Group
4000 Alfred Nobel Drive
Hercules, CA 94547, USA
Web site: http://www.bio-rad.com/
Tel: (510) 724-7000
Fax: (510) 741-5817
President: David Schwartz
Overview. Bio-Rad is manufacturer and distributor of life science research products and
clinical diagnostics. It serves more than 70,000 research and industry customers
worldwide through a network of more than 30 wholly owned subsidiaries. It is a major
supplier of tests for the surveillance of food safety such as assays and instrumentation for
listeria, salmonella, E. Coli etc. In 2002, Bio-Rad acquired the microarray and robotics
technologies business of Virtek Biotech Canada and integrated them in its molecular
diagnostics. In 2004, Bio-Rad purchased MJ GeneWorks (thermal cycling
instrumentation) for $32 million. In 2005, Bio-Rad purchased Vermillion’s proteomics
instrument business including SELDI ProteinChip arrays for $20 million and made a $3
million equity investment. In 2006, Bio-Rad purchased the medical diagnostics business
of Provalis plc for $3 million. Provalis develops, manufactures, and sells POC diagnostic
products for chronic disease management of diabetes and osteoporosis. In 2006, Bio-Rad
acquired Blackhawk BioSystems Inc, a manufacturer of quality control products for use in
laboratories that perform infectious disease testing procedures.
Technology/products relevant to molecular diagnostics: InstaGene family of
products enables fast, reliable and affordable preparation of genomic DNA samples.
Linked Linear Amplification (LLA). LLA is a robust target amplification method that is
comparable to PCR in yield with the advantage that LLA is more resistant to false results
caused by carryover amplicon contamination (see Chapter 2).
Platelia test. This is a sandwich immunoassay on CNS tissue that was developed in
collaboration with CEA (French Atomic Energy Commission) and is approved in Europe
for detecting BSE (see Chapter 8). Japan's Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare uses
this test on a large scale program to detect the disease in cows.
TeSeE® test kit. Bio-Rad's second generation ELISA-based test kit used for the detection
of Chronic Wasting Disease in deer and elk is approved by the USDA. It runs on an
automated robotics platform to speed up sample preparation and provide faster results.
BioPlex 2200 system, an immunoassay, can analyze multiple disease states from single
samples. Multispot HIV-1/HIV-2 Rapid Test will be used for diagnosis of AIDS.
SELDI, acquired from Vermillion in 2006, is undergoing further improvement to make
the electronics more stable, the software more user-friendly, and the chip more robust.
iQ-Check Listeria spp. This real-time PCR test kit received Health Canada approval for
detection of Listeria spp in environmental samples on 2 March 2011.
Collaborations. Bio-Rad signed the following agreements in 2005: (1) with Sysmex
America Inc to jointly market their complementary products, the Bio-Rad VARIANT II
TURBO HST Testing System and the Sysmex HST-N™; (2) with Caliper Life Sciences to
study the feasibility of developing a new microfluidics system platform.
In 2007. Innogenetics got a license from Bio-Rad in the field of HIV-2. Bio-Rad got an
option to a nonexclusive license of Innogenetics patents in HCV genotyping. Quest agreed
to use Bio-Rad BioPlex 2200 system plus HIV-1/HIV-2 PLUS O EIA assay.
In December 2010, Idaho Technologies and Bio-Rad signed a licensing agreement
covering SYBR Green in PCR reactions and high-resolution melting.
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BioServe
9000 Virginia Manor Road, Suite 207
Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
Web site: http://www.bioserve.com/
Tel: 301-470-3362
Fax: 301-470-2333
Email: info@bioserve.com
CEO: Kevin Krenitsky MD
Overview. BioServe provides a comprehensive 'biomaterial to validated data' genomics
services platform, helping researchers gain the preclinical data for breakthroughs in drug
discovery, molecular diagnostics and pharmacogenomics. Utilizing BioServe's genomics
services platform, researchers can identify genetic markers, validate drug targets that
cause disease and correlate clinical data with molecular data to accelerate the
development of new and safer drugs. In May 2007, BioServe acquired Genomics
Collaborative Inc (GCI) from SeraCare Life Sciences Inc. GCI is a leader in facilitating
biomarker discovery and validation.
Products/services relevant to molecular diagnostics. DNAQuik™ genomic DNA
extraction kits provide an efficient, simple, safe means for high molecular weight genomic
DNA purification from a wide variety of biomaterial. They are suitable for use in
downstream applications such as genotyping, array-based comparative genomic
hybridization, and methylation analysis. DNAQuik™ DNA Purification reagents have
been used in BioServe's Genomic DNA Extraction Lab for over five years, consistently
providing reliable results.
Through its acquisition of GCI, BioServe significantly expands its preclinical product and
service capabilities to provide organizations engaged in drug discovery and diagnostic
development with a comprehensive "biomaterial to validated data" services platform. This
service platform extends from molecular research products and services such as DNA and
RNA purification reagents, DNA sequencing, oligonucleotide synthesis and genotyping to
ready-made large epidemiologically sound case-control studies of inflammatory
disorders, endocrine disorders, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, obesity
and cancers including breast, prostate, lung and colorectal. GCI will operate as a fully
integrated division of BioServe, which will continue to offer the GCI Access program™,
which allows researchers around the world to access human DNA, RNA, serum and tissue
samples with comprehensive informed consent and detailed clinical data, on a fee for
service basis. GCI’s Global Repository®, a comprehensive library of 600,000 human
DNA, tissue and serum samples, is linked to detailed clinical and demographic data from
140,000 consented and anonymized patients collected on four continents. Bioserve
provides biomarker discovery and cost-effective genomic analysis services.
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Biosite Inc
9975 Summers Ridge Road
San Diego, CA 92121, USA
Web site: http://www.biosite.com/
Tel: (858) 805-8378
Fax: (858) 455-4815
Email: intlenquiry@biosite.com
Overview. Biosite Inc is a research-based company dedicated to the discovery and
development of novel protein-based diagnostics that improve a physician's ability to
diagnose debilitating and life-threatening diseases. Through combined expertise in
diagnostic discovery and commercialization, Biosite is able to access potential markers of
disease, identify proteins with high diagnostic utility, develop and commercialize
products and educate the medical community on new diagnostic approaches, thereby
benefiting patients. Biosite's Triage® rapid diagnostics are used in approximately 50% of
US hospitals and in more than 50 international markets for toxicology screening and
diagnosis of infectious and cardiovascular disease. In 2007, Biosite was acquired by
Inverness Medical Innovations.
Technology/applications relevant to molecular diagnostics. Based on the
Company's microcapillary technology, the high-throughput protein microarray is capable
of identifying and quantifying up to 100 proteins from as little as 0.05 ml plasma or urine
or 0.1 ml whole blood within 15 min. The analytical sensitivity is in the picomolar range.
It could be applicable to the quantification and profiling of thousands of proteins.
Triage Stroke Panel. This is a rapid immunoassay intended for use in conjunction with
brain imaging as an aid in the assessment and diagnosis of stroke.
Triage Cardio ProfilER identifies three cardiac protein markers that are released in the
blood during an acute myocardial infarction: myoglobin, troponin I, and creatinine kinase
Triage BNP Test. This is a quantitative test for measurement of B-type natriuretic
peptide (BNP), a protein marker for congestive heart failure. BNP correlates well with left
ventricle hypertrophy and increases with the severity of disease. FDA has cleared its
marketing for Beckman Coulter Immunoassay Systems.
Triage D-Dimer Test aids in the assessment of patients suspected of having
thromboembolic events, including pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis.
Triage TOX Drug Screen. This is a microfluidic protein chip used for the detection of
specific drugs of abuse in urine specimens and is cleared by the FDA for marketing.
Triage Profiler Shortness of Breath Panel is a symptom panel, designed to help
physicians distinguish among the three most common causes of shortness of breath by
testing for multiple biomarkers using a single test device. It is approved by the FDA.
In 2006, Biosite filed a 510(k) Premarket Notification with the FDA for diagnostic tests
for myeloperoxidase, a biomarker of inflammation in the walls of coronary arteries.
Collaborations. In 2003, Vermillion and Biosite started collaboration for discovery of
novel antibody and protein target components for diagnostic assays. Also in 2003, Agenix
Inc granted Biosite a license to D-dimer for test for excluding pulmonary embolism in
Triage Profiler.
In 2005, under an agreement with Incyte, Biosite received an exclusive option to license
50 additional diagnostic targets as well as proteins, and antibodies that bind to these.
Incyte may receive additional milestones and royalties should Biosite develop and
commercialize diagnostic products.
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In 2005, Biosite gained access to selected biomarkers for sepsis discovered by SIRS-Lab
GmbH for the evaluation and development of these as diagnostics. Biosite will make
antibodies to those selected targets using its proprietary antibody development process,
which combines immunization of mice and phage display to generate highly diverse
libraries of Omniclonal® antibodies with high affinity and low cross-reactivity. The
antibodies will be used to generate assays for the measurement of the selected biomarker
targets in blood samples. Validated biomarkers will then be assessed for
commercialization potential, with high-value markers added to Biosite's product
development process. This agreement combines the strengths of both companies:
Biosite's proven antibody development and commercialization process for diagnostic
products with SIRS’ expertise in molecular medicine concerning inflammatory diseases.
The Biosite Discovery program is focused on diseases for which rapid and accurate
diagnostic tests are needed.
In 2007, Biosite renewed and expanded a partnership and licensing agreement of 2005 to
gain more access to Compugen’s diagnostic and immunoassay biomarkers for developing
and commercialize immunoassay-based diagnostics for cardiovascular and oncology
indications based on several of Compugen’s gene targets. Under the new agreement,
Compugen will receive milestone payments and royalties from product sales that resulted
from its contribution. Compugen will hold the rights to therapeutic applications of targets
and antibodies associated with them. In 2008, Compugen granted an option to Biosite to
CGEN-144, a variant of troponin I biomarker, which it had discovered and verified to be
differentially expressed as serum protein in myocardial infarction patients compared to
healthy individuals. Biosite will develop and select antibodies that bind to the molecule to
determine assay sensitivity and specificity in various disease states and as an addition to
the currently commercialized troponin I test.
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Biotage AB
Kungsgatan 76
SE-753 18 Uppsala, Sweden
Web site: http://www.biotage.com/
Tel: +46 18 516000
Fax: +46 18 591922
E-mail: info@biotage.com
President and CEO: Torben Jörgensen
Overview. Pyrosequencing AB acquired Biotage in 2003 and has been renamed Biotage
AB. The company’s Pyrosequencing technology is a real-time DNA sequencing technique.
It is a standard platform for clinical genetic analysis. accelerates the drug discovery and
development process and increases the knowledge of the importance of the genetic makeup by providing complete solutions for medicinal chemistry research and applied genetic
analysis. Biotage, listed on the Stockholm exchange, has approximately 340 employees.
In October 2008, QIAGEN acquired all assets related to the Pyrosequencing from Biotage
for $53 million in cash plus $7 as milestones in next 4 years.
Technologies relevant to molecular diagnostics. Biotage's PSQ 96 System is the
first commercially available dedicated sequencing system for applied genetic analysis.
Based on the Company's patented Pyrosequencing technology, the product performs
rapid and accurate, reproducible SNP analysis, and offers a high capacity, cost-effective
solution for SNP analysis and Tag sequencing - the analysis of short DNA sequences used
for genetic identification. Primer Design software enables researchers to rapidly and
efficiently design primers that are optimized for use with Pyrosequencing technology for
DNA analysis. PSQ HS 96 is capable of genotyping virtually any mutation or SNP with
high sensitivity, using a robotic mechanism to transfer up to 10 96-well plates for
unattended operation and a high sensitivity light detection system.
Applications relevant to human molecular diagnostics. These include SNP
analysis of ACE gene, SNP genotyping in codon 72 of the p53 gene, association studies at
an obesity locus and diagnosis of Down's syndrome. Other applications are in bacterial
and viral typing where speed and ease of use for identification of gene-specific DNA
sequences are essential. Biotage PSQ 96 System can be used for the rapid typing and
validation of bacteria and viruses used to produce biological weapons. PyroMark
Oncology Series genetic tests provide researchers with reliable DNA sequence
information on specific cancer mutations and epigenetic phenomena. PyroMark™Q96
and Q24 detect KRAS mutations in codons 12, 13 and 61. Pyrosequencing technology
offers rapid and accurate quantification of CpG methylation sites.
Collaborations relevant to human molecular diagnostics. Academic
collaborations include the following: (1) Uppsala University, Sweden to investigate several
applications of Pyrosequencing within the field of bacterial identification and resistance;
(2) University of Geneva, Switzerland to analyze genes and develop rapid genetic tests for
the diagnosis of Down syndrome and other syndromes screened during routine prenatal
testing; (3) Cleveland Clinic Foundation (Celeveland, Ohio) to develop methods for the
rapid identification of mycobacteria using Pyrosequencing technology; (4) Scottish
Meningococcus and Pneumococcus Reference Laboratory (Glasgow, Scotland) to develop
tests for rapid, accurate typing of the meningitis-causing bacterium Neisseria
meningitidis; (5) University of California (San Francisco, CA) to analyze genes involved in
the development and potential progression of multiple sclerosis using PSQ96 System; (6)
Harvard University (Cambridge, MA) that provides broad access to fluorescent nucleotide
technology. The license agreement will enable the Company to develop new fluorescencebased DNA analysis products for applied genomics and clinical applications; and (7)
Molecular Imaging collaboration with McMaster University in Canada.
Corporate collaborations include (1) a cross-license agreement with Mosaic Technologies
provides access to complementary DNA sequencing technologies; and (2) an agreement
with Dynal Biotech to evaluate and develop methods for HLA typing in transplantation.
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bioTheranostics
11025 Roselle Street, Suite 200
San Diego, CA 92121, USA
Web site: http://www.aviaradx.com/
Tel: (858) 587 5870
Fax: (858) 587 5871
Chief Executive Officer: Richard Ding
Overview. On 11 September 2008, BioMerieux acquired AviaraDx for $60 million. The
firm will operate as an independent legal entity and be renamed bioTheranostics  a
molecular cancer profiling company that is focused on developing and commercializing
molecular diagnostic technologies with proven clinical utility. The Company leverages its
technological leadership position in the analysis of cancer biopsies and proprietary
bioinformatic methodologies to discover and validate novel diagnostic, prognostic and
predictive biomarkers for better cancer treatment. Diagnostic laboratories in the US and
Europe have licensed the Company’s molecular cancer identification (MCID) and breast
cancer profiling (BCP) technologies to develop and commercialize certain laboratory
tests. bioTheranostics’ business plan is to work with collaborators to develop the drug
response signatures, perform clinical validation studies, and then publish the results of
the study for each drug response marker/signature.
Technologies. bioTheranostics has discovered, developed, validated and licensed to
clinical laboratories in the US and Europe genomic markers for the generation of MCID
and breast cancer recurrence (BCR) assays. The clinical laboratories are utilizing
bioTheranostics’ technology to develop their diagnostic service offerings internally.
bioTheranostics has invested significantly in the development of a highly effective process
to identify novel biomarkers suitable for cancer diagnostics versus generating assays
targeting established biomarkers.
Additionally, bioTheranostics intends to develop a platform to discover such drug
response signatures. For a given drug, such tests are likely to be one of the following: a
gene expression assay or gene amplification measurement or detection of a set of gene
mutations. It addition, it may turn out that a combination of these measurements may
yield the greatest predictive value for a given drug response.
R & D. bioTheranostics has established pioneering methods to integrate gene expression
technologies (microarrays, real-time PCR) with archived clinical cancer biopsies
(formalin fixed, paraffin embedded samples, “FFPE samples”). This ability has been
crucial for the discovery of diagnostic biomarkers since >99% of all clinical tissue
specimens are FFPE samples; these clinical samples are essential for discovery and
validation of diagnostic, prognostic and predictive markers. In many cases patients have
been followed for more then ten years after a tissue sample has been collected and
archived, thus providing most valuable long term clinical information that can now be
correlated to the bio-molecular status of this very tissue sample.
Furthermore, the overwhelming focus of discovery studies using microarray technologies
is and has been for the discovery of new drug targets. The study of differential expression
of genes in diseased versus healthy tissue – as a rule this means the analysis of fresh
frozen samples - is used as the entry point into investigating the biology underlying the
disease in question. Contrary to this, the company’s primary interest is not per se in the
differences related to tumor biology, but rather in biomarkers associated to different
clinical outcomes over time. This is why the ability to process FFPE samples is essential
for biomarker discovery, yet not always of strategic importance for drug target discovery.
bioTheranostics has invested significantly in the development of a highly effective process
to identify novel biomarkers suitable for cancer diagnostics versus generating assays
targeting established biomarkers.
For example, in breast cancer, bioTheranostics has identified a new biomarker for
predicting the risk of disease recurrence that brings additive benefit to established
biomarkers.
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For molecular cancer identification, bioTheranostics surveyed an extensive number of
previously identified retrospective tumor samples; this has enabled it to develop a
technology for classifying 39 different cancer types - by far the largest and most powerful
available or developed to date.
Collaborations. bioTheranostics licensed the MCID technology to Agendia BV for the
development of a molecular test to identify the origin of a metastatic cancer from patients
with CUP. Agendia launched its CupPrint® test for the European market in 2005. In the
same year, the Company entered into similar licensing agreements for the North
American market with Quest Diagnostics and Laboratory Corp of America (LabCorp).
Quest began marketing its CUP test in 2006. In collaboration with MD Anderson for
MCID, bioTheranostics is sponsoring the first-ever prospective clinical trial for the
molecular diagnosis of biopsies from CUP patients.
In 2006, bioTheranostics and Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center
planned to identify molecular profiles for multiple types of cancer, and hope to develop
diagnostics that could help predict the way a patient may respond to certain targeted
cancer drugs. Over the next two years, researchers at MGH and bioTheranostics will
perform gene sequencing and gene expression analysis on a "large number" of cancers to
determine genes, gene signatures, and polymorphisms that correlate with response to
specific drugs used for a "wide range" of cancers.
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Bode Technology Group Inc
10430 Furnace Road, Suite 107
Lorton, VA 22079, USA
Web site: http://www.bodetech.com/
Tel: (703) 646-9740
Fax: (703) 646-9741
CEO: Howard Safir
Overview. The Bode Technology Group Inc, a ChoicePoint company
(http://www.choicepoint.net/), is a research, development, and analysis firm specializing
in DNA identification. Since its inception, Bode Technology has been involved in studies
that allow it to perform state-of-the-art research on DNA identification techniques. Its
staff, for example, has been investigating the application of short tandem repeats (STR)
technology to human identification issues since 1993. Bode Technology serves clients in
the United States and worldwide.
Technologies. Identification utilizes STR with the analysis of a minimum of thirteen
loci on all DNA evidence, providing a greater power of identity over any other PCR
technology available. The Company uses validated protocols for DNA extractions from
many types of materials including blood stained fabrics (cotton, denim, rayon, felt, etc.),
hair, tissue, hard surface substrates (wood, concrete, plastic, metal), saliva, semen, and
swabs.
Bode Technology is one of the few commercial companies in the country that performs
mitochondrial DNA analysis. Mitochondrial DNA exists in 1000 to 10000 copies per cell,
making the mitochondrial genome a more viable source than nuclear DNA for
identification after exposure to harsh conditions. Mitochondrial DNA can also be
extracted from substrates such as hair shafts and bone fragments.
Services. The main service is DNA identification. Parentage DNA analysis service tests a
minimum of thirteen STR loci bringing the power of exclusion to over 99.9% for the entire
US population.
Bode Technology performs criminal DNA casework and advanced research on DNA
identification techniques. The Company currently supports nine state-mandated
convicted offender DNA databases and multiple efforts to reduce the backlog of sexual
offense evidence kits.
In 2001, Bode Technology entered into agreements with both the State of New York and
New York City to perform DNA testing in an effort to identify the victims of the attack on
the World Trade Center. In addition, Bode will provide quality assurance testing of work
performed by third-party laboratories. Bode's agreement with the state includes the
analysis of 30,000 DNA samples from victims or provided by families using STR
technology and 1,000 of the more sensitive mitochondrial mtDNA tests. The mtDNA
process can be more successful in obtaining results from samples exposed to intense heat
and decomposition. Bode is the only private lab involved in the World Trade Center DNA
identification effort with forensic mass disaster experience that routinely performs both
STR and mtDNA testing in a forensic setting.
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Boston Biomedica Inc
A SeraCare Life Sciences Company
37 Birch Street
Milford, MA 01757, USA
Web site: http://www.seracare.com/bbidx/bbi_diagnostics.htm
Tel: 244-6400
Fax: (508) 634-3394
Overview. Boston Biomedica Inc (BBI) is an infectious diseases management company
providing products and services for the detection and treatment of infectious diseases
such as AIDS, Lyme disease, and viral hepatitis. The Company has four business units: (1)
BBI Diagnostics for in-vitro diagnostic tests; (2) BBI Clinical Laboratories, a leading
specialty infectious diseases testing laboratory which is integrated into Specialty
Laboratories; (3) BBI Biotech Research Laboratories (Gaithersburg, MD), providing R&D
support for the other BBI business units as well as contract research services for third
parties; and (4) BBI Source Scientific, an ISO 9001 certified manufacturer of laboratory
and diagnostic instrumentation. In 2004, BBI was acquired by SeraCare Life Sciences Inc
for $30 million in cash and has become a business unit of SeraCare.
Services relevant to molecular diagnostics. BBI's specialty clinical laboratory
combines traditional microbiology, advanced immunology, and current molecular
diagnostic techniques, such as PCR, to detect and identify microorganisms, their antigens
and related antibodies, and their nucleic acids (i.e., DNA and RNA. BBI conducts clinical
trials for domestic and foreign test kit manufacturers for submission to the FDA and other
regulatory agencies and provides the following programs:
Accurun External Run Controls are unbiased, external controls that are recognized
universally to satisfy the requirements of good laboratory practice. BBI Accurun Controls
can help laboratories to eliminate errors, identify trends, and reduce overall testing costs.
AccuChart Software is a flexible, easy to use program that analyzes testing data to help
ensure quality test results. AccuChart stores and retrieves data for analysis and regulatory
inspections, automatically performs statistical calculations, monitors data trends and
automatically flags control violations.
Research & Development. BBI is also developing new and improved infectious
disease tests, which offer potential for above average profit for use in its specialty
laboratory business. This includes emphasis on additional applications of PCR and other
amplification technologies to infectious disease diagnostics, beyond its current assays for
the pathogens of AIDS, viral hepatitis, Lyme disease and herpes simplex, and for the
direct detection of other infectious agents in blood, tissues and other body fluids.
The Pressure Cycling Technology (PCT) sample separation system utilizes the Company's
patented PCT technology, its proprietary Barocycler instrument, and its newly designed
and patent-pending disposable devices called PULSE (for Pressure Used to Lyse Samples
and Extract) tubes. This process represents a new and exciting approach to solving a
difficult laboratory problem in biological sample preparation from hard-to-lyse materials
such as those encountered in molecular diagnosis of cancer and infectious diseases.
In 2001, BBI Biotech was awarded a five-year, $10.3 million contract from the US
National Cancer Institute for the processing and storage of biological specimens to
support cancer studies.
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Caliper Life Sciences
68 Elm Street
Hopkinton, MA 01748, USA
Web site: http://www.caliperls.com/
Tel: 508-435-9500
Fax: 508-435-3439
CEO: Kevin Hrusovsky (Kevin.Hrusovsky@caliperls.com)
Overview. Caliper Life Sciences, a leader in lab-on-a-chip technology, designs,
manufactures and commercializes LabChip microfluidic devices and systems that enable
experiments to be conducted on a small chip that contains a network of microscopic
channels through which fluids and chemicals are moved. The LabChip system is designed
to streamline and accelerate laboratory experimentation and has potential applicability in
a broad range of industries including pharmaceuticals, chemicals and diagnostics. Caliper
has established multiple strategic and commercial alliances and has built a leading
intellectual property estate in microfluidic technology. In 2003, Caliper purchased
Zymark Corporation for approximately $57 million. In 2005, Caliper acquired
NovaScreen Biosciences for $22 million. NovaScreen provides screening, profiling and
assay development services for pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies worldwide,
and for government agencies such as the NIH. By acquiring NovaScreen, Caliper will
become a central resource for drug discovery solutions, offering scientists a
comprehensive suite of in-house and outsourced drug discovery technologies, products
and services. Caliper will now become a "one-stop shop" for in vitro drug discovery, with
state-of-the-art technologies and products as well as leading screening assays and
profiling services. In 2006, Caliper acquired in vivo imaging company Xenogen
Corporation for $80 million and sold its subsidiary, Xenogen Biosciences (XB) to Taconic
Farms for approximately $11 million in 2009. Approximately 90% of XB’s business
relates to animal production and phenotyping services, which are not essential to growing
core in vivo imaging instrumentation business of Caliper. In December 2010, Caliper
acquired optical imaging firm Cambridge Research & Instrumentation for $20 million,
which expands its life sciences tools portfolio in clinical research, pathology, and clinical
market applications by offering tissue imaging and digital pathology.
Technology relevant to molecular diagnostics. LabChip or lab-on-a-chip
technology miniaturizes and automates experiments such as DNA analysis on microchips.
Caliper uses electrokinetic forces to create an automated system of microscopic pumps
and valves that control movements of tiny fluids across a chip.
Products/applications. Those relevant to molecular diagnostics are:
Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer. It brings Caliper's LabChip technology to the individual
researcher's desktop by integrating time-consuming and costly laboratory experiments
onto a miniature chip. The applications menu for the Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer includes
nucleic acid analyses and protein assays - separation, sizing, quantifying and identifying
what is in a sample of DNA, RNA, or proteins extracted from cells.
SNP genotyping. Caliper's multi-sipper system is designed to achieve throughput of up to
100,000 experiments per chip per day on a single benchtop-size instrument. The system
is designed to integrate each stage of the complete experiment in a volume of one
nanoliter, a scale 10,000 to 100,000-fold smaller than currently used technology.
Sciclone ALH 3000 Liquid Handling Workstation enables fast and efficient processing of
96-, 384-, and 1536-well microplates for life science research and diagnostic testing.
LabChip 90 Automated Electrophoresis System is an alternative to the conventional
method for highthroughput sizing and quantification of proteins (SDS-PAGE).
In vivo optical imaging. IVIS® Imaging technology acquired from Xenogen provides the
most sensitive imaging systems for both fluorescence and bioluminescence. They are
designed to enable researchers to identify disease pathways, determine mechanisms of
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action, evaluate efficacy of drugs, and monitor lead candidates' effects on disease
progression in living animals - making in vitro to in vivo translational research a reality.
Zephyr Genomics Workstation. Launched in 2009, this workstation it is an easy-to-use,
yet powerful automation solution that includes pre-installed methods for reagent kits
from numerous suppliers for widely used nucleic acid purification chemistries, as well as
standard Caliper methods for routine applications such as PCR setup and sample
normalization. It complements Caliper's LabChip GX system, which performs fast,
automated 1D electrophoretic separation of nucleic acid samples. Caliper also offers
Sciclone, Twister, and Staccato liquid handling and integrated system solutions for higher
throughput and more advanced genomics applications for next generation sequencing,
miRNA analysis, genotyping, and gene expression studies.
Collaborations relevant to molecular diagnostics. The US space agency and
Caliper are collaborating via the ADP on developing macromolecular crystals using
LabChip technology.
In 2004. Caliper and Affymetrix agreed to develop and provide automated target
preparation instruments for the GeneChip Probe Array system, the new HTA system. A
collaboration with Promega integrated all of the Promega SV 96 Sample Preparation
methods into Caliper Sciclone ALH 3000 Workstation, including kits for genomic DNA
purification, PCR clean-up, plasmid purification and RNA isolation.
In 2005, Agilent licensed Caliper's microfluidics technology to develop diagnostic
applications on 2100 Bioanalyzer and 5100 Automated Lab-on-a-Chip platform.
In 2005, Bio-Rad Laboratories and Caliper started a new collaboration, under which the
companies will study the feasibility of developing a new microfluidics system platform. A
previous collaboration, initiated in mid-2003, resulted in the successful launch of a new
microfluidics-based electrophoresis product, Experion™ Automated Electrophoresis
System, in 2004.
In 2006, Canon USA Inc started to use Caliper’s LabChip microfluidics technology and
industry techniques in an effort to help develop future genetic diagnostic and screening
solutions.
In 2006, Invitrogen (now Life Technologies) subsidiary Molecular Probes and Caliper
agreed to develop and distribute fluorescence labeling kits to work with Caliper’s in vivo
imaging systems. The kits are produced by Molecular Probes and will be marketed by
Caliper. They use Invitrogen dyes to leverage the in vivo system to identify and tag
particular antibodies, proteins, and peptides. Each kit allows for three conjugations and
will work on 60-90 small animals. They also enable in vivo assessment of the spread of
disease in real-time.
In 2008, Caliper started collaboration with DiscoveRx Corporation to enable functional
cell-based G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) assays to be performed on its LabChip®
platforms. The combined offering bundles the DiscoveRx’s cellular assays (such as
PathHunter™  Arrestin and cAMP Hunter™) with LabChip systems to help
pharmaceutical and biotechnology researchers more efficiently discover GPCR drugs.
In 2009, Caliper sold Xenogen Biosciences to Taconic, which will create new mouse
models for in vivo imaging applications for use by its IVIS instrument customers.
On 3 Feb 2011, Caliper started collaborating with the John P. Hussman Institute for
Human Genomics (HIHG) at the University of Miami to develop automated protocols for
exome capture and library preparation workflows. HIHG is an early-access partner for the
recently released high-sensitivity assay for Caliper's LabChip GX platform.
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Cancer Genetics Inc
228 River Vale Road
River Vale, NJ 07675, USA
Web site: http://www.cancergenetics.com/
Tel: (201) 263-1323
Fax: (201) 263-1328
CEO: Louis J. Maione
Contact: Peter Hartmayer, VP Marketing & Sales (peter@cancergenetics.com)
Overview. Cancer Genetics Inc (CGI), a private company founded in 1998, has a mission
to serve as a national resource for genetic evaluation of cancer patients and families,
develop new genetically derived probes for diagnostic and prognostic evaluation of
cancer, and perform advanced research in genetic causes of cancer. CGI has established
three complementary groups: (1) Probe Diagnostics; (2) Genomic Research; and (3)
Clinical Cytogenetics.
Technologies/services relevant to cytogenetics. The Probe Diagnostics group has
developed new reagents based on novel FISH technology for detecting non-random
chromosomal abnormalities commonly encountered in multiple myeloma, leukemia,
lymphomas, and solid tumors. The Genomic Research Group provides leading edge
cytogenetic analyses for the research community. The Cytogenetic Services Group
processes a variety of specimens using conventional G-banding and advanced molecular
cytogenetic methods. The company's products and services provide more timely and
accurate diagnostic and monitoring information to researchers and clinicians thereby
allowing more effective patient treatment and improved outcomes.
The Cytogenetic Services Group specializes in cancer cytogenetics and provides
comprehensive services to fit both the client and patient’s needs. It has a 95% success rate
as a participant in the companion protocol for AML and ALL studies conducted by the
CALGB. The CGI laboratory also has the highest sample success rate of any commercial
cancer cytogenetic laboratory in the US.
Products. In 2001, CGI introduced a highly sensitive FISH assay for simultaneously
detecting translocations t(9;22)(q34;q11) and associated deletions in the der(9) and
der(22) chromosomes involved in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). This novel FISH
assay is aimed at reliable detection of the translocation, associated deletions, and
amplification of the BCR/ABL fusions.
In 2003, CGI launched a new, highly sensitive, DNA FISH assay to help diagnose and
monitor therapy of CML and a subset of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). This assay
is the first “repeat-free” BCR/ABL 4-color FISH probe and is CGI’s first product to be
introduced into the US.
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Cangen Biotechnologies Inc
300 East Lombard Street, Suite 1600
Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA
Web site: http://cangenbio.com/
Tel: (443) 703 2800
Email: CangenInfo@cangenbio.com
CEO: Chulso Moon MD, PhD
Overview. Cangen Biotechnologies was founded in 2000 to develop and market key
platform technologies for early cancer detection and technologies to enhance the selection
of cancer chemosensitivity therapeutic regimes. Cangen's business model is to develop
and secure the rights to superior, next-generation cancer detection, chemosensitivity and
complementary technologies and to rapidly commercialize these technologies. Cangen is
currently focusing its business in two key areas:
1.
Molecular diagnosis of cancer to enhance early detection
2. Determination of sensitivity to chemotherapy
Technologies. One of the key areas of focus is the development of a commercial
microsatellite analysis-based assay for use in the early detection of bladder cancer. This is
the first diagnostic test for bladder cancer detection to reach a phase III study funded by
the NCI.
Cangen is developing early diagnosis and more effective therapeutic methods for
detecting and treating lung cancer. Its early research focused on developing a series of
novel targeted MAbs that have significant potential as cancer diagnostic and therapeutic
agents. This research led to the development of a novel lung cancer detection
methodology using mass spectrum pattern analysis (MSA). Cangen plans to extend this
diagnostic procedure to ultimately develop a method for establishing the chemosensitivity
of various cancer treatments to the type of lung cancer under treatment.
Collaborations relevant to molecular diagnostics. Cangen has a long-standing
collaboration with the Johns Hopkins University. The relationship provides Cangen with
a first right to license discoveries related to early cancer detection. The Johns Hopkins
University has been selected to lead the NCI study for Cangen’s bladder cancer detection
technology.
In 2006, Olympus signed an expanded pact with Cangen to develop a hybrid DNA-based
and protein-based diagnostic test for use in the early detection of lung cancer. The
expanded collaboration includes funding for a prospective clinical study. Several key DNA
biomarkers with 70-80% accuracy have been identified from surgically resected samples
obtained by Cangen from Hyundai Hospital in Korea during 2005. The identified markers
can be used as a hybrid with protein-based biomarkers to improve sensitivity and
specificity. Olympus and Cangen are aiming for FDA approval after approximately two
years.
In August 2008, Cangen and Dai Nippon Printing Co of Japan agreed to move forward
with a clinical trial phase of an early stage lung cancer diagnostic.
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Castle Biosciences Inc
2014 San Miguel Drive
Friendswood, TX 77546, USA
Web site: http://www.castlebiosciences.com/
Tel: (281) 796-9032
CEO: Derek Maetzold PhD (derek_maetzold@yahoo.com)
Overview. Castle Biosciences Inc is developing biomarker-based cancer tests for
accurate diagnosis and risk stratification. Castle's mission it is to bring personalized
medicine to individuals afflicted with orphan cancers (occurrence rate of <40,000 per
year). It focuses on proprietary molecular diagnostic assays that assist oncologists in
individual risk-stratification. The tests are branded 'DecisionDx-...' because the results, as
part of a comprehensive baseline evaluation, will enable more personalized treatment
plan decisions to be made by physicians. Castle’s laboratory has obtained its California
CLIA acceptance. Its tests can now be ordered by physicians in all states except New York.
Products. DecisionDx assays are multi-gene expression tests and are available for:

DecisionDx-UM (uveal melanoma) assay enables prospective identification of
patients who have a low risk (Class 1 molecular signature) or high risk (Class 2
molecular signature) of developing metastatic disease. Development and validation of
the assay in the CLIA-certified laboratory has been completed.

DecisionDx-GBM (glioblastoma multiforme) enables differentiation between
progression-free survival and overall survival in the long-term responder group and
the short-term refractory group by determining a tumor’s specific molecular
signature.

DecisionDx-LEA (localized esophageal adenocarcinoma) is a multi-protein expression
assay assay for prospective pathologic stratification of complete responders and nonresponders to preoperative chemoradiation. The final validation study is ongoing.
Collaborations. In 2008, Castle licensed DecisionDx-GBM from the University of Texas
M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, which had developed and validated the test.
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Caris Dx
8400 Esters Blvd, Suite 190
Irving, TX 75063, USA
Web site: http://www.carisdx.com/
Tel: 214-277-8700
Chairman and CEO: David D. Halbert
Vice Chairman: George Poste, DVM, PhD, DSc, FRS, Chief Scientist, Complex Adaptive
Systems Initiative, Arizona State University
Overview. Caris Dx, formed in 1996, is a biosciences company specializing in the
development and commercialization of clinically-validated molecular diagnostics and
anatomic pathology services primarily in the fields of oncology, dermatopathology,
hematopathology and gastrointestinal pathology. The company provides academic-caliber
medical consults through its industry-leading team of subspecialty fellowships and
expert-trained pathologists in gastrointestinal and liver pathology, dermatopathology and
hematopathology. Caris Dx also offers advanced molecular analyses of patient samples
through prognostic testing services and genomic and proteomic profiling to assist
physicians in their treatment of cancer and other complex diseases. Biopsies for more
than 2,700 patients are received daily for analysis by Caris from physicians nationally.
The company is headquartered in Irving, Texas and operates four laboratories: Irving,
Texas; Phoenix, Arizona (2 sites) and Newton, Massachusetts.
Services relevant to molecular diagnostics. Caris Dx is at the forefront of
responding to the need for information to help tailor therapies and improve patient
outcomes by identifying biomarkers that oncologist’s can“target now”with associated
chemotherapeutic agents when standard therapies fail.
Target Now®. This identifies biomarkers in an individual’s cancer that are associated
with targets for certain drugs. These biomarkers may also help predict the likelihood of
response to therapy, thereby assisting the clinician in selecting treatment for cancer
patients with advanced or refractory disease. Target Now may provide additional options
for patients who have exhausted standard guideline-based treatments.
Target GI ColonSM provides molecular profiling information to assist clinicians in
determining potential colorectal cancer patient responses to cetuximab, panitumumab
and other colorectal cancer therapeutics. arget GI Colon includes RAS and BRAF
mutational analysis – cetuximab and panitumumab. Caris Dx KRAS mutational analysis:

Provides vital prognostic information identifying those patients whose tumors are
resistant to Erbitux and Vectibix

Detects the 14 most frequent KRAS mutations covering over 99% of known KRAS
mutations

Detects codons 12, 13 and 61

Testing can be performed on archived specimens (paraffin blocks of tumor)

Turn around time is 8 - 10 days
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Celera
1401 Harbor Bay Parkway
Alameda, CA 94502, USA
Web site: http://www.celera.com/
Tel: (510) 749-4200
Fax: (510) 749-6200
President: Kathy Ordonez
Contact: Stacey Sias PhD, CBO (Stacey.Sias@celeradiagnostics.com)
Overview. Celera, formerly a business of Applera Corporation, is primarily a molecular
diagnostics company using proprietary genomics and proteomics discovery platforms to
identify and validate novel diagnostic markers, and is developing diagnostic products
based on these markers as well as other known markers. Through its genomics and
proteomics research efforts, Celera is also discovering and validating therapeutic targets,
and it is seeking strategic partnerships to develop therapeutic products based on these. In
2007, Celera completed acquisition of Atria Genetics for $33 million. Atria has a line of
HLA testing products to identify donors for bone marrow transplantations. In 2008,
following merger of Applied Biosystems and Invitrogen, Celera separated from Applera
Corp, as an independent publicly traded company at its current location. Celera acquired
Berkeley HeartLab unit and offers cardiovascular tests through it. It plans to license
oncology biomarkers to broaden its test menu. Celera intends to pursue direct-toconsumer diagnostics and to launch a cheek-swab version of the StatinCheck through a
direct-to-physician campaign. Celera was acquired by Quest Diagnostics in March 2011.
Technology/products relevant to molecular diagnostics. Celera has 3 diagnostic
platforms: (1) Low Density for infectious disease testing and simple genetic tests; (2)
Medium Density – Luminex bead array platform with proprietary zip-code format for
rapid genetic test development and cost-effective manufacturing; and (3) High Density –
Current and future AB sequencing platforms for complex genetic tests. The ViroSeq HIV
Genotyping System is cleared by the FDA for detection of mutations in the HIV-1 viral
genome that confer drug resistance and assist clinicians in assessing HIV drug resistance.
Other products are analyte-specific reagents used to detect genetic mutations associated
with cystic fibrosis, and ASRs used for HCV load monitoring and genotyping. These
products are sold through an ongoing alliance with Abbott Laboratories. In Jan 2011,
Celera submitted premarket approval application to FDA for KIF6 genotyping assay,
which is CE-marked and marketed in Europe. Celera received an unapprovable letter on 7
April 2011, asking to submit more supporting evidence.
Collaborations relevant to molecular diagnostics. The SNP Consortium
contracted with Celera to provide data for a genome-wide SNP-based linkage map.
Collaborations that started in 2002 include: (1) Celera obtained rights to develop and
distribute IVD products based on Luminex's xMAP technology, for use on the Luminex
100 System; (2) agreement with Quest Diagnostics to establish the clinical utility of
laboratory tests based on novel diagnostic markers for cardiovascular disease and
diabetes; (3) agreement with LabCorp of America to establish the clinical utility of tests
based on diagnostic markers for Alzheimer's disease, and cancers of breast as well as
prostate; and agreement with Bristol-Myers Squibb to study genes that could be used to
diagnose and treat cardiovascular disease and diabetes. In 2003, Celera started
collaboration with Merck & Co to identify and validate genetic biomarkers useful in the
development of prognostic tests and therapeutics for cancer. In 2004, Epoch licensed its
MGB and Eclipse Dark Quencher Technologies for incorporation into Celera's products
for selected infectious diseases. In the same year, Cepheid and Celera entered into a
patent license agreement relating to real-time thermal cycler instruments for research,
diagnostics and other applications.
In 2008, Celera and Abbott revised their strategic alliance. Abbott will exclusively
distribute certain molecular diagnostic products manufactured by Celera and Celera will
receive royalties on the sale of m2000™ reagents, instruments, and services.
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CeMines
PO Box 17780
Golden, CO 80401, USA
Web site: http://www.cemines.com/
Tel: 317-3489
Fax: (303) 325-5438
Email: support@cemines.com
CEO and Chairman: Richard Cavalli
Overview. CeMines has developed and is commercializing its breakthrough molecular
fingerprinting blood test for the early-detection and optimum treatment for a variety of
cancers. Utilizing its proprietary and novel platform, CeMines believes that its minimally
invasive diagnostic tests will provide accurate, early detection of most widespread cancers
- including lung, breast, prostate and gastrointestinal - and should also predict the most
effective treatment. CeMines' facility at Cedar-Sinai Medical Center (Los Angeles) enables
it to incorporate all of its R&D activities under one roof. CeMines is building a large
database of cancer patients that includes the patients’ specific molecular profile, the
treatment administered and the results. By comparing the molecular profile to CeMines’
database, doctors will know how that specific cancer has responded to a given treatment
in the past, and will have better information to make treatment recommendations.
Technology/products. CeMines' cancer detection, diagnosis and treatment
technologies are based on the identification, analyses and manipulation of molecular
regulatory networks of cancer cells - molecular fingerprinting (see Chapter 7). Main focus
of CeMines is on transcriptional regulators. Transcriptional regulation determines which
proteins are present in particular cell types. If the gene is not active then there is no
mRNA and no protein. Clearly there are other mechanisms that regulate the level and
activity of proteins but transcriptional control is the primary step in the regulatory
cascade. The diagnostic tests are as follows:
Blood Tumor-Antibody Diagnostics (blood test). Presence of antibodies against certain
regulatory factors in the patient's blood reflects the molecular fingerprint of that specific
tumor and enables the diagnosis and determination of the most efficient way of
treatment. CeMines is developing this blood test for various cancers as a proprietary mass
sprectroscopy or peptide microarray.
In 2005, the EU's regulatory body cleared the CellCorrect Lab Detection Kit for diagnosis
of lung cancer. CeMines Estonia will market and distribute the test under the brand name
CellCorrect KvA-40 LAb Kit. CeMines filed a 501(k) application for CellCorrect Lab with
the FDA in 2005. In 2006 CeMines was granted European Union regulatory clearance
and CE Mark registration of its Cell Correct LAb®.
Splice Variants Test. This diagnostic test is based on the isolation and analysis of tumor
cells from body fluids such as blood, sputum and urine (RT-PCR splice variants-based
diagnostics). Since cancer cells express highly specific splice variants of mRNAs of
regulatory factors and since this method has extremely high sensitivity, it enables the
detection of tumors even if a single tumor cell is available from the body fluids.
Biopsy Diagnostics Technology (BDT). CeMines proprietary Biopsy Diagnostics
Technology (BDT) is based on the expression of regulatory factors in tumor cells and
applies knowledge of how tumor cells coordinate these proteins to execute a certain
function. BDT utilizes both genomics (mRNA micro array, PCR) and proteomics (specific
antibodies) tools developed by the CeMines Research molecular tools division. This test is
designed for use after the physician determines that a biopsy of an existing tumor should
be examined. The BDT test precisely identifies the molecular specificity of the tumor and
suggests the most effective treatment.
Collaborations. CeMines and Colorado Heart & Body Imaging have a strategic alliance
to use the CellCorrect™ LAb test in a novel imaging program for the detection of lung
cancer.
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Cenetron Diagnostics
2111 W Braker Lane, Suite 300
Austin, Texas 78758, USA
Web site: http://www.cenetron.com/
Fax: (512) 321-1689
Email: info@cenetron.com
President: Dwight DuBois MD (ddubois@cenetron.com)
Overview. Cenetron Diagnostics is a clinical reference laboratory and a central
laboratory for clinical trials. Established in 1995, the company specializes in the molecular
diagnosis of infectious diseases and genotyping assays. Cenetron has an active basic
research effort in the development of amplification-based molecular tests, laboratory
systems software, and supports pharmaceutical industry-sponsored clinical trial.
Cenetron Diagnostics continually develops novel assays to meet the demands of the
pharmaceutical industry and the medical community. ViraLink, a proprietary Laboratory
Information System, and Armored RNA, a patented technology for the production of
diagnostic testing standards, are part of the history of innovation at Cenetron.
Technologies. The following are developed by Cenetron:
Armored RNA. Cenetron Diagnostics is a co-inventor of Armored RNA, a technology for
the large-scale production of degradation-resistant quality controls and standards for
molecular diagnostic testing. Asuragen and Cenetron Diagnostics hold the basic patent
rights that cover RNA-containing, ribonuclease-resistant particles for use in various
applications, including diagnostic tests. Armored RNA technology has been licensed to
Roche Diagnostics and related products are sold by Asuragen.
ViraLink. The innovative in-house development at Cenetron Diagnostics also includes the
secure software package called ViraLink, a proprietary Laboratory Information System
that enables Cenetron to generate unique viral load reports that greatly facilitate patient
monitoring and education: Results for a single patient can be built into a sequential viralload graph that plots multiple previous test results.
Cenetron uses technology platforms of other companies: TRUGENE™ System (Visible
Genetics), COBAS AMPLICOR (Roche Diagnostics), Mx4000 Multiplex Quantitative PCR
System (Stratagene), ABI Prism 7700 Sequence Detection System (Life Technologies),
and Smart Cycler System (Cepheid).
Collaborations relevant to molecular diagnostics. In 2003, Cenetron signed a
five-year strategic alliance agreement with Roche Diagnostics to establish itself as a
Molecular Center of Excellence to perform routine molecular diagnostic testing, esoteric
genomic testing, and other related diagnostics services using Roche's patented PCR and
other advanced genomic technologies.
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Cepheid Inc
904 Caribbean Drive
Sunnyvale, CA 94089-1302, USA
Web site: http://www.cepheid.com/
Tel: (408) 541-4191
Fax: (408) 541-4192
Chief Executive Officer: John Bishop (john.bishop@cepheid.com)
Overview. Cepheid is a molecular diagnostics company that developes, manufactures,
and markets fully-integrated systems for genetic analysis in the clinical, industrial and
biothreat markets. The company's systems enable rapid, sophisticated genetic testing for
organisms and genetic diseases by automating complex laboratory procedures. Cepheid is
focusing on those applications where rapid molecular testing is particularly important,
such as identifying infectious disease and cancer in the clinical market; food, agricultural,
and environmental testing in the industrial market; and identifying bioterrorism agents
in the biothreat market. In 2006, Cepheid acquired Actigenics SA, a biotechnology
company specialized in the discovery of miRNAs. In 2007, Cepheid acquired Sangtec
Molecular Diagnostics AB from the Nycomed-owned ALTANA Pharma AG for $27
million. Sangtec develops and manufactures PCR based molecular diagnostics products.
In 2008, Cepheid acquired Stretton Scientific, a privately held UK-based distributor of
diagnostic and monitoring equipment including Cepheid’s SmartCycler, for $1.9 million.
Products. The GeneXpert system, a closed, self-contained, fully-integrated and
automated system, producing accurate results in a timely manner with minimal risk of
contamination. It can provide rapid results with superior test specificity and sensitivity
over comparable systems. It was released in the Biothreat market in 2004 and has
subsequently been proven to be an extremely robust and accurate platform technology
with generating over 2.3 million anthrax test results.
The SmartCycler® System is a leading real-time PCR testing platform for research
hospitals, university labs and government agencies. By automating the entire
amplification and detection process, the SmartCycler™ System can deliver highly
accurate and consistent test results from prepared biological samples in 30-40 min. With
up to 96 independently programmable reaction sites, the SmartCycler can simultaneously
run multiple experiments with different protocols and at different times. This eliminates
complex advanced scheduling on larger, more costly systems as well as the need to
transport samples to central facilities for analysis. The Cepheid Analyte Specific Reagent
(ASR) program is comprised of a series of easy-to-use primer and probe sets in a
convenient lyophilized bead format. Every ASR product is manufactured under cGMP for
quality and is designed for rapid results on SmartCycler® System.
Cepheid’s GeneXpert® MRSA assay delivers rapid, fully automated real-time PCR results
for infectious disease research laboratories 24 h a day. Xpert GBS™ Test for Group B
Streptococcus, which runs on the GeneXpert® System, is approved by the FDA in the US.
In January 2011, Cepheid introduced Xpert Flu as CE IVD marked test in Europe. Xpert
EV test, which runs on the GeneXpert System, is approved for the presumptive
qualitative detection of enterovirus RNA in CSF for diagnosis of enterovirus infection in
patients with a clinical suspicion of meningitis.
Cepheid's molecular diagnostic test for Clostridium difficile is a European CE IVD Mark
product under the European Directive on In Vitro Diagnostic Medical Devices. The PCRbased test runs on the company’s GeneXpert System, and it detects and identifies
common strains of the C. difficile infection, including the virulent Type 027 strain.
Xpert MTB/RIF test for rapid detection of M. tuberculosis and rifampin resistance is CEIVD marked and is expected to become available in the US in 2012-2013.
In November 2010, Cepheid was developing broad-range blood culture bacterial ID test
for GeneXpert System. The assay, which is based on melt curve analysis, can currently
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detect and discriminate between nearly 40 important clinical bacterial species, and may
eventually be able to test for more than 100 such species.
Biothreat products. The Cepheid® GeneXpert 3-Agent Biothreat Assay is designed for the
surveillance of the etiologic agents of anthrax, plague and rabbit fever (tularemia) in
environmental samples. Northrop Grumman incorporated GeneXpert® technology into
its high volume Biohazard Detection System for screening mail at US Postal Service
(USPS) facilities. The Cepheid GeneXpert module identifies the presence of anthrax from
air samples.
miRNA research program. Cepheid has combined its expertise in ncRNA and
bioinformatics, creating the first annotated database of the non-coding part of the human
genome. Its R&D pipeline is focused on the systematic high-throughput identification and
validation of miRNA sequences present in the human genome, the identification of their
potential targets and their regulatory mechanism in pathological cells compared to
normal ones. The miRNA identified in this way will become potential biomarkers for
prognosis or diagnosis and/or a new class of therapeutic targets.
Collaborations/agreements. Cepheid has distribution rights to diagnostic assays of
GenOhm’s for Group B Streptococcus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, and vancomycinresistant enterococcus, that have been configured for use with its Smart Cycler System.
In 2004. Cepheid and Life Technologies signed a license agreement for real-time thermal
cycler instruments for research, diagnostics and other applications.
In 2005, Cepheid licensed DxS' real-time PCR for use in the human IVD with applications
in SmartCycler and GeneXpert systems.
In 2006, Cepheid started collaboration with the Foundation for Innovative Diagnostics to
develop a rapid test to detect M. tuberculosis in sputum and determine drug resistance.
In 2007, Cepheid and Idaho Technology Inc entered into a settlement and cross-license
agreement to resolve a dispute related to IP of both companies in rapid PCR methods and
instrumentation, the use of SYBR® Green I in PCR reactions, and certain methods of
analysis of real-time PCR data. Each party paid up licenses under certain of the other's
patents to continue to make and sell their respective lines of products. Cepheid paid $3.35
million to Idaho under the agreement. Other agreements in 2007 include the following:

Cepheid signed an agreement with bioMerieux for the development and
commercialization of an innovative line of assays for sepsis on the GeneXpert
platform. The products include both bacterial and fungal identification assays as
well a series of genetic markers for antibiotic resistance. Cepheid will manufacture,
and bioMerieux will distribute the assays worldwide. Cepheid will continue to
complete development, manufacture and market the MRSA products.

An agreement with Instrumentation Laboratory (IL) to develop diagnostics for
hemostasis applications based on its GeneXpert technology. IL will market them as
part of its panel of hemostasis diagnostic assays. The first Xpert HemosIL tests will
be for detection of Factor II and Factor V mutations.

Cepheid licensed a family of HPV patents from Quantovir to develop a rapid and
accurate PCR-based diagnostic test on its GeneXpert system for measuring HPV
viral load that will predict a woman’s risk for developing cervical cancer.
On 8 October 2010, Cepheid started partnership with Novartis to commercialize its Xpert
BCR-ABL test for chronic myelogenous leukemia based on GeneXpert system. It is CE
marked and has been available for sale outside the US since 2006. The deal would
accelerate efforts to get clearance from the FDA. Novartis will fund clinical studies and
other development costs. Cepheid will receive an upfront payment of $5 million and
milestone payments of $3 million over the next 12 months. Upon commercial release of
the test in the US, Novartis would have exclusive rights to distribute the test worldwide.
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Cezanne
280, allée Graham Bell
Parc Scientifique Georges Besse
30035 Nimes cedex 1, France
Web site: http://www.cezanne.fr/
Tel: + 33-4-66 36 52 00
Fax: + 33-4-66 36 52 75
Email: contact@cezanne.fr
President: Emmanuel Bois (ebois@cezanne.fr)
Overview. Cezanne, a diagnostic company, has all the necessary skills for an integrated
medical system management including a unique panel of technical skills in the fields of
biology, biochemistry, proteomics, electronics, robotics and computer science. The
company has been spending a consideration portion of its financial turnover on R & D.
Technology/products. Cezanne focuses on diagnosis of cancer and sepsis as well as
prenatal diagnostics. The company is developing innovative markers that complete its
specialized product ranges. Cezanne has a long background of instrument innovation,
which was proved on the KRYPTOR® instrument. The features of this system are:

First true-homogeneous immuno-assay system.

First modem-serviceable instrument.

First system integrating a proof of quality for sampling operation (patented).

Only system to propose an instant automated dilution process, which guarantees
the appropriate dilution factor.
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China Medical Technologies Inc
24 Yong Chang North Road
Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area
Beijing 100176, People's Republic of China
Web site: http://www.chinameditech.com/
Tel: +86 10 6530 8833
Fax: +86 10 6530 9733
Email: yuande@chinameditech.com
Chairman and CEO: Xiaodong Wu
Overview. China Medical Technologies Inc (CMT) is a medical device company that
develops, manufactures and markets advanced IVD products using Enhanced
Chemiluminescence (ECLIA), FISH and SPR technologies to detect diseases. ECLIA is
operated through its wholly-owned subsidiary Beijing Yuande BioMedical Engineering Co
Ltd in China. CMT was awarded ISO 9001 certification and ISO 13485:2003 certification
in 2006. It manufactures both the equipment and reagents that detect and monitor
various diseases by analyzing blood in the laboratory. FISH and SPR are operated
through its other wholly-owned subsidiary, Beijing GP Medical Technologies Ltd and
FISH-related products were launched in 2007. FISH products will complement ECLIA
diagnostic products by providing proprietary tests for the diagnosis of prenatal and
postnatal disorders as well as various cancers that arise from genetic mutations. CMT's
dedicated research and development team is committed to the continuous development of
innovative products, both internally and through collaboration with leading research
institutions such as the China Academy of Science and Peking University. With an
established nationwide sales and customer service network, it is well-positioned to take
advantage of opportunities in both domestic and overseas markets.
Technologies/products. IVD is based on ECLIA, FISH and SPR. HPV-DNA biosensor
chip were acquired in 2008. The launch of the HPV Chip is expected to address the
clinical needs for HPV testing in relation to the diagnosis of cervical cancer and sexually
transmitted disorder. HPV Chip will complement FISH probes for diagnosis as well as
monitoring treatment of cervical cancer.
On 10 Nov 2010, CMT received regulatory approval from Chinese authorities to market its
real-time PCR-based EGFR assay as an aid to making decisions for treatment of lung
cancer. The assay can detect the 28 most common somatic mutations in the EGFR gene of
patients with NSCLC and provides a qualitative assessment of mutation status. It is CMT's
first PCR-based assay for companion diagnostic applications and is the first PCR-based
EGFR assay approved by the State Food and Drug Administration of China.
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Chronix Biomedical
5941 Optical Court, Suite 203E
San Jose, CA 95138, USA
Web site: http://www.chronixbiomedical.com/
Tel: 408-960-2306
CEO: Howard B. Urnovitz PhD
Overview. Chronix Biomedical utilizes its unique capabilities to determine the DNA
signatures associated with specific cancers that can be used to identify persons with
undiagnosed cancer, and to track changes in the cancer status during the course of
treatment. This technology will enable Chronix to develop dozens of new cancer tests
based on the company’s pioneering breakthrough approach to serum DNA analysis. Tests
currently available on the market have weak sensitivity and specificity and therefore have
limited clinical utility. Chronix is initially focusing on cancer, but its platform can be
easily adapted for any disease. It is expected the platform will have very broad
applications.
Technology. Chronix technology detects trace amounts of unique DNA sequences in the
blood that are associated not only with specific cancers but are also patient specific.
Chronix is now creating blood tests that can be used routinely to detect and identify
cancer at early stage and the dynamic changes within the disease process that impact
treatment, such as disease recurrence or response to medication. Blood tests for breast
and prostate cancers are in development that will have high sensitivity and specificity.
In June 2010, Chronix launched an investigational-use-only” laboratory-based Apoptotic
DNA Blood Test, which analyzes apoptotic DNA from dead cells to identify and track
ongoing changes associated with specific cancers and other chronic diseases. It can
accurately detect disease much sooner than other tests and also provides information that
may enable selection of the best treatment for each patient. The new service will be
initially offered to cancer and pharmaceutical researchers. On 18 August 2010, Chronix
acquired a SOLiD4 sequencer, which will enable it to screen and analyze 25 times more
genomes each month far more cost-effectively than was possible with older methods,
Chronix has filed a patent application for a serum-based test to detect bovine spongiform
encephalopathy (BSE). The application describes unique genetic material found in cows
affected with BSE but not in healthy ones examined. A major advantage of this discovery
is that animals need not be sacrificed to be tested as is the case with current methods for
BSE detection. The post-mortem tests look for prion  an abnormal protein that is
associated with the disease. The BSE blood test is considered a surrogate biomarker test
since it detects blood RNA, not prion proteins. The Chronix BSE blood test is anticipated
to be the first licensed test that can be performed on living animals.
Collaborations. As of April 2010, Chronix and the University of Calgary in Canada have
partnered to develop a commercial version of a serum DNA-based test for early detection
of BSE. Other collaborators include US Department of Agriculture, University of
Göttingen, International Myeloma Foundation, and, South Dakota State University.
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Clinical Data Inc
One Gateway Center, Suite 551
Newton, MA 02458 USA
Web site: http://www.clda.com/
Tel: (617) 527-9933
E-mail: info@CLDA.com
President & CEO: Drew Fromkin
Overview. Clinical Data Inc (CDI), provides a complete range of products and
management services for the physician’s office laboratory market and offers blood
analysis instrumentation and diagnostic assays to clinics/ hospitals throughout the world.
In 2005, CDI acquired Genaissance Pharmaceuticals, a personalized medicine company,
for approximately $56 million. The combined company will be profit driven, operate
domestically and internationally, and will offer a wide range of reagents, instruments and
molecular testing services directed at the physician office and hospital markets. The
Company’s DNA and pharmacogenomics services will continue to be marketed to the
pharmaceutical, biotechnology and agricultural marketplaces. In 2005, CDI acquired
Icoria, a biomarker discovers company. In 2006, CDI consolidated its North Carolina
based genomic labs and offices it acquired as part of the Genaissance and Icoria
acquisitions. The PGX Health division includes assets from Genaissance and is developing
CNS, cardiovascular, and oncology tests. Vital Diagnostics, derived from the operations of
CDI, Vital, and Electa Labs, is geared toward IVD services for customers in 100 countries.
In 2007, CDI acquired Epidauros Biotechnologies AG for €8.75 million ($11.84 million).
In April 2009, CCI sold its Cogenics division to Beckman Coulter for $17 million.
Products and services. CDI provides various technical products and consulting
services. It offers blood analysis instrumentation and diagnostic reagents for use in clinics
and hospitals. The product lines of the company include clinical chemistry and
hematology. The clinical chemistry products quantify substances of diagnostic interest in
patient blood, urine, and other body fluids. The company’s products are primarily sold
through a network of distributors, as well as through dealers and also directly to the end
customer. CDI has now become a worldwide leader in commercializing
pharmacogenomics services and products to guide drug utilization.
In 2006, CDI’s Vital Diagnostics division launched the Lumy® Microplate Luminometer
and Turbi-Quick POC immunoanalyzer to the international market via OEM and
distribution. The Lumy is highly flexible and powerful instrument for all bioluminescense
and chemiluminescense applications. It is controlled by an easy to use and innovative
Windows-based software package. Lumy provides an economical solution for glow-only
luminescence testing and the small footprint makes it the ideal solution for small
laboratories. The Turbi-Quick™ is the company's new benchtop analyzer for the rapid
quantification of immunoproteins in physicians’ offices and small laboratories. It is fast,
easy to use and provides low cost per test with no calibration necessary. The calibration
curve is stored on a smart card provided with the kit. A wide range of tests are available
including specific proteins, HbA1c, ferritin, and a coagulation panel.
On 13 March 2008, CDI initiated the second of its two pivotal trials of Vilazodone for the
treatment of depression, which will also further evaluate genetic biomarkers of response
to Vilazodone. This may lead to the development of a pharmacogenetic test that would
help determine the likelihood of a patient’s positive response to the drug.
Collaborations. In October 2007, PGxHealth™ division of CDI signed an agreement
with the Victorian Clinical Genetics Services at Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, for
the provision of genetic testing for familial long QT syndrome in Australia.
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CombiMatrix Molecular Diagnostics
310 Goddard, Suite 150
Irvine, CA 92618, USA
Web site: http://www.cmdiagnostics.com/
Tel: 949 753 0624
Fax: 949 753 1504
CEO: Mansoor Mohammed PhD
Overview. CombiMatrix Molecular Diagnostics (CMDX is a subsidiary of Combimatrix
Corporation, which became an independent public company in 2007. CMDX is dedicated
to the realization of personalized medicine. It develops novel, high value gene-based
clinical laboratory tests, with the goal of improving patient outcomes and enhancing the
quality of life. It works in collaboration with leading universities and research centers,
combining their strong scientific skills with its unique technical expertise in a variety of
clinical methods. Its laboratory has received CLIA certification.
Technology/ services. CMDX is focused on the development and commercialization of
DNA-based diagnostic products and services using gene expression profiling, comparative
genomic hybridization (CGH), and SNP technologies. Business units are:
1.
Diagnostic Testing Services. The molecular diagnostics clinical laboratory offers
genomic testing services in the area of cancer diagnostics.
2. Clinical Trials. To help realize the potential of the personalized medicine, CMDX is
partnering with pharmaceutical companies to identify patients who would receive
optimal benefit from currently available drugs, as well as those under development.
3. Manufacturing. CMDX sells custom CGH microarrays and reagents to researchers.
CMDX’ Constitutional Genetic Array Test can identify over 50 common genetic disorders.
HemeScan BAC-aCGH-based tests for tumor genomic content, is a strong predictor of
outcome in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. It is available through CMDX' Innovative
Technical Only Program for reference laboratories.
HerScan™ is an array based test that is designed to provide an accurate and objective
enumeration of the Her2 gene locus against the template of the whole genome and
facilitates subtyping of breast cancers into the five different subtypes that are
cytogenetically characteristic: Luminal A, Luminal B, Her2, Basal-Like and Complex
unclassified. Thus a single test can provide insights into the genomic architecture, and
hence etiology and prognosis of the breast cancer, which may be combined with anatomic
pathology to select the most appropriate therapeutic regimes for an individual patient.
Collaborations relevant to molecular diagnostics. In 2005. CMDX and VWR
International signed worldwide distribution agreement for DNA microarrays. CMDX
started collaboration with Novavax to develop a technique for in-process monitoring of
production of avian flu vaccine. The technique will improve the process of synthetic
vaccine production by tracking the genetic fidelity of the genes encoding the vaccine. Cell
Sciences agreed to market and sell CMDX's CustomArrays and CatalogArrays, including
the Influenza Research Microarray in Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, Hong
Kong, and Indonesia. CMDX and Univesity of California (Los Angeles) started to use
CMDX’s microarray technology to create a diagnostic for malignant melanoma. In 2006,
Alpha Innotech agreed to integrate its AlphaScan laser scanner with CMD’s CGH arrays
for neonatal screening and biomarker discovery. In 2007, CMDX started to create an
array-based test using biomarkers linked to autism that were developed by The Center for
Applied Genomics (TCAG). It used the biomarkers through a partnership with TCAG in a
constitutional genetic array test can be used to screen for autism and other genetic
disorders. In 2008, CombiMatrix and Clarient Inc established a strategic partnership to
market and sell a novel genomics-based cancer test called HemeScan™, a comprehensive
test related to the treatment and care of chronic lymphatic leukemia.
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Commonwealth Biotechnologies Inc
601 Biotech Drive
Richmond, VA 23235, USA
Web site: http://www.cbi-biotech.com/
Tel: (804) 648-3820
Fax: (804) 648-2641
E-mail: info@cbi-biotech.com
President and CEO: Robert B. Harris, PhD
Conact: Charles Waldridge, Senior Vice President, Strategic Business Initiatives
Overview. Commonwealth Biotechnologies Inc. (CBI) is a comprehensive Contract
Research Organization offering cutting-edge expertise and a complete array of the most
current analytical and synthetic chemistries and biophysical technologies. A broad
technology base coupled with the assignment of an experienced senior scientist to oversee
every project allows CBI to offer true customized project design and management to
support the customer's specific needs. CBI's fully automated instrumentation offers rapid
turnaround time and accurate results. CBI has an experienced staff of highly skilled
molecular biologists, geneticists, biochemists, and chemists. CBI provides comprehensive
research and development services to more than 2,800 private, government, and
academic customers in the global biotechnology industry.
Services. The company has a DNA reference laboratory that specializes in forensic
genetic identity, molecular diagnostics and paternity testing, laboratory accreditations by
the American Association for Blood Banking, CLIA and the National Forensic Science
Technology Council. The following services are relevant to molecular diagnostics:
Human herpes virus (HHV) analysis. Through a unique bioinformatics approach, CBI
scientists have developed PCR primers and fluorogenic hybridization probes (patent
pending), which allow specific assay for HHV 4, 5, 6, 6a, 6b, and 7 and 8. The HHV 6
assay will screen for both HHV 6a and 6b and the individual assays can be used to identify
which strain variant is present in a test sample. Sensitivity of the TaqMan assay platform
has been established down to as few as 10 copies of viral DNA, and in some instances,
down to single copies of viral DNA. In a high throughput format, using our TaqMan assay
platform, CBI is able to assay serum samples rapidly and quantitate for viral DNA
concentrations present in each sample
Genetic testing services. STR-based DNA identity/paternity testing
Identification services for criminology. STR-based criminal identification and analyses of
samples for entry into CODIS (Combined DNA Index System) database in the US.
Anthrax testing service. CBI provides a full service capability to provide microbial
pathogen testing at its laboratory or on site. Following the protocols developed by the
CDC, APHL, and the Laboratory Response Network, it offers testing services for suspect
samples or environmental monitoring. All samples which test positive at CBI are
forwarded to the appropriate public health laboratories, appropriate government agencies
or law enforcement laboratories for confirmation.
Proteomics. CBI provides protein purification, industry leading proteomics services
solutions, and mass spectrometry proteomics.
Collaborations. In 2004, CBI and Fisher Scientific LLC signed an agreement under
which CBI will offer its premier platform technology services through Fisher. In addition,
Fisher will distribute CBI products including AccuTrac®, its patented reagent used in
DNA sequencing. The relationship will focus primarily on providing project-based
research services to Fisher customers.
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Complete Genomics Inc
2071 Stierlin Court
Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
Web site: http://www.completegenomicsinc.com/
Tel: (650) 943-2800
Email: info@completegenomics.com
CEO: Clifford Reid
Contact: Jennifer Turcotte, VP Marketing (jturcotte@completegenomics.com)
Overview. Complete Genomics Inc (CGI) was established in 2006 to provide highthroughput, affordable, complete genome sequencing of human populations. It has raised
$46 million in venture capital so far, including an investment from Genentech. CGI has
already sequenced its first genome, and is planning on sequencing 1,000 in 2009, and
20,000 in 2010. CGI is currently building the world’s largest human genome sequencing
center in California and plans to open sequencing centers worldwide.
Technology. CGI has developed a third-generation sequencing platform capable of
generating genomic data at an unprecedented level of throughput and low cost. It will
enable its customers to characterize the full spectrum of genetic variants in large numbers
of human subjects. At the heart of CGI’s sequencing platform is technological advances in
libraries, arrays, sequencing assay, instruments and software, integrated into a
comprehensive sequencing system specifically designed for large-scale studies of
complete human genomes. CGI is also developing innovative analysis tools to help its
customers interpret their data, thus empowering them to make discoveries that would not
have been possible before. CGI’s technology, provided as a service, opens the door to
complete human genome resequencing and genome subsetting, such as candidate regions
or exon sequencing. It will also allow structural variation and CNV analysis.
By enabling cost-effective comparisons of genomes from thousands of individuals, CGI
will herald a new era in genomic medicine leading to more accurate molecular diagnostics
for cancer and other diseases, as well as improved drugs and personalized therapies.
Collaborations. In 2007, BioNanomatrix and CGI formed a joint venture that shared a
5-year $8.8 million grant from the US National Institute of Standards and Technology
(NIST) to develop technology that will be able to sequence a human genome in 8 h for less
than $100 that would make it possible to sequence everyone's genome. The proposed
sequencing platform will use CGI’s sequencing chemistry and BioNanomatrix’ nanofluidic
technology. The companies plan to adapt DNA sequencing chemistry with linearized
nanoscale DNA imaging to create a system that can read DNA sequences longer than
100,000 bases quickly and with accuracy exceeding the current industry standard.
In October 2008, CGI and the Institute for Systems Biology (ISB) started collaboration to
conduct population-wide human genome studies. In phase I of the project, CGI will
sequence five genomes from samples provided by ISB. Once proof-of-concept has been
demonstrated, CGI will proceed to sequence the genomes of 100 individuals in 2009 and
2,000 individuals in 2010.
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CompuCyte Corporation
12 Emily Street
Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
Web site: http://www.compucyte.com/
Tel: (617) 492-1300
Fax: (617) 492-1301
CEO: Elena Holden, MD (eholden@compucyte.com)
Director, Communications & Administration, Kate Hilburn (khilburn@compucyte.com)
Overview. CompuCyte Corporation, founded in 1992, develops, manufactures, and
markets advanced cytology analyzers for biomedical research and near-patient point-ofcare diagnostics. CompuCyte's first product, the LSC (Laser Scanning Cytometer),
performs biochemical analyses of cells in virtually every type of cellular sample. The
proprietary core technology is a fundamental advance in cellular analysis. Until now, the
direct analysis of tissue specimens, simultaneous viewing of actual cells under analysis,
and novel kinetic measurements were not possible. They are routine and practical with
the LSC.
Technologies/products. CompuCyte's patented LSC (Laser Scanning Cytometry)
measures 4-color fluorescence and light scatter and records the position and time of
measurement of each cell. It is significantly faster than an image analyzer, shows better
detail than a flow cytometer, and excels at applications like cell cycle analysis, cell surface
markers and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). A new class of cell-based assays,
combine LSC technology, solid-phase cell separation techniques, and liquid handling
robotics. The OnCyte system uses disposable sample cartridges containing all of the
reagents and reaction wells necessary for processing whole blood specimens through a
variety of fluorescent, antibody-based assays. In addition, the cartridges contain all of the
waste generated in the process, including pipette tips. Various applications of LSC
technology include:

Automatic counting of FISH probe spots with the simultaneous measurement of
cellular DNA.

To detect live and dead bacteria, estimate cell numbers, and calculate live/dead
ratios. The methods are easier and more accurate than traditional, manual counts.

For the assessment of adenoviral infection and p53 protein expression during
analysis of adenoviral vectors containing and expressing the wild-type protein
encoded by the p53 gene.

For single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) or comet assay, a very sensitive method
for measuring DNA strand breaks in individual cells. The comet assay is widely used
in environmental toxicology, cancer research, and radiation biology to assess DNA
damage.

The Monocyte-Platelet Complex (MPC) test, which measures the readiness of
platelets to participate in clotting, which is a contributing factor to heart attack. This
is the basis of a test for early detection of acute myocardial infarction.
In 2003, CompuCyte introduced the iCys™ Research Imaging Cytometer, the latest
advance in its line of imaging cytometers based on the Company’s patented LSC laser
scanning cytometry technology.
Collaborations relevant to molecular diagnostics. An agreement in 2005 allows
Asterand (Detroit, MI), a supplier of human tissue analysis services, to include
CompuCyte’s quantitative cytometric analysis of tissues and tissue microarrays as a part
of its current research molecular pathology services.
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Compugen Ltd
72 Pinchas Rosen St.
Tel Aviv, Israel 69512
Web site: http://www.cgen.com/
Tel.: +972-3-765-8585
Fax: +972-3-765-8555
E-mail: info@cgen.com
President & Chief Executive Officer: Alex Kotzer
Overview. Compugen, a genomics-based drug and diagnostic discovery company,
increases the probability of successful development of novel drug and diagnostic products
by incorporating bioinformatics. This unique capability results in powerful predictive
models and discovery engines, which are both advancing the understanding of important
biological phenomena and enabling the discovery of numerous potential therapeutic
products and diagnostic markers. Compugen has been publicly traded on Nasdaq and the
Tel Aviv Stock Exchange since 2002. It has corporate offices in Israel, with a wholly
owned subsidiary headquartered in the US.
Technology. The following products are relevant to molecular diagnostics:
LEADS. Compugen's discovery engines incorporate its LEADS technology, which provide
it with a better understandings of key biological phenomena, enabling the identification of
novel mRNAs and proteins with desired characteristics, including novel splice variants of
known genes with documented diagnostic applications.
Z3. This is an automated system for analyzing proteins as they appear on 2D gels
(http://www.2dgels.com). This marks a major advance in protein analysis, which until
now has been tedious and time consuming, relying on manual comparisons. Specifically
Z3 makes analysis possible on a large-scale and accelerates 2-D analysis projects from
months to days. The new version's upgraded features include the capability to create one
image from several gels of the same sample, enabling a more accurate and robust
analysis. Compugen has developed capabilities in signature analysis and connection to
mass spectrometry systems.
DNA chips for gene expression analysis. Compugen’s structured chip design methodology
uses expressed sequence tag (EST) data as the sources of information for the process of
chip design. Redundancy is avoided since each gene is represented by as few chip probes
as possible.
Products. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and a closely related kallikrein 2 protein,
which are encoded by kallikrein genes KLK3 and KLK2 respectively, are the premier
markers for screening, diagnosis, monitoring, and prognosis of prostate cancer.
Collaborations relevant to molecular diagnostics. Among Compugen’s customers
and partners are leading pharmaceutical and diagnostic companies, such as Abbott
Laboratories, Novartis, and Pfizer. In 2002, Compugen and DiagnoCure Inc announced
an agreement for the co-development and commercialization of molecular diagnostic
tests for the detection of certain epithelial cancers including lung cancer. In the same
year, Compugen and diaDexus signed an agreement designed to expand and accelerate
diaDexus' ability to identify and validate diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets based
on Compugen's advanced computational biology analysis of genomic and proteomic
databases.
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Correlogic Systems Inc
1405 Research Boulevard, Suite 220
Rockville, MD 20850, USA
Web site: http://www.correlogic.com
Tel: 301 795-1700
Fax: 301 610-5200
President and CEO: Peter J. Levine (plevine@correlogic.com)
Overview. Correlogic Systems Inc is a bioinformatics company that has developed
patent-pending pattern recognition and pattern discovery software with a wide variety of
applications for biomarker discovery, disease detection, and new drug discovery
processes. Its software’s first application has been in the field of proteomics with a focus
on the early detection of prostate, ovarian, and other cancers (see Chapter 4). On 23 July
2010, Correlogic filed for Chapter 11 reorganization in the hopes of securing funding for
its troubled OvaCheck test and eventually obtaining clearance from the FDA. Correlogic
has asked the court to allow it to "reject" licensing agreements with Quest Diagnostics and
the Lab Corporation of America.
Technology relevant to molecular diagnostics. Correlogic’s core technology is its
proprietary pattern recognition and pattern discovery software, the Knowledge Discovery
Engine™ (KDE™). The KDE™ functions under multiple operating systems, and can
easily be installed in existing database management systems, or operate as a stand-alone
program. For analysis of complex biological data, KDE™ first generates a set of candidate
biomarkers. Each set of biomarkers is tested for its ability to distinguish diseased samples
from healthy ones. The algorithm iteratively processes a large number (15,000 –
20,000+) of the candidate biomarkers until it finds a set that optimally segments
diseased from healthy samples. The KDE™ is fundamentally probabilistic – it works by
randomly selecting candidate biomarkers and then repeatedly refining the population of
selections. Proteome Quest™ is research application software derived from the KDE™. It
is designed specifically for the creation of computational biological state models.
In 2008, the USPTO awarded the company two new patents, relating to quality assurance
methods for analysis of blood samples in diagnostic assays. Patent No. 7,333,895 covers
various methods to assure that the results of a biological assay are reliable. Patent No.
7,333,896 covers other quality control methods including a determination as to whether
blood serum samples have been handled in a manner acceptable for analysis by mass
spectrometry; this patent also covers methods to certify that biochips used for analytical
purposes meet appropriate quality control standards. A third QA/QC patent has been
allowed by the PTO.
Product/services. The KDE™ and related products can be licensed by manufacturers
of protein separation and sequencing equipment, manufacturers of diagnostic tools that
generate large volumes of data, other bioinformatic service companies and
pharmaceutical companies. The potential for even more significant licensing
opportunities exists with its patent-pending methodology for identifying specific disease
protein patterns.
OvaCheck is a blood test for the early detection of epithelial ovarian cancer. It uses cutting
edge pattern recognition technology to detect ovarian cancer at all stages. On 26 June
2008, Correlogic was planning to file for FDA approval of OvaCheck, which will be offered
to physicians initially to use in assessing women at high risk of ovarian cancer. It is not a
definitive diagnostic, but rather an additional tool, in conjunction with existing tests.
Collaborations. In 2004, Correlogic entered into an agreement with Advion
BioSciences, a leading provider of mass spectrometry services and products, to explore
the use of Advion's NanoMate System as a component of Correlogic's upcoming ovarian
cancer clinical trials.
The OvaCheck test will be available to physicians in the US through Laboratory
Corporation of America and Quest Diagnostics.
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Cybergenetics Co
160 North Craig Street, Suite 210
Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
Web site: http://www.cybgen.com/
Tel: (412) 683-3004
Fax: (412) 683-3005
E-mail: info@cybgen.com
Contact: Dr. Mark W. Perlin, CEO (perlin@cybgen.com)
Overview. Cybergenetics is a bioinformatics company that develops unique
computational approaches for genomics research. The Pittsburgh-based company was
founded in 1994 to provide effective software systems that accelerate and simplify genetic
discovery.
Technology. TrueAllele is a software technology that fully automates the scoring of
microsatellite genetic data. TrueAllele performs automated allele calling on DNA
fragment data from automated fluorescent sequencers. The software automatically tracks
lanes, and assesses the quality of every genotype it calls. TrueAllele uses stutter
deconvolution to mathematically remove PCR stutter ("shadow bands") from the data.
Applications. In 2000, Cybergenetics was awarded a research contract for validating its
automated forensic DNA analysis technology by the research arm of the U.S. Department
of Justice. This new DNA analysis project will help reduce crime in America.
Collaborating on this project are two leading DNA database laboratories: Florida and
Virginia. These state labs use different sequencer technologies (gel, capillary), DNA
panels, and computer platforms to process their DNA samples. Cybergenetics will assess
TrueAllele's cross-platform success on their diverse data sets by automatically reanalyzing
30,000 samples. The Florida Department of Law Enforcement's Convicted Offender DNA
Database has been introducing automation and state-of-the-art equipment to the rapid
analysis of offender samples since 1996. As the demands for more timely and
comprehensive testing of crime scene evidence and databank samples increase, the
forensic science community will need to increase capacities and throughput
correspondingly without sacrificing quality. Novel approaches, such as TrueAllele, to
expediting the time-consuming post-analysis interpretation phase inherent in forensic
work, especially with mixtures, offer significant potential to assist in increasing case
throughput.
The British Forensic Science Service (FSS) has built the UK national DNA database,
which currently includes over 800,000 convicted offender profiles. TrueAllele was
selected by the FSS to increase the UK DNA databasing capacity.
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Cytocell Technologies Ltd
6-7 Technopark
Newmarket Road
Cambridge CB5 8PB, UK
Web site: http://www.cytocell.co.uk/
Tel: +44(0) 1223 467064
Fax: +44(0) 1223 360732
E-mail: probes@cytocell.com
CEO: Dr Brian Page
Managing Director: Dr Martin Lawrie (M_lawrie@cytocell.com)
Overview. Cytocell is a molecular genetics company that was established near Oxford in
1991. Later, Cytocell has become part of Cytomyx Holdings Plc. The company currently
sells a wide range of kits using FISH, for the detection of chromosome abnormalities to
clinical and research laboratories worldwide through its network of distributors. Cytocell
aims to be the choice provider of innovative screening solutions for human genetic
analysis. In 2003, the FISH related business of Cytocell Limited was acquired by a new
company which is part of Cytomyx Holdings Plc. The new company will retain the
Cytocell brand name and will continue to provide all of the FISH related products that
where previously available. In 2005, Cytocell underwent a management buy-out from
Cytomyx Holdings. The acquisition includes all intellectual property covering Cytocell's
technology and registered designs including the future product pipeline.
Products relevant to molecular diagnostics. Cytocells' products are focused on the
use of innovative DNA technology in the areas of molecular cytogenetics and molecular
genetics. DNA FISH probes are the main product range currently available from Cytocell.
These probes can be divided up into Chromoprobe DNA probes utilizing the Company's
unique patented glass system and Aquarius DNA probes, the latest range of liquid DNA
FISH probes. The newest version of the Multiprobe System incorporates a range of exonspecific probes from the dystrophin gene. The FISH approach may be used to identify
carrier females of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.
In 2005, Cytocell launched a comprehensive range of Whole Chromosome Painting
probes available in Aquarius® liquid format. These probes consist of libraries of DNA
sequences derived from flow-sorted chromosomes with sequences stretching over the
entire length of the chromosome and provide superior coverage of each human
chromosome. Applications include analysis of chromosome partners involved in
translocations; identification of the chromosome of origin of marker chromosomes;
confirmation of results obtained from M-FISH and SKY testing and may be of particular
interest to those studying mutagenesis of human chromosomes as a result of exposure to
genotoxic agents. The probes are designed for use in FISH analysis of human metaphase
chromosomes from cultured peripheral blood cells.
In 2006, Cytocell introduced a unique screening system for ALL and CLL using its
proprietary Chromoprobe slide technology - 8 probes on a single FISH slide.
Research and Development. Cytocell's R&D effort is now concentrated on developing
its FISH Probes business. The Company has an active development program to ensure a
steady stream of new DNA FISH probes are launched every year. Again the focus of this
group is to develop new FISH probes that offer innovative solutions for cytogeneticists
world wide. The company also has a number of development programs underway in
conjunction with the regional genetics laboratory in Manchester to develop a technology
called ExonLinker which will assist in the detection of mutations in cancer genes.
Collaborations. In April 2007, Cytocell entered into a partnership with Labtech
International Ltd for promotion of Cytocell’s DNA diagnostic FISH kits throughout the
UK.
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CytoCore Inc
414 N. Orleans St, Suite 510
Chicago, IL 60610, USA
Web site: http://www.cytocoreinc.com/
Tel: (312) 222-9550
E-mail: info@cytocoreinc.com
CEO and CFO: Robert McCullough, Jr
Overview. CytoCore Inc (formerly Molecular Diagnostics Inc) develops cost-effective
cancer screening systems which can be utilized at the point of care or in a laboratory, to
assist in the early detection of cervical, gastrointestinal and other cancers. The InPath
System is being developed to provide medical practitioners with a highly accurate, lowcost, point-of-care cervical cancer screening system. Other products include SAMBA
Telemedicine software used for medical image processing, database and multimedia case
management, telepathology and teleradiology.
Technology/products relevant to molecular diagnostics. In-Cell HPV assay is
currently available from CytoCore as an Analyte Specific Reagent for use in research and
inclusion in a laboratory's 'home brew' self- developed testing panels.
InPath System is a revolutionary biomolecular-based technology that provides cost
effectiveness, increased accuracy, better efficacy and more patient comfort in screening
for cervical dysplasia and cervical cancer. The InPath System uses a specific combination
of protein-based markers that illuminate and map abnormal cells.
The AcCell microscopy platform is a fully integrated automated microscopy system for
capturing high resolution digital microscopic tissue images suitable for quantitative
histology feature analysis. CytoCore is basing its InPath Slide Based Test system on the
AcCell platform, albeit for a separate application. Clinical trials of the InPath Slide Based
Test system with the company's proprietary Cocktail-CVX and In-Cell HPV assays have
demonstrated clear clinical benefits for the detection of E6 & E7 oncogenes as a "next
generation" test for cervical cancer precursors.
In 2005, CytoCore and STMicroelectronics introduced a new lab-on-chip application for
DNA-based detection of sepsis-causing bacteria, using a diagnostic panel from CytoCore
that runs on ST’s In-Check platform. Providing faster and more reliable results at a
fraction of cost and complexity of conventional laboratory systems, the miniaturized
compact solution enables early detection of disease, resulting in better treatment choices
for patients and lower overall costs to the healthcare systems.
On 5 February 2008, CytoCore’s 510(k) submission to sell SOftPAP™ cervical cell
collector, which collects more comprehensive and complete cervical cell specimens for
Pap testing, was approved.
Collaborations. The following collaborations started in 2002:

Ventana signed a letter of intent to acquire a license for CytoCore' In-Cell HPV
assay, a bio-molecular assay for the detection of E6 and E7 proteins, to be
performed and fully automated on the InPath Slide Based Test platform. In
addition, Ventana will receive a license for the In-Cell HPV assay for use on
Ventana's BenchMark Staining Platforms.

CytoCore expanded its licensing agreement with Invirion Inc. Previously it was for
Invirion's novel intra-cellular E6 & E7 detection of HPV based on the use of
fluorescence. It will now also include additional non-fluorescence based
applications.
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Daiichi Pure Chemicals
530 Chokeiji, Takaoka
Toyama 933-8511, Japan
Web site: http://www.daiichi-fcj.co.jp/
Tel: +81 (766) 21-3456
Fax: +81 (766) 21-3792
E-mail: dfk@daiichi-fcj.co.jp
President: Syunya Tamai
Overview. Daiichi Pure Chemicals, an affiliate of Daiichi Pharmaceutical Co Ltd, was
established in 1947. The Company develops, manufactures and markets various
diagnostics products not only in Japan, but also all over the world through oversea
partner companies. Daiichi has been in the business of genome diagnostics centered in
infectious diseases. As pharmacogenomics related researches advance, Daiichi expects to
enter into the business of genome diagnostics for personalized medicine and to expand its
diagnostic business. Under such plan, Daiichi would like to launch the first genome
diagnostic reagent in the cancer area in which side effects of anti-cancer drugs are always
the problem and to find a new business opportunity in the future market of personalized
medicine.
Products. Daiichi has several in vitro diagnostic products including monoclonal
antibodies to matrix metalloproteinases for immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry
and their EIA kits for determination of levels in blood, urine and body fluids. Daiichi is
participating in joint studies with Japanese and foreign universities, institutes, some of
which have already led us to success in the development of diagnostic kits. Kits are
available for detection of disease markers in tumor metastases, rheumatoid arthritis, and
vascular disorders
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Dako A/S
Produktionsvej 42
DK-2600 Glostrup, Denmark
Web site: http://www.dako.com/
Tel +45 44 85 95 00
Fax +45 44 85 95 95
E-mail: contact@dako.com
CEO: Patrik Dahlén
Overview. Dako A/S (formerly DakoCytomation) is a medical diagnostics company,
which is focused on the understanding of pathomechanism, diagnosis, and monitoring of
treatment of cancer in line with the concept of personalized medicine. The development
of automated and integrated systems to enhance workflow in hospital laboratories is part
of Dako’s strategy to improve today’s cancer diagnostics.
Technology/products. Those relevant to molecular diagnostics include the following:
HercepTest. This approved immunohistochemical test identifies patients with breast
cancer whose tumor tissue overexpresses the HER2 protein. It aids in the assessment of
breast cancer patients for whom treatment with Genentech's HERCEPTIN (trastuzumab)
is being considered. Dako developed the HER2 FISH pharmDx™ Kit (not for sale in the
US), a complete FISH assay that is designed to quantitatively determine interphase
HER2/neu gene amplification. As complimentary assays, the HercepTest™ and the HER2
FISH pharmDx™ Kit represent a complete systems solution for HER2 evaluation.
Together, they enable laboratories to test for HER2 more effectively. Front-line screening
of breast carcinomas can be conducted using HercepTest™; with equivocal cases being
directly reflexed to FISH for assessment of HER2/neu gene amplification.
TOP2A FISH pharmDx™ Kit. The dual probe FISH assay targets the TOP2A gene and
provides a valuable tool for research surrounding the predictive value of TOP2A gene
amplification or deletion. TOP2A gene may prove to be an indicator of susceptibility or
resistance to anthracycline therapies for cancer. It was approved by the FDA on 15 Jan 08.
DAKO Telomere PNA Kit/FITC. This kit for flow cytometry provides a convenient method
for measuring telomeric sequences in vertebrate interphase hematopoietic cells. Main
application areas are in age-related diseases, cancer research and cytogenetics.
ImmunoCyt. This is approved for detection of bladder cancer recurrence. It is based on a
patented combination of three antibodies labeled with fluorescent markers that bind to
two antigens: a mucin glycoprotein and a CEA expressed by tumor cells in the bladder.
EGFR pharmDx™. This was approved in 2004 by the FDA as an aid in identifying
colorectal cancer patients eligible for treatment with Erbitux™ (cetuximab).
CINtec™ p16INK4a Cytology Kit. The 2nd generation of the kit is launched for the
detection of overexpression of the p16INK4a protein in cervical cytological specimens.
Eridan™. In 2006, Dako launched this innovative system to advance cancer diagnostics.
Eridan replaces manual processing in hospital laboratories, freeing up personnel for other
duties and raising the quality of the tests performed by offering continuous processing of
patient specimens and flexible data management capabilities.
Collaborations relevant to molecular diagnostics. In 2001, Dako signed a
strategic licensing and product development agreement with MTM Laboratories to gain
worldwide rights to MTM's CINtec technology for cervical cancer screening. In 2001,
Dako also made a significant equity investment in Aperio Technologies Inc and secured
the exclusive rights to market Aperio’s ultra-fast digital ScanScope™ slide scanner for the
analytical imaging of DAKO’s slide-based assay systems.
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In 2003, BioStratum and Dako signed an agreement to develop an antibody-based
diagnostic test aimed at invasive cancers. In the same year, Dako was granted exclusive
worldwide rights from Corixa Corporation to two markers, P504S and P501S, in order to
develop diagnostics and monitoring products for prostate cancer.
In 2004, Dako signed a license and a development agreement with Epitomics Inc
commercial rights to rabbit MAbs currently developed by Epitomics for diagnostic use.
In 2005, Dako and ViroNovative BV entered into a licensing agreement for the
development and sales of diagnostic products for the detection of human
metapneumovirus (HMPV) that have been discovered in young children with respiratory
tract infections who tested negative for known viruses. Dako will have a non-exclusive,
non-transferable, royalty-bearing license to develop, manufacture and sell products
worldwide relating to HMPV but the scope is limited to either direct immunofluorescence
assay or a PNA technology-based assay.
In 2005, LightUp Technologies AB and Dako A/S announced the availability of further
improved versions of LightUp Technologies’ already established ReSSQ® CMV and EBV
Assays for the monitoring of CMV and EBV in clinical specimens.
In 2008, Dako signed a Supply and Distribution Agreement with General Data Company
Inc, becoming a global provider of unique patient tissue sample identification and
tracking system for anatomic pathology laboratories.
In 2008, Dako signed an agreement with Bristol-Myers Squibb to develop clinical
diagnostics as companions to cancer therapeutics.
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Danaher Corporation
2099 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW
Washington, DC 20006, USA
Web site: http://www.danaher.com/
Tel: (202) 828-0850
Fax: (202) 828-0860
President & CEO: H. Lawrence Culp Jr
Overview. Danaher Corporation’s business activities encompass four reporting segments
and are comprised of seven strategic platforms: medical technologies (life sciences &
diagnostics and dental), professional instrumentation (environmental, test &
measurement), industrial technologies (motion, product identification, focused niche
businesses) and tools & components (mechanic’s hand tools). Key brands relevant to
molecular diagnostic business are: AB SCIEX, Leica Microsystems, Molecular Devices,
and Beckman Coulter.
Acquisitions relevant to molecular diagnostics. These are as follows:
Leica Microsystems (http://www.leica-microsystems.com) improves workflows and
diagnostic confidence for histologists, pathologists and patients.
Molecular Devices (http://www.moleculardevices.com) offers a wide-ranging portfolio of
bioanalytical products and systems for life science research including bioassays and
biotest design. It provides one of the widest ranges of detection technologies for life
sciences research, from dedicated, single-readout instruments to automated, multidetection systems.
In January 2010, Danaher paid $1.1 billion to acquire AB SCIEX
(http://www.absciex.com), the Analytical Technologies division of MDS Inc. AB SCIEX is
a global leader in the development of life science analytical technologies, particularly
mass spectrometers and detection of biomarkers.
In March 2010, Danaher completed acquisition of Genetix (see separate profile) for $102
million. Genetix will operate as part of Danaher subsidiary Leica Microsystems.
On 9 Feb 2011, Danaher Corporation acquired Beckman Coulter (see separate profile) for
approximately $6.8 billion. The transaction is expected to be completed in the 1H of 2011.
Beckman Coulter would become part of Danaher’s Life Sciences & Diagnostics segment.
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deCODE Genetics Inc
Sturlugata 8
IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland
Web site: http://www.decode.com/
Tel: (354) 570-1900
Fax: (354) 570-1901
Email: info@decode.is
CEO: Kari Stefansson MD (kstefans@decode.is)
Overview. deCODE genetics, founded in 1996, is a population-based genomics company
that uses human genetics to develop novel methods to identify, treat and prevent
diseases. deCODE's principal technologies include: positional cloning and
characterization of genes that contribute to the pathogenesis of common diseases, and the
GGPR database, which will contain the Genotypes, Genealogy, health history/Phenotype
of a large proportion of the Icelandic nation. This database was marketed as a tool for in
silico mapping of disease genes/fragments, pharmacogenomics and for use in disease
management. In 2000, deCODE launched two subsidiaries: Encode and deCode Cancer.
Encode specializes in pharmacogenomic studies and in conducting clinical trials for new
therapeutics. deCODE Cancer will incorporate and greatly expand the company's cancer
research and its capacity to bring diagnostic and therapeutic products to the marketplace.
On 16 Nov 2009, deCODE voluntarily filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection and
signed an agreement to sell its Iceland-based Islensk Erfdagreining (IE) subsidiary and its
drug development programs to Saga Investments. deCODE also sold its deCODE
Biostructures and Emerald BioSystems subsidiaries in the US to Beryllium. These
companies are now completely independent from the deCODE organization. Chapter 11
does not cover IE, which carries out human genetics research and provides personal
genome scans, genetic tests, and genomic services for contract customers.
Technologies relevant to molecular diagnostics. Founded on the principle that
only a homogeneous population can yield the genetics of common diseases, deCODE's
unique asset is access to the Icelandic population. With its genetic homogeneity, extensive
genealogical records and high quality healthcare, Iceland provides the resources to
identify genes associated with multiple diseases and provide unique insights into the
pathogenesis of the disease. deCODE compares the DNA of healthy and diseased groups
to identify the differences between them and elucidate the gene or set of genes
responsible for specific disease. Once a marker has been found with a form (allele) that
has more than a chance association with a disease, the DNA located near that marker is
analyzed to identify neighboring genes. Eventually, the gene causing the disease is
identified from this group. Unlike other gene function processes, the deCODE approach
rapidly identifies genes known to be involved in specific diseases, allowing the company
and its partners to quickly move to target validation, screening and drug development.
deCODE also is working with the Icelandic government to develop a comprehensive
anonymous database comprised of GGPR information. This database will allow deCODE
to identify families in which specific diseases occur, trace the inheritance of the disease
over generations and rapidly identify the genetic basis of the disease. By providing
information on the progression and outcome of diseases caused by genetic mutations,
deCODE's GGPR database also will provide data enabling health care providers to tailor
disease treatments to fit individual patient needs, enabling optimized, cost effective care.
Gene discoveries. deCODE has successfully mapped genes in over 25 common complex
diseases and isolated genes in eight of these. deCODE/Roche collaboration has made
considerable progress in mapping of genes linked to osteoarthritis, stroke, Alzheimer's
disease and schizophrenia. deCODE mapped the first gene linked to the main form of
Parkinson's disease to a small region on Chromosome 1. DeCODE plans to use the
information to develop DNA-based diagnostic tests and new drugs to treat the
degenerative brain disorder. The discovery confounded the commonly held belief that
there was no identifiable genetic component behind the disease. In 2003, deCODE
reported the discovery of the first gene (on chromosome 5q12) encoding
phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D) that underlies common forms of stroke. Persons with a
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particular polymorphism of the gene have a 3-5 times greater risk of stroke. PDE4D is a
good target for drugs and Roche is already testing several such drugs in laboratory rats.
In February 2008, deCODE launched deCODE PrCa™, a reference laboratory test for
common, single-letter variations in SNPs that the company has associated with increased
risk of prostate cancer. The test will be useful for better predicting risk of prostate cancer,
helping to optimize both screening and treatment. deCODE PrCa™ detects a total of six
previously discovered SNPs that have been confirmed in many populations, as well as two
SNPs on chromosomes X and 2. Although most of the variants individually confer
moderate risk, they are common and some are linked to more than less aggressive
disease. Consequently, a substantial proportion of men have many risk variants that
together confer clinically significant risk. Because of these variants, 10% of men are at
twice the risk and 1% of men are at triple the risk of the disease in the general population
Services. DeCodeMe service uses a cheek-swab sample and online personal genomic
information about genetic variants associated with risks for common diseases. In
November 2007, deCODE launched deCODEme™, a continually updated service that
enables individuals to get a detailed look at their own genome.
Collaborations relevant to molecular diagnostics. deCODE and Roche
Diagnostics collaborate in the field of DNA-based diagnostics using deCODE's genomics
and informatics resources to develop new diagnostic products and services for diagnosing
common diseases and predicting individual predisposition for effective treatment.
In 2002, deCODE formed a pharmacogenomics alliance with Pfizer to identify the role of
genetics in the development of advanced forms of heart disease by employing its
population resources and Clinical Genome Miner discovery system to find genetic
markers that can be used to identify patients who are highly predisposed to progressing
from an early to an advanced form of heart disease.
In 2003, deCODE and IBM formed an alliance to deliver integrated applications,
technologies, and services for storing/analyzing genetic, genealogical and clinical data.
In 2004, deCODE formed a 7-year alliance with Merck & Co to conduct information-rich
clinical trials on Merck's developmental compounds. deCODE will employ population
genetics capabilities and expertise in pharmacogenomic analysis to enhance and
complement Merck's on-going clinical development process.
In 2006, deCODE and Illumina Inc formed an alliance to co-develop and commercialize
DNA-based diagnostic tests in several major disease areas using Illumina’s platform for
high-multiplex SNP genotyping to develop tests for gene variants deCODE has previously
shown to have impact on the risk of common diseases. Illumina will gain access to
disease-related biomarkers for joint validation as diagnostic panels to be marketed and
sold by Illumina on its forthcoming BeadXpress platform. Focus will be on genes
involved in disease-related pathways in heart disease, diabetes and breast cancer.
In August 2008, Lab21 agreed to offer five of DeCode Genetics’ tests in the UK and in
Ireland. These include tests for type 2 diabetes, myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation,
prostate cancer, and glaucoma, as well as an upcoming test for the risk of estrogenpositive breast cancer and other tests DeCode has in development.
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DiaGenic ASA
Grenseveien 92
NO-0663 Oslo, Norway
Web site: http://www.diagenic.com/
Tel: +47-2324 7878
Fax: +47-2324 8959
E-mail: diagenic@diagenic.com
Chief Executive Officer: Erik Christensen (erik.christensen@diagenic.com)
Overview. DiaGenic ASA is an innovative IVD company founded in 1998 and listed on
the Oslo Stock Exchange. It develops patient-friendly tests for the early diagnosis of
devastating diseases where early intervention is crucial for successful treatment.
DiaGenic’s patented method is based on identifying disease-specific gene signatures from
easily available sample material such as blood. DiaGenic's strategy is to work with
research and technology partners to develop a pipeline of assays for commercialization.
The diagnostic tests together with R&D cooperation with a major pharmaceutical
company forms the basis of the company’s biomarker strategy enabling early disease
detection for clinical trials. These technologies will be useful for the development of
personalized medicine. On 7 October 2010, DiaGenic raised $12.1 million and refocused
its business primarily on tests for neurological disorders rather than for cancer.
Technology. DiaGenic’s unique and patent-protected concept for the diagnosis of
disease is based on the finding that even when a disease is localized at specific body site,
secondary responses that are also specific for the disease can be measured in clinical
samples obtained from the peripheral parts. One such response includes characteristic
changes in the expression pattern of selected genes in peripheral blood samples.
DiaGenic’s concept involves identifying these genes and using them to develop a diseasespecific gene expression signature to form the basis of a diagnostic test.
Products. DiaGenic's two first products to be launched in Europe are the world's first
blood based gene expression tests for the early detection of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and
breast cancer. The first test, BCtect, was launched through SRL Diagnostics in India in
2008. In Europe the ADtect® and BCtect® products are in the final stages of preparation
for CE marking, while a distributor network is being set up for the imminent commercial
launch.
Based on financing from Michael J Fox Foundation and the Norwegian Research Council
the development of a Parkinson’s disease test is progressing rapidly.
Collaborations. In 2008, DiaGenic and SRL Laboratories Ltd signed an agreement to
commence marketing DiaGenic’s breast cancer test in India.
In 2008, DiaGenic ASA signed a service provider agreement with DNAVision, to offer
healthcare providers and patients in Europe its blood-based gene-expression test for early
detection of breast cancer and for AD in a CLIA/ISO17025 certified environment.
On 20 January 2010, DiaGenic and Ferrer inCode signed a distribution agreement for
ADtect® early AD test in Western Europe and Latin America.
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DxTerity Diagnostics
2214 E. Gladwick St
Rancho Dominguez, CA 90220, USA
Web site: http://www.DxTerity.com
Tel: 310-537-7857
Fax: 310-356-3154
President and CEO: Bob Terbrueggen, PhD
Overview. DxTerity Diagnostics is developing innovative diagnostic technologies that
will enable the development of personalized medicine. DxTerity has developed NonEnzymatic Amplification Technology (NEAT), a proprietary nucleic acid amplification
procedure that overcomes many of the limitations of older technologies and paves the way
for the development of point-of-care (POC) diagnostic tests
Technology. NEAT enables gene-controlled ligation of oligonucleotide probes inside of
cells (see Chapter 2). The technique is unique in that it enables the detection of DNA and
RNA targets without the use of enzymes, minimizing the need for sample purification and
lowering the complexity of the genomic testing process. The reach and ruggedness of this
technology is fundamentally suited to clinical testing requirements, as such, NEAT is a
critical enabler of POC genetic testing.
Applications. DxTerity is currently working with corporate and academic partners to
develop and validate select applications for NEAT. The key areas of focus are:

One-step, POC low-cost identification of bacterial infections such as tuberculosis
and MRSA.

Pharmacogenomic tests for cancer.

In-cell imaging of microRNA and mRNA.

Analysis of RNA extracted from formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue
samples.
Collaborations. In4 October 2008, the City of Hope started collaboration to use
DxTerity's NEAT testing platform in a program to develop antisense therapeutics.
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diaDexus Inc
343 Oyster Point Blvd.
South San Francisco, CA 94080-1913, USA
Web site: http://www.diadexus.com/
Tel: (650) 246-6400
Fax: (650) 246-6499
CEO: Patrick Plewman
Contact: Mohan Iyer, VP Business Development (miyer@diaDexus.com)
Overview. diaDexus is a post-genomics company focused on translating genomic
sequence data into novel diagnostic and therapeutic products. At its founding in 1997 by
SmithKline Beecham and Incyte Corporation, the initial strategy was to discover diseaseassociated genes and proteins in order to develop novel diagnostic products for the
improved detection, classification and prognosis of disease. The company has a
diagnostic/therapeutic tandem approach to detect and treat disease. The initial focus is
on the discovery of novel molecular targets related to cancer but it is expected to extend to
other diseases. The Company has identified thousands of disease-associated molecular
targets, evaluated over 300 potential molecular targets using its proprietary target
validation process, and advanced over 40 candidates into development, including five
diagnostic product candidates, which are currently being evaluated in preclinical studies.
Technology. diaDexus uses two approaches to discover novel molecular targets: (1)
large-scale searches of Incyte's LifeSeq Gold human genomic sequence database; and (2)
integration of various gene and protein technologies to supplement database search
efforts. diaDexus plans to develop multi-analyte tests that can identify novel patterns of
multiple gene and protein expression to detect and monitor disease more accurately than
is possible by using single analyte tests.
Products. These include PLAC™ test for measuring the enzyme Lp-PLA2 (lipoproteinassociated phospholipase), which is a a novel risk factor for coronary heart (CHD) disease
as well as stroke, and cathepsin-K, a diagnostic marker for osteoporosis. PLAC™ test is
cleared by the FDA as an IVD to predict the risk for ischemic stroke and CHD. In May
2007, the USPTO issued Patent No. 7,217,535 covering methods of diagnosing an
individual's susceptibility for developing atherosclerotic disease, including myocardial
infarction and stroke, by analyzing a blood sample for Lp-PLA2 enzymatic activity. On 19
February 2008 FDA cleared for marketing a new automated version of PLAC® Test.
Collaborations relevant to molecular diagnostics: In 2000, diaDexus gained
access to Agilent Technologies' customizable microarray gene expression technology for
research into the molecular basis for cancer and other diseases. diaDexus started the
following collaborations in 2001:

With Fujirebio Inc to develop and sell cancer diagnostic tests in Japan.

With GeneData for the micro-array data analysis system  GeneData Expressionist

Licensed Cathepsin K genomics-based diagnostic blood test for osteoporosis and
diagnostic test for the non-invasive detection of colorectal cancer to Quest.
diaDexus started the following collaborations in 2002:

With Compugen to identify and validate diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets
using Compugen's bioinformatic analysis of genomic and proteomic databases.

With Beyond Genomics Inc to apply the latter's Systems Biology approach to its
cancer diagnostics and drug discovery.

With the University of Michigan for the use of proteomic technologies for the
analysis of cell surface membrane proteins to identify new drug targets and
biomarkers for cancer.
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
With Emory University to develop therapeutic and diagnostic products based on
Nox-1, a novel cancer target.
In January 2007, diaDexus started a collaboration with Mayo Validation Support Services
to investigate a test featuring a select panel of tumor-specific genes to aid in patient risk
stratification and assist in chemotherapy treatment decisions for breast cancer patients.
The test uses gene expression profiling to predict recurrence of malignancy in patients
diagnosed with primary invasive early stage breast cancer.
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DiaGenic ASA
Grenseveien 92
NO-0663 Oslo, Norway
Web site: http://www.diagenic.com/
Tel: +47 23 24 89 50
Fax: +47 23 24 89 59
CEO: Erik Christensen (erik.christensen@diagenic.com)
Overview. DiaGenic ASA, an innovative biotechnology company listed on the Oslo Stock
Exchange, aims to provide easy-to-use diagnostics for several major common diseases
using samples that are easily accessible. Its gene expression technology can provide
aunique fingerprint of the disease at the earliest possible stage and with very high
accuracy. It has an accurate, simple and rapid method for early diagnosis of breast cancer
and is developing a test for diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) using gene expression
patterns in peripheral blood cells. To identify the best platform for DiaGenic's future
product candidates, a product development project is supported with NOK 9.2 million ($
million) granted by the Norwegian government's FUnctional GEnomics (FUGE) program.
Different technology platforms are compared to ensure optimal product properties.
Technology. DiaGenic's technology utilizes the biological principle that characteristic
responses of a disease can be measured not only in the primary affected part but also in
peripheral parts of the body. These peripheral responses also include the altered
expression pattern of selected genes. DiaGenic utilizes the tools available in modern,
array based gene expression technology to detect a gene expression pattern that is
characteristic for a specific disease. With this technology DiaGenic is not bound to collect
a sample from the primary affected part of the body. Instead the sample can be collected
from a more accessible and more convenient part of the body, i.e. whole blood. Whole
blood samples are both easily accessible and they are conveniently collected. In addition,
every sample collected from a patient contains a similar composition of cell types.
Products. Results of studies by DiaGenic show that breast cancer can be detected early
by analyzing the expression pattern of certain genes in peripheral blood cells. DiaGenic
has identified and isolated informative genes and used them to develop a model for
predicting breast cancer, which has high prediction accuracy, both as to specificity and
sensitivity. This is basis of DiaGenic's breast cancer test. Studies done with this test in
India show that it offers advantages over existing diagnostic methods. The use of venous
blood as the test sample is both discreet and patient friendly. The DiaGenic test detects
breast cancer in pre-menopausal women with good accuracy whereas mammography is
problematic due to higher breast density in younger women, which obscures the
mammographic image. This is especially important in India, where breast cancer is seen
at a significantly lower age than in Western countries.
ADtect®, using gene expression patterns in peripheral blood cells for diagnosis of AD,
has received CE approval in Europe and will market it through a network of distributors.
DiaGenic is also developing a biomarker for detection of mild cognitive impairment.
In 2007, DiaGenic, with funding from Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s
Research and collaboration with Harvard Medical School, started to develop the first
blood test for Parkinson’s disease based on a gene expression signature.
Collaborations. These include: Norwegian Radium Hospital; Norwegian University for
Life Sciences; Ullevål University Hospital, Oslo; NKS Olaviken Psychogeriatric Hospital;
and Mercy Women’s Center, Oklahoma, USA.
In May 2008, DiaGenic signed up SRL Ranbaxy to market its genomic breast cancer test
in India.
DiaGenic has a collaboration with DNA Vision in Belgium where ADtect® tests will be
performed.
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DiagnoCure Inc
2050, Boulevard René-Lévesque Ouest, 6th Floor
Sainte-Foy, Quebec
G1V 2K8 Canada
Web site: http://www.diagnocure.com/
Tel: (418) 527-6100
Fax: (418) 527-0240
E-mail: diagnocure@diagnocure.com
Chief Executive Officer: John Schafer
Overview. DiagnoCure Inc is a leading developer of innovative technologies for the early
diagnosis of various types of cancers. The Company specializes in the research,
development, production and commercialization of products for diagnosis of cancer. In
2003 DiagnoCure acquired assets of Samba Technologies, a company specializing in
digital imaging and information technology. In August 2007, DiagnoCure acquired
Catalyst Oncology (Worcester, MA), maker of prognostic tests for breast and colon
cancers, for $3 million in cash and potential future payments based on milestones.
Technologies. The DiagnoGene technology is a combination of nucleic acid (NA)
processing methods and cancer-specific gene sequences. Products based on this
technology platform contain three kits: (1) silica beads for the purification of cellular NAs;
(2) cancer-specific nucleic acid primer sequences and reagents for the isothermal
amplification of the cancer-specific sequences isolated with the first kit; (3)
immunoenzymatic detection of the amplified material. This is the basis of detection kits
for cancers for which a specific gene sequence is known to be expressed. DiagnoGene, a
development platform of diagnostic tests, is based on the detection of NAs.
Products.
DiagnoCure's
first
marketed
product,
ImmunoCyt,
is
an
immunohistochemistry kit based on MAbs for detection of bladder cancer cells in urine.
ImmunoCyt is currently distributed in Canada and Europe. In the US, it is distributed by
akoCytomation, a leading world provider aimed at pathology laboratories.
DiagnoCure’s highly specific PCA3 test for detecting PCA3 RNA expression in prostate
cancer cells that are present in the urine is now available through laboratories in the US
using PCA3 analyte specific reagents from Gen-Probe, and in Europe as the CE-marked
PROGENSA™ PCA3 in vitro assay. It is an ideal complement to the PSA blood test.
Catalyst's tests, which measure the level of activated tyrosine phosphorylated Shc protein
and p66 Shc protein in tissue specimens of breast cancer, have successfully indicated the
risk of recurrence of cancer and have predicted the response to cancer therapies.
In May 2007, DiagnoCure secured exclusive worldwide rights to two high-value molecular
tests for colorectal cancer based on the detection of the products of GCC (guanylyl cyclase
C). In early research, the marker has shown to be 95% to 100% accurate in detecting the
spread or recurrence of colon cancer, in lymph nodes. DiagnoCure plans to launch the
Previstage™ GCC Colorectal Staging Test in 2008.
Collaborations. In 2002. Compugen and DiagnoCure started co-development and
commercialization of molecular diagnostic tests for the detection of certain epithelial
cancers, including lung cancer. DiagnoCure Inc signed an agreement with MDI to
integrate its ImmunoCyt/uCyt molecular assay for the detection and monitoring of
bladder cancer with MDI's InPath Slide Based Test automated microscopy platform.
In 2006, Gen-Probe granted DiagnoCure rights to develop FISH products, using the
PCA3 gene and to evaluate the diagnostic utility of other genetic markers for cancer.
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Diagnoplex
Chemin des Croisettes 26
CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
Web site: http://www.diagnoplex.com/
Tel: +41 21 653 66 92
Fax: +41 21 653 66 93
Email: info@diagnoplex.com
CEO: Stavros Therianos PhD
Overview. Diagnoplex was founded in 2005 supported by seed financing from the
Novartis Forschungsstiftung, Swiss Confederation CTI project, Canton de Vaud FIT and
the Gebert Rüf Stiftung. Diagnoplex is leveraging its proprietary molecular platform
capabilities to develop non-invasive cancer screening tests. Its lead program targets
colorectal cancer (CRC) and the Colox test addresses important psychological, cost and
scalability challenges to the effective screening of CRC. In 2008, Diagnoplex closed a
Series A financing round, raising CHF10 million ($8.3 million) in funding. It would use
proceeds from the financing to further develop its Colox test. The round of financing was
led by Novartis Venture Fund and NeoMed, with additional investment from Initiative
Capital Romandie. Novartis Venture Fund previously was a seed investor in Diagnoplex.
On 18 January 2011, Diagnoplex closed a series A financing extension with Debiopharm
Group™, which has committed to invest a substantial amount in the company.
Technology/products. The tests are based on the company’s single-channel
quantitative multiplex reverse transcriptase-PCR (scqmRT-PCR) platform that can
quantify up to 60 genes simultaneously. According to the firm, the technology pairs the
high accuracy and reliability of PCR with the possibility to read out multi-gene signatures
of different cancers. It noted that unlike microarray platforms, its platform is easily
scalable and can be run in most standardized testing labs.
Diagnoplex’s non-invasive CRC test, Colox, is derived from peripheral blood samples that
can be routinely and accurately analyzed using standard laboratory equipment. A 140
patient prospective pilot study demonstrated high sensitivity as well as specificity of
Colox. The test will be made available as a ready-to-use clinical laboratory kit.
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Diagnostic Hybrids Inc
1055 East State St., Suite 100
Athens, OH 45701, USA
Web site: http://www.dhiusa.com/
Fax: (740) 592-9820
E-mail: dhi@dhiusa.com
President & CEO: David R. Scholl PhD (scholl@dhiusa.com)
Overview. Diagnostic Hybrids Inc (DHI), a privately held company founded in 1983, is
engaged in the development, manufacture, and marketing of innovative cell culture
products for various applications in diagnostic virology and endocrine disease. The
company has particular technical and manufacturing strengths, including patents,
licenses and proprietary methods, in the following areas:

Gene cloning and purification

Transgenic cell biology

DNA probe labeling

Cell culture production

Kit development

Multi-well plate packaging

Therapeutic DNA process development
In 2002, DHI acquired the in vitro diagnostic cell culture product line of BioWhittaker
Inc. In the same year, DHI acquired the IVD cell culture business of NeoGenex Inc. These
acquisitions have enhanced DHI's ability to provide genetically engineered and routine
tissue cell culture lines and accessories for clinical diagnostics.
Technologies. Those relevant to molecular diagnostics are:

ReadyCells Frozen Monolayers: for IVD use.

ELVIS (Enzyme Linked Virus Inducible System): for in vitro diagnostic use in the
detection of the herpes simplex virus (HSV) in patient specimens.

D3™ DFA Respiratory Virus Screening & ID Kit for the direct detection,
identification, and culture confirmation of adenovirus, influenza A and B viruses,
parainfluenza virus groups 1, 2 and 3 and respiratory syncytial virus, identify 7
major respiratory viruses in 15 min from direct patient specimen materials or in
incubated tissue cultures eening.

FreshCells Singles for IVD use; 13 cell lines are available for viral diagnostics.

Mixed FreshCells for IVD use combine two compatible cell lines into a single
container to optimize detection of a broader array of viruses in a single unit. Frozen
Cell Cultures: these kits can be used to prepare customer's own cell cultures in 3
days for viral IVD.

FreshCells Virus Detection Kits are approved by the FDA for IVD use to detect
respiratory viruses, HSV typing, and cytomegalovirus.
Collaborations. Diagnostic Hybrids' strategic business partner since 2000, Medvet
Diagnostics (Adelaide, Australia), extends the marketing reach of DHI nationally and
internationally for ELVIS and other DHI products.
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DiagnoSwiss SA
Rue Ile au bois
1870 Monthey, Switzerland
Web site: http://www.diagnoswiss.com/
Tel: +4124-4714900
Fax: +4124-4714901
Email: info@diagnoswiss.com
Contact: Yves de Chastonay, PhD, MBA (y.dechastonay@diagnoswiss.com)
Overview. DiagnoSwiss is a spin-off company from the Laboratoire d'Electrochimie of
the Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland). The
company provides technical solutions for fast diagnosis and prognosis as well as for target
proteins identification. To reach this aim, DiagnoSwiss currently develops two lines of
products: disposable polymer microchips and gel electrophoresis equipment for protein
purification. In a second step of development, DiagnoSwiss will also merge these two
products to develop a global solution for large-scale protein screening in proteomics.
Technologies/products. DiagnoSwiss offers fast analytical tools for the separation and
dosage of proteins and for the handling of fluids in small volumes. Plasma etched microchips are disposable "lab-on-a-chip" systems that are interconnected networks of
microchannels produced in mass and at low cost. They integrate electrodes that allow
precise fluid handling and quantitative detection. Large number of biochemical
measurements can thus be achieved in a parallel inexpensive format that is free of crosscontamination and that is easily automated. These microchips are currently dedicated to
the development of affinity analysis for protein-protein interaction studies and medical
diagnostic assays. Biologically important molecules may also be captured in our biochips
and analysed in parallel in very short time. High performance biosensors are thus under
development in a portable or in a high-density format. The Company is also designing
ELISA tests in a microchip format to provide a 5 minute-immunoassay with
electrochemical detection. This fast detection is possible because of the rapid depletion of
the antigen in the microchannel due to the very small distance between the antigen and
the immobilized antibody.
The Company develops and will market novel electrophoresis equipment, called "off-gel"
electrophoresis for drug target identification and basic research needs. In a second phase,
DiagnoSwiss will develop an apparatus that couples both the "off-gel" technology and the
microchips. The aim is to provide an alternative to 2D GE by marketing an automated
protein sequencer. In its apparatus, the proteins will first be separated by "off-gel"
electrophoresis according to their charge. The purified sample will then be directed
towards a network of microchips in which specific proteins have previously been
immobilized in order to provide affinity matrices. At the outlet of these affinity columns,
electrochemical means will be incorporated in order to generate an electrospray that
allows coupling the microchips on-line to a mass spectrometer in a highly parallel
process. DiagnoSwiss is currently developing this electrospray interface with the
Laboratoire d'Electrochimie of the EPFL. The commercialization of this protein sequencer
is planned. Furthermore, thin film polyimide nanosprays have been developed for ESIMS analysis. Efforts are now devoted to the fabrication of arrays of disposable tips, to the
automation of sample dispensing and to the integration of separation unit.
In 2007, DiagnoSwiss launched its open platform products in the Gravi-line: Gravi-Cell,
which is a miniature device (readily snapped-on to a robotic liquid handler), and GraviChip, which is most convenient microfluidics device for running bead-based ELISA and
affinity assays in record times (5-10 minutes).
Collaborations. In 2005, DiagnoSwiss granted bioMérieux an exclusive worldwide
license under its patent rights to the development, manufacturing and marketing of
electrochemical microchips in the field of human IVD. The agreement is restricted to the
commercialization and use of DiagnoSwiss' technology in immunoassays and biochemical
testing and is accompanied by a collaboration contract to jointly develop these
microsystems into a new generation of analytical platform for clinical applications.
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DIANON Systems Inc
200 Watson Boulevard
Stratford, CT 06615, USA
Web site: http://www.dianon.com/
Tel: (203) 381-4000
Fax: (203) 381-4079
E-mail: webmaster@dianon.com
President and Chief Executive Officer: Kevin C. Johnson
Overview. DIANON Systems provides pathology services and genetic testing. DIANON
uses genomic diagnostic technologies to identify genes or gene products that are
measurable in the tissue (tumor) and that are closely associated with a patient's response
or non-response to existing therapies. DIANON provides an accurate histologic/cytologic
diagnosis at the cellular level, to enable further sub-classification of disease at the
genomic or proteomic level, which may lead to a more rational therapy that is
personalized based upon genetic profiling.
In 2001, DIANON completed its acquisition of UroCor Inc, which markets a
comprehensive range of products and services to assist in detecting, diagnosing, treating
and managing urologic disorders. The merger is a tax-free stock-for-stock exchange. In
2003, Laboratory Corporation of America completed acquisition of DIANON.
Services relevant to molecular diagnostics. Cytogenetic testing services include
chorionic villus sampling with chromosome analysis, FISH microdeletion analysis and
prenatal ploidy deletion (probes for chromosomes 13, 18, 21, X and Y).
Molecular genetic studies includes the following:

Ashkenazi Jewish Disease Screen (Canavan, Tay-Sachs, etc)

Cystic fibrosis

Fragile X syndrome

Huntington's disease

Myotonic dystrophy

Spinocerebellar ataxia

Spinocerebellar Ataxia type 1 Chromosome 6

Spinocerebellar Ataxia type 2 Chromosome 12

Spinocerebellar Ataxia type 3/Machado Joseph Disease Chromosome 14

Spinocerebellar Ataxia type 6 Chromosome 19

Epstein Barr virus

Quantitative analysis of HER2/neu protein expression

bcl-2 and bcr/abl gene rearrangements
Collaborations relevant to molecular diagnostics. Since 2000, DIANON Systems
has an exclusive sales and distribution agreement with Response Genetics Inc for that
company's proprietary tumor specific gene expression analysis system to predict response
to chemotherapy. DIANON plans to introduce the first Response Genetics Danenberg
Tumor Profile for cancers of the gastrointestinal tract, including colorectal cancer. In
2000, DIANON introduced ChromaVision's Automated Cellular Imaging System for
HER2/neu as part of its new breast pathology services.
- 193 -
Digene Corporation
1201 Clopper Road
Gaithersburg, MD 20878 USA
Web site: http://www.digene.com/
Tel: (301) 944-7000
Fax: (301) 944-7121
E-mail: inforeq@digene.com
Overview. Digene Corporation (a subsidiary of QIAGEN) developes, manufactures and
markets proprietary DNA and RNA testing systems for the screening, monitoring and
diagnosis of human diseases. The Company has developed and is commercializing its
patented Hybrid Capture products in three areas: women's cancers and infectious
diseases, blood viruses, and genomics and pharmaceutical research. Digene's primary
focus is in women's cancers and infectious diseases where the Company's lead product is
the only FDA approved test for human papillomavirus (HPV), which is the cause of
cervical cancer. On 3 June 2007, QIAGEN acquired Digene for $1.6 billion.
Technology. Hybrid Capture (HC) technology detects nucleic acid targets directly and
uses signal amplification to provide sensitivity that is comparable to target amplification
methods (see Chapter 2). Reliable detection is achieved without the need for dedicated
and isolated laboratory space, sophisticated laboratory expertise or concern regarding
inhibition and contamination.
Products. The Digene HPV Test is used in the US as an adjunct to the inconclusive Pap
smear for cervical cancer screening in women and is being marketed in selected countries
as a primary cervical cancer screen either in conjunction with or separate from the Pap
smear. On 19 Nov 2008, the Mexican Public Health Agency launched a program to test
for HPV using this test.
Digene provides DNA tests for the detection of other sexually transmitted infections,
including chlamydia and gonorrhea, and tests for blood viruses. It also markets a highvolume sample throughput instrument for Hybrid Capture 2 Chlamydia/Gonorrhea
testing using its Rapid Capture System for the simultaneous detection of C. trachomatis
and N. gonorrhoeae DNA in cervical specimens. This test is approved by the Japanese
Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare. The FDA-approved Rapid Capture™ System
enables high-throughput testing with the company’s hc2 High-Risk HPV DNA Test™.
Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA test, based on Digene’s HC technology, is the
molecular diagnostic tool of choice for qualitative detection of human CMV. It is the first
molecular diagnostic test to be cleared by the FDA for qualitative detection of CMV DNA
in peripheral white blood cells isolated from whole blood. It is the first major advance in
CMV detection with the highest degree of reproducibility plus optimal sensitivity for
detection in individuals at high risk for the disease. The advantages of this test are:

Objective, standardized results, eliminating uncertainties
interpretations associated with traditional CMV testing methods.
and
subjective

More accurate detection of active CMV infection.

Effective targeting of preemptive therapies.

Elimination of contamination risks associated with target amplification methods.
Collaborations. Since 2001, Digene collaborates with Roche for marketing and further
development of HC2 test for HSV. In 2002, Digene re-acquired from Abbott Laboratories
the rights to distribute its chlamydia and gonorrhea (CT/GC) tests worldwide. In 2004,
Quest Laboratories agreed to provide Digene's DNA test as a primary tool to detect
cervical cancer along with Pap smears rather than as a secondary test. In 2005,
Expression Pathology started collaboration with Digene to identify cancer protein
biomarkers in archived tissue.
- 194 -
Digilab BioVisioN GmbH
Feodor-Lynen-Str. 5
D-30625 Hannover, Germany
Web site: http://www.peptidomics.com/
Tel: +48 (511) 538896-0
Fax: +48 (511) 538896-66
CEO: Wolfram Rodatz
Director of Business Development: Leif Honda (lhonda@digilabglobal.com)
Overview. Digilab BioVisioN, formed by acquisition of BioVisioN by Digilab LLC in
2006, is a biotechnology company dedicated to finding and developing new ways to
diagnose and treat serious diseases. It focuses on the discovery and development of new
diagnostic and therapeutic products by identifying peptides and proteins that play an
important role in the regulation of biological processes of the body.
Technologies relevant to molecular diagnostics. Differential peptide display
technology® (DPD) is utilized to analyse peptide patterns in biological sources such as
body fluids, tissues, cells or cell-culture supernatant. It enables the comparison of
different patterns, e.g., of different groups of patients, in order to identify characteristic
differences that correlate with the underlying metabolic or pathological events. Aided by
the high resolution and reproducibility of the Peptidomics™ technology, BioVisioN is
dedicated to the discovery, the characterization and the validation of endogenous
peptides, particularly in metabolic syndrome, Alzheimer's disease and cancer.
Collaborations relevant to molecular diagnostics. Digilab BioVisioN's use of a
peptide library is secured in a co-operation with its mother institute  Lower Saxony
Institute for Peptide Research, Hannover, Germany. It is co-operating with several
departments in the Hannover Medical School, Hannover for use of Differential Peptide
Display for research on different diseases. Corporate collaborations are:
Life Technologies combines Digilab BioVisioN's technology in protein and peptide
analysis with its life science research tools in biochromatography, MALDI-TOF MS, and
informatics to improve precision and throughput for discovering clinically relevant
proteins and peptides for the development of drugs and diagnostic tests in the
pharmaceutical industry. The companies have established a European reference
laboratory for proteomics and peptidomics technologies.
With Roche Diagnostics, Digilab BioVisioN has identified a number of proteins as
biomarkers in blood and CSF that may enable early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.
Digilab BioVision has acquired majority ownership of BioPhage KG. Both companies are
involved in researching peptides for their potential in the diagnosis and treatment of
diseases such as cancer, asthma or Alzheimer's. Digilab BioVisioN uses a novel technology
to discover such peptides directly in human blood, urine or CSF, whereas BioPhage
determines such peptides by comparing the DNA of both sick and healthy individuals.
In 2003, Digilab BioVisioN and AstraZeneca signed an agreement for the discovery of
peptidic biomarkers of inflammatory disease.
In 2004, Digilab BioVisioN signed an agreement for evaluation of clinical samples
provided by Novartis using DPD technology to find clinically relevant peptides.
In 2005, Digilab BioVisioN signed an agreement with Abbott to discover novel
biomarkers for lung cancer in biological samples provided by Abbott.
In 2006 Digilab BioVisioN signed a contract with Boehringer Ingelheim for analysis of
quantitative peptide content of biological samples by using its Peptidomics®
Technologies to identify new biomarkers by differences in peptide patterns.
- 195 -
DxS Ltd
(a subsidiary of QIAGEN)
48 Grafton Street,
Manchester, M13 9XX, UK
Web site: http://www.dxsgenotyping.com/
Tel: +44-161-606 7201
Fax: +44-161-606 7313
Overview. DxS is a personalized medicine company providing molecular diagnostics to
aid physicians and pharmaceutical companies in selecting therapies for patients. DxS
offers products, technology and services to the healthcare industry to enable the delivery
of safe and effective medicines. Working predominantly in the field of cancer, DxS have a
range of companion diagnostic and research kits that detect mutations in oncogenes
associated with drug response. DxS is ISO 13485: 2003 and ISO 9001: 2000 certified for
the manufacture of medical devices and the provision of genetic analysis services and
technologies to the healthcare industry. On 23 Sep 2009, Qiagen acquired DxS in a deal
worth $130 million; $95 million in cash plus extra payments if certain milestones are met.
The acquisition provides Qiagen with a strong leadership position in the personalized
healthcare arena and it intends to establish a Center of Excellence in Pharma Partnering
at DxS' Manchester headquarters, which is expected to grow in size.
Technology/products. DxS genotyping process is based on Scorpions Technology - a
homogeneous or closed tube method with a simple mix and glow operation. A DNA
sample is added to a Scorpions test and an increase in fluorescence indicates the
genotype. There is no post-PCR manipulation and the use of two fluorescent dyes gives
single tube SNP analysis. Scorpions is a class leading PCR detection technology with
significant benefits over comparable approaches (see Chapter 2 for description).
In 2003, DxS launched its SAFEspot™ Blood Collection Card that is set to greatly simplify
sample collection for genotyping. ARMS™ is a simple, reliable and widely used method
for the detection of gene mutations and SNPs. The DxS EGFR Mutation Test Kit is a
molecular assay combining ARMS (allele specific PCR) and Scorpions, a rapid fluorescent
signaling system.
Tumor mutation products are available for research use for EGFR, RAS, RAF, BCR-ABL
and other genes that show a correlation between patient mutation status and drug
response. TheraScreen: EGFR29 kit is a real time PCR Assay based on Scorpions®
technology and mutation specific ARMS® primers. The test is highly selective and
sensitive, detecting 29 of the most common somatic mutations in the EGFR gene. The kit
maximises patient selection of likely responders by identifying mutation positive patients.
The kit detects mutations not visible by sequencing. It is a companion diagnostic for
treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapies for lung cancer.
DxS currently sells two EGFR products: the EGFR29 research kit and the CE-marked
diagnostic test called TheraScreen, which will be distributed in Europe early in 2009 by
Roche Diagnostics. TheraScreen K-RAS assay, which detects seven mutations found in
many cancer types, determines patients’ K-RAS mutation status and and is suitable as
companion diagnostic for Amgen's Vectibix (panitumumab) colorectal cancer therapy.
Services. DxS' services are valuable throughout drug development process and can: (1)
assist in the identification and selection of new leads; (2) help identify unsuitable targets
and candidates early in the process; (3) reduce the cost and increase the effectiveness of
clinical trials; and (4) give competitive advantage to a therapy.
Collaborations. DxS has several collaborations in the area of molecular diagnostics. In
2002, DxS entered into a licensing agreement for Scorpions technology with the
Advanced Diagnostic and Cellular Systems division of Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics, a
Johnson & Johnson Company.
- 196 -
In 2004. Sangtec Molecular Diagnostics signed a licence agreement with DxS to gain
access to Scorpions for the development of human in vitro clinical diagnostic kits. DxS
and BTG signed an exclusive licence with AstraZeneca to commercialize the company’s
proprietary ARMS™ DNA diagnostic technology. An extension of the agreement in 2006,
allows BTG and DxS to grant licences under the technology rights to ARMS and related
technologies from a combination of the licensable rights under both AstraZeneca and City
of Hope patents (US patents: #5,595,890, #5,137,806, #5,639,611).
In 2005, Cepheid licensed DxS' real-time PCR technology for use in the human in vitro
diagnostics market. It could be applicable to SmartCycler and GeneXpert systems.
In 2008, in a strategic cross-licensing agreement, Epigenomics AG obtained worldwide
nonexclusive rights to DxS' proprietary Scorpions® technology for R&D use, as well as an
option to expand the license to IVD, both in certain research kits as well as in its cancer
specialty diagnostics products. DxS in return receives an option for a worldwide nonexclusive license and further options to certain Epigenomics IP covering the use of
Scorpions® technology for DNA methylation applications.
In 2008, Amgen and Lab21 partner launched DxS’ bowel cancer companion Dx in
Europe. The assay, which was used in the pivotal clinical trial for the drug, Vectibix, will
be available in 22 EU countries. The launch of the companion diagnostic marks the first
time that the European Commission has licensed a bowel cancer treatment with the
stipulation that a predictive test should be carried out.
In 2008, Roche agreed to distribute two companion diagnostics for DxS: (1) TheraScreen
K-RAS Mutation Test, which detects seven mutations found in many cancer types and is
used in colorectal cancer cases, through a worldwide, exclusive agreement; and (2)
TheraScreen EGFR 29 Mutation Test, which detects mutations that correlate with
responsiveness to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and help physicians choose lung
cancer patients who are most likely to respond to treatment with EGFR tyrosine kinase
inhibitors. Roche has agreed to distribute this test exclusively to all global markets except
the US, Canada, Mexico, and Hong Kong. On 12 Feb 2010, Roche filed a lawsuit against
DxS alleging that the firm is trying to terminate the distribution deal for invalid reasons.
In 2008, DxS signed a non-exclusive global licensing agreement with the Wellcome Trust
to provide a research test for use in clinical trials for detection of the presence of the
V600E B-RAF mutation, which is found in melanomas, lung and thyroid cancers. The
V600E B-RAF mutation was identified by scientists at the Wellcome Trust and can be
found in around 36% to 40% of skin and thyroid cancers and up to 13% of cancers in the
large intestine. Researchers will use the test to determine a patient’s cancer mutation
status, which may predict how they respond to cancer therapies. If clinical trials are
successful, this could lead to a companion diagnostics to predict response for novel cancer
therapies for skin, thyroid and large intestine cancers.
In 2008, AltheaDx agreed to distribute DxS’ genetic assay for K-RAS mutations for use in
clinical studies in the US.
In January 2009, DxS expanded its licensing deal with Genzyme Genetics, which gives it
rights to develop and sell diagnostic and research products that detect mutations in the
EGFR gene for NSCLC in the US and Canada, extending them to worldwide coverage.
In July 2009, DxS signed an agreement with AstraZeneca to develop a companion
diagnostic for Iressa.
In September 2009, DxS signed an agreement with ImClone Systems (subsidiary of
Bristol-Myers Squibb and Eli Lilly) to develop a companion diagnostic for Erbitux.
On 4 February 2010, DxS and Pfizer Inc signed an agreement to develop a companion
diagnostic test kit for PF-04948568 (CDX-110), an immunotherapy vaccine in
development for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme. On 8 Feb 2010, DxS acquired
the global and exclusive licence for biomarker PI3K from Johns Hopkins University to
develop real-time-PCR and endpoint PCR assays.
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Dynal Biotech
Postal adress: P.O. Box 114, Smestad
N-0309 Oslo, Norway
Visiting address: Ullernschausseen 52, 0379 Oslo
Web site: http://www.lifetechnologies.com/
Tel: + 47 22 06 10 00
Fax: + 47 22 50 70 15
Overview. Dynal, now owned by Life Technologies, has pioneered biomagnetic
separation technology since 1986. Dynabeads are uniquely monodisperse and
superparamagnetic particles which are used in academic and industrial research as well
as clinical research and diagnostics. The Dynal head office is situated in Oslo, Norway
with subsidiaries in US, UK, France, Germany, Australia, China and Japan.
Technology. Dynal is established on the Dynabeads technology, the development of
magnetic monosized particles. The proprietary technology of Dynal Biotech currently
consists of 13 granted patents, 21 patent applications, 12 registered trademarks and 10
trademark applications. It also consists of in-licensed technology for processing and
application of biological substances.
Applications Magnetic beads are now widely used as a solid phase for automating
methods for isolation and detection of biomolecules in both research and routine
laboratories as well as in IVD. The technology enables high sensitivity and high
throughput of samples due to fast separation and the ability to scale down reaction
volumes. Magnetic beads are used for separating proteins, nucleic acids, hormones and
diseases markers as well as cells and bacteria. Examples are assays for cancer tumor
markers, sequencing of nucleic acids, isolation of mRNA for cloning and expression
profiling as well as isolation of proteins for proteome analysis.
HLA diagnostics. Dynal not only has a robust HLA typing platform, but also extensive
competence in probe/primer design and proven capability to produce excellent software
in-house. This, combined with an extensive understanding in the field of transplantation
has also led Dynal to explore potential applications including the effects of genotype on
immunosuppressive therapy, HLA antibody detection with recombinant proteins and
even HLA antibody removal.
Immunomagnetic separation of bacteria and protozoa. This is exploited by Dynal in the
areas of Food and Environmental Microbiology. In both applications, Dynabeads are
coated with high affinity antibodies to target microorganisms. Food or concentrated water
matrices are gently mixed with the Dynabeads and then the bead/microbe complex is
separated by applying a magnet. The remaining supernatant, containing contaminants, is
then discarded. The isolated bacteria (E. coliO157, other EPEC/VTECs, Salmonella,
Listeria) or parasites (Cryptosporidium, Giardia) can then be cultured or subjected to
other detection methods.
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ELITech Group
12-12 bis rue Jean Jaurès
92800 Puteaux, France
Web site: http://www.elitechgroup.com/
Tel: +33 (0)1 41 45 07 10
Fax: +33 (0)1 41 45 07 19
President: Pierre Debiais
Overview. ELITech Group, 2005, is a high-growth, profitable IVD company with global
sales and distribution capabilities in over 100 countries. The group offers clinical
chemistry, microbiology, immunology and electrophoresis products and operates
globally, leveraging products from its own clinical chemistry and microbiology equipment
and reagents facilities in Europe and North America, as well as complementary thirdparty products. In 2007, ELITech acquired Wescor Incto broaden its biomedical product
platform and to provide a base for business expansion in North America. In 2007, the
ELITech also acquired Vital Scientific BV in the Netherlands to allow the group to offer a
complete clinical chemistry solution. In June 2009, ELITech acquired WESCOR Inc, a
manufacturer of specialized clinical laboratory equipment. In September 2009, ELITech
acquired SERFIB, a private French company specialized in the development and
manufacture of well established microbiology and immunology kits. After divesting its
microaaray business in January 2010, Elitech plans to focus on its core strengths and to
enhance its molecular diagnostics and real-time PCR activities.
In June 2009, ELITech acquired Nanogen Inc (see separate profile), including its whollyowned subsidiary Nanogen Advanced Diagnostics, Epoch Biosciences Inc, and
Nanotronics Inc. The assets acquired by the ELITech constitute Nanogen's two primary
businesses: the molecular diagnostic business and the Point-of-Care (POC) business.
Under the terms of a separate agreement, Bay City Capital Fund V LP, which took part in
the financing of the purchase, will acquire the POC business and certain license rights to
the molecular diagnostic IP, while the ELITech will own and operate the molecular
diagnostic business. In addition to the new ELITech clinical systems range, this
acquisition will give the company a full microbiology range from specific culture media to
multiplexing serology systems to infectious diseases diagnostics and will enable ELITech
to reach critical mass within Europe and North America and leverage its channels of
distribution throughout the rest of the world.
Products. A detailed list of ELITech products is given on the company’s web site.
Collaborations. In September 2009, ELITech signed an agreement with Arkray Inc, a
Japanese multinational company specialized in diabetes testing and urinalysis, and
integrated it into the French subsidiary ELITech France by acquiring 34% of its capital
assets.
In September 2009, HandyLab signed a licensing agreement with ELITech for access to
Epoch Biosciences' seasonal influenza assay. The assay was developed in a previous
collaboration between CDC, Nanogen, The Medical College of Wisconsin, and HandyLab.
In addition, HandyLab has also licensed Epoch's newly developed H1N1 influenza assay.
On 28 January 2010, Gamida acquired electronic microarray technologies from Elitech,
which were originally acquired from Nanogen in July 2009, for $25.7 million. The deal
covers the all of the assets associated with the NC400 electronic microarray product line,
which is a nucleic acid profiling platform used in SNP applications. The technologies will
be developed and applied within the Gamida for Life Group, mainly by Gamidor
Diagnostics and Savyon Diagnostics.
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Enigma Diagnostics Limited
Building 224 Tetricus Science Park
Dstl Porton Down
Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, UK
Web site: http://www.enigmadiagnostics.com/
Tel: +44 (0)1980 590131
Fax: +44 (0)1980 590132
Email: info@enigmadiagnostics.com
Chairman: John McKinley
Overview. Enigma Diagnostics Ltd is a leader in developing rapid diagnostics for the
detection and identification of infectious organisms in environmental, clinical and
biological samples. Enigma develops portable and totally automated PCR-based
diagnostic instruments that provide rapid and decisive results in real time allowing the
user to take immediate action at the point-of-care (POC). The technology was originally
developed for biosecurity applications, and the Company is now targeting the clinical,
veterinary, defense and homeland security markets where sensitive and specific
diagnostics information is required rapidly at the point of testing. Enigma's commercial
objective is to maximize revenues from a continuous flow of rapid diagnostic POC and infield products. Enigma will follow a dual commercialization strategy of building an inhouse sales and marketing capability to direct distribution of its products and to partner
with market leaders where global penetration of markets is required.
Technology. Enigma has a focus on real-time PCR technology, which has become the
accepted gold-standard test for biological agents in clinical, veterinary and defense
laboratories throughout the world. Enigma’s growing range of innovative products
combine the speed and sensitivity of PCR with the simplicity needed for field-based and
POC tests. These products are based on an extensive portfolio of proprietary real-time
PCR technologies that include:

Automated sample preparation

Unique direct heating thermal cycling

Novel real-time PCR chemistries

Freeze-dried PCR reagents
Products. In 2006, the company launched Enigma FL, which was designed in
collaboration with the UK Ministry of Defence and is a fully automated, all-in-one DNA
detection system for the rapid identification of biothreat agents (bacteria or viruses) such
as anthrax. It combines the speed and sensitivity of real-time PCR with the simplicity
needed for field-based DNA tests. The entire process from collection of the raw sample
(e.g. soil, water, powder, blood) to delivery of an unequivocal end result can take less than
30 m. The system operates with ambient stored reagents in a single disposable cartridge
and meets the need for diagnostic systems that are portable and easy to use with minimal
operator training and expertise. This eliminates the logistics and training burden
associated with traditional PCR instruments that require refrigerated reagents and time
consuming manual sample processing. Enigma FL is also being developed for veterinary
applications, such as the detection of infectious diseases in livestock (e.g. pandemic avian
flu and foot-and-mouth-disease) where sensitive and specific diagnostic information is
required rapidly at point of sampling.
In 2007, Enigma successfully completed a project commissioned by the Defence Science
and Technology Laboratory to develop a rapid, POC DNA test for diagnosis of C.
trachomatis in the UK from multiple urine swab samples.
On 18 September 2008, Enigma received a £1.8 million ($3.3 million) grant from the UK
government’s Technology Strategy Board to help it develop its portable molecular
diagnostics system. Enigma is developing POC system that will run DNA-based tests for
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infectious diseases. The funding will support its program to develop tests for sexually
transmitted diseases, such as Chlamydia trachomatis, and healthcare-associated
infections, such as methicillin-resistant Steprococcus aureus. The portable, rapid,
automated DNA analysis, (PRADA) system is based on proprietary technology, while realtime molecular assays for the instrument are being developed by researchers at the Centre
for Healthcare Associated Infections at Nottingham University and Nottingham Trent
University. Enigma holds an exclusive license to a portfolio of patents from the UK
Ministry of Defence, as well as licenses from Life Technologies and Celera for the
commercialization of real-time PCR instruments.
Collaborations. In 2007, Enigma signed a new exclusive licence agreement with the
Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (DSTL) covering a broad range of
technologies, including Pyrostart, ResonSense and Temperature Control, which are
important elements of Enigma’s cutting-edge real-time PCR systems. These PCR systems
are being developed for the rapid detection and identification of infectious organisms,
such as bacteria and viruses, in clinical, environmental and biological samples. This new
agreement follows the initial licence agreement that Enigma signed with DSTL in 2004.
In 2008, Enigma licensed two patents related to PCR technology from Roche Molecular
Systems that will allow it to commercialize human and veterinary diagnostic tests
worldwide. The licenses are for the HybProbe real-time PCR chemistry and to
commercialize HybProbe molecular diagnostics. These will be combined to provide one
step POC tests for C. trachomatis, MRSA and influenza.
On 8 February 2010, the Tecan Group signed a 5-year manufacturing and supply
agreement to industrialize and deliver Enigma's ML instruments for the global market
and to manage the supply chain as well. This represents the first of a number of potential
additional agreements relating to Tecan's support of the Enigma ML system.
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Enzo Life Sciences
60 Executive Blvd.
Farmingdale NY, 11735, USA
Web site: https://www.enzolifesciences.com/lifesciences/index.asp
Tel: (631) 694-7070
Fax: (631) 694-7501
E-mail: custserv@enzobio.com
Overview. Enzo Life Sciences, a subsidiary of Enzo Biochem, is the source for
nonradioactive labeling and detection protocols and reagents for molecular biology
research, including microarray methods for both gene expression and genomic analysis.
In May 2007 Enzo acquired Axxora Life Sciences Inc, a privately owned global
manufacturer and marketer of life sciences research products, for approximately $16.3
million. Axxora, as a wholly owned subsidiary of Enzo, will greatly expand Enzo’s life
sciences product development, production and marketing capabilities.
Technologies/products. BioProbe® labeled DNA probes are similar in sensitivity to
radioactive probes, yet have a longer shelf life and possess less health risk and disposal
problems than do the radioactive ones. They are used to identify viruses and other
microorganisms. Other technologies relevant to molecular diagnostics are:

Microarray analysis

Nucleic acid labeling systems

In situ hybridization and detection systems

Human papillomavirus identification systems

Signal Generating Systems

A DNA labeling system is aimed at array Comparative Genomic Hybridization
In 2006, Enzo entered into the cytogenetics market as a result of a licensing agreement
with Children's Mercy Hospital & Clinics (Kansas City, MO). It will produce newly
patented single copy DNA probes that can identify the minutest strands of DNA, enabling
more effective treatment of genetic diseases and some cancers. Enzo plans to combine
FISH with human genome sequence information, which will allow visualization at levels
not achievable by other methods. Single copy DNA probes offer specificity in hybridizing
genetic chromosomes, not heretofore available, for identifying elusive strains of inherited
genetic diseases and cancers, enabling more precise clinical treatment. Other
commercially produced DNA probes, while important and useful, are limited to primarily
examining large sections of DNA in identifying relatively common genetic disorders.
Collaborations relevant to molecular diagnostics. Enzo supplies its reagent
products to Gene Logic Inc, which uses them for labeling and detecting gene sequences
with Flow-thru Chip probe arrays. Gene Logic has access to Enzo's technology for use in
developing gene expression data, profiles and genetic databases for research purposes.
Enzo has a non-exclusive worldwide distribution agreement with NEN Life Science
Products, which will distribute Enzo's reagents to the global research market.
In 2004, Enzo signed a supply/license agreement with GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) for its
proprietary RNA/DNA labeling, detection and amplification technology/products to
generate genomic information for supporting GSK’s research and development activities.
In 2010, Enzo gained exclusive distribution rights for New York and New Jersey to
ColonSentry, a PCR-based colon cancer risk-stratification test from GeneNews.
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Epidauros Biotechnologie AG
Am Neuland 1
82347 Bernried, Germany
Web site: http://www.epidauros.com/
Tel: +49(0)8158/9985 - 0
Fax: +49(0)8158/9985 - 48
E-Mail: info@epidauros.com
President and CEO: Dr. Manfred Zoltobrocki
Contact: Dr. Hans Peter Arnold, Sr Dir Business Development & Marketing
E-mail: hans-peter.arnold@epidauros.com
Overview. Epidauros, founded in 1997, is named after the most important sanctuary of
Asclepius, the Greek god of medicine and healing. The Company's mission is to optimally
tailor drugs to the individual patients' genetic profiles by pharmacogenetic tests. In
August 2007, Clinical Data Inc acquired privately held Epidauros for €8.75 million
($11.84 million).
Technologies/services relevant to molecular diagnostics. Epidauros investigates
the influence of polymorphisms on drug response, with individual and ethnic differences
playing a role in that reaction. Epidauros examines all three factors that impact drug
concentration and thus drug effect: polymorphisms in drug transporter proteins,
polymorphisms in metabolizing enzymes and polymorphisms in proteins - drug targets. If
a causal link can be established between certain polymorphisms and a certain drug
effects, Epidauros patents this correlation and develops pharmacogenetic tests based
upon it. The results of the investigation of the MDR-1 gene, the enzymes of the CYP 3A
family and the CYP 2D6 gene are just a few examples of the cutting-edge research coming
out of the Company's laboratories.
Collaborations. In 2003, LGC, an analytical laboratory based in the UK, granted
Epidauros a non-exclusive license to CYP2D6*4 variant of the cytochrome P450 2D6
gene, which encodes a liver enzyme for metabolism of analgesics and antidepressants.
Epidauros further licensed it to Roche, which has incorporated the marker into its
AmpliChip CYP2D6 test.
In 2006, Tm Bioscience gained a co-license to Epidauros's patents on a specific biomarker
related to the P450-CYP2D6 gene. Tm Bioscience will provide an upfront signing fee and
royalties on sales of P450 Tag-It tests that include this biomarker.
In 2006, Genmark Diagnostics signed an agreement for a non-exclusive license to
Epidauros’ patent application on 2988G>A, a genetic variant related to the cytochrome
P450 2D6. This could be used in combinatorial analysis with further genetic variants of
CYP2D6 as a predictive biomarker for impaired enzymatic function putting patients at
higher risk for nonresponsiveness or adverse drug reactions.
In March 2007, Epidauros signed a non-exclusive licensing agreements for its biomarker
patents with Luminex Molecular Diagnostics, Nanogen, and Nanosphere to allow the
companies to use its CYP2D6 IPas a predictive marker for responsiveness and adverse
drug reactions.
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Epigenomics AG
Kleine Präsidentenstrasse 1
D-101785 Berlin, Germany
Web site: http://www.epigenomics.com/
Tel: +49-30-24 34 5-0
Fax: +49-30-24 34 55 55
E-mail: contact@epigenomics.com
CEO: Geert Nygaard
Overview. Epigenomics is a biotechnology company pioneering personalized medicines.
In 2000, Epigenomics merged with ORCA Biosciences Inc in Seattle, USA (now a
subsidiary as Epigenomics Inc) - an early stage company developing screening tests for
detecting cancer based on DNA methylation. By detecting DNA methylation patterns, the
"on" and "off" signs for genes, Epigenomics can create a digitized readout (Digital
Phenotype) for each tissue. The comparison of healthy and sick tissue enables an exact
diagnosis of disease at a very early stage and reveals new therapeutic opportunities. The
combination of diagnosis and therapy, based on this epigenetic information and its robust
proprietary technology, is leading the way to improving patients' quality of life.
Epigenomics is the world's first and only company focusing exclusively on DNA
methylation and its importance in the post-genomic age.
Technologies relevant to molecular diagnostics. Epigenomics’ unique technology
enables very efficient detection of DNA methylation patterns on an industrial scale (see
Chapter 7). Epigenomics had successfully identified over 200 Methylated Sequence Tags
or DNA based markers that could be used for early detection of colon cancer. The pattern
of bound DNA, which is fluorescence labeled, is finally detected in a scanner. By
combining modified DNA chemistries with sophisticated arraying methods and MALDI
mass spectometry, Epigenomics also established a powerful proprietary technology
platform for the screening of very high numbers of methylation sites per sample. Mass
application of Epigenomics' biochemical methods and protocols are not possible without
using fully automated high-throughput laboratory systems. Epigenomics has developed a
powerful process for the fast, inexpensive and flexible production of any specified chip.
Another increasingly important focus lies on the full integration of entire processes such
as array design, array synthesis, amplification, hybridization, detection and data storage,
and analysis. Epigenomics has developed a number of proprietary procedures for the use
of MALDI-TOF for very high throughput analysis of DNA methylation.
In 2005, Epigenomics showed that its proprietary DNA methylation markers are closely
correlated with disease recurrence and prediction of therapy response in early breast
cancer. Specific DNA methylation markers, including PITX2, will be incorporated into a
test that will provide physicians with clinically relevant information that may spare
approximately half of estrogen-dependent, node-negative breast cancer patients from
going through the discomfort and side effects of chemotherapy.
Collaborations. In 2003, Epigenomics gained access to two new technologies through a
licensing agreement with Johns Hopkins University (Baltimore MD) and an option
agreement with Australia's Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research
Organisation Division of Molecular Science, for the early detection of solid tumors. In
2003, Roche started collaboration with Epigenomics, valued at $107.4 million, to develop
tests based on methylation markers for detecting cancers in their earliest stages,
predisposition to cancer and to which drugs the disease might respond.
In 2005, QIAGEN and Epigenomics agreed to develop a portfolio for DNA methylation
analysis for preclinical research and to have full compatibility for use in IVD.
In 2006, Epigenomics agreed to continue collaboration with AstraZeneca to identify and
analyse potential DNA methylation biomarker candidates for oncology.
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In 2006, Epigenomics started collaboration with Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford
University to determine the potential complementary benefits of molecular imaging
technologies and DNA methylation biomarkers in early colon cancer diagnosis.
In January 2008, Epigenomics entered into a strategic cross-licensing agreement with
DxS Ltd to obtain rights to proprietary Scorpions® technology for R&D as well as an
option to expand the license to the IVD field. Epigenomics intends to use this technology
both in certain research kits as well as potentially in its cancer specialty diagnostics
products. DxS in return receives an option for license to certain Epigenomics IP covering
the use of Scorpions® technology for DNA methylation applications.
In February 2008, Epigenomics licensed its DNA methylation biomarker Septin 9 to
Quest Diagnostics, for developing a blood test to detect colorectal cancer as a supplement
to conventional methods of screening, e.g. colonoscopy and fecal occult blood tests.
In December 2008, Epigenomics signed an agreement with Royal Philips Electronics to
jointly perform feasibility studies aimed at developing a fully automated instrument
platform for diagnosing certain cancers based on DNA methylation biomarkers.
On 28 April 2009, Epigenomics signed a non-exclusive licensing agreement for its
proprietary DNA methylation biomarker mGSTP1 with Predictive Biosciences to
commercialize a molecular diagnostic that can help urologists and pathologists better
diagnose and manage prostate cancer.
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Eppendorf AG
Barkhausenweg 1
22339 Hamburg, Germany
Web site: http://www.eppendorf.com/
Tel: +49 40 53 8010
Fax: +49 40 53 801-556
CEO: Klaus Fink
Contact: Jörn Peplow, Corporate Communications (peplow.j@eppendorf.de)
Overview. Eppendorf, founded in 1945, is a biotechnology company, which develops,
produces and distributes systems for use in life science research laboratories worldwide.
Its product range includes pipettes, dispensers and centrifuges as well as consumables
such as micro test tubes and pipette tips. In addition, Eppendorf provides instruments
and systems for cell manipulation, automated devices for liquid handling, complete
equipment for DNA amplification and biochips. Eppendorf has subsidiaries in 17
countries and is represented in all other markets by distributors. The company has more
than 2,000 employees worldwide and subsidiaries in 20 countries. In 2008, the
company’s sales revenues were €410 ($590) million with earnings of €72 ($103) million.
Product relevant to molecular diagnostics. DualChip microarray contains two
identical microarrays that are enclosed in an easy-to-fill hybridization frame, thereby
ensuring simple handling, which is a major product advantage. Pathway-focused
DualChip® microarrays offer the quickest and easiest method for performing gene
expression analyses of the highest quality. Even at first glance, these predefined lowdensity DNA microarrays stand apart from conventional microarrays, and their
uniqueness and innovation extend far beyond what is visible on the surface. The unique
Xmer® probe technology features 200-400 nucleotides long sense DNA to provide
maximum signal with minimal background. Each Xmer® is in silico designed and tested
in real hybridization experiments. It is a complete analysis system with a comprehensive
set of controls ensures that all steps of the experiment are checked, all spots are
normalized and all signals are statistically validated-automatically. DualChip® kits
contain all of the components necessary to complete hybridization experiments.
RAF (real-time array PCR cycle) is a fully automated combination of multiplex PCR
real-time detection on microarray to reduce testing time. It has multiple potential
applications including combination of diagnostics with therapeutics in oncology,
genotyping and diagnosis of infections. A 47-plus panel for detection of bacteria and their
antibiotic resistance in ventilator-associated pneumonia is currently being tested.
The Eppendorf hybridization system containing Thermomixer comfort with Thermoblock
for Slides DC form the perfect complement for DualChip® micro arrays. Controlled
mixing and a homogenous temperature distribution lead to highly reproducible results
that feature excellent signal-to-noise ratios. The DualChip system does not require
expensive system components.
epMotion is used for fast and efficient processing of repetitive dispensing steps. It
minimizes user fatigue and stress, and improves the throughput, performance and
standardization of our respiratory virus real-time PCR assays.
The TF Chip Stem Cell kit enables profiling the status of a stem cell culture by 12 specific
transcription factors in one assay. Two identical arrays are spotted on one slide and allow
a direct comparison of two samples treated differently.
Collaborations. In 2005, PerkinElmer and Eppendorf signed a co-marketing agreement
to jointly promote microarray technology involving Eppendorf's DualChip™ content
arrays with PerkinElmer's ScanArray™ Microarray Analysis System. The combination of
the novel DualChip technology and the user-friendly scanning protocols of ScanArray GX
provides a complete solution from array processing to data analysis.
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EraGen Biosciences
918 Deming Way
Madison, WI 53717, USA
Web site: http://www.eragen.com/
Tel: (608) 662-9000
E-mail: info@eragen.com
CEO: Irene Hrusovsky MD
Contact: Samraat S. Raha, Chief Business Officer
Overview. EraGen Biosciences is a leader in the field of genomics-based solutions
through its development and application of novel nucleic acid and interpretive proteomics
technology. In 2002, EraGen received funding from the NIH to develop a series of rapid
tests targeted at detecting single copies of category A bioweapon agents. EraGen was
awarded federal funding to develop an automated screening system for cystic fibrosis in
collaboration with the University of Wisconsin.
Technology relevant to molecular diagnostics. AEGIS (An Expanded Genetic
Information System). At the core of this technology are novel base pairs that are readily
processed by naturally occurring enzymes. The expansion of this alphabet to include up to
8 new bases forms the foundation of AEGIS platform. Two of these new bases, isoC and
isoG, have been combined with the natural genetic alphabet in order to produce the
Company’s novel nucleic acid testing and diagnostic technologies, GENE-CODE, MULTICODE and ERA-CODE. The technology is flexible across multiple formats: in solution,
beads, microarrays, and microtiter plates. Key biochemical attributes have been used to
develop novel approaches to high throughput genotyping, high throughput quantification
/detection, cloning and nanotechnology.
GeneCode Genotyping. This is EraGen's premier endpoint based genotyping system that
allows rapid genotyping of polymorphic sites in genomic DNA samples without the need
for post-amplification processing such as gel electrophoresis. Additionally, the system
allows the investigator the option of running samples in single-plex or multi-plex format.
GeneCode Quantitation. This is a real-time system that allows for rapid genotyping of
samples without requiring the investigator to quantify samples prior to analysis. The
system also allows the investigator to analyze sample in single-plex or multi-plex format.
MultiCode. This is EraGen's solid phase one reaction, one hybridization multiplexing
platform that reduces the time and cost when compared to present technologies. This
genotyping technology enables the analysis of multiple SNPs (up to 50) per reaction well,
96-wells at a time without washing or post-reaction manipulations. In 2006, EraGen
developed a MultiCode diagnostic panel to address a range of clinical and research
applications for respiratory diseases to include SARS and avian flu.
EraCode. This is EraGen's molecular recognition technology. Capture experiments using
ERA-Codes can be performed at room temperature, virtually eliminating background
noise and the necessity of washing the support.
Products. EraGen has a rapid and accurate test to detect Bacillus anthracis based on
AEGIS technologies. The Company’s DNA scanning platforms can detect organisms used
as biological weapons. In less than one hour, these tests are able to determine the level of
exposure with sensitivity of detection down to one genome. In 2003, EraGen developed a
new SARS specific assay test using its proprietary Gene-Code technology.
Collaborations relevant to molecular diagnostics. In 2009, EraGen licensed the
use of Illumina's BeadXpress platform to develop and commercialize molecular-based,
high-throughput, clinical assays using its MultiCode-PLx technology. On 21 April 2011,
EraGen received access to Applied BioCode's barcoded magnetic bead technology and CEMarked BioCode-1000 system, which EraGen will couple with its MultiCode-PLx assays
for analyzing nucleic acid targets in infectious disease and genetic testing.
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Esoterix Inc
4509 Freidrich Lane Building 1, Suite 100
Austin, TX 78744, USA
Web site: http://www.esoterix.com/
Tel: (512) 225-1100
Fax : (512) 225-1250
Contact: Gregory T. Stelzer, PhD, Senior VP and Chief Scientific Officer
Overview. Esoterix Inc provides technology-based laboratory services and information
solutions to enhance healthcare providers' ability to manage and care for patients. At the
core of the Esoterix approach is its family of specialized esoteric laboratories. In 2005,
Laboratory Corporation of America acquired Esoterix.
Services. Services of the following Esoterix laboratories are relevant to molecular
diagnostics:
Esoterix Molecular Genetics (Eden Prairie, MN) provides innovative, cost-effective testing
in the areas of constitutional genetics, molecular oncology, SNP analysis, and complex
gene testing including paraffin block analysis. In coordination with the family of Esoterix
reference laboratories, Esoterix Molecular Genetics is positioned to provide the most
responsive diagnostic testing, on-going patient monitoring and integrated laboratory
reporting to provide the resources needed for quality patient care. The services are as
follows:

Constitutional cytogenetics, analysis on peripheral blood, amniocytes products of
conception and skin biopsies

Molecular cytogenetics, or FISH, used for the detection of aneuploidy,
microdeletions and translocations in both cancer and constitutional analysis

Southern blot and PCR technologies to diagnose heritable diseases and detect
genetic changes associated with cancer

Parentage testing from buccal swab, cord blood, prenatal and post-mortem
specimens
Esoterix Oncology, well known as Cytometry Associates, uses advanced technology and
medical expertise to offer fully integrated oncology testing including cancer cytogenetics,
flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, and molecular diagnostics. Services are available
at various locations in the US.
Esoterix Infectious Disease Center (San Antonio, Texas), formerly Virus Reference
Laboratory is a specialized provider of laboratory services focused exclusively on assisting
clients in diagnosing, monitoring and treating patients with microbial diseases. As a
multi-discipline facility, Esoterix Infectious Disease Center offers services in molecular
diagnostics, virology, bacteriology, parasitology, mycology, serology, immunology and
flow cytometry. In 2000, Esoterix launched HIVComplete, the first comprehensive testing
and information service focusing on the management of HIV.
In 2002, Esoterix Infectious Disease Center launched HCVComplete, which includes HCV
Antibody (Anti-HCV), HCV confirmed by RIBA, HCV RNA by PCR in qualitative,
quantitative and ultra sensitive quantitative platforms as well as ALT (Alanine
Aminotransferase). It also features HCVMap, which employs bi-directional DNA
sequencing developed by Visible Genetics to classify all major HCV genotypes and their
most common subtypes.
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Eurogentech
LIEGE Science Park
Rue Bois Saint-Jean 5
4102 Ougrée, Belgium
Web site: http://www.eurogentec.com/
Tel : +32 4 372 74 00
Fax: +32 4 264 07 88
E-mail: info@eurogentec.com
Chief Executive Officer: Jean-Pierre Delwart
Overview. Eurogentec was founded in 1985 as a spin-off of the University of Liège
(Belgium). Its mission is to design and deliver reliable and innovative services and
products for the Life-Science community. As a leading supplier for genomic and
proteomic research, Eurogentec is able to offer its customers integrated solutions,
whether they use DNA, antibodies, peptides or proteins as research tools. Eurogentec also
offers research and development services for the biopharmaceutical industry. In 2003,
Epoch Biosciences Inc, a provider of proprietary products that accelerate genomic
analysis, sold assets and customer base of its specialty oligonucleotide operations located
in San Diego, California to Eurogentec.
Services relevant to molecular diagnostics. Tools for Genomics and Proteomics
department offers oligonucleotide synthesis with a large range of modifications,
oligonucleotides for IVD, real-time PCR products, DNA microarray services and a wide
range of kits and consumables. It also gathers know-how in the design of peptides, either
for antibody production or bioactive peptide purposes. Antibody production in a wide
range of animal models as well as peptide-, antibody- and protein-arrays are also amongst
its expertise.
The universal Reverse Transcriptase Core kit can be combined with each qPCR Core kit or
qPCR MasterMix, available from Eurogentec. The qPCR can be performed using specific
probes, like double-dye oligonucleotides, or non-specific intercalating dyes, like SYBR®
green I.
Collaborations. Eurogentec participates in innovative research projects through
strategic alliances with other companies and academic laboratories. It is a member in
various types consortia of European research projects. It has collaborative agreement with
the German Cancer Research Center DKFZ and the Molecular Biology Center EMBL
(Heidelberg, Germany), the Pasteur Institute of Paris, the INRA, the CNRS, the INSERM,
the IGBMC and various private companies such as GPC (Munich, Germany), SanofiAventis and GlaxoSmithKline. Eurogentec is also involved in the spin-off Probiox, aiming
to develop new biochips to detect oxidative stress.
In 2003, a long-term license agreement signed with Exiqon including co-development
projects on LNA-based genomics products will allow Eurogentec to market products and
custom oligos enhanced by LNA.
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Exact Sciences Corporation
441 Charmany Drive
Madison, WI 53719, USA
Web site: http://www.exactlabs.com/
Tel: 608-284-5700
Fax: 608-284-5701
E-mail: xactinfo@exactlabs.com
CEO: Kevin Conroy
Overview. Exact Sciences Corporation (EXACT) is an applied genomics company that to
play a leading role in the eradication of common cancers by applying advances in the field
of genomics to facilitate early detection of disease, e.g. colorectal cancer (CRC).
Technology. EXACT is developing powerful and patented technologies for specimen
collection and preparation, and for cancer detection. These technologies can help to
isolate human DNA from the sea of bacterial DNA in stool over 99% of the time and
detect the mutated DNA. EXACT's technologies demonstrated high sensitivity and
specificity for colorectal cancer and employed patient-friendly (i.e., non-invasive) sample
collection methods. A new DNA purification method demonstrated an average 5.4-fold
increase in the quantity of human DNA that can be retrieved, or captured, from fecal
samples compared to the Company's older, bead-based capture technology.
According to a presentation on 28 October 2010, Cologuard™, a CRC screening test based
on stool DNA changes, demonstrated a sensitivity of 64% for precancerous lesions and
85% for cancerous lesions and a specificity of 88% in a validation study. Quantitative
Allele-specific Real-time Target and Signal (QUARTS) amplification assay technology was
used to develop Cologuard, as well as the markers contained in the test. The study took
three distinct pathways, using four DNA methylation markers, two DNA mutation
markers, and a human blood protein marker. One potential shortcoming of the test is that
it was not especially sensitive at detecting late-stage cancer, i.e. 69% sensitivity for Stage 4
colorectal cancer and Exact Sciences hopes to improve that. A prospective trial to be
completed in 2012 is aimed at gaining FDA approval for this test.
EXACT is also developing a test for detection of H. pylori DNA in stools.
Collaborations. In 2002, EXACT and Laboratory Corporation of America (LabCorp)
created an exclusive, long-term strategic partnership to commercialize PreGen-Plus for
the early detection of CRC in the average-risk population. In addition to certain royalty
fees, LabCorp could pay EXACT Sciences as much as $75 million in upfront, milestone
and performance-based payments for a 5-year exclusive license, followed by a nonexclusive license for the life of the patents.
In 2007, EXACT extended a licensing agreement for its long-DNA biomarker technology,
DIA, with NorDiag. which will use it to identify abnormal apoptosis at the molecular level,
in its CRC-screening tests in Europe, Japan, and Australia.
In January 2009, EXACT sold to Genzyme IP assets related to the fields of prenatal and
reproductive health in a deal that is expected to provide the firm with a cash infusion of
$24.5 million. In addition, it has sold to Genzyme 3 million shares of its common stock.
The companies also amended their licensing deal of 1999, giving EXACT additional rights
necessary to distribute FDA-cleared kits for stool-based detection of disease and CRC
screening based on the detection of APC and P53 mutations. The amended license and
assumption by Genzyme of certain patent costs will reduce EXACT's cash outlays.
In October 2009, Exact licensed Invader platform from Hologiitc, which intends to
couple with digital PCR technology it had licensed from Johns Hopkins University to
develop a stool-based DNA test for colorectal cancer screening.
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Exagen Diagnostics Inc
801 University Blvd. SE, Suite 209
Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
Web site: http://www.exagen.com/
Tel: 505/272-7966; Fax: 505/272-7965
Email: BusinessDevelopment@exagen.com; info@exagen.com
CEO: Scott Glenn
Overview. Exagen, founded in 2002 as a spin-off of Quasar International, is a molecular
diagnostics company that is focused on identifying and developing genomic biomarker
sets for diagnostic, prognostic and predictive treatment response tests for a number of
disease categories. These disease categories include cancer, digestive disorders, and
infectious disease treatment response. Exagen is developing products for disease
prognosis and therapy management that are expected to significantly improve clinical
outcomes and facilitate the development of personalized medicine. In October 2010,
Exagen purchased Cypress Bioscience Inc’s diagnostic business.
Technology. Exagen's proprietary computational engine, Coperna™, can identify gene
biomarker sets in a matter of weeks as opposed to months or years. Coperna enables a
significant number of computations to quickly identify small, precise sets of genomic
biomarkers that are most meaningful for diagnosis, prognosis, or treatment response by
patients with a given disease. The complexity and power of the Coperna technology
enables Exagen to design and develop numerous molecular diagnostics for clinical
applications including disease diagnosis, assessment of disease recurrence and
determining a patient's response to treatment prior to start. Exagen is not limited to
delivering tests within a particular disease category or test platform. Rather, its delivery
system allows for its assays to be brought to market on the most convenient and effective
testing platform appropriate for the assay. Exagen can assist pharmaceutical companies
by identifying genomic biomarkers to select patients who are most likely to respond to the
study drug. This will assist in the development of targeted and personalized therapeutics.
Products. eXaIBD: a genomic test for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
eXaIBS: a genomic test for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
eXaUCCD: genomic technology to differentiate ulcerative colitis from Crohn's disease.
AVISE-PG is a specialized test that measures how well the body metabolizes methotrexate
AVISE MCV for diagnosis and prognosis of rheumatoid arthritis.
Exagen is currently developing two breast cancer prognostic assays, eXagenBC™ for
estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor positive (ER/PR+) patients and another test for
ER/PR- patients. Both tests use FISH technology to assess the likelihood of breast cancer
recurrence in women with newly diagnosed, early stage invasive ductal breast cancer.
eXagenBC has been submitted for 510(k) clearance.
Exagen is developing 2 blood tests for prognosis of hepatitis C: (1) to identify patients
most likely to respond to the standard treatment regimen with interferon and ribavirin;
and (2) to identify patients that show evidence of liver damage.
Collaborations. On 23 May 2011, Exagen and Medco Research Institute began a pilot
program “Novel Interventions in Methotrexate Boosts Levels of Effectiveness (NIMBLE)”
to specifically targets low-dose methotrexate (MTX) therapy for rheumatoid arthritis,
which is difficult to optimize for individual patients because of the high variability in
absorption, excretion, and metabolism rates for each patient. Exagen's Avise PG lab test
will be used to measure MTX polyglutamate levels, the active metabolites of MTX, which
can provide information about how MTX is being absorbed, retained, and metabolized by
a patient, leading to better dosing and greater efficacy.
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Exiqon A/S
Skelstedet 16
DK-2950 Vedbæk, Denmark
Web site: http://www.exiqon.com/
Tel: +45 (45) 66 08 88
Fax: +45 (45) 66 18 88
E-mail: exiqon@exiqon.com
President & CEO: Lars Kongsbak (lk@exiqon.com)
Overview. Exiqon is the global provider of locked nucleic acid (LNA™) and a leading
supplier of high-value gene expression analysis products and web-based software tools to
help scientists achieve rapid and reliable results. Its product portfolio includes
miRCURY™ product line for miRNA research as well as custom LNA™ oligonucleotides.
Its California-based subsidiary, Oncotech, is renamed as Exiqon Diagostics.
Technologies. LNA™ nucleosides give rise to an increased thermal stability and
discriminative power of duplexes resulting in various unique features. Applications are:

miRNA analysis. The high-affinity LNA based miRCURY™ probes for detection of
miRNAs in Northern blot and/or ISH assays are now available. miRCURY™ LNA
Knockdown probes can determine miRNA function. Exiqon's first miRNA-based
diagnostic to predict colon cancer recurrence is slated for introduction in 2009.
Approval from the New York State Department of Health will be sought.

Allele-specific PCR priming and gene expression analysis by real-time PCR.

miRCURY LNA™ miRNA PCR system is a fast and easy way to accurately quantify
mature miRNAs by real-time PCR.

Probes for cytogenetics (FISH) and comparative genomic hybridization

SNP detection

Fluorescence Polarization probes

Molecular Beacons

Capture probes for expression microarrays
Collaborations. In 2003, Exiqon signed a supply agreement allowing Link Technologies
to market and sell LNA-phosphoramidites for the genomics research market in Europe.
In 2005, Exiqon signed an agreement naming Roche Diagnostics as sole distributor of its
ProbeLibrary Kits for real-time PCR. In 2006, Exiqon signed an agreement to co-develop
and commercialize miRNA products based on its LNA™ and Luminex's xMAP®
technology. FlexmiR, which can provide more than 6,300 data points in just 4 h, was
launched.
In 2008, Exiqon started collaboration with the MD Anderson Cancer Center (Houston,
TX) to seek miRNA biomarkers for breast cancer through using its miRCURY LNA
nucleotide products. The focus is on identifying miRNA expression signatures associated
with the relapse and progression of breast cancer, and Exiqon aims to develop and
validate diagnostic tools that could be used to guide patient management.
On 21 June 2010, Exiqon granted a non-exclusive license for its LNA technology to
Becton Dickinson for the development of diagnostics for infectious diseases. BD will
market a number of defined LNA-enhanced products to run on its BD Max nextgeneration system for molecular diagnostics based on real-time PCR.
On 20 July 2010, Roche joined marketing forces with Exiqon for its real-time assays and
Exiqon's miRCURY LNA™ Universal RT microRNA qPCR system, which will compement
each other.
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ExonHit Therapeutics SA
65 Boulevard Masséna
75013 Paris, France
Web site: http://www.exonhit.com/
Tel: +33 (0) 1 53 94 77 00
Fax: +33 (0) 1 53 94 77 07
E-mail: Pleaseforward@exonhit.com
President of Management Board: Loic Maurel MD
Overview. ExonHit is a clinical-stage drug discovery and development company. By
applying its alternative RNA splicing technology to specific diseases, it has generated five
active therapeutic programs. The lead programs are in the field of neurodegenerative
disease, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson's disease, and dementia. It also
has therapeutic programs in cancer and retinal disorders. It is also developing molecular
diagnostics for cancer. On 26 April 2010, ExonHit signed an agreement for the
acquisition of RedPath Integrated Pathology Inc, a privately held US molecular diagnostic
company, focused on cancer (2009 turnover $5.4 million). If approved by shareholders,
ExonHit will pay an upfront of $12.5 million in cash and $10 million in stock.
Technology. Exonhit's pipeline was built around insights gained through the application
of its patented genomic profiling technology, DATAS™ (Differential Analysis of
Transcripts with Alternative Splicing). The company has no in-licensed compounds.
DATAS™ is utilized to identify genes whose splice variants produce abnormal proteins
which may trigger or contribute to the development of disease. This technology is based
on a process called alternative RNA splicing, and yields information not readily accessible
through other means.
SpliceArray™ microarray: RNA splicing analysis platform covering the entire genome.
Patents. ExonHit has secured its expertise in the discovery and development of
diagnostic tests through 3 groups of patents:
1.
US 6,251,590 / EP 1,062,364 - DATAS™ technology for the identification of splicing
events specific for particular pathological condition.
2. US 6,881,571 / EP 1,062,364 – microarrays designed specifically to analyse for predetermined splice events. These microarrays comprise junction oligos and/or exonor intron-specific oligos.
3. US 6,372,432 / EP 1,198,595 - new compositions and methods for the detection of
pathological events from blood.
Molecular diagnostics. Blood-based AD test. ExonHit has several studies as part of the
EHTDx21 project. In 2007, ExonHit developed a test, based on hybridizing RNA isolated
from blood on an Affymetrix microarray, to identify patients suffering from AD. The test,
based on a panel of 60 biomarkers, can differentiate AD patients from healthy individuals
and other forms of dementias. ExonHit has provided the pharmaceutical industry with its
first version of the EHTDx21 test and so becomes one of the first worldwide firms to offer
a blood diagnostic test devoted to this pathology. A launch is anticipated in Europe by 1Q
2011. As of February 2010, the company is in discussing with the FDA about the correct
path for possible 2012 launch of its IVD.
Atherosclerosis. ExonHit’s goal is to identify a panel of genes from different cells in the
blood that characterize the stage of development of the plaques. These panels will then be
used to design custom microarrays which can serve as a basis for the development of a
blood based diagnostic for atherosclerosis.
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE). ExonHit has discovered five blood-based
diagnostic biomarkers that enable discrimination of live cattle infected with BSE from
uninfected cattle. The signatures function in a population containing both male and
female animals, as well as naturally and experimentally infected animals. The signatures
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are ready to be transferred to a commercial blood-based diagnostic platform for
validation on a larger number of animals.
Predictive blood-based diagnostic for breast cancer. ExonHit has applied its gene
profiling technology DATAS™ to blood samples of both healthy women and women with
breast cancer, which led to the identification and isolation of a set of spliced variants that
were expressed differently in diseased and healthy women. These signatures have been
applied to bioMérieux' diagnostics platform, which uses Affymetrix GeneChip®
microarrays, to identify the most significant diagnostic markers in blood samples. This
test is capable of correctly classifying 86.5% of the controls and 92.7% of the breast
cancers.
EHT Dx14, a novel breast cancer diagnostic biomarker was developed using ExonHit’s
SpliceArray™ platform and licensed from Institut Gustave Roussy in May 2009. Its
launch as a ‘research use only’ product for oncology centers is planned in 2010. The test
will be ExonHit’s first nonblood-based assay, and the signature can distinguish between
malignant breast tumors and benign lesions ExonHit also has two therapeutic research
programs in oncology, EHT 101 and EHT 107.
Collaborations. ExonHit elected to enter the diagnostics market through the
partnership forged with bioMérieux focused on developing blood-based diagnostics for
multiple cancer indications. This enables the company to leverage its expertise in
identifying disease-specific biomarkers, its IP position and its exclusive access to disease
information with bioMérieux's ability to develop and commercialize innovative blood and
tissue diagnostics. Collaboration, aimed at identifying biomarkers and developing tests
for colon cancer, was discontinued on 8 March 2010, but the companies plan to continue
working together to find biomarkers and develop tests for early-stage prostate cancer.
In May 2009, ExonHit obtained an exclusive, worldwide license from IGR to develop a
molecular diagnostic for breast cancer. The test will be designed to work on fine needle
aspiration samples and is based on an RNA splice variant signature identified by IGR
researchers. ExonHit will have access to samples from ICR’s biobank.
On 14 June 2010, ExonHit signed an agreement with Genmab A/S for a selection of novel
splice variants, identified as part of a successful pilot study, which have the potential to be
therapeutic targets for breast cancer. Genmab retains exclusive development and
commercialization rights on 10 events out of a breast cancer database developed using
ExonHit’s genome-wide SpliceArray™ technology.
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Exosome Diagnostics Inc
c/o Sheldon Hirshon
Proskauer Rose LLP
1585 Broadway
New York, NY, 10036, USA
Web site: http://www.exosomedx.com/
Tel: (646) 792-6192
Email: contact@exosomedx.com
Chairman & Chief Executive Officer: James R. McCullough
Overview. Exosome Diagnostics Inc (EDI) is focused on commercializing proprietary
genetics-based diagnostics in oncology and endocrinology. Exosome-derived RNA testing
has the potential to improve the diagnosis of new cancers, identify the occurrence of
postoperative cancers and more precisely monitor the efficacy of drug therapies. Its lead
commercial effort is the development of a series of oncology diagnostics based on its
proprietary exosome/RNA genetic discovery platform.
Technology. Cells in the body normally shed small microvesicles or ‘exosomes’ into the
blood and other body fluids as a way of cell-cell communication. These exosomes contain
significant amounts of mRNA and miRNA as well as most of the transcriptome of their
parent cell. Tumor cells are very active at shedding their exosomes into the blood supply.
These tumor exosomes and their constituent RNAs are biomarkers that contain unique
genetic information about the tumor, its type, extent of malignancy as well as
susceptibility to therapy. EDI has shown that the isolation of RNA using exosomes can
give pure RNA and developed an easy way to extract high quality RNA from large
amounts of serum. Exosome RNA isolation and subsequent analysis provides an
opportunity to increase the diagnostic sensitivity of circulating RNA in blood. EDI is
currently expanding its technology to applications like metabolic and inflammatory
disease including diabetes, irritable bowel syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis.
Scientists at the Harvard Medical School have shown that tumor-derived nanovesicles in
the blood represent a biomarker for getting information about a glioblastoma of the brain
without a biopsy, thereby offering a means of choosing the best therapy and monitoring
patient response to treatment. EDI has licensed this technology for further development
as a blood-based diagnostic test for the management of brain tumor patients.
Collaborations. In June 2009, EDI and DxS Ltd started collaboration to develop blood
based companion diagnostics for key cancer gene mutations, such as KRAS, BRAF and
EGFR using DxS’ Scorpions® real-time PCR Mutation Test Kits in conjunction with EDI’s
xOS technology which harvests high-quality nucleic acids from blood exosomes.
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Fluidigm Corporation
7000 Shoreline Court, Suite 100
South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
Web site: http://www.fluidigm.com/
Tel: 650-266-6000
Fax: 650-871-7152
CEO: Gajus Worthington
Overview. Fluidigm develops and distributes systems based on integrated fluidic circuits
(IFCs). Its systems can play a vital role in the advancement of life sciences and allied
fields, including molecular diagnostics and personalized medicine. With IFCs, scientists
are ableto conceive of and implement large, complex studies that further the knowledge of
biology. Its systems, including IFCs, instrumentation, and software enable scientists to
make incomparable leaps in productivity. The Company's patent portfolio consists of over
80 issued US patents and over 240 pending patents internationally, including those
licensed from Caltech, Harvard, and University of Alabama.
Technology/products. The following are relevant to molecular diagnostics:
BioMark™ System line of life science products are meeting the challenges of high
throughput (HTP) research through IFCs known as dynamic arrays and digital arrays.
These innovative products enable scientists to practice tried-and-true techniques, such as
TaqMan® assays, while realizing a previously unachievable throughput. Advantages
include savings, more data compared to microwell chips, and throughput.
Fluidigm Dynamic Array™ chips enable 100s of individual cells to be tested for the
expression of 100s of genes in a few hours.
FEP1 System for genetic analysis enables high-throughput SNP genotyping and end point
digital PCR research through IFCs known as dynamic arrays and digital arrays.
Characteristics of these innovative products are: (1) outstanding data quality; (2) fast and
easy workflow; and (3) most effective system.
Access Array™ System enables sequencing of amplicon libraries using GS FLX Titanium
Series reagents on the 454 GS FLX sequencing system.
FR 48, the first reusable low-cost integrated microfluidic biochip, is built upon Dynamic
Array technology. It will be used initially for high throughput genetic testing of livestock,
but potential applications are wide-ranging.
Applications. These include the following: (1) CNVs; (2) gene expression; (3) next
generation sequencing; and (4) SNP genotyping.
Collaborations. In 2008. Fluidigm licensed Stanford University inventions that detect
fetal genetic characteristics in maternal plasma, including a combination of dPCR and
HTP sequencing. California’s Institute for Regenerative Medicine awarded Fluidigm and
Stemgent Inc a grant to develop a cell culture chip and support system to accelerate stem
cell research in California. It will help scientists identify stem cell culture and
differentiation conditions, as well as genes and molecules impacting stem cell renewal.
In 2009, Fluidigm started to use its microfluidic tools such as BioMark™in combination
with OncoMed Pharmaceuticals' Dynamic Array™ cancer stem cell sorting technology for
analysis of tumor cell heterogeneity, including cancer stem cells. Detailed gene expression
analysis of solid tumors will be performed at the whole tumor and single-cell levels. This
technology can assess the safety and efficacy of therapeutic antibodies that have been
generated to eradicate cancer stem cells.
On 5 April 2011, Fluidigm amended an agreement with Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics
for the development of non-invasive prenatal diagnostics test for fetal aneuploidies based
on its dPCR system.
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Focus Diagnostics Inc
11331 Valley View Street
Cypress, California 90630-4717 USA
Web site: http://www.focusdx.com/
Tel: (714) 220-1900
Fax: (714) 220-1683
Contact John G. Hurrell PhD, Vice President and General Manager
Overview. Focus Diagnostics Inc, a wholly owned subsidiary of Quest Diagnostics, has
served the healthcare community for nearly 3 decades as an innovative developer and
provider of an array of specialized laboratory testing services and diagnostic products
oriented to the diagnosis, treatment and management of infectious diseases. Focus also
supports vaccine and pharmaceutical development companies through an active clinical
trials program that is separate from the clinical diagnostics business. As part of Quest
Diagnostics, Focus provides expanded infectious disease laboratory testing services and a
portfolio of new diagnostic products recently launched or in development.
Products. The tests for various infectious diseases are listed on the Focus’ web site.
On 24 July 2009, the FDA issued an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for Focus
Diagnostics Influenza H1N1 real-time reverse RT-PCR test, which amplifies the viral
genetic material obtained from swabs of the nose or throat, or from nasal discharges. A
positive result indicates that the patient is infected with the 2009 H1N1 influenza virus.
However, the test does not indicate the stage of infection. A negative result does not
preclude influenza virus infection.
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Fujirebio Inc
2-62-5, Nihonbashi-Hamacho,
Chuo-Ku, Tokyo 103-0007, Japan
Web site: http://www.fujirebio.co.jp/
Tel: +81-3-5695-9217
Fax: +81-3-5695-9231
E-mail: fri-info@fujirebio.co.jp
President and CEO: Hiromasa Suzuki
Fujirebio Diagnostics Inc
201 Great Valley Parkway
Malvern, PA 19355-1307, USA
Web site: http://www.fdi.com/
Tel: (610) 240-3800
Fax: (610) 240-3820
President & COO: Dr. Paul Touhey
Overview. Established in 1950 as the Fujizoki Pharmaceutical Co Ltd to run a private
blood bank, Fujirebio Inc has further developed and expanded into a wide variety of
products ranging from ethical pharmaceuticals to medical diagnostics. In 2000, Fujirebio
sold its pharmaceutical business to UCB Japan in order to devote all of its resources in the
business of diagnostics. In 1998, Fujirebio acquired the production and marketing rights
for the diagnostic oncology business of Centocor Inc and established its first US
production base, Fujirebio Diagnostics Inc (FDI). Fujirebio completed the management
integration with SRL Inc and became one of the subsidiaries under Miraca Holdings Inc
in accordance with the corporate creation by separation conducted in 2005. In 2006,
Fujirebio acquired CanAg Diagnostics AB (Gothenburg, Sweden).
Technologies. FDI's core technology is based on its proprietary gold standard MAbs
originally developed to detect a variety of tumor markers. These antibodies have been
utilized in the past to develop a menu of in vitro diagnostic tests. These assays include CA
125II™, CA 19-9™*, CA 15-3®, CA 72-4®*, CYFRA™ 21-1*, and Truquant® BR™.
Furthermore, twenty years of proven manufacturing processes and facilities have
established FDI as the premier global partner with leading diagnostic companies. Its
extensive experience with antibody-based assays enables it to develop, validate, and
manufacture assays and components in a variety of formats. All of these assays have been
incorporated for use on a variety of automated immunoassay instruments.
Products. Fujirebio Diagnostics is a premier oncology diagnostics company and the
industry leader in tumor marker assays. Examples are:

CA 15-3® RIA is an in vitro test for the quantitative determination of DF3 antibodydefined antigen encoded by the MUC1 gene, in serum and plasma of patients
previously treated for Stage II or Stage III breast cancer.

CA 125 ll™ assay is an in vitro device for the quantitative measurement of OC 125
reactive determinants associated with a high molecular weight glycoprotein in
serum of women with primary epithelial invasive ovarian cancer, excluding those
with cancer of low malignant potential.

Truquant® BR™ radioimmunoassay (RIA) is an in vitro diagnostic device indicated
for the quantitative determination of CA 27.29 antigen in serum or plasma of
patients previously treated for stage II or stage III breast cancer.
Collaborations. In 2002. Ribozyme Pharmaceuticals Inc (now Sirna Pharmaceuticals)
entered into an agreement with Fujirebio to develop and commercialize ribozyme-based
clinical diagnostic products in the field of human viral diseases and cancer. Fujirebio
completed an agreement with Randox Ltd to develop cancer diagnostics assays based on
its proprietary antibodies and Randox's unique automated Biochip Array technology.
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GATC Biotech AG
Jakob-Stadler-Platz 7
D-78467 Konstanz, Germany
Web site: http://www.gatc-biotech.com/
Tel: +49 (0)7531 81 60 0
Fax +49 (0)7531 81 60 81
CEO: Peter Pohl
Overview. GATC Biotech is a leading provider of molecular biological services and
innovative bioinformatics solutions for industry and academia worldwide since 1990.
Technology/products relevant to molecular diagnostics. GATC is developing
DNA microarray-based diagnostic that will enable the immediate detection of organismspecific nucleic acid sequences, offering the advantage of reducing the time between
sample collection and diagnosis, leading to a reduction in mortality rates from infectious
diseases. Additional projects that GATC is contributing to include CONSERT (Concerted
Safety and Efficiency Evaluation of Retroviral Transgenesis for Gene Therapy of Inherited
Diseases), XENOME (detection of retroviral elements in the porcine genome), and
EURESFUN (integrated post-genomic approaches for the understanding, detection and
prevention of antifungal drug resistance in fungal pathogens).
Services. GATC provides the following services:

Sequencing services including whole genome sequencing.

Fragment length analysis / genotyping

Linear amplification-mediated PCR

Expression cloning

High throughput DNA preparation

cDNA full length cloning

Differential gene expression analysis
Collaborations relevant to molecular diagnostics. In September 2007, GATC
started collaboration with the National University of Pusan and biotech company Gene In
Corporation Ltd, both in South Korea. GATC is the Coordinating Partner of the
collaboration, which aims to develop a comprehensive DNA microarray-based diagnostic
test able to detect both bacterial and fungal infections. The project is partially funded by
the Federal Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Technology in Germany. The
Company collaborates with the Fraunhofer Institute in Germany, on EURESFUN, and
also partnered with the Institute on the successfully completed project IDENTIGENE
(development and validation of new suitable technologies for gene expression studies to
identify functional candidate genes without the use of specific DNA probes).
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GE Healthcare
Pollards Wood, Nightingales Lane
Chalfont St.Giles, Bucks HP8 4SP, UK
Web site: http://www.gehealthcare.com/
President & CEO, GE Healthcare: John Dineen
President & CEO of Medical Diagnostics business: Pascale Witz
Overview. GE Healthcare, a $17 billion unit of General Electric Company (GE), provides
transformational medical technologies that are shaping a new age of patient care. In
2003, GE acquired Amersham Biosciences for $9.5 billion and the combined Amersham
and GE medical businesses are located in the UK. GE Healthcare's expertise in medical
imaging and information technologies, medical diagnostics, patient monitoring systems,
disease research, drug discovery and biopharmaceuticals is dedicated to detecting disease
earlier and tailoring treatment for individual patients. GE Healthcare offers a broad range
of services to enable healthcare providers to better diagnose, treat and manage patients
with conditions such as cancer, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cardiovascular disorders. In
2006, GE Healthcare acquired Biacore for $390 million in order to expand its worldwide
protein research footprint. In 2008, GE acquired Whatman for £363 million ($713
million). GE Healthcare Medical Diagnostics is the largest provider of in vivo imaging
agents in the world, and is comprised of over 5000 professionals in over 30 countries.
Yearly sales approach $2 billion. In October 2010, GE acquired Clarient, a cancer
biomarker and diagnostic company, for $580 million. As of May 2011, GE was acquiring
Applied Precision Inc, whose super-resolution microscopes enable researchers to
investigate nanoscale cellular processes in vivo.
Technologies and products. The following are relevant to molecular diagnostics:
Molecular imaging technologies. GE has MRI and PET, which provide clinicians with
diagnostic information about metabolic activity in the human body.
Microarrays. GE has a portfolio of commercially available products for custom fabrication
and use of cDNA array. It is close to launching its first Protein Array products based
around CyDye™ fluors. Protein arrays are already used in disease profiling, where
differential expression of specific proteins is measured and correlated to a particular
disease state or drug treatment. They can be used in many stages of the drug discovery
process, including target identification and validation, toxicology, pathway elucidation,
mode of action, and to look at drug resistance and surrogate markers of drug response.
CodeLink SNP System. In 2007, Applied Microarrays acquired CodeLink microarrays
and sells the tools. In 2008, SurModics acquired the CodeLink Activated Slide microarray
business, which GE had not sold to Applied Microarrays.
Sequencing. MegaBACE 500 DNA Analysis System is a high-throughput, fluorescencebased DNA system using capillary electrophoresis, which performs sample injection, gel
matrix replacement, DNA separation, detection, and data analysis. MegaBACE 500 can be
configured for both sequencing and genotyping applications.
Collaborations relevant to molecular diagnostics. GE is a member of the
international SNP consortium for advancing genotyping techniques, software and
automation methods. It has also an agreement with Oxagen Ltd for the SNiPer highthroughput SNP genotyping technology platform.
In 2005, Roche and GE started collaboration in which patients with AD in clinical trials
taking a Roche anti-A drug will be monitored for drug response using GE's PET imaging
technology, which measures levels of A.
In 2006, Translational Genomics Research Institute signed an agreement to apply GE’s
cell imaging systems, IN Cell Analyzer 1000 and 3000, to cancer research.
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In 2007, GE licensed certain of its patents for biomagnetic nucleic-acid isolation to
NorDiag, which will enable diagnosis from smaller-volume patient samples by increasing
yield of nucleic acids that can isolated from pathogens. In 2007, GE and Eli Lilly signed a
3-year agreement to study the pharmacological effects of a wide range of cancer drugs and
develop IVD tests that predict cancer treatment response to targeted therapies to enable
physicians to make informed decisions about those most effective for patients.
In 2008, GE Healthcare signed an agreement with Merck & Co to provide lung imaging
for respiratory drug development. Merck will receive nonexclusive access to GE's Spin
Signal Technology, which provides quick MRIs of lung function.
In May 2010, GE formed an alliance with the molecular diagnostics firm CardioDx to codevelop diagnostic technologies for the care and management of patients with
cardiovascular disease. GE also invested $5 million in CardioDx as part of a Series D
round of financing for the startup. CardioDx is developing Corus CAD, a gene expressionbased test, which is aimed at determining non-invasively the likelihood that a patient has
obstructive coronary artery disease.
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Genaco Biomedical Products Inc
2707 Artie Street, Building 100, Suite 18.
Huntsville, AL 35805, USA
Web site: http://www1.qiagen.com
Tel: 256-425--0051
Fax: 256-425-0053
Overview. Genaco Biomedical Products Inc is a biotechnology company with
breakthrough technologies. Its Tem-PCR (target enriched multiplex PCR) technology is a
multiplex PCR strategy. Based on Tem-PCR technology, it has developed Templex™
products for comprehensive analysis of pathogenic microorganisms. On 30 October 2006,
Genaco was acquired by QIAGEN for $40 million.
Technology/products. Tem-PCR. IT is a proprietary multiplex PCR technology that
overcomes the obstacles of traditional multiplex PCR assay development. It enables
specific and sensitive amplification of multiple targets in a single reaction tube. The PCR
products are labeled during amplification and used directly for detection with the xMAP
technology platform. Tem-PCR may also be compatible with other detection methods.
xMAP technology. It uses a suspension array for multiplex detection. For each target in an
xMAP profile, thousands of capture oligos are covalently coupled onto the surface of
color-coded microspheres. The assigned color-coding identifies each target. With the
Luminex xMAP instrument, a microfluidics system delivers the suspension hybridization
reaction mixture to a dual-laser detection device. A red laser identifies each bead (or
target) by its color-coding, while a green laser detects the hybridization signal associated
with each bead. Software is used to collect the data and report the results immediately.
Multiplex testing. Genaco has developed multiplex testing products currently used by
medical researchers to investigate respiratory (ResPlex™ I; II, III), hospital-acquired, and
bacterial (StaphPlex™) infections as well as additional panels for other pathogens. These
products are currently available as for research use only products. The ResPlex™ III
multiplex panel that is designed to differentiate between different subtypes of Influenza
(H1, H2, H3, H5, H7, H9, N1, N2) from a single sample. Genaco is in the process of
completing clinical studies in order to submit a 510k application to the FDA for its H5N1
avian flu assay, which is a subset of its ResPlex™ III panel product.
Collaboration. In 2001, Genaco entered into a multi-year agreement with Luminex
Corporation permitting Genaco to develop and commercialize reagent kits for the Chinese
in-vitro diagnostics market based on the Luminex LabMAP platform (see Chapter 3).
Luminex's LabMAP platform will be marketed in China under the Gena MASA brand
name (Multi-Analyte Suspension Array).
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Gene Express Inc
Gene Express, Inc.
1410 Commonwealth Dr., Suite 105
Wilmington, NC 28403, USA
Web site: http://www.geneexpressinc.com/
Tel: 419-380-9930
CEO: Gerald J. Vardzel Jr.
Contact: Jim Hodges VP CFO (jahodges@geneexpressinc.com)
Overview. Gene Express Inc (GEI), founded in 1992, accelerates the supply and delivery
of biomarkers and molecular diagnostics to further facilitate personalized medicine as a
standard practice in healthcare. GEI achieves this by capitalizing upon its well-developed,
patented portfolio that focuses on the incorporation of internal standards into PCR
technologies. This technology allows Gene Express to produce tests of the highest quality
and create commercial products that are globally translatable.
Technology. StaRT-PCR™ is a patented, standardized, quantitative method for
measuring multi-gene expression in a tissue or cell culture sample of any living organism.
The platform technique employs competitive templates incorporated into standardized
mixtures of internal standards (SMIS™). Competitive template PCR was originally
developed to provide quantitative DNA or RNA measurement that compensates for the
unpredictable nature of PCR. Until now, the technique was not popular because of the
immense work necessary to construct the competitive templates. Gene Express has
resolved this problem and has added standardization, automation, and convenience. The
use of competitive templates in its SMIS™ reagents allows data from different
experiments, different laboratories and across the development lifecycle of a particular
product, to be directly compared since the values are determined relative to the same
standardized mixtures. Gene Express designs, manufactures, and validates a competitive
template for each gene before it is eligible to be an internal standard. Validation includes
assessment for specificity and sensitivity. Gene Express then generates large batches of
SMIS™ (enough for billions of assays of hundreds of genes).
Products and services. The Gene Express SEM Center™ is a high throughput gene
expression assay process using automated equipment and proprietary software that
ensures that all assays are setup, performed and analyzed with minimal human
intervention. The SEM Center uses the proprietary Gene Express StaRT-PCR process to
provide quantitative, reproducible, sensitive, standardized gene expression measurement.
Four molecular diagnostic tests focus on lung cancer.
New gene assays development for internal standard products used in StaRT-PCR™ Gene
Transcript Abundance Assays.
StaRT-PCR™ Biomarker Assay Kits of a specific set of genes are based on the needs of the
individual researcher.
Collaborations. The StaRT-PCR™ technology is now commercialized and used by
numerous pharmaceutical concerns, including Pfizer, Eli Lilly, Wyeth and Amgen.
In 2006, GEI expanded its strategic relationship with VWR International Inc for 3 years
to resell and distribute the Gene Express SEM Center services to biotech and
pharmaceutical companies as well as clinical research organizations in Europe.
In January 2009, PEI signed an agreement with Biogenuix Medsystems Pvt Ltd for the
distribution of GEI's StaRT-PCR™ and research molecular diagnostic tools in India.
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Gene Logic Inc
50 West Watkins Mill Road
Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA
Web site: http://www.genelogic.com/
Tel: (301) 987-1700
Fax: (301) 987-1701
Email: info@genelogic.com
President & Chief Executive Officer: Mark D. Gessler
Contact: Larry M. Tiffany, VP Business Development (ltiffany@genelogic.com)
Overview. Gene Logic Inc, founded in 1994, is a public company devoted to the
development of genomics technologies, bioinformatics systems and database products for
use in pharmaceutical, biotechnology, diagnostic and agricultural product research and
development. Since 1997, the Company has developed custom gene expression databases
designed for individual pharmaceutical company customers' internal research programs
targeted to specific therapeutic areas of interest. With the completion of the acquisition of
Oncormed Inc in 1998, and building on key competencies in tissue sample handling and
preparation, genomic microarray production, and bioinformatic and database software
management and development, the Company began developing the GeneExpress Suite of
databases in 1999. In 2001, a spin-off called Metrogenix was formed to further develop
the Flow-thru Chip technology of the company.
Technologies. Those relevant to molecular diagnostics are:
GeneExpress Suite is the Company’s flagship product and is a comprehensive reference
library of gene expression information combined with high value data mining,
visualization and analysis software tools. The Suite itself can be segmented into multiple
products all derived from a single whole. These product lines include DataSuites,
MultiSuites, CustomSuites, and others and are more fully described in the Company's web
site.
The Cardiovascular DataSuite, a subset of the GeneExpress Suite, is comprised of a
diverse set of normal and diseased human cardiac and vascular tissues from a broad
cross-section of individuals, races, medication regimens, lifestyles, disease stages and
other demographic and/or clinical parameters. Based upon the quality of samples and the
corresponding data contained in the Cardiovascular DataSuite, one will be able to use this
product to identify potential new drug targets, as well as identify surrogate markers for
diagnosis, progression and prognosis of cardiovascular diseases.
SCIANTIS™ System, an online gene expression analysis system, has been developed for
use by academic, government and other non-profit research organizations.
Collaborations relevant to molecular diagnostics. Gene Logic has a long-term
deal with Affymetrix Inc to purchase large quantities of their GeneChip microarrays,
which forms the basis for a majority of the data content generated in the GeneExpress
Suite.
In 2001, Aventis gained access to a customized selection of biosamples across a specific
group of organ types culled directly from the BioExpress Module of Gene Logic's
comprehensive gene expression database, the GeneExpress Suite.
In 2005, Gene Logic signed an agreement with GE Healthcare for global distribution of its
SCIANTIS™ System. GE Healthcare will distribute the system in 32 countries and will be
the exclusive distributor in Japan.
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GeneDetect.com Limited
Suite # 4, 209 Taylor Street
Auckland, New Zealand
Web site: http://www.genedetect.com/
Tel: 64-9-353-1320
Fax: 64-9-353-1320
E-mail: Info@GeneDetect.com
Overview. GeneDetect.com Limited maintains a proprietary database of gene probe data
partially derived from the scientific literature that includes within it the sequences of all
known oligonucleotide gene probes validated by the scientific community to detect and
localize gene expression in tissue sections. Other sequences within the database have been
added by using state of the art bioinformatic techniques to design oligonucleotide probes
to selectively distinguish between members of important but closely related gene families
in tissue. It targets the most variable gene regions within the gene family for probe design
and utilize oligonucleotide optimization algorithms to design its probe sequences.
The human genome project and the recent emergence of DNA microarray or "Gene Chip"
technology allows for high throughput screening and identification of genes whose
expression correlates with disease processes, thus identifying "which" genes are
important. The need will arise in follow up studies to characterize in anatomical detail
"where" these genes are expressed in tissues.
GeneDetect's strategy as a company therefore is to offer both "scientifically validated" and
proprietary GeneDetect oligonucleotide gene probes that can be used to detect tissue gene
expression. The company has plans to open a new UK-based European subsidiary in
2008.
Products. GeneDetect offers 4000 plus gene probes for use with in situ hybridization.
The following are relevant to molecular diagnostics:

Oligonucleotide gene probes.

Transcription Factor ODN decoys.

In situ DNA binding kit and sequences

Gel shift (EMSA) sequences
GeneDetect oligonucleotide gene probes. In measuring tissue gene expression,
independent of the technique used, the sequence of the gene probe must be
complementary to the nucleotide bases of the specific mRNA or DNA sequence of
interest. Gene probes can be as small as 20-40 base pairs or be up to 1000bp long.
GeneDetect oligonucleotide gene probes are produced synthetically by an automated
chemical synthesis using sequences derived from the GeneDetect oligonucleotide probe
database and are usually 40-50 nucleotides long. GeneDetect oligonucleotide gene probes
can be used in any of the following techniques.

In situ hybridization

Dot/slot blotting

Colony/plaque hybridization

Northern blots

Southern blots
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GeneDx Inc
207 Perry Parkway
Gaithersburg, MD 20877, USA
Web site: http://www.genedx.com/
Tel: 301-519-2100
Fax: 301-519-2892
E-mail: genedx@genedx.com
Overview. Established in 2000, GeneDx Inc is a full service genetic testing and
cytogenetic company dedicated to serving the diagnostic and genetic counseling needs of
individuals and families with rare hereditary disorders. The Company uses a cutting-edge
technology developed in collaboration with LI-COR Inc and provides rapid diagnostic
services using innovative mutation detection methods. GeneDx is certified by the Federal
Government and licensed by the state of Maryland.
Services. GeneDx specializes in genetic testing for rare hereditary disorders. Its mission
is to make clinical testing available to people with rare genetic conditions and their
families. Most of its tests include full gene analysis by DNA sequencing, the gold standard
of genetic testing.
GeneDx offers full-service molecular cytogenetic testing, including a custom-designed
whole-genome aCGH test. In addition, an economical targeted aCGH test,
FISHonChipDx, is available to rule out 65 common or novel genomic disorders as well as
terminal and pericentromeric chromosomal rearrangements. Supplementing these tests is
a FISH service that can be requested as a stand-alone test for genomic disorders or
specific segmental aneuploidies, or as a follow-up test for parents of a proband with a
positive array CGH result.
ExonArrayDx, a custom-developed test, is used to detect deletions or duplications of one
or more exons of a gene. It is now available for >130 genes sequenced at GeneDx.
Molecular testing for many disorders, which are frequently caused by partial or full gene
deletions, now includes concurrent gene sequencing and ExonArrayDx, ensuring highest
test sensitivity. This testing is performed for most autosomal recessive inherited
metabolic disorders at no additional cost if sequencing at GeneDx identifies a mutation in
only one allele. ExonArrayDx analysis is also available for deletion/duplication testing in
inherited cardiac and eye disorders.
GeneDx provides prenatal genetic testing for known familial mutations, full gene
sequencing for a limited number of genetic disorders, a comprehensive prenatal Noonan
syndrome panel, and a custom-designed prenatal targeted aCGH.
AutismDx testing is offered as tiered genetic testing approach to identify the most
common genetic causes of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) in individuals in whom a
diagnosis of Fragile X has already been excluded. AutismDx testing includes three
different Autism Panels, which are tailored to the clinical characteristics of an affected
individual. Each panel combines genome-wide microarray analysis with DNA sequence
analysis of those disease genes that are most suitable for individuals within a distinct
subgroup. Each panel comprises several sequential tiers of analysis, thus providing the
highest possible diagnostic yield and most cost-effective testing strategy.
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GeneFluidics Inc
2540 Corporate Place, Suite B-101
Monterey Park, CA 91754, USA
Web site: http://www.genefluidics.com/
Tel: (323)269-0900
Fax: (323)269-0988
E-mail: info@GeneFluidics.com
CEO & CTO: Vincent Gau PhD
Overview. GeneFluidics, founded in 2000, is commercializing a novel molecular
analysis platform that integrates nanobiotechnology and microfluidics. The platform’s
components, which include a reader and disposable sensors with nanometer scale
chemical functional structure and cartridges to automate the sample preparation, rapidly
detect and quantify the presence of target genetic material, proteins, and small molecules
in raw samples without the use of target amplification methods such as PCR. Based in
high-throughput plastic injection molding with nanometer features and other low-cost
manufacturing methods, the GeneFluidics platform will dramatically reduce the cost of
molecular analysis and be able to analyze biological molecules at nanometer scale.
Technology. GeneFluidics makes a flexible, electrochemical-based molecular analysis
platform capable of detecting DNA/RNA, proteins, and small molecules in raw samples
using integrated nanotechnology and microfluidics. The platform consists of a benchtop
reader and disposable sensor chips and cartridges. The reader and sensor chips enable
extremely low target detection without requiring any amplification. The assay cartridges
provide completely automated sample preparation, further improving detection
capabilities and decreasing the need for advanced user training.
The Company's electrochemical platform is embodied in readers and disposable sensor
chips. The systems range from 9 to 16 sensors, enabling the simultaneous detection of 9
to 16 unique target analytes.
Applications. In medical diagnostics, GeneFluidics is developing products in high-value
market segments such as urology, cardiology, and infectious diseases. In the future, the
Company will address the significant market opportunities that lie with genetic testing,
such as personalized medicine. GeneFluidics is also developing products to test for
pathogens in air and water for environmental monitoring industry. Currently,
GeneFluidics is selling products to life science researchers for diagnostic development. In
the future, the Company will address applications such as fundamental research,
secondary screening, and gene cloning validation. GeneFluidics is developing tests for the
most common food-borne microbes such as Salmonella spp, E. coli O157:H7, and Listeria
monocytogenes.
An electrochemical biosensor with 16 sensors in the array has been used in a clinical study
for rapid POC diagnosis of urinary infections (see Chapter 3).
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Genelex Corporation
3000 First Ave, Suite One
Seattle, WA 98121, USA
Web site: http://www.healthanddna.com/
Tel: (425) 825-2850
E-mail: info@genelex.com
CEO: Howard Coleman
Overview. Incorporated in Washington State in 1987, Genelex is a privately held
corporation. The company is an internationally recognized leader in paternity and
forensic DNA analysis. It performs the broadest spectrum of human identity tests
available anywhere, under contract to government agencies, in civil and criminal
casework, and for private citizens from all over the world. More recently, Genelex has
begun providing DNA sequencing, genotyping and other laboratory services to academic
and biotechnology researchers.
Core competencies. These are as follows:

Genelex has gathered more than a million polymorphic data points on over 75,000
individuals by a variety of PCR and non-PCR GLP genotyping methods.

Through the use of a secure iFinch server clients can order testing and access results
on the Internet. Bioinformatic processing and permanent archiving of data improve
efficiency, accuracy and dependability.

For more than a decade Genelex has continuously validated and implemented new
DNA and protein methods and instrumentation, some from scratch.
Services. These are as follows:

Forensic DNA analysis services for the justice system. Genelex has the advantage of
performing STRs on both of the currently accepted instrument platforms. The
testing is performed directly for clients or under contract to law enforcement
agencies.

Genelex has completed DNA profiles under contract on more than 25,000
individuals that are currently in law enforcement data banks, including the FBI’s
National DNA Index System.

Body identification can involve direct comparison of tissues and other samples, and
often requires the performance of “reverse paternity” calculations. Genelex has an
excellent track record with the unusual and suboptimal samples often encountered
under these circumstances.

Predictive genetics services are offered for detection of hemochromatosis, cystic
fibrosis, periodontal disease, and narcolepsy.
Products. In 2000, Genelex began offering pharmacogenetic tests directly to the public.
Genelex becomes the first company to enter the direct-to-consumer pharmacogenetics
market, starting with a screen for the CYP2D6 drug-metabolizing enzyme. The tests are
also available for research and clinical trials.
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GeneLink Inc
317 Wekiva Springs Rd, Suite 200
Longwood, Fl 32779, USA
Web site: http://www.genelinkbio.com/
Tel: (609) 823-6991
E-mail: info@genelinkbio.com
CEO: Monte E. Taylor
Overview. GeneLink is the World's first family centered DNA Bank and hereditary
genetic information service. GeneLink's DNA Bank is located at the University of North
Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, a 105 year old medical facility. The Health
Science Center has built an international reputation of DNA expertise since the opening of
its state-of-the-art DNA/Identity Laboratory in 1990.
Products/applications. An attractive feature of genetic tests developed by GeneLink is
the easy and non-invasive method by which the samples are collected using the patented
GeneLink DNA Collection Kit. The DNA material is collected simply by rubbing the inside
of the mouth with swabs, which are then mailed to the testing laboratory. The samples are
kept strictly confidential by bar coding. On 25 September 2001, GeneLink was granted
U.S. Patent No. 6,291,171 for DNA Collection Kit and is the only patented non-invasive
DNA collection system in use today.
GeneLink's new osteopenia gene test (patent pending) is designed to look for SNPs in
several key genes that are associated with bone density. Significant opportunities exist for
GeneLink to market its proprietary, new osteopenia susceptibility gene test. As a
predictive instrument, this assessment can assist medical, health and anti-aging
practitioners as well as pharmaceutical and nutritional companies offer an even earlier
awareness and intervention to individuals who may be susceptible to osteoporosis. Since
osteoporosis can develop undetected for decades, this test can be a very important tool to
help determine the future risk for fractures and related clinical conditions such as spinal
column compression and bone breaks with or with out falls.
GeneLink's has also developed an oxidative stress (OS) gene test (patent pending) that is
designed to measure SNPs in several key OS genes that are associated with a variety of
medical conditions associated with oxidative stress. The OS test provides a score that can
be used as a guide to determine what level of vitamin and nutrient therapy is helpful to
combat oxidative stress. Significant opportunities exist for GeneLink to bring to market
its proprietary, new OS gene test. This test can assist nutritional companies, medical,
health and anti-aging practitioners a "more targeted'' and improved approach to
wellness/nutritional therapies. This assessment test could be a superior solution to those
companies seeking to predict their customer's genetic capacity to prevent oxidative stress
and measure the level of oxidative pressure to which an individual (their customer) is
subjected.
A genetics based obesity test (patent pending) is designed to look for SNPs in several key
genes that are associated with obesity
Collaborations. In 2000, HealthScreen America signed an agreement with GeneLink to
painlessly gather cheek cells using DNA mouth swab kits and store the samples for
decades.
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GeneNews
2 East Beaver Creek Road, Building 2
Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada L4B 2N3
Web site: http://www.genenews.com/
Tel: (905) 739-2030
Fax: (905) 739-2031
Email: contact@genenews.com
Interim CEO: Heiner Dreissmann PhD
Overview. GeneNews (formerly ChondroGene Ltd), a publicly traded molecular
diagnostics company founded in 1998, is focused on the application of functional
genomics to enable early diagnosis and personalized health management based on
disease-specific biomarkers. It has developed a novel approach, the Sentinel Principle™,
to detect and stage virtually any disease or medical condition from a simple blood sample.
Sentinel Principleis used in major areas with unmet clinical needs such as cancer,
arthritis, cardiovascular disease and neurological disorders. GeneNews' first product,
ColonSentry™, is a blood-based test that can detect colorectal cancer (CRC) and
precancerous polyps. In 2008, GeneNews restructured and its operation in Canada will
focus on the Canadian and US commercialization of ColonSentry™, whereas R & D of its
pipeline, including patient sample accrual to support these activities, will be moved to
Asian operations. By December 2009, GeneNews had raised more than $2 million in nonbrokered private placement.
Technology. GeneNews™ is able to generate disease-specific molecular signatures from
a simple blood sample. The Sentinel Principle identifies molecular signatures in blood
that are markers of disease elsewhere in the body, for example, a colon tumor. A colon
tumor elicits a response in the body that can include an immune response or
inflammatory response. Those responses trigger gene expression changes that can be
measured in blood using GeneNews technology. GeneNews diagnostic tests currently
under development measure molecular signatures that are a reflection of disease in the
body as detected in blood, not the gene expression of the colon tumor, for example, itself.
To obtain a molecular signature, the gene expression profiles from the blood samples of
diseased patients are compared to the gene expression profiles from blood samples of
control subjects without the disease in question. Advanced microarray technology is used
to identify those genes that are differentially expressed between the two groupsand
represent the molecular signature that is a specific reflection of the disease under study.
The genes within the molecular signature are then further characterized to identify a
small set of genes for further validation in the Discovery Funnel process to allow small
panels of genes to be generated for use in a reliable and reproducible diagnostic kit.
In October 2009, US Patent No. 7,598,031, was issued to GeneNews entitled "Method for
the detection of gene transcripts in blood and uses thereof. It protects the Sentinel
Principle, is a powerful method for identifying biomarkers from whole blood relating to
any disease or health condition, which is the basis of GeneNews' first commercialized
product, ColonSentry™, the world's first blood test for colorectal cancer (CRC).
Collaborations relevant to molecular diagnostics. GeneNews collaborates with
the Toronto University Health Network to gain access to clinical data for advancing
research and development of diagnostic tools and therapies for the treatment of arthritis,
CRC and other disease areas.
In 2008, GeneNews granting Centocor access to research from its osteoarthritis genomic
biomarker program. In October 2009, GeneNews provided select access to its
osteoarthritis genomic biomarker program to Eli Lilly & Co under a new agreement.
In 2010, Enzo gained distribution rights for New York and New Jersey to ColonSentry™.
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GeneScan Europe AG
Engesserstr 4 b
79108 Freiburg, Germany
Web site: http://www.genescan.com/
Tel: +49 (0761) 5038-0
Fax: +49 (0761) 5038-111
Email: info@genescan.com
Contact: Dr. Florian Heupel, Board of Directors
Overview. GeneScan Europe AG is a globally operating network of innovative and fastgrowing biotechnology companies. Based on its biochip technology (BioChipnology®),
GeneScan offers complete solutions for molecular biological analyses with Business Units
in agricultural and food industry, medical diagnostics, and science research. GeneScan's
majority shareholder is the Eurofins Group, the international bioanalytical service
provider.
Technology and services relevant to molecular diagnostics. The key areas of
GeneScan’s activities include the development, production and sale of customized as well
as standardized microarrays. The GMOChip detects and identifies genetically modified
organisms (GMO) in raw materials, food products and animal feed. GeneScan biochips
are being developed to improve the diagnosis and therapy of disease. Custom-tailored,
special chips or standardized application chips that are produced in large series for gene
expression studies help customers from the science sector to accelerate the progress of
their research projects that are based on ultra-efficient genetic analyses. The
ConceptArray human series consists of a series of pre-configured, topic-specific
application chips for gene expression analyses. The kits of the series contain ready-to-use
biochips with oligonucleotide probes representing genes relevant in particular areas of
research and application.

ToxChip (toxicology)

CancerChip (oncology)

InflameChip (inflammation)

NeuroChip (neurobiology)
The Business Unit Diagnostics has transformed existing medical knowledge on the
correlations between the pharmacogenetic profile of human beings and their individual
reactions to drugs into the development of a biochip. This Pharm-O-Kin®Chip allows to
identify patients who react positively to a medical therapy and to draw up personalized
dosage regimes. Another attractive market for these pharmacogenetic analyses is the
choice of test subjects for clinical trials. These studies are carried out with the aim of
determining the efficacy and target accuracy of the treatment, plus the type and severity
of adverse drug reactions. In addition, information can be obtained on the best method of
administering the medication and the optimal dosage. During drug development, the
Pharm-O-Kin®Chip enables suitable patient groups to be assembled that will result in
statistically more significant and more valid information about the test substances in
clinical trials.
GeneScan Europe offers a service package with respect to BSE, which covers highly
sensitive and specific tests to detect components of animal origin in fodder and food as
well as individual assignments of products to meat stock.
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Genetic Technologies Ltd
60-66 Hanover Street
Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
Web site: http://www.gtg.com.au/
Tel: 61-3-9415 1135
Fax: 61-3-9417 2987
E-mail: info@gtg.com.au
Overview. Genetic Technologies Corporation Ltd, a biotechnology company founded in
1989, is listed on the Australian Stock Exchange as GTG. GTG pioneered the recognition
and the importance of 'non-coding' DNA, which has enabled it to develop strategies by
which non-coding variation in the DNA is utilized to analyse genetic material and also to
map genes and traits of interest across all multicellular species. GTG holds several US and
international patents in genetics. GTG has utilited its laboratory and genetics expertise to
build a DNA service testing business for humans, animals and plants. GTG is establishing
a world- class cancer susceptibility testing facility in Melbourne to service the Asia-Pacific
region.
Technologies/services. Those relevant to molecular diagnostics are:
Non-Coding Sequences in HLA. This core project proved that the non-coding ("junk")
DNA region of the human HLA Gene complex on chromosome 6 is in reality not "junk",
but in fact a valuable and highly ordered reservoir of useful genetic information.
Genomic Mapping. GTG's novel gene-mapping/gene-hunting strategy exploits its unique
knowledge of non-coding structures and searches for new genes of special interest,
especially disease-causing genes, or genes associated with particular traits.
Fetal Cell-RareCellect. This enables live fetal cells to be identified, separated and
collected from the peripheral blood of a pregnant woman, permitting routine
chromosomal and DNA testing on the fetus, avoiding the invasive procedures of
amniocentesis or chorionic villus biopsy.
DNA testing of athletes. Determination of the type of ACTN3 gene in the athlete to help
tailor their training regime.
Canine DNA testing. This is based on acquisition of Melbourne-based Genetic Science
Services will facilitate GTG’s immediate expansion into the field of DNA testing services
for animals, complementing the company’s existing human and plant genetic testing
services provided at the Melbourne facility.
Forensic testing services. GTG established the first private forensic testing service in
Australia, which incorporates Orchid technology for testing identity and parentage, etc.
Collaborations. The following collaborations started in 2002:

GTG granted a license to Sequenom for use of its non-coding patents for genomic
mapping and intron sequence analysis including the use of SNP’s, mutations and
markers located in the non-coding DNA.

GTG granted a non-exclusive limited license to Nanogen Inc for applications of its
technology in genetic research and human diagnostics.

GTG and Myriad Genetics formed a strategic alliance for cross-licensing of certain
technologies. Myriad Genetics will receive a broad, non-exclusive license to GTG's
non-coding DNA analysis and mapping patents for all applications in human
therapeutics and diagnostics. GTG will become Myriad's exclusive marketing agent
in Australia and New Zealand for its predictive medicine products for several
diseases, including breast cancer, ovarian cancer, colon cancer, melanoma and
hypertension.
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The following collaborations started in 2003:

GTG signed an agreement with Biotage AB to develop new gene-based assays using
Pyrosequencing's genotyping platform.

GTG granted a license to its non-coding patents to Associated Regional & University
Pathologists Inc (ARUP), of Salt Lake City, Utah.

GTG granted a license to its non-coding patents to Inguran LP that will permit
Inguran to provide various genetic testing services for genetic markers of interest,
paternity, and disease susceptibility on livestock in the US, Colombia and Brazil.

GTG signed a cross-licensing agreement with Orchid Biosciences, giving it
intellectual property rights to Orchid’s DNA tests including forensic tests used to
identify the victims of the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks on the World Trade
Centre in New York.
In 2006, GTG licensed its non-coding DNA patents to GenoSense, which will use it in
anti-aging diagnostics and preventive testing services.
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Genetix
Queensway, New Milton
Hampshire, BH25 5NN, UK
Web site: http://www.genetix.com/
Tel: +44 (0)1425 624600
Fax: +44 (0)1425 624700
Email: info@genetix.com
Contact: Charles de Rohan, Head of Genetix Business Unit within Leica Microsystems
Overview. Genetix, an image technology company for cell biology, proteomics, and
genomics, entered cytogenetics in 2007, when it completed acquisition of Applied
Imaging Corporation for $18.3 million. In March 2010, Danaher completed acquisition of
Genetix for $102 million. Genetix will operate as part of Danaher subsidiary Leica
Microsystems, and its products will continue to be marketed and sold through existing
channels. The acquisition will bring together Genetix's expertise in imaging systems and
software for research purposes with Leica's microsopes and life science instruments.
Technologies/products. Genetix capabilities include:

Imaging and isolating cells, DNA and proteins

Automation-picking and placing robotics

Reagents and consumables

Dedicated software
The following are relevant to molecular diagnostics:
Applied Imaging CytoVision. Automated slide scanning and metaphase finding for
chromosome abnormalities. Analytical packages include FISH and CGH. CytoVision is
used by over 1,000 laboratories worldwide. It provides a high-resolution cytogenetic
analysis with high throughput capabilities. It is easy to use and has advanced network
capabilities. It provides a complete solution to the imaging and analysis needs in the
cytogenetic laboratory. Its fast, easy-to-use interface offers benefits to laboratories of
every size. Each CytoVision is customized to include the imaging modules, hardware and
networking capabilities needed to meet the requirements of individual laboratory and
workflow.
Applied Imaging Ariol. Automated immunohistochemical slide scanning for brightfield
and fluorescence analysis of disease tissues. Complete slide scanning and location of areas
of interest and automated return. Used as an industry standard for Her-2/neu and
combined FISH/immunochemistry.
Microarraying. Genetix technology that underpins microarraying is increasingly being
used for a diverse set of applications such as protein arrays (to analyze protein-protein or
protein-antibody interactions), reverse transfection arrays (to provide mammalian cells
which express a range of fluorescently-tagged proteins within a single substrate),
screening RNAi libraries (for their efficacy in silencing gene expression) and finally arraybased comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) studies (to investigate chromosomal
changes in the whole human genome). These exciting new areas add to the versatility of
microarraying as a technique, in addition to its utility for analyzing gene expression.
Reagents. In 2008, Genetix introduced reagents for FISH, designed for integration with
the Applied Imaging CytoVision workstation.These reagents are also highly effective and
well-suited for use in any cytogenetic system.
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GenMark Diagnostics
757 S. Raymond Avenue
Pasadena, CA 91105, USA
Web site: http://www.genmarkdx.com/
Email: info@genmarkdx.com
President & CEO: Jon Faiz Kayyem PhD
Overview. GenMark Diagnostics (formerly Osmetech Molecular Diagnostics), a British
company, located its operting division in the US following 2005 acquisition from
Motorola of eSensor, a microarray technology suitable for molecular testing. On 19 March
2010, Osmetech filed with the US Securities and Exchange Commission for an IPO of
stock in the US under the name of its parent, GenMark Diagnostics.
Technology/products. eSensor® DNA detection system is designed to meet the
demands of clinical laboratories that need access to molecular testing capabilities in an
easy-to-use and cost-effective format. At the core of the eSensor detection technology are
DNA fragments attached to electrodes on the surface of a small circuit board. Each
electrode is electronically active and detects a different DNA sequence. Finding the
complimentary sequence in the target DNA generates a characteristic electrical signal.
Each eSensor cartridge can detect several different DNA targets at once, providing a costeffective platform for complex analysis. This DNA microarray is the basis of detection by
the eSensor System for any DNA sequence. Combining universal platform design and
advanced electrochemical detection technology, the eSensor System can detect and
identify many different targets at once. The advantages of the eSensor system include:

Easy-to-use system and test components

Sensitive target detection without signal interference from common sample
contaminants

Expandable test panel menu

Improved instrument reliability with no moving parts
A PCR-based assay on the OptiGENE platform is used for detecting Factor V Leiden
mutation. It is 100% concordant with an established Roche LightCycler assay kit and is
rapid and simple to perform with excellent sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility.
The FDA-cleared eSensor® CF Carrier Detection System offers highly accurate and
reproducible cystic fibrosis carrier results delivered in an easy to interpret report.
eSensor® XT-8 System, True Random Access Microarray System, can run multiple types
of tests at the same time.
The SensiTube™ product line consists of plastic tubes, ergonomically designed sealing
caps and a carousel for use in the Roche LightCycler® as a replacement for the Roche
glass capillaries, sealing cap and carousel. SensiTube™ is a robust alternative solution
that eliminate the dangers of glass breakage and minimize the risk of laboratory
personnel exposure to potentially dangerous samples and glass shards.
In May 2009, Genmark requested FDA for Emergency Use Authorization for its
Respiratory Pathogen Test Panel test based on QIAplex to be used to screen for the swine
flu virus, which is expected to be launched as a research use only product.
Collaborations. In 2005, GenMark granted a non-exclusive license to Roche
Diagnostics for its proprietary tube technology used in the OptiGENE device. In 2007,
GenMark licensed warfarin biomarkers from Marshfield Clinic to develop a genetic test
for warfarin to optimize its safety worldwide. In 2008, GenMark signed an agreement
with QIAGEN to adapt a QIAplex-based respiratory viral test for use on its eSensor XT-8
molecular diagnostics system.
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GenOdyssee SA
Genopole Entreprises,
4 rue Pierre Fontaine,
91058 Evry Cedex, France
Web site: http://www.genodyssee.com/
Tel/Mobile: (+33) (0) 6 16 41 68 57
Fax : +33 (0) 1 60 87 89 99
CEO: Dr Jean-Louis Escary, PhD
Contact : David Brown (davidbrown1000@btinternet.com)
Overview. GenOdyssee, a functional genomics company incorporated in 1999, has
pursued a dual business model since its inception: genetic analysis servicing through its
division GenOdyssee Genetics, and the development of its own therapeutic products
through its division GenOdyssee Pharmaceuticals. GenOdyssee Genetics has developed a
fully-integrated high throughput screening platform in order to provide its customers a
unique value chain of post-genomic services that include high throughput detection and
identification of genetic polymorphisms including SNPs, high throughput SNP
genotyping, bioinformatics and statistical genetics and functional proteomic services.
Technologies. The following are relevant to molecular diagnostics.
SNP Discovery. GenOdyssee has developed an original approach to human genetic
variability that the company has already applied to over 100 genes coding for therapeutic
proteins, their receptors and tyrosine kinases involved in the corresponding biological
pathways. The Company has the world's largest HTS-DHPLC platform, processing up to
2,880 samples per day, using a proprietary multiplexing method. It has the capacity for
up to 30, 000/day of high throughput SNP genotyping. More than 1,300 SNPs have
already been discovered that establish the natural genetic variability of cytokine and
growth factor pathways in the human population. Among these variants, over 300
functional SNP candidates have been identified. Many of these mutations code for either
null mutations or point mutations that provoke significant amino acid changes, either
lowering or increasing therapeutic protein activities.
DNA collection. GenOdyssee has constituted the most thorough private collection of
human individual DNA samples. Theses samples were collected in a population of 278
individuals representing 85% of the human ethnic diversity, encompassing 16 ethnic
subgroups.
Collaborations relevant to molecular diagnostics. In 2000, UroGene SA and
GenOdyssee entered into a two-year collaboration agreement. UroGene, a biotech
company dedicated to genetic analysis of prostate cancer. The goal of this collaboration is
to discover novel genomic diagnostic and therapeutic targets for the management of
prostate cancer.
In 2002, Transgenomic entered into a services provider agreement with GenOdyssee SA.
Under the agreement, Transgenomic will market and sell nucleic acid analysis services
that will be performed by GenOdyssee Genetics, the service division of GenOdyssee that
has been providing such services since its inception. Transgenomic will leverage the
customer relationships it has developed as a provider of tools and consumables used in
the synthesis, separation, purification and analysis of nucleic acids to market the services.
GenOdyssee has owned and operated the largest HTS platform of Transgenomic's WAVE
Systems in Europe.
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GenoMed
9666 Olive Blvd, Suite 310
St. Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
Web site: http://www.genomed.com/
Tel: (314) 977-0110
Chairman & Chief Medical Officer: David Moskowitz, MD (dwmoskowitz@genomed.com)
Overview. GenoMed is a Next Generation Disease Management company that uses
medical genomics to improve patient outcomes. Genes are used as biomarkers of disease.
GenoMed is working to translate knowledge of medical genomics into clinical practice:
developing better drugs, using existing drugs for new indications, and identifying diseases
before symptoms arise. In 2002, GenoMed established a clinic to deliver preventive
molecular medicine in St. Louis, Missouri. The clinic will dispense GenoMed's proprietary
treatments and diagnostic tests. GenoMed's patient outcomes have shown that the major
benefit of its interventions, at least for kidney failure, come early in the disease process.
After a certain point in kidney failure, the Company's proprietary treatments are no better
than conventional treatment. But in other diseases, such as emphysema, even a terminal
patient may receive a significant benefit from this approach. It appears that for patients
with diabetes or hypertension, there is little time to waste if one wants to delay the
complications of these diseases.
Technology/services. GenoMed is carrying out industrial-scale SNP scoring. In stead
of the usual approach of using "marker" SNPs to try to get close to the disease-causing
gene, GenoMed will use SNPs which themselves have a high likelihood of being the cause
of the disease. GenoMed believes that SNPs in the regulatory regions of each gene, which
control how much protein is eventually produced from that gene, are the best SNPs to
use. By limiting the search to only functional, regulatory SNPs, GenoMed can create a net
as wide as the entire genome.
Gene-based diagnostic tests: Knowing the genes which cause a disease allows a physician
to diagnose that disease before symptoms ever become visible. In clinical medicine, the
earlier the diagnosis, the better the clinical outcome.
GenoMed's primary scientific initiative consists of its Disease GeneNet™. The Disease
GeneNet™ is the set of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) GenoMed uses to locate
disease genes. The Disease GeneNet™ is currently made up of 13,000 SNPs. Once the
disease genes are identified, disease-associated SNPs will be placed onto a single DNA
chip, the HealthChip™, for clinical diagnostic testing including cancer.
The Company found several thousand genes associated with the top six cancers in
Caucasians: breast, colon, lung, ovarian, pancreatic, and prostate. Using a “genetic”
computer algorithm, this large amount of data was “boiled down” to 220 SNPs, which
accurately predict which cancer a person will get with 85% sensitivity and 100%
specificity.
Collaborations. BioCollections Worldwide Inc (Miami, Florida), with extensive network
of physician and patient contacts throughout the world, collects samples for GenoMed
from African American and Hispanic patients with a variety of common diseases.
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Genometrica Ltd
via Cantu 8, CP 5991,
CH - 6901 Lugano, Switzerland
Web site: http://www.genometrica.com/
Tel: +41(0)44 586 88 58; +41(0)91 922 97 25
Fax: +41(0)91 923 33 92
Email: info@genometrica.com
President: Ralf Vayntrub
Vice-President: Vladimir Vidro PhD, MBA
US Branch: BioPhotonics Corp
25 East Loop Road, Stony Brook, NY 11790, USA
For technical support please call: 631 974 67 46
For operational support please call: 516 770 54 28
Email: vera@ece.sunysb.edu
Overview. Genometrica Ltd was founded in 2008 for the development and
commercialization of this innovative, unique technology platform capable of performing
all major tests of molecular biology and targeting a rapid transition from research
technologies to personalized medicine and pharmacogenetics. Genometrica has
implemented several technical advances in fluorescent detection technology developed in
the past years by BioPhotonics Corp (BP) and the research group led by Prof. Vera
Gorfinkel at SUNY Stony Brook. Based on multicolor laser excitation and single photon
counting, this technology offers an ultrasensitive system capable of detecting minute
amounts of fluorescent material – down to single fluorescence molecules.
In 2008 Genometrica acquired BioPhotonics Corp and received an exclusive license for
the technology from the SUNY Research Foundation. Additional patents have been filed
since 2008, reflecting additional innovations.
The Stony Brook technology has received wide recognition by the NIH. Over a period of 11
years, two NIH institutes, the NHGRI and the NCI, provided about $13 million of federal
funding in eight8 distinct but complementary projects. These projects addressed and
successfully tested all of the principal design issues. Genometrica invested $7 million into
further research, development, and industrial design of GenometricaLab. Genometrica
intends to launch its equipment to the world market. We expect it to become the new
industry standard due to a unique combination of high technical characteristics, low price
and operational costs.
Technology/products. Proprietary Genometrica bead-based platform consists of large
sets of color encoded microbeads which carry various biomolecules. The number of
distinct codes in the set may reach hundreds of millions. Color encoding is based on
incorporating into the bead random combinations of up to 10 types of fluorescent
markers (e.g. quantum dots) characterized by different fluorescence spectra. Devices
enable ultrafast detection of fluorescence emitted by the beads and highly accurate
repetitive recognition of color codes.
The basic configuration of GenometricaLab comprises a single photon spectrometer,
opto-fluidic module, and laser modules. Combinations of appropriate hardware and
software modules allow the configuration of various systems, including:

Automated single lane DNA Sequencer based on capillary electrophoresis (DLS-10)

Automated single-lane Flow-Fluorometer for fluorometry and detection of spectrally
encoded micro-beads with capabilities of quantitative end point PCR (DLR-10)

High-Throughput Flow-Fluorometer with High-Multiplex Absolute Quantitative PCR
and Hybridization Assays (DLR-100) (under development)

Medium-Throughput DNA Sequencer based on Sequencing by Synthesis (DLS-100)
(under development)
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
High-Throughput DNA Sequencer based on Sequencing by Synthesis (DLS-1000)
(under development)
GenometricaLab has a modular design, with all the modules connected via standard
electrical and optical cables and controlled by PC (plug & play concept). This lowers the
overall cost by allowing the reuse of expensive stand-alone modules (lasers, photon
detectors), a feature not found in current industry systems that integrate these within
operational components (DNA sequencers, bead readers, etc.). The system software
provides data of different assays in a unified format and offers database and network
capabilities. Genometrica is planning to launch its equipment in the international
markets and provides a number of significant advantages including:

Low equipment and consumable cost.

Extremely sensitive, accurate and multiplexed data acquisition for major applications
in molecular biology including DNA sequencing.

Quantitative PCR, hybridization assays.

Several-fold reduction in the cost of performing various tests due to modular
construction and universality of the platform.

Unified data format and database for different types of assays due to special software
and informational architecture of GenometricaLab.

Modular system that uses the Ethernet standard.

Affordability of equipment for small research laboratories due to the possibility of
gradual acquisition of further GenometricaLab components, depending on the
requirements of the scientific and technical tasks.

Ease of use and maintenance.

Capability of performing multiplex assays (up to one thousand disease biomarkers in
thousands of patients simultaneously) with replacement of microchips with much
cheaper microtubes.

Radical reduction in the cost and time necessary to perform assays.

Opportunity to quickly master the equipment due to the use of conventional
biochemical reactions and reagents.

Open format of measured data and the possibility of developing own software.

Possibility of using reagents of various manufacturers.
Technical solutions employed in GenometricaLab provide a number of significant
advantages such as low equipment and consumables cost; extremely sensitive, accurate
and multiplexed data acquisition for major applications in molecular biology including
DNA sequencing; quantitative PCR; and hybridization assays. GenometricaLab is suited
to small laboratories and individual researchers: it is affordable, has a modular design,
low recurring costs, a small size, and is easy to use and maintain. GenometricaLab easily
scales to lab-wide and global projects: its unique software suite allows collaborative intraand inter-lab research, data sharing, and distributed data analysis.
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Genomic Health Inc
101 Galveston Drive
Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
Web site: http://www.genomichealth.com/
Tel: (650) 556-9300
Fax: (650) 556-1132
Email: info@genomichealth.com
President and Chief Executive Officer: Kimberly Popovits
Overview. Founded in 2000, Genomic Health Inc is conducting clinical research on new
genomic services to guide and improve treatment selection for targeted therapies.
Genomic Health's ultimate goal is to make personalized medicine a reality and to
dramatically improve patient care. In August 2010, the company started to upgrade
software tools for next-generation sequence analysis and biomarker discovery. It will also
develop tools for areas such as transcriptomics and splice discovery.
Technology. Genomic Health has technology to perform HTP multi-gene RNA analysis
on FFPE sections of tumor tissue. This technology enables Genomic Health to complete
clinical studies using routinely stored tumor specimens from patients with known clinical
outcomes. The result is a substantial improvement over other technologies that require
fresh-frozen tissue and the initiation of new, long-range clinical studies. RNA analysis of
thin sections of standard tumor biopsies was used to evaluate panels of genes that may
predict breast cancer recurrence and response to chemotherapy. Genomic Health has a
next-gen-driven biomarker discovery program for breast cancer. Based on sequencing of
the whole human transcriptome in FFPE tumor and normal breast tissue samples, the
company found hundreds of differences in both coding and non-coding transcripts
between the 2 sample populations indicating an association between specific genes and
some non-coding RNAs with risk of breast cancer.
Products. Oncotype DX™ Breast Cancer Assay, a clinically validated test, is now
available for use in clinical practice. It quantifies the liklihood of recurrence for newly
diagnosed, stage I or II, node negative, estrogen receptor positive breast cancer who will
be treated with tamoxifen. The assay, performed using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded
tissue, analyzes the expression of a panel of 21 genes using RT-PCR. Unlike the diagnostic
assays for BRCA1 and BRCA2, genes carried by only a small percentage of women,
Oncotype DX™ applies to a large population of patients because a greater number of
genetic markers are involved in the diagnosis. Validation studies have been performed on
the 12-gene Oncotype DX Colon Cancer Assay which is commercially available for newly
diagnosed patients with stage II colon cancer. The following are in development:

Tests to be used in conjunction with the Gleason Score and other clinical
parameters to allow the right prostate cancer patients to get active surveillance and
the right patients to be treated aggressively with surgery or radiation therapy. A
study looking at more than 700 candidate genes in patients is currently underway.

A test for predicting response of NSCLC to gefitinib, an EGFR kinase inhibitor.

A test to provide insight into the individual biology and behavior of melanomas to
facilitate treatment decisions for newly diagnosed patients with this cancer.
Collaborations. Genomic Health has a strategic partnership and equity relationship
with Incyte. This agreement gives Genomic Health access to certain genomic intellectual
property, rights to manufacturing technology, access to Incyte genes and exclusive rights
to certain intellectual property. Incyte has also made a financial commitment to Genomic
Health and owns 10% of the company. In 2008, Genomic Health started collaboration
with Pfizer for the development of a genomic test, based on the same molecular
technology used to develop its Oncotype breast cancer test, to estimate the risk of
recurrence following surgery for patients with clear cell type stage I-III renal carcinoma
that has not spread to other parts of the body.
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Genomic Nanosystems LLC
Suite #130, 8000 Virginia Manor Road
Beltsville, MD-20705, USA
Web site: http://www.gnanosystems.com/
Tel: 301-470-6267
Fax: 301-470-6269
Contacts: Elaine Lanza PhD, Managing Partner (Elaine@ GenomicNanoSystems.com)
Luke Ratnasinghe PhD, Chief Technology Officer (Luke@GenomicNanoSystems.com)
Overview. Genomic Nanosystems LLC (GNS) is a Digital PCR company, holding IP that
is central and enabling to almost every frontier of life science and medicine. GNS was
founded in 2006 as a wholly owned subsidiary of the Cytonix Corporation to develop
technology, manufacture products, and provide licenses for digital PCR. Since 2006, GNS
has developed self-assembling digital arrays, digital emulsion materials, devices and
methods, and generated almost 2000 claims set forth in pending patent applications.
Drawing on other Cytonix IP, nanofluidic and electrowetting concepts are being applied
to carry out complex digital PCR assays. Collaborations have lead to high-resolution
detection systems for Digital PCR, and licensing efforts have resulted in a potentially
robust network of business partnerships.
Technology. Digital PCR (DigitalPCR™) overcomes the difficulties of RT-PCR by
transforming unreliable exponential data from conventional PCR to digital signals that
simply indicate whether or not amplification has occurred. Digital PCR is achieved by
capturing or isolating each individual nucleic acid molecule present in a sample within
many separate chambers, zones or regions that are able to localize and concentrate the
amplification product to detectable levels. After PCR amplification, a count of chambers,
zones or regions containing PCR end-product is a direct measure of the initial nucleic
acids quantity.
Products. Digital Emulsion PCR Kit. It PCR ready sample into millions of droplets (or
micelles) in a hydrophobic, immiscable oil matrix. After amplification, nucleic acids are
counted using a high resolution, florescence DigitalPCR reader that determines the
properties of each micelle. The volume of each droplet is approximately 10 picoliters. All
sample preparations are carried out in one 96-well plate, eliminating the need for
expensive robotics.
Digital Emulsion PCR Pathogen Kit. In this sets of PCR primers, probes and reagents for
the detection of different pathogens are pre-loaded in optically clear 96 well plates. It is
used for surveillance of pathogens in hospitals, foods and veterinary laboratories, for
early detection and counting of harmful pathogens, and for assessment of antibiotic
resistance. Each 96-well plate will be available for analysis of one pathogen in ninety
samples or ninety pathogens in one sample.
Digital Emulsion PCR Genotyping Kit. It comprises a Digital Emulsion PCR kit for
quantitative genotyping for assessment of allele imbalance and loss of heterozygosity for
cancer detection and assessment of cancer recurrence. PCR primers, probes and reagents
for well characterized polymorphisms in genes lost during cancer development are preloaded into 96 well plates. Loss of heterozygosity is well studied phenomenon in cancer
cells. During cancer development and cancer recurrence, tumor DNA with signature loss
of heterozygosity patterns are spilled into serum. The kits are designed to count deviation
from heterozygosity or allele imbalance in serum (or other biological material) that
sample from tumors among cancer survivors or from individuals at high risk for cancer.
Collaborations. In September 2008, SEQUENOM secured exclusive rights to
fundamental patents for digital PCR technologies and methods from Genomic
Nanosystems LLC for use in noninvasive prenatal diagnostics. These include USPTO Nos.
6,143,496 and 6,391,559 and pending applications. Sequenom also secured the exclusive
right to use digital PCR methods in conjunction with mass spectrometry for any
commercial, diagnostic or research purpose, excluding second generation sequencing.
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GenomicTree
829 Tamnip-dong, Yuseong-gu
Daejeon, 305-510 South Korea
US branch: 168 San Lazaro Ave, Sunnyvale, CA 94086
Tel: 408-522-5224; Fax: 408-522-5223
Web site: http://www.genomictree.com/
Tel: 82-42-861-4551
Fax: 82-42-861-4552
Email: info@genomictree.com
CEO/CSO: Sunghwan An PhD
Overview. GenomicTree develops novel methylation biomarkers and molecular
diagnostics that enable detection of cancer at the earliest possible stage and selection of
proper therapeutic strategy. It has discovered methylation biomarkers frequently
methylated in specific cancers involving cervix, lung, bladder, colon, thyroid stomach,
liver and breast. Its business strategy is out-licensing these biomarkers for
commercialization and co-development through large-scale clinical validation. In
addition, it is developing various pathogens detection tools using DNA biochip
technology.
Technologies. Genome-wide methylation analysis by using microarray-based
technology is suitable for identifying novel and potential DNA methylation biomarkers for
early detection, prognosis and progression of cancer. GenomicTree’s unique platform
technology can be used to develop and commercialize DNA methylation biomarkers for
IVD.
Methyl DNA Scan (MDScan) is designed to discover novel DNA methylation-based
biomarkers through a genome-wide analysis of DNA methylation alterations in cancers.
This technology is based on affinity-based methyl DNA enrichment, a proprietary
technology for selective enrichment of methylated DNA from any biological source.
Therefore, this technology does not depend on bisulfite modification, restriction
endonucleases and specific antibodies. The selectively isolated methyl DNA can be used
for microarray analysis or whole genome sequencing. MDScan™ technology is a powerful
tool for the discovery of potential methylation target genes with high sensitivity and
specificity in the screening of individuals at risk of cancer or prognosis of treatment
outcome with tissue, serum, stool, sputum or urine.
MDetect™ is also based on selective enrichment of methylated DNA and subsequently
followed by quantitative DNA measurement by realtime PCR. This detection technology
also does not require bisulfite modification of target DNA. MDetect™ is a highly sensitive
and quantitative method to asses aberrant methylation status in target samples.
MDetect™ technology can be widely applied in detection of methylation biomarkers in
any type of clinical samples, especially in non-invasive samples such as serum, sputum
and urine.
It is also developing an identification system of methylation-associated genes inactivated
in cancer (i-MAGIC).
Products in development. GenomicTree’s is focused on development of molecular
biomarkers of cancer for cancer-screening tests in noninvasive samples including
exfoliated cells, fine-needle biopsy specimen, blood and urine. The tests are aimed at early
detection and pharmacodiagnostics of cancer to fulfill unmet diagnostic needs.
It has developed a GeneTrack HPV DNA Chip capable of typing 28 HPV genotypes
including 17 high-risk types (Naive Bayes Classifier) and 11 low-risk types.
Services. Microarray services include gene expression, miRNA, CGH and methylation
microarrays.
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Genomic Vision
Pasteur Biotop
28 rue Dr Roux
F-75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
Web site: http://www.genomicvision.com/
Tel: +33(0) 145 688 407
Fax: +33(0) 614 881 632
CEO: Aaron Bensimon (a.bensimon@genomicvision.com)
Overview. Genomic Vision develops novel diagnostic and drug discovery solutions based
on its world-leading nanotechnology for DNA analysis in the areas of cancer and acute
diseases. These diagnostic tests and drug discovery tools operate where genome dynamics
and human disease intersect. The company is focused on three key areas:
1.
Diagnostics: discovery of genomic biomarkers and the development of DNA-based
diagnostic tests for early disease identification and management.
2. Drug Development: exploiting the Combing Replication Assay to test the efficacy of
lead compounds by studying DNA replication in proliferating cancer cells.
3. Drug Response Biomarkers: the analysis and identification of the genomic region in
the human genome to enable the characterization of genetic differences between
individuals who respond differently to the same drug.
Technology. Molecular Combing is based on the binding of DNA molecules to
chemically -vinyl silane- treated glass surfaces. One or both extremities of the DNA
molecules present in a solution spontaneously bind to these treated surfaces when the
surface is dipped into the solution. As the surface is slowly pulled out of the solution, the
molecules are “combed”. As a result of the combing process, the DNA fibers are
irreversibly attached, stretched, and aligned uniformly in parallel to each other over the
entire surface. Therefore, the physical distance measured with optical microscopy is
proportional to the length of the DNA molecule.
The technology enables direct visualization of single DNA molecules attached, uniformly
and irreversibly, to specially-treated glass surfaces. It considerably improves the
structural and functional analysis of DNA across the genome by allowing exploration of
the entire genome at high resolution in a single analysis. It provides clear visualization of
genomic anomalies in multiple aligned DNA molecules, and has led to novel findings with
implications in cancer genomics and medicine. It is possible to identify genetic anomalies
and to localize genes or particular sequences that hybridize to selected probes in the
human genomes, which usually cannot be detected by other methods. This technology has
already shown its value in the analysis of subtle genomic changes by the detection of
microdeletions, amplifications and complex rearrangements in tuberose sclerosis, breast
cancer, renal cell carcinoma and HPV-associated cancer.
In January 2007, Genomic Vision received certification and financing of two of its R&D
projects by organizations involved in oncology Medicen Paris and France’s National
Cancer Institute. The research grants amount to €473,000 ($643,000).
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Gen-Probe Inc
10210 Genetic Center Drive.
San Diego, CA 92121-4362, USA
Web site: http://www.gen-probe.com/
Tel: (858) 410-8000
Email: businessdevelopment@gen-probe.com
Chairman, President and CEO: Carl Hull
Overview. Gen-Probe Inc, founded in 1983, develops manufactures and commercializes
diagnostic products based on its patented genetic probe technology. PACE was the first
DNA-based direct assay system for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis. In 2003, GenProbe increased its ownership of Molecular Light Technology Limited (MLT) to 82.6%
placing the acquisition value at $11 million. Gen-Probe had licensed from MLT the
chemiluminescent technology it uses in its Hybridization Protection Assay. With the
historical background of pionering work in diagnosis of infections, collaboration with
Corixa is a significant step forward in Gen-Probe's long-term strategy to become a leader
in cancer diagnostics. The period 2005-2008 was a time of strong product sales growth
for Gen-Probe, driven by the roll-out of the TIGRIS® system, continued international
expansion in blood screening, and the US approvals of its Procleix® Ultrio and West Nile
virus assays. In 2009, Gen-Probe acquired Tepnel for $132 million and entered the HLA
testing for transplantation and genetic testing markets. Also in 2009, Gen-Probe acquired
Prodesse Inc (see separate profile), a privately held leader in molecular testing for
influenza and other infectious diseases, for ~$60 million in cash.
Technologies. Gen-Probe has five core technologies:
1.
Ribosomal RNA Targeting for assays with increased sensitivity and specificity.
2. Target Capture uses oligonucleotides and magnetic microparticles to isolate target
nucleic acid for amplification and eliminate potentially inhibiting substances.
3. Transcription-Mediated Amplification (TMA) technology amplifies target RNA or
DNA sequences a billion fold within 15-30 minutes.
4. Hybridization Protection Assay (HPA) uses a specific DNA probe that hybridizes with
nucleic acid target amplicon to emit a chemiluminescent signal.
5.
Dual Kinetic Assay extends the power of HPA and TMA by enabling the simultaneous
detection of two analytes.
Products. Gen-Probe currently markets several product lines, including the PACE 2
System, the Gen-Probe Amplified Direct Tests, and the AccuProbe System.
Two laboratories in the US  Ameripath and Bostwick Laboratories  have independently
validated Gen-Probe’s analyte specific reagents for PCA3 and tests for this biomarker for
prostate cancer are commercially available. PROGENSA™ PCA3, a urine test to aid in the
diagnosis of prostate cancer, was launched in UK in 2007.
Gen-Probe developed and manufactures the first FDA-approved blood screening assay for
the simultaneous detection of HIV-1 and HCV, which is marketed by Novartis Diagnostics
as the Procleix® System. Gen-Probe is developing a single nucleic acid amplification
assay that screens the blood of potential organ donors for the HIV-1, HBV and HCV.
Procleix WNV, approved by the FDA, was the first West Nile Virus blood test to screen
donors of blood, organs, cells and tissues. Developed by Gen-Probe and marketed by
Novartis Diagnostics, it detects viral genetic material (RNA). Approximately 80% of the
US blood supply is screened using this assay.
The Tigris System is a fully automated, high throughput instrument for use for clinical
diagnostics using the Company's Aptima Combo 2 Assay. It is a second-generation
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nucleic acid probe test for the in vitro simultaneous detection of rRNA from C.
trachomatis (CT) and N. gonorrhoeae (GC). FDA has approved Aptima CT and Aptima
GC as stand alone tests for these infections. In 2005, the FDA granted marketing
clearance to use Gen-Probe’s APTIMA Combo 2® assay to test for CT and GC from liquid
Pap specimens collected and processed with Cytyc’s ThinPrep® 2000 System. On 5 Oct
2010, Gen-Probe submitted a 510(k) application to the FDA for its Aptima Trichomonas
vaginalis assay that runs on the Tigris system and is CE marked for sale in Europe.
Gen-Probe is developing the APTIMA® HPV Assay, targeting E6/E7 mRNA. Gen-Probe
has chosen to develop the next generation of HPV assay utilizing its proven technologies
of Target Capture, Transcription-Mediated Amplification and Dual Kinetic Assay.
In November 2009, Gen-Probe was granted EUA (emergency use authorization) for the
Prodesse ProFlu-ST™ to be used in CLIA high-complexity laboratories for detection of
the 2009 H1N1 influenza virus. Other Prodesse products are ProParaflu+™, hMPV+™,
and ProGastro™ Cd. In July 2010, the company received FDA clearance for an assay for
the simultaneous detection of three influenza A virus subtypes.
Collaborations. In 2003, Gen-Probe signed an agreement with DiagnoCure to develop
and market a urine test to detect a specific genetic biomarker for prostate cancer. A
licensing agreement in 2004, provides Gen-Probe access to bioMerieux's Nuclisens
EASYQ platform for detecting genetic mutations and tests that predispose people to
blood clotting disorders. In 2005, Gen-Probe licensed from Corixa the rights to develop
molecular diagnostic tests for approximately 50 potential genetic markers for various
cancers including AMACR for prostate and CRC, CA125 for ovarian cancer, and L523S for
cervical and lung cancers. In 2005, Gen-Probe licensed technology from AdnaGen for
molecular diagnostic tests for prostate and bladder cancers that also help determine the
aggressiveness of these malignancies, and monitor responses to therapy.
Collaborations in 2006. bioMerieux exercised an option to develop diagnostic products
for certain undisclosed disease targets using Gen-Probe's patented rRNA technologies,
pursuant to terms of a 2004 agreement. Gen-Probe started funding a 3-year study at the
Center for Prostate Disease Research to create a new generation of highly specific gene
panels in urine for diagnosis of prostate cancer and got a non-exclusive license to develop
and commercialize the resulting test. Gen-Probe licensed from the University of Michigan
the rights to develop diagnostic tests for genetic translocations specific for prostate
cancer. Gen-Probe granted DiagnoCure Inc exclusive rights to develop in vivo products,
and co-exclusive rights to develop FISH products, using the PCA3 gene  a biomarker for
cancer. The companies submitted a PMA for a PCA3 IVD product to the FDA in Sep 2010.
In 2008, Gen-Probe licensed Flow-Thru Chip technology from Xceed Molecular to
develop next-generation multiplexed molecular diagnostics. Gen-Probe will pay up-front
licensing and milestone fees and will purchase Xceed’s custom TipChips, Ziplex
automated gene expression system, and other Xceed products.
In Jan 2009, Gen-Probe and Novartis extended their blood screening collaboration until
2025. The companies also plan an exploratory collaboration in pharmacogenomics.
On 23 March 2010, Life Technologies agreed to commercialize Gen-Probe's Elucigene
QST® aneuploidy test kits, labeled for use with Applied Biosystems' capillary
electrophoresis systems, in Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, Latin America, and
Canada. However, the kits will not be available for sale in the US.
On 21 June 2010, Gen-Probe made $50 million investment in Pacific Biosciences, a
sequencing company, for co-development of an integrated diagnostic system based on its
expertise and PacBio's single molecule real time platform for a period of 30 months.
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Gen-Probe Prodesse Inc
W229 N1870 Westwood Drive
Waukesha, WI 53186, USA
Web site: http://www.prodesse.com/
Tel: (262) 446-0700
Email: custsvc@prodesse.com
Overview. Prodesse Inc was founded to commercialize a novel, patented method
licensed from researchers at the Medical College of Wisconsin where it was developed. In
1995, Prodesse established a CLIA lab to offer services to local hospitals using its in-house
developed and validated assays. In 1998, Prodesse began offering products so that other
CLIA labs could develop and validate their own assays based upon this technology.
Prodesse is focused on the development, manufacture and distribution of cost-effective,
easy-to-use reagents for infectious disease agents. In October 2009, Prodesse was
acquired by Gen-Probe; however, the combined entity will continue to offer products
under the Prodesse product line brand.
Products. In 2008, Prodesse received FDA clearance for its ProFlu Assay, for influenza
making it the first real time multiplex RT-PCR to achieve this milestone. It is so sensitive
that FDA does not recommend culture backup. ProFlu+ is an upgraded version of
Prodesse’s highly regarded ProFlu-1™, which has been discontinued from sale. In 2008,
FDA cleared the addition of the easyMAG™ extractor and the removal of the culture
backup recommendation for influenza viruses. Prodesse is developing tests for:

ParaFlu for differentiating parainfluenza 1, 2, and 3 viruses and adenovirus. It is CE
marked in Europe.

Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) was discovered in 2001 and causes acute
respiratory illness. Its prevalence ranges from 6.6-12% annually of patients with
symptoms of respiratory infection. In 2008, Prodesse filed with the FDA for 510(k)
clearance of its real-time PCR-based Pro hMPV+ Assay for rapid detection of hMPV,
which can provide accurate results in as little as 3 h compared to days or weeks for
non-molecular methods.

ProGastro Cd, a real-time PCR kit, for detecting toxigenic strains of C. difficile. In
clinical trials, ProGastro Cd detected 43% more positive test results than the goldstandard cytotoxin assay. Results are available in about 3 hours, while cytotoxin
assay results usually take at least 48 hours.
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GenUs BioSystems Inc
1808 Janke Dr. Unit M
Northbrook, Illinois 60062, USA
Web site: http://www.genusbiosystems.com/
Tel.: 847 291 9600
Fax: 847 291 9903
E-mail: info@genusbiosystems.com
President: Scott Magnuson PhD
Overview. GenUs BioSystems provides a time-saving and cost-effective way for
scientists to utilize high-performance gene expression profiling without investing in costly
equipment or personnel. It uses state-of-the-art bioarray technology to turn biological
samples into practical genomic data, accurately and reproducibly.
Technologies. GenUs uses Arcturus RiboAmp® RNA Amplification technologies to
generate enough RNA to run bioarray experiments on GE Healthcare CodeLink™
bioarrays. It allows researchers to perform microarray hybridization experiments using
total RNA from as little as 100 picograms of total RNA (about ten cells). RNA samples are
amplified up to ten-million-fold in two amplifications. This ultra-high-sensitivity kit is
one hundred-times more sensitive than other linear amplification methods.
GeneSpring software is used for gene expression data analysis that enables sifting through
an almost infinite number of data points to uncover genes of interest or gene expression
patterns. With this technology, you can ask detailed questions and receive accurate and
reproducible answers that are based upon complex gene expression data sets.
Services. GenUs offers a full range of services related to bioarray experimentation, such
as gene expression profiling, RNA isolation, data analysis, pre- and post-experiment
consulting, and RNA amplification from as little as 100 picograms of total RNA.
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Genzyme Corporation
1 Kendall Square
Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
Web sites: http://www.genzyme.com/; http://www.genzymegenetics.com/
Tel: (617) 252-7760
Fax: (617) 252-7759
CEO: Henri A. Termeer
Don Pogorzelski: President, Genzyme Diagnostics (http://www.genzymediagnostics.com)
Overview. Genzyme Corporation is a public biotechnology company interested in
integrated healthcare. One of its divisions, Genzyme Oncology is profiled separately.
Genzyme develops and markets therapeutic products and diagnostic products through
Genzyme Diagnostics and Genzyme Genetics. In 2004, Genzyme acquired Impath
(oncology testing) for $215 million and it became part of the Genzyme Genetics. In
January 2009, Genzyme acquired EXACT’s IP assets related to the fields of prenatal and
reproductive health for $24.5 million, including 15 patents that may be useful for the
development of diagnostic products and services including detection of CRC. In
November 2010, Laboratory Corporation of America purchased Genzyme Genetics for
$925 million in an all-cash deal, including all testing services, technology, IP rights, and
its 9 testing laboratories.
Technologies/products of Genzyme Diagnostics. Genzyme has over 30 easy-touse, IVD products for infectious diseases; some of these tests are for POC market. OSOM
Influenza A&B Test can detect H1N1 influenza virus infection. Two FDA approved tests 
OSOM® Trichomonas Rapid Test, and OSOM® BVBLUE® Test for bacterial vaginosis 
detect pathogenic antigens directly from vaginal swabs. Results for both tests are rapid 
within approximately 10 min. Genzyme CF gene sequencing test can detect approximately
98% percent of the more than 1,200 disease-causing mutations in the CFTR gene. One
test can detect MRD in patients with B-cell CLL. There are two molecular tests for AML:
(1) test for FLT3 mutation, which is considered a prognostic indicator of poor survival and
response to standard chemotherapies; and (2) WT1 RQ-PCR designed to detect MRD.
Genzyme has licensed the diagnostic testing rights to two proteins, RRM1 and ERCC1,
from the Moffitt Cancer Center, which it plans to develop into tests that could help predict
patients’ response to NSCLC treatments.
Genzyme's p53 Mutation Analysis for B-cell CLL is a gene sequencing assay that detects
specific mutations in the p53 gene with a higher degree of sensitivity than FISH alone,
thereby providing more comprehensive diagnostic information for high-risk patients.
Genzyme Analytical Services offers cost-effective services high quality services from
preclinical development through phase IV including:

Target validation

Tumor biomarker surveys across indications

Chemoresistance monitoring

Diagnostic assay development

Patient stratification for clinical trials

Circulating tumor cell monitoring
Collaborations. In 2004, Genzyme licensed WT1 gene to Ipsogen as biomarker in acute
leukemia. It holds the exclusive worldwide diagnostic rights for the use of EGFR gene
mutations in testing for NSCLC through a 2005 agreement with Massachusetts General
Hospital and the Dana Farber Cancer Institute. It has licensed DxS rights to develop and
sell diagnostic and research products to detect mutations in the EGFR gene for NSCLC.
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Genzyme Oncology
15 Pleasant Street Connector
P.O. Box 9322
One Mountain Road
Framingham, MA 01701-9322, USA
Web site: http://www.genzyme.com/molecularoncology/
Tel: (508) 271-2627
Fax: (508) 271-2604
President: Gail Maderis
Overview. Genzyme Molecular Oncology (GMO) is one of the three divisions of
Genzyme. The general division of the company markets proprietary therapeutic and
diagnostic products as well as genetic testing services (see separate profile). GMO was
formed in 1997 by takeover of PharmaGenics, which was developing the p53 tumor
suppresser gene and has developed SAGE (serial analysis of gene expression) technology
for comparing gene expression patterns in normal and diseased tissues. It is shaping
these new therapies through the integration of its genomics, gene and cell therapy, smallmolecule drug discovery, and protein therapeutic capabilities. This division will have
access to technology in four areas: 1) genomics, 2) gene therapy, 3) molecular diagnostics
and 4) small molecule combinatorial chemistry drug discovery. Only the diagnostic
activities will be considered in this report.
GMO has an extensive portfolio of intellectual property related to cancer gene diagnostics
based on the work of its collaborators and is out-licensing its diagnostic rights to generate
funds to help support its internal cancer therapeutic development efforts. Laboratory
Corporation of America, Quest Diagnostics, Mayo Medical Laboratories, SRL Inc and City
of Hope Cancer Center have been granted non-exclusive colon cancer diagnostic rights to
the APC and/or MSH2 gene for use in diagnostic testing services that detect increased
risk for certain colon cancers. CDT Testing Inc has been granted non-exclusive diagnostic
rights to test for mutations in the p53 gene.
Technology. SAGE is a sequence-based technology for gene identification and
quantitation. It measures the levels of virtually all genes expressed in a cell at a given time
(see Chapter 7). GMO has an exclusive license to SAGE from Johns Hopkins University
(patent holder) through GMO's takeover of PharmaGenics.
Applications. SAGE can be used in a wide variety of applications to identify diseaserelated genes, analyze the effect of drugs on tissues and provide information about disease
pathways. Its power in finding rare genes in gastrointestinal cancer has been
demonstrated. Understanding different expression patterns between normal and tumor
cells or between tumor cells at different points in time should identify better diagnostics
and more relevant therapeutic targets. GMO will use the SAGE technology internally and
market it other biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies.
Collaborations. In 2002, GMO sold to Genzyme Genetics the rights to cancer
diagnostics including dozens of proprietary cancer biomarkers. Genzyme Genetics will
also have diagnostic rights to cancer biomarkers found in the future through GMO's
antigen-discovery program and gains access to the SAGE database to identify diagnostic
cancer markers, and options to diagnostic-related discoveries found through research
collaborations with laboratories at The Johns Hopkins University and other centers. GMO
will have the right to use this intellectual property in diagnostic products offered in
conjunction with molecular therapeutics that it develops in the future. In 2010, Genzyme
Genetics was purchased by Laboratory Corporation of America.
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Health Discovery Corporation
2 East Bryan Street, Suite 601
Savannah, GA 31401, USA
Web site: http://www.healthdiscoverycorp.com
Tel: (912) 443-1987
Fax: (912) 443-1989
Chairman: Stephen D. Barnhill, MD (sbarnhill@healthdiscoverycorp.com)
Overview. Founded in 2003, Health Discovery Corporation (HDC) is a systems biologyoriented biomarker and pathway discovery company, which provides all aspects of FirstPhase Biomarker Discovery. HDC was established to provide pharmaceutical and
diagnostic companies with a broad range of analytical and decision support solutions to
produce more effective and cost effective diagnostic and drug discovery tools.
Technology/application. Using its technologies, HDC intends to become the first
company to perform the total process of identifying a particular clinical medical problem
to be solved and performing the entire process leading to the identification of the
biomarkers (genes or proteins), and the relationships among them (the pathways), that
are relevant to the solution of the medical problem. This process will consist of an
assessment of the clinical problem, the determination of the clinical trial set-up (the
number of patients and what medical conditions they represent), the proper selection and
procurement of high quality specimens for analysis, an analytical evaluation of the
specimens through laboratory tests to produce the clinical data, and the mathematical
evaluation of the data using pattern recognition techniques and fractal geometric
modeling to produce an accurate determination of the relevant genes and proteins and
the manners in which they interact. The information will then be sold or licensed to
diagnostic companies for development into diagnostic assays and the same information
will be sold or licensed to pharmaceutical companies for further development as potential
drug targets.
HDC has discovered a new set of genetic biomarkers related to prostate cancer, which is
expected to lead to considerable improvement in the diagnosis and treatment of clinically
significant prostate cancer. These biomarkers have been shown to accurately separate
high-grade prostate cancers from less malignant grades, with a high degree of accuracy.
This ability would allow physicians to tailor prostate cancer treatment to a patient’s
specific type or grade of cancer – resulting in significant cost savings by minimizing
unnecessary or overly aggressive treatments as well as eliminating the adverse effects that
invariably accompany unnecessary treatments. HDC's new Cellular Imaging Technology
is used to identify circulating tumor cells in blood and will further add the diagnostic
ability of the company in cancer. On 24 June 2008, HDC’s phase II clinical trial results
for its gene-based molecular diagnostic test for prostate cancer successful.
Collaborations. HDC’s gene-based molecular diagnostic test for prostate cancer is
licensed exclusively to Clarient and it will receive a 30% royalty on each test performed
based on the per test reimbursement received by Clarient. In addition to the license HDC
granted to Clarient, itretained the right to commercialize this molecular diagnostic test for
prostate cancer in any clinical laboratory that HDC elects to own and/or operate.
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Helicos Biosciences Corporation
One Kendall Square, Building 700
Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
Web site: http://www.helicosbio.com/
Tel: (617) 264-1800
Fax: (617) 264-1700
Chief Executive Officer: Ronald Lowy
Overview. Helicos BioSciences is a life science company focused on innovative genetic
analysis technologies for the research, drug discovery, and diagnostic markets. Helicos's
proprietary True Single Molecule Sequencing (tSMS™) technology allows direct
measurement of billions of strands of DNA enabling scientists to perform experiments
and ask questions never before possible. Helicos is a recipient of the $1,000 genome grant
and committed to providing scientists the tools to unlock the era of genomic medicine.
The company is currently planning the introduction of its first product, the Helicos™
Genetic Analysis System.
In September 2009, Helicos hired investment bank Thomas Weisel partners to assist the
firm in evaluating and executing strategic alternatives, such as financings, joint ventures,
or partnerships. Because Helicos has been making improvements to its next-generation
sequencing technology, it could benefit from the NIH's stimulus funding. Helicos has thus
far placed 14 of its Helicos Genetic Analysis Systems at research centers in North
America. As of November 2009, it held cash and cash equivalents of $8.4 million.
Technology/products. Based on Helicos's tSMS technology, the Helicos Genetic
Analysis System enables ultra-highthroughput genetic analysis by directly sequencing
single molecules of nucleic acids. The tSMS workflow is based on a simple, cost effective
sample preparation process that can easily be scaled and replicated to meet the
requirements of large, complex experiments, overcoming laboratory workflow
bottlenecks.
Helicos believes the tSMS sequencing by synthesis approach will represent the first
comprehensive and universal solution for single molecule genetic analysis, dramatically
lowering the cost of individual analyses. The Helicos™ Genetic Analysis System will have
extensive capabilities in basic and translational research, and pharmaceutical R&D, thus
increasing the potential for improved drug therapies, personalized medicine and more
accurate molecular diagnostics for diseases such as cancer.
In February 2009, Helicos announced significant improvements in the performance of its
Genetic Analysis System, which is generating 20 to 30 GB of high-quality sequence data
per run, an output equivalent to the sequencing of 7 to 10 human genomes per run.
On 25 June 2010, Helicos announced that it is in the early stages of validating molecular
diagnostic tests that utilize its SMS, which simplifies the diagnostic testing workflow
obviating the need for the amplification steps utilized by most genetic analysis methods.
This has several advantages including the potential for Helicos to sell its tests for
substantially less than the price of comparable existing diagnostic tests.
Collaborations. In 2006, Helicos started partnership with the Institute for Systems
Biology (ISB), which will allow ISB access to Helicos’ tSMS™ technology and protocols for
use in its scientifically groundbreaking research projects. Helicos has recently joined the
Personalized Medicine Coalition, seeking to advance the understanding and adoption of
personalized medicine concepts and products for the benefit of patients.
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Helixis Inc
5421 Avenida Encinas, Suite B
Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
Web site: http://www.helixis.com/
Tel: 760-444-4255
Fax: 760-683-3366
President & CEO: Alex Dickinson PhD
Overview. Helixis is dedicated to building a new generation of products that unlock the
full potential of molecular analysis. These instruments offer the promise of precise
identification of genetic sequences related to infectious diseases or cancer, together with
the ability to guide treatment selection.The primary goal at Helixis is to enable access to
molecular diagnostics: delivering great products that are accessible to the widest possible
base of customers.
Technology. Helixis’ Real-Time PCR system is built on novel technologies from the
Caltech labs of Nobel Laureate David Baltimore and Axel Scherer and includes high
performance, flexibility and ease of use for both experienced and novice real-time PCR
users. Advantages are:

Low cost, priced for the individual user

Temperature control and uniformity far exceeding more costly instruments

High performance optics

Uniquely improved user interface for easy set up and data analysis

Compact size for a "personal scale" real-time PCR

All chemistries and applications supported, including multiplexing

Plug and play set up, no calibration required
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High Throughput Genomics Inc
6296 E. Grant Road
Tucson, AZ 85712, USA
Web site: http://www.htgenomics.com/
Tel: (520) 547-2827
Fax: (520) 547-2837
CEO: Tim Johnson
Contact: Dr. Bruce Seligmann, Founder & CSO (bseligmann@HTgenomics.com)
Overview. High Throughput Genomics Inc (HTG) was established as a wholly owned
subsidiary of Systems Integration Drug Discovery Company Inc (SIDDCO) in 1997. In
2001, HTG was divested to the shareholders of SIDDCO but remains privately held. HTG
markets ArrayPlate assays for the multiplexed measurement of DNA, RNA, or proteins.
The technology is targeted at drug discovery and diagnostic markets. Clients can access
ArrayPlate technology through the purchase of custom kits, software, and imagers, or
through services to establish and validate custom assays or perform high throughput
screening and optimization.
Technologies relevant to molecular diagnostics. HTG's ArrayPlate is a 96-well
microplate containing a 16-target Universal Array in each well. These Universal Arrays
are customized to simultaneously measure 16 DNA, RNA, or protein targets in each well.
Combined with HTG's qNPA technology, the ArrayPlate quantitatively measures RNA
from samples of fewer than 1,000 cells without extraction or amplification. The
ArrayPlate can be used to measure protein from the same sample. Drug efficacy, safety,
and metabolism can be measured with whole assay CVs of <10% and excellent QSAR dose
response curves and precise EC50 values can be generated. Standard automation and
workstations perform all assay steps. HTG also markets its own high performance Omix
Imager.
Products/applications. HTG has introduced the ArrayPlate, its first quantitative
Nuclease Protection Assay (qNPA) product, to measure multiple targets simultaneously.
The ArrayPlate combines the high sample throughput of traditional microplates with
HTG's novel Universal Array™ technology. With the combination of these two
technologies, researchers now have access to the excellent sensitivity and reproducibility
of conventional biochemical assays in a multiplexed format for high volume profiling. In
practical terms, this combination provides sensitivity down to 1,000 cells on 0.01
micrograms of total RNA and exceptional reproducibility of 3% to 13% coefficient of
variation across the entire assay, for cellular in vitro and in vivo tissue assays. After
processing an ArrayPlate, researchers measure their targets by imaging the entire plate to
provide to read-out all the data points. With HTG's Omix Imaging System, researchers
use integrated proprietary software to analyze results quickly and efficiently.
Collaborations. Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development uses
HTG's ArrayPlate for gene profiling in its drug discovery program.
In 2003, ProSkelia, a biopharmaceutical R&D company, incorporated HTG’s ArrayPlate™
high throughput screening technology into one of its drug discovery programs.
In 2004, Merck & C0 signed an agreement for use of HTG’s patented ArrayPlate qNPA™.
In 2004, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co Ltd signed a one-year agreement for HTG’s patented
ArrayPlate™ technology and service support.
In 2008, Harvard Medical School researchers agreed to use HTG’s qNPA technology to
develop an assay that can measure the expression of miRNA precursors, mature miRNAs,
and regulated RNA.
Through an agreement in 2008, Roche NimbleGen will provide HTG with high density,
multiplex DNA microarray slides for advanced gene expression analysis, which will be
applied to HTG’s quantitative nuclease protection assay microarray process.
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Hitachi High-Technologies Corp
Medical Systems
24-14, Nishi-Shimbashi 1-Chome
Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8717, Japan
Web site: http://www.hitachi-hitec.com/
Tel: (+81)-(0)3-3504-5938
Fax: (+81)-(0)3-3504-7756
President, CEO and Director: Hidehito Obayashi
Overview. Hitachi High-Technologies (HHT) offers a variety of products for clinical
laboratories worldwide. The product line includes the analytical instruments for clinical
chemistry, immunoassay, urinalysis, and automation system for preanalytical process.
Many analytical instruments including HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography)
are introduced.
Technology/products. The following are relevant to molecular diagnostics:
HPLC. LaChrom Elite SMASH features high efficiency in semi-micro analyses, and
LaChrom Elite HTA is capable of analyzing more samples with higher accuracy in a short
time. These LaChrom Elite systems open new horizons in liquid chromatography.
Fluorescence Spectrophotometer F-2500. Hitachi’s excellent spectroscopy technology is
combined with state-of-the-art software technology. The Model F-2500 fluorescence
spectrophotometer will serve analytical needs in broad applications including life
sciences, biotechnology, and other basic scientific researches.
Amino acid analyzer L-1800. It is capable of analyzing physiological fluids and protein
hydrolysates.
Collaborations. Hitachi clinical chemistry systems are marketed and distributed by
Roche Diagnostics except for Japan, Korea, and China (including Taiwan, excluding Hong
Kong).
In April 2007, Hitachi signed a joint research agreement with the National Cancer Center
in Tokyo, Japan and began joint research into developing a commercially viable method
of blood diagnosis based on proteome analysis.
In February 2007, Waters Corporation and Hitachi announced their intent to develop a
software interface for Hitachi’s Liquid Chromatograph Instruments 'LaChrom Elite'
Control for Waters® Chromatographic Data Station Software Empower 2. It is
anticipated that HHT will develop and sell an interface for the Waters Empower® 2
chromatography data software in combination with its own line of liquid chromatography
systems in the North American market.
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Hologic Inc
35 Crosby Drive
Bedford, MA 01730, USA
Web site: http://www.hologic.com
Tel: (781) 999-7300
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer: Jack Cumming
Overview. Hologic Inc is a leading developer, manufacturer and supplier of premium
diagnostics, medical imaging systems and surgical products dedicated to serving the
healthcare needs of women. Hologic's core business units are focused on breast health,
diagnostics, gynecological surgery, and skeletal health. Hologic provides a comprehensive
suite of technologies with products for mammography and breast biopsy, radiation
treatment for early-stage breast cancer, cervical cancer screening, treatment for
menorrhagia, osteoporosis assessment, preterm birth risk assessment, and mini C-arm
for extremity imaging.
In 2008, Hologic Inc completed its $580 million acquisition of Third Wave Technologies
(TWT), which will provide Hologic with complementary products targeted to the women’s
health and diagnostics market. Hologic has an established sales and distribution network
for women's health, as well as extensive relationships with clinical labs and
obstetric/gynecology channels. TWT’s HPV tests, which received FDA approval, were
quickly and effectively taken to the market.
With the acquisition of BioLucent and the completion of the merger with Cytyc in 2008,
Hologic had more than doubled in size in one year. After the Cytyc merger, Hologic holds
the number one position in nine technology areas serving women's health, including
breast cancer diagnosis and treatment, cervical cancer screening, prenatal testing, and
osteoporosis detection.
Technologies/products. Those from takeover of TWT are as follows:
TWT's patented Invader operating system (OS) is based on a "perfect match" enzymesubstrate reaction. The Invader OS uses proprietary Cleavase enzymes, which recognize
and cut only the specific structure formed during the Invader process. The Invader OS
relies on linear amplification of the signal generated by the Invader process. This allows
easy quantification of target concentration, and reduces the effects of sample
contamination, which may result from exponential target amplification (see Chapter 2).
Scientists at various universities have successfully applied TWT's patented Invader
technology to a microarray platform. Their findings demonstrate that the accuracy,
performance and ease of use provided by this technology can enhance the high degree of
multiplexing, the ability to simultaneously test for multiple genetic variations with the
same sample, and ultra high-throughput capabilities of microarrays. This has high
potential for large-scale genotyping and gene expression analyses applications.
The Invader platform, because of its ease of use and robustness, enables routine DNA
diagnostic testing in both large laboratories and small ones who previously did not
perform any nucleic acid testing assays. TWT has the ability to make cost-effective
reagents available for 'home brew' applications shortly after clinical correlations are
shown for any given genetic variation, to assist physicians in diagnosing, treating and
monitoring their patients. The most frequently requested tests include:

Mutations in Factor V (Leiden) and Factor II (prothrombin) genes, which are
associated with deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.

Connexin 26 mutations are associated with one category of neurosensory deafness.

In 2008, the FDA cleared InPlex CF Molecular Test, based on TWT's Invader
chemistry and a microfluidic card, and developed in collaboration with 3M.
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
Mutations in gene for MTHFR. Decrease of MTHFR activity increases the risk of
cerebrovascular, peripheral vascular, and coronary heart disease as well as up to a
ten-fold increase in the risk for venous thrombosis.

Invader® platform has been successfully extended to prenatal chromosomal
analysis. It is easier to use, faster and more cost-effective than traditional methods.

Invader® HCV, which detects 14 high-risk types of HPV and is used in screening for
cervical cancer, has CE approval in EU and is in the market. In March 2008, TWT
submitted an application to pFDA for approval of this test in the US.

A product to detect the presence of and distinguish between HSV-1 and HSV-2.

Products to detect varicella-zoster virus, EBV, human HSV-6 and CMV.

Invader® UGT1A1 Molecular Assay for IVD to identify patients who may be at
increased risk of adverse reaction to the chemotherapy drug Camptosar (irinotecan)
by detecting and identifying specific mutations in the UGT1A1 gene.
The upcoming expiration of basic PCR patents provides TWT with additional
opportunities and another level of differentiation. The combination of the Invader®
chemistry and PCR will provide a highly sensitive, accurate and rapid solution that is
more robust than either of them alone. TWT's pipeline will enable the company to move
even more aggressively into the infectious disease market, continue to build on its strong
menu of genetics and pharmacogenetics products, and enter the emerging oncology
market with a new approach that is faster and easier to use than traditional methods.
Collaborations. TWT had the following collaborations but the status after takeover by
Hologic is not known and pending further information.
TWT has agreements with major pharmaceutical companies to allow use of its Invader
technology for large-scale pharmacogenomics studies and emerging therapeutic selection
applications in the clinic. These include Novartis, Pfizer and GlaxoSmithKline. TWT also
has collaborations with research institutes, including the Sanger Center and Stanford,
Cambridge and Oxford Universities, for use of Invader technology in genome research.
In 2006, TWT and Mitsubishi formed a joint venture for personalized medicine in Japan
and the Asia-Pacific region, Third Wave Japan, which plans to develop products for the
Japanese molecular diagnostic market, including tests for diagnosing infectious diseases
and products to improve drug safety and efficacy. TWT will hold worldwide rights outside
the Asia-Pacific region to any new technology or product developed by Third Wave Japan.
In 2007, SeqWright agreed to perform sequencing and analysis for clinical trials of IVD
and a genotyong test for HPV types 14, 16 and 18, being conducted by TWT.
In 2008, TWT teamed up with DCL Medical Labs to showcase its existing molecular
diagnostic products and collaborate on research for future assays.
In 2009, Exact Sciences licensed worldwide rights to Hologic's Invader plus and real-time
Invader detection chemistries for colorectal screening applications.
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Human Genetic Signatures Pty Ltd
Postal Address: PO Box 184
North Ryde NSW 1670, Australia
Street Address: Level 4, 11 Julius Ave
North Ryde, NSW, 2113, Australia
Web site: http://geneticsignatures.com/
Tel: + 61 2 9870 7580
Fax: + 61 2 9889 4034
Email: info@geneticsignatures.com
CEO: Angus Hastie
Overview. Human Genetic Signatures (HGS), a privately held biotechnology company
operating since 2001, is positioned in the molecular diagnostics marketplace and has a
rich portfolio of IP, know-how and development projects relating to clinical diagnostics,
methylation, cancer detection and alternative molecular detection methods. HGS has
developed a technology designed to simplify the molecular detection of microorganisms.
Technology/products. 3base™ technology simplifies the genomes of microbial targets,
improving patient testing. It is adaptable to a broad menu of tests for detecting the
presence of viruses and bacteria and in the future, monitoring disease progression and
guiding therapy. 3base™ is cost effective, platform-flexible, highly sensitive and designed
to significantly improve the ability to clinically screen for highly variant subtypes
compared to existing technologies. It can be applied for the development of molecular
diagnostics to detect specific microbial targets such as HPV, HCV, HIV, MRSA, CT/NG
and TB. Key features of this microbial detection technology are: (1) detection of multiple
microbial strains in a single reaction without the need for multiplexing; and (2) reduction
of 4 genomic bases to 3 (ACTG to ATG) to create a simplified and non-natural genome.
Products based on Simplification Technology include the High Risk HPV Detection Kit
and MethylEasy™ method, which is used worldwide for analysing chemical changes that
occur in DNA in cancer, aging, stem cells and cell reprogramming. MethylEasy™
products includes MethylEasy™High-throughput for centrifuge and vacuum and
MethylEasy™ “Xceed – the latest, fastest and most sensitive protocol.
Products in development for hospital-acquired infections: tests for methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and C. difficile
Collaborations. In 2004, HGS acquired the IP and activities relating to Intercalating
Nucleic Acids from the Danish company UNEST. HGS aims to partner with diagnostics
companies having a platform which can assimilate the simplification method and has
agreements with offshore companies and institutions.
In 2008, ProGenTech (current status unknown) signed an agreement with HGS to
develop molecular diagnostic assays for hospital-acquired infections: MRSA, methicillinsensitive S. aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus, and C. difficile.
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Ibis Biosciences Inc
A subsidiary of Abbott Molecular
1300 E.Touhy Ave
Des Plaines, Illinois 60018, USA
Web site: http://www.ibisbiosciences.com/
Tel: (224) 361-7000
Email: ibissupport@abbottmolecular.com
Overview. Ibis Biosciences Inc has developed the Ibis T5000™ Biosensor System for
molecular diagnostics. Ibis has received contracts from other government agencies to
fund expansion of its pathogen detection and identification assays and to use the firm’s
assay services laboratory. In 2008, Ibis Biosciences received $8.4 million in funding from
US government agencies to develop and run assays on its biosensor platform for pathogen
detection and human forensics. In 2008, Abbott Molecular exercised an option to acquire
the remaining 81.4% Ibis Biosciences that it didn’t already own for $175 million; 18.6%
was acquired earlier for $40 million.
Technology. The Ibis T5000™ Biosensor System interrogates common sequences
among classes of organisms for non-diagnostic use. Despite the enormous class diversity
of organisms, Ibis scientists have carefully selected and curated genetic sequences that
allow this interrogation to produce powerful results for surveillance, epidemiology,
forensic, and biological research. The Ibis T5000 Biosensor System can produce results in
~5 h after the sample has been obtained.
For example, bacteria have highly conserved sequences in a number of genomic locations,
including the universally conserved regions of ribosomal and other non-coding RNAs and
essential protein-encoding genes. These conserved sequences can serve as priming sites
for sequence amplification in PCR tests. When the regions between these conserved PCR
primer-binding sites contain sequences that are variable depending on the class of
organism, the base compositions of the PCR products can be used as identification
markers.
Mass spectrometry rapidly determines the precise weights of the nucleic acids present
and the A, C, T, and G content (i.e., base composition) of each amplicon. The base
compositions of the PCR products are used to help identify the organisms present.
In addition to broad-range organism identification, the Ibis T5000 Biosensor System can
be used with specific assay kits from Ibis to provide strain genotyping information, for
human forensics and other non-diagnostic purposes. The US Department of Agriculture’s
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service awarded the firm up to $4.2 million to use its
influenza assay to identify and differentiate avian influenza strains, to distinguish high
pathogenicity from low pathogenicity strains, and to aid in the tracking of avian influenza
transmissions. The contract also includes funding for the development of assays for
detection of a broad range of agricultural pathogens.
Ibis is developing microfluidic sample prep system for next-gen sequencing. The
technology lyses cells, extracts nucleic acids, and performs whole-genome amplification
to generate starting material from trace specimens for whole-genome sequence analysis;
and has already been tested with sequencing platforms from Roche 454 and Pacific
Biosciences.
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ICx Technologies
2100 Crystal Drive, Suite 650
Arlington, VA 22202, USA
Web site: http://www.icxt.com/
Tel: (703) 678-2111
Fax: (703) 678-2112
Email: Vicki Contavespi, Public Relations Director (vicki.contavespi@icxt.com)
President, Chief Executive Officer: Hans Kobler
Overview. ICx Technologies is a leader in the development and integration of advanced
sensor technologies for homeland security, force protection and commercial applications.
Its proprietary sensors detect and identify chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear and
explosive threats, and deliver superior awareness and actionable intelligence for widearea surveillance, intrusion detection and facility security. It then leverages its
unparalleled technical expertise and government funding to address other emerging
challenges ranging from a cleaner environment, alternative energy to life sciences. ICx
acquired Nomadics Inc, a nanotechnology company, in 2005. On 29 May 2008, ICx
acquired S3I, LLC, a technology leader specializing in biological threat detection. The
company will be part of ICx BioSystems and adds the IBAC sensor (Instantaneous
Bioaerosol Analyzer and Collector) to ICx's sophisticated biological-detection product
line.
On 1 October 2008, ICx was awarded a system-engineering, analysis and integration
contract by the US Army Research and Development Engineering Command Acquisition
Center. The award, with an estimated value of up to $711 million over seven years, was
presented as a single contract for the Joint Nuclear, Biological, Chemical Reconnaissance
System Increment II program.
Technology. ICx sensors use new materials with novel characteristics, such as new
semiconductors, crystals, polymers, reagents and other recently developed materials.
These new materials are extraordinarily sensitive, some of which respond to trace
exposures of specific chemical compounds, such as explosives, nerve agents, or biological
proteins. Other new materials respond to low intensity radioactive emissions or specific
types of electromagnetic energy, such as specific bands of infrared light. These new
materials are now the key starting point in development of extremely compact sensors,
imagers and detectors. Various chemical detectors incorporate a number of different
technologies, including enzyme-based detection and mass spectrometry.
Diagnostic applications. In July 2007, Cx introduced its revolutionary field-portable
mass spectrometer system. The system, developed by the ICx Griffin business unit, is
comprised of the Griffin 450™ Gas Chromatograph/Mass Spectrometer (GC/MS/MS),
multiple sample introduction methods including the handheld Griffin X-Sorber™, and
enhanced supporting software. The system is ideal for military, emergency response,
homeland security and environmental monitoring applications.
ICx is able to work with diagnostic companies to design new IVD biosensors using its
proprietary enzyme-immobilization chemistries. Past developments include both single
use and process continuous sensors.
Collaborations. In October 2007, ICx signed a development and license option
agreement with Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics to develop diagnostic sensors. The goal
is to generate new diagnostic tests based on proprietary enzyme-polymer chemistries
developed by ICx, and know-how for use in Siemens’ blood gas analyzer systems.
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Idaho Technology Inc
390 Wakara Way
Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA
Web site: http://www.idahotech.com/
Tel: (801) 736-6354
Fax (801) 588-0507
Contact: Todd Ritter, Chief Corporate Development Officer (todd@idahotech.com)
Overview. Idaho Technology is a privately held company and home to the fastest,
highest-quality machines in the world for DNA analysis including DNA amplification,
real-time thermocycling and SNP detection. Its complement of products includes the
R.A.P.I.D.® System, Hi-Res Melting® (based on high-resolution melt analysis), mutation
scanning and genotyping. SNP:Odyssey System, Indy™ Air Thermocycler and the
RapidCycler® Instrument. IT BioChem™, a division of Idaho Technology offers a
complete list of reagents, probes and primers. Also developed by Idaho Technology, the
LightCycler and LightTyper Systems and the IndyCycler Instrument which have been
licensed and now are sold through Roche Applied Science.
Products. R.A.P.I.D.® System (Ruggedized Advanced Pathogen Identification Device) is
lab proven and field-tested. Designed through a collaboration with the US Air Force, it is
the only real-time thermocycling system designed for portability and ruggedness.
RAZOR® Instrument is a portable, field-hardened, heat-plate thermocycler with
fluorescence monitoring capabilities. Its small, field-hardened design and simple sample
preparation makes it the ideal instrument for pathogen detection for military and
homeland defense personnel.
HR-1™ Instrument detects subtle differences in fluorescent signals over temperature
change. In conjunction with the proprietary LCGreen™ I dye, this system gives
laboratories a simple, fast, cost effective method for pre-sequencing gene scanning.
RapidCycler® 2 Instrument is the fastest air thermocycler and offers the highest product
specificity, exceptional reproducibility and simple operation in the least amount of time at
an economical price.
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Ikonisys Inc
5 Science Park
New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
Web site: http://www.ikonisys.com/
Tel: (203) 776-0791
Fax: (203) 776-0795
Email: info@ikonisys.com
CEO: Dr. Petros Tsipouras
Overview. Ikonisys Inc is a privately held medical technology company developing a
platform for the early diagnosis of diseases using rare cell identification and analysis.
Early diagnosis offers the promise of a wider choice of treatments, better outcomes and
lower treatment costs. Based on its proprietary technology, Ikonisys aims to create a
novel field of medical diagnostic analysis, namely cell based diagnostics. The importance
of cell-based diagnostics is that these will be designed to generate information from
within the contour of an accurately defined individual cell, relating the genetic profile to a
cell of known origin.
Technology. Ikonisys' platform, the Ikoniscope microscope, combines robotic,
fluorescent, and digital microscopy with biological signal generation that facilitates the
recognition of an individual cell in a large population. The Ikoniscope microscope
platform of automated high-speed microscopy is optimized for the identification and
analysis of single cells in a biological sample. The image detection component of the
Ikonisys platform can be adapted to acquire and analyze a great variety of biological
signals from different cells and tissues. This level of adaptability makes the Ikoniscope
microscope a unique tool for cell-based diagnostics.
On 5 March 2008, Ikonisys established a clinical laboratory registered with the Centers
for Medicare and Medicaid Services under the CLIA provisions and licensed by the state
of Connecticut. The company’s clinical laboratory is intended to support proprietary and
non-proprietary tests based on FISH. The clinical laboratory will enable Ikonisys to
showcase the breadth and depth of its products including proprietary tests for circulating
fetal cells (CFC) and circulating tumor cells. Most immediately, Ikonisys will initiate
clinical trials of its non-invasive oncoFISH® cervical cancer test at the clinical laboratory.
Additionally, the clinical laboratory offers FISH-based laboratory testing and services to
medical providers that lack the internal resources necessary for this specialized laboratory
service. Ikonisys’ state-of-the-art facility is designed for rapid turnaround time and
accurate, high-quality FISH analysis performed by highly-trained staff with a core
competency of FISH testing.
Applications. The Ikonisys platform can be applied to many interesting and important
medical and environmental applications. The Ikoniscope microscope and Ikonisoftware
can be modified to detect and analyze a wide variety of target cells or other life forms
(viruses etc.). With the high-speed scanning and analysis steps, materials with an
extremely low abundance of target cells can be analyzed. Information about the DNA of a
target structure can be analyzed directly via a signal-generating marker. Ikonisys'
integration of molecular diagnostic methods and powerful image recognition technology
enables the accurate and rapid detection and analysis of a single cell in a complex mixture
of cell types. Areas of current and future development are:

Prenatal detection of Down syndrome

Prenatal detection of other genetic disorders

Cancer detection and monitoring

Environmental application
Collaborations. Ikonisys has forged a relationship with the Bracco Group of Italy,
granting the company a license to use and market Ikonisys' non-invasive test for the
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detection of Down's syndrome. In return, Bracco will become an equity investor in
Ikonisys and will assist the Company in its clinical trials of the Down's syndrome
diagnostic test. Bracco plans to market the test in Italy, its home market.
In 2005, a license agreement granted Ikonisys a worldwide license under Abbott patents
for the manufacture and sale of DNA probes in conjunction with Chromotest for
prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities using fetal cells from maternal
circulation. Ikonisys can purchase chromosome FISH probes from Abbott for
preimplantation diagnosis and automated detection in amniocytes of FISH signals of the
most common chromosomal abnormalities.
In 2005, an agreement with Cancer Research Technology Ltd grants Ikonisys a worldwide
exclusive option to commercialize MAbs and other reagents specific for the detection of
circulating tumor cells in conjunction with the Ikoniscope™/IkoniLAN™ system enabling
robotic microscopy.
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Illumina Inc
9885 Towne Centre Drive
San Diego, CA 92121-1975, USA
Web site: http://www.illumina.com/
Tel: (858) 202-4500
Fax: (858) 202-4545
President and CEO: Jay Flatley
Contact: Jorge Velarde, VP Business Development (jvelarde@illumina.com)
Overview. Illumina develops tools for the large-scale analysis of genetic variation and
function. Its technology platform also extends to other applications such as highthroughput screening of pharmaceutical compounds and chemical detection. In 2005,
Illumina acquired CyVera Corporation for $17.5 millionalong with its bead technology
consisting of multi-sample Sentrix® microarray solutions with the capability of analyzing
384 to over 200,000 targets per sample in gene expression and genotyping applications.
This is complementary to Illumina's portfolio of products and services and has become an
integral part of the company's BeadArray™ technology used for biomarker R&D and
molecular diagnostic opportunities. In 2006, Illumina acquired Solexa for $600 million.
Solexa makes genetics analysis systems and specializes in whole genome sequencing. In
January 2008, Illumina reorganized into two divisions: (1) Life Sciences Business Unit to
provide products and services related to the research market including the BeadArray,
BeadXpress, and sequencing product lines; and (2) Diagnostics Business Unit will
develop BeadXpress platform and eventually its next-generation sequencing instruments.
In 2008, Illumina paid $25 million to acquire Avantome Inc, a DNA sequencing
technologies startup to target the low end of the sequencing market, providing the firm
with entries across the price spectrum. Illumina will use a combination of its technologies,
specifically its Genome Analyzer II sequencer and BeadXpress array platforms, to address
the molecular diagnostic market.
Technology and applications. Illumina's BeadArray technology (see Chapter 3)
addresses the limitations of other tools for genetic analysis. The ability to vary the size,
shape and format of the fiberoptic bundles and to create specific beads for various
applications gives it the flexibility to address multiple markets and market segments. The
Oligator technology, which complements the BeadArray technology, permits parallel
synthesis of the millions of different segments of DNA necessary to perform large-scale
genetic analysis on arrays. Illumina has developed a set of over 2,300 assayed SNP
markers that will be deployed on the BeadArray platform to provide linkage analysis for
genotyping. The markers were assembled from the SNP Consortium panel, supplemented
by new loci to provide enhanced frequency, distribution and coverage across the human
genome, and then optimized for accuracy and multiplex assay performance. Illumina has
an integrated, HTP genotyping system and also offers a SNP genotyping product for fine
chromosomal or whole-genome mapping. The BeadLab is an end-to-end genetic analysis
solution built around BeadArray™ technology and featuring extensive automation,
parallel sample throughput, high-multiplex assay protocols, low running cost per sample
and high performance. Software tools enable the use Infinium™ SNP genotyping data to
analyze DNA copy number changes and characterize loss of heterozygosity in cancer.
Illumina's product for DNA Analysis, the HumanOmni1-Quad BeadChip with over four
million data points on a single BeadChip, includes up-to-date content for all major classes
of genetic variation for the study of human disease. The BeadChip utilizes tagSNPs from
all three phases of the International HapMap Project and offers premier coverage of
known regions of CNV and SNPs of known disease association. In addition, this is the first
commercially-available product to offer content derived from the 1,000 Genomes Project.
On 4 May 2010, the FDA granted 510(k) clearance for the BeadXpress multiplex system,
which includes the BeadXpress Reader and VeraScan software, for IVD applications.
VeraCode holographic microbead technology enables simultaneous detection of multiple
analytes in a DNA sample. This approval represents a significant and exciting transitional
step for Illumina into the clinical diagnostics field.
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Illumina’s cDNA-mediated annealing, selection, extension and ligation assay (DASL) is a
gene expression solution to generate reproducible profiles from degraded RNAs such as
those derived from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. DASL, based on
GoldenGate™ genotyping assay, uses sequence-specific query oligos, two-color labeling,
and redundant feature representation to probe three different sites on each transcript.
CyVera’s encoded microparticle assay technology, acquired by Illumina through takeover,
provides practically unlimited multiplexing capability, which enables significant
improvements in measurement rate, throughput, data quality, and detection sensitivity
for solution-based assays. With measurement densities of typical microarrays, it has a
broad range of applications from R&D to highly focused molecular diagnostic
applications. It provides precise code identification and, therefore, low false-positive
reads and higher quality data. There is zero code-label interference and a low assay
consumable cost. Therefore, CyVera’s microbead technology finally enables bead based
assays to reach their potential as a broad-based, application-diagnostic assay platform.
In January 2010, Illunina launched 12-sample OmniExpress BeadChip, which enables o
interrogation of >700,000 variants per sample. Using Illumina's iScan System, customers
that run OmniExpress chips can process around 1,400 samples per week.
Illumina has a multi-sample Bovine BeadChip that uses the Infinium assay to initially
genotype over 10,000 cattle. The iSelect genotyping BeadChip allows the analysis of 12
samples in parallel with over 48,000 SNP markers per sample, on a single microarray.
In June 2009, Illumina started a service program to provide high-quality personal
genome sequencing for consumers. This is the first service to offer complete coverage of
the human genome sequence for under $50,000. The Personal Genome Sequencing
Service is performed in Illumina’s CLIA-certified laboratory using its Genome Analyzer
technology. The offering includes sequencing of an individual’s DNA to 30 times depth,
providing information on SNP variation and other structural characteristics of the
genome such as insertions, deletions and rearrangements.
On 13 January 2010, Illumina unveiled HiSeq 2000 that includes a variety of upgraded
features over its Genome Analyzer and received its first order for 128 units of the system
from China's BGI, which would enable it to sequence 11,000 human genomes/year. The
system will brings the cost of sequencing a human genome to the sub-$10,000 level.
Collaborations relevant to molecular diagnostics. Illumina has a commercial
agreement with Johns Hopkins Institute of Genetic Medicine to provide SNP genotyping
services. BeadLab is installed at several universities worldwide including the Mayo Clinic.
Illumina has a strategic collaboration with Life Technologies to develop and market a
high-throughput, integrated system for SNP genotyping applications.
In 2004. Illumina and Genomas formed an alliance to study the metabolic syndrome
using BeadStation 500GX for discovery of biomarkers. Galileo Genomics purchased 2
BeadStation 500GX genotyping systems from Illumina for use in fine mapping candidate
regions in 5 disease gene discovery programs. Invitrogen (now Life Technologies) and
Illumina agreed to leverage their strengths in NA synthesis to deliver oligonucleotides to
the life sciences market.
In 2005. Illumina signed an agreement with GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) to conduct genetic
studies of samples that may potentially lead to new treatments for diseases. Under the
terms of the agreement, Illumina will use Sentrix Arrays in conjunction with the
company's GoldenGate and Infinium assays to conduct genetic studies for thousands of
samples provided by GSK. Illumina started collaborating with the Wellcome Trust Sanger
Institute (WTSI) and the Wellcome Trust Case-Control Consortium (WT-CCC) on the
design of a custom Sentrix® BeadChip that will enable researchers to study the impact of
those SNPs that cause amino acid changes (non-synonymous), on a broad and deep range
of disease samples. The WTSI will use the BeadChip to study four common disease
phenotypes with common controls as part of the WT-CCC. The BeadChip configuration
will enable the analysis of six samples simultaneously on one microarray, studying 15,000
SNPs apiece, using Illumina's Infinium™ assay. Illumina signed an agreement of sale
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with PharmacoDesign (PD) for a BeadStation system and whole-genome genotyping
arrays and reagents for ongoing pharmacogenomics studies. PD will genotype various
Korean populations with the aim of understanding genetic variation and personalizing
treatment. Illumina will gain access to biomarkers discovered by PD and will be able to
incorporate such markers into proprietary SNP panels under a worldwide, royaltybearing exclusive license. PD will study diseases that include obesity, cancer and allergy.
In 2006. Genizon BioSciences agreed to use a custom version of Illumina's Sentrix
HumanHap300 BeadChip, tailored to genetic sharing in the Quebec population, to query
over 350,000 SNP loci per sample. decode Genetics agreed to co-develop and
commercialize DNA-based diagnostic tests in several major disease areas using Illumina’s
platform for high-multiplex SNP genotyping to develop tests for gene variants that
deCODE has previously shown to have impact on the risk of common diseases. Illumina
will gain access to disease-related biomarkers for joint validation as diagnostic panels to
be marketed and sold by it on its forthcoming BeadXpress platform with focus on genes
involved in disease-related pathways in heart disease, diabetes and breast cancer.
Illumina agreed to develop custom SNP content for a multi-sample Sentrix BeadChip for
Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development. Ilumina and ReaMetrix
agreed to develop molecular diagnostic panels to predict the risk of disease, and enable
earlier intervention as well as guide therapy. Illumina will provide its VeraCode
technology and other reagents while ReaMetrix will develop, validate, and market the
panels based on Illumina's BeadXpress platform, which the company plans to launch
before the end of the year. Illumina expanded the scope of its multi-year genotyping
services agreement with GSK to use its Sentrix HumanHap550 BeadChips for a series of
whole-genome association studies. To start, Illumina will genotype a collection of 2,000
case and control DNA samples provided by GSK for an undisclosed disease.
In 2007, llumina agreed to process more than 6,500 samples for researchers of the Type 1
Diabetes Genetics Consortium (T1DGC) via its FastTrack Genotyping Services. With
financial support from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney
Diseases, T1DGC will attempt to identify genes that influence an individual's risk for
developing type 1 diabetes. University of Virginia, a member of the T1DGC has chosen to
use Illumina's recently launched HumanHap550-Duo BeadChip for the study.
Personal Genome Sequencing Service will be carried out in collaboration with a network
of physicians who will discuss the process with the consumer, collect DNA samples order
the sequencing service, and deliver results to the consumer. Genetic counselors will also
play a role in counseling individuals on the results. Illumina is collaborating with a
number of companies, including 23andMe, deCODE Genetics, Knome and Navigenics, to
encourage secondary data analysis such as calculation of disease risk, ancestry, and
information on traits of interest.
In October 2010, Sage Science Inc signed a co-marketing deal for use of its Pippin Prep
system with Illumina's next-generation sequencers.
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Immunicon Corporation
3401 Masons Mill Road, Suite 100
Huntingdon Valley, PA 19006-3574, USA
Web site: http://www.immunicon.com
Tel: 215-830-0777
Fax: 215-830-0751
President & Chief Executive Officer: Byron D. Hewett
Contact: James G. Murphy, CFO (jmurphy@immunicon.com)
Overview. Immunicon Corporation is developing and commercializing diagnostic and
research products for rare cell analysis and molecular research, with an initial focus on
cancer. Its instruments and reagents are used to capture, count and characterize rare cells
including circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in cancer patients or circulating endothelial cells
(CECs), which are elevated in a variety of diseases. It aims to lead in the development and
commercialization of specialized cellular analysis products that deliver high clinical
impact for use in human diagnostics, life science research and pharmaceutical R & D.
Technologies relevant to molecular diagnostics. Immunicon has developed and
integrated several patented, state-of-the-art technologies for the isolation, manipulation
and analysis of rare cells. The technologies include: (1) “ferrofluids” (magnetic
nanoparticles) with associated reagents to make the particles biologically active; and (2)
gene expression profiling of cells for cell identification and development of new
biomarkers of value in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer and other diseases.
Products. The CellTracks® Analyzer II is a semi-automated fluorescence microscope
that is used to count and characterize the immuno-magnetically selected cells based on
the fluorescence signals of the cells.
The CellTracks® AutoPrep® System is an automated sample preparation system for
immunomagnetic cell capture and fluorescence staining of rare cells. In June 2005, the
CellTracks® Analyzer II was released for sale for IVD use.
The EasyCount™ System is a small, inexpensive instrument and reagents for simple cell
counting applications in the life science research market.
The MagNest® device exerts a magnetic field that causes the magnetically labeled cells to
form a monolayer on one focal plane inside the reaction cartridge and enables essentially
all of the cells from the starting samples to be analyzed with minimal loss.
Applications. Immunicon's technology has been used for isolating and quantifying
cancer cells of epithelial origin. It is developing cell-based assays and genetic biomarkers,
that may replace/supplement a wide range of diagnostics used currently to screen,
diagnose, stage, and monitor cancer.
Collaborations relevant to molecular diagnostics. A joint venture with Veridex, a
Johnson & Johnson company, markets Immunicon’s cancer cell diagnostic products.
In 2003. IMPATH Inc licensed Immunicon’s cellular analysis technology for analysis of
circulating tumor cells in blood and offers this technology to pharmaceutical companies
engaged in clinical studies of new anticancer agents. R&D Systems Inc licensed
Immunicon's magnetic nanoparticle cell isolation technology in conjunction with reagents
to develop products for life science research.
In 2006, Immunicon signed a supply and marketing license agreement to use its
technologies in conjunction with Kreatech Diagnostics’ Universal Linkage System. In
August 2006, Immunicon signed an agreement with AstraZeneca for the development of
methods to identify and quantify cells circulating in blood as biomarkers for targeted
therapies for cancer and infections. In August 2007, Immunicon signed a laboratory
service and assay development agreements with Merck Serono for specialized biomarker
assays based on CTCs within the scope of an early clinical drug study.
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Immunomedics Inc
300 American Road
Morris Plains, NJ 07950, USA
Web site: http://www.immunomedics.com/
Tel: (973) 605-8200
Fax: (973) 605-8282
E-mail: info@immunomedics.com
President and CEO: Cynthia L. Sullivan
Overview. Immunomedics is a biopharmaceutical company focused on the
development, manufacture and commercialization of diagnostic imaging and therapeutic
products for the detection and treatment of cancer and infectious diseases. Integral to
these products are highly specific monoclonal antibodies and antibody fragments
designed to deliver radioisotopes and chemotherapeutic agents to tumors and sites of
infection. Immunomedics has three therapeutic products in clinical trials and has two
marketed diagnostic imaging products. The most advanced therapeutic products are
LymphoCide (epratuzumab), which has begun Phase III clinical trials for the treatment of
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and CEA-Cide, which is in Phase I/II clinical trials for the
treatment of certain solid tumors.
Products relevant to diagnostics. CEA-Scan (arcitumomab) is a Tc99m-labeled
murine antibody fragment for nuclear imaging of CEA-expressing cancers. Primary use is
to determine the presence, location and extent of metastatic disease in primary/recurrent
colorectal cancer. Marketed in the US & EU, approved in Canada and an application for
approval is filed elsewhere.
CEA-Scan is a Tc99m-labeled murine antibody fragment for nuclear imaging of CEAexpressing cancers. Primary potential use being studied is to evaluate patients with
suspicious mammograms and palpable /nonpalpable breast lesions.
CEA-Scan is a Tc99m-labeled anti-CEA murine antibody fragment for nuclear imaging of
CEA-expressing cancers. Primary potential use being studied is to determine the
presence, location and extent of metastatic disease in primary/recurrent lung cancer.
CEA-Scan is a Tc99m-labeled murine antibody fragment for nuclear imaging and
intraoperative tumor targeting of CEA-expressing cancers. Primary potential use for the
definition of tumor margins and the detection of clinically significant disease below
SPECT resolution.
LeukoScan (sulesomab) is a Tc99m-labeled murine antibody fragment for nuclear
imaging of activated granulocytes. Primary potential use is to differentiate soft-tissue
infection from osteomyelitis and diagnose equivocal appendicitis. It is currently marketed
in European Union for diagnosing osteomyelitis, and is under review by the FDA in USA
and IKS in Switzerland.
LymphoScan is a Tc99m-labeled murine antibody fragment for nuclear imaging of CD22expressing lymphomas. Primary potential use being studied is to stage and determine the
efficacy of therapy in NHL. It is currently in phase III clinical trials.
AFP-SCAN is a Tc99m-labeled murine antibody fragment for nuclear imaging of AFPexpressing tumors. Primary potential use being studied is for primary liver and gem-cell
cancer staging. It is currently nearing completion of phase II clinical trials.
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IncellDx Inc
1700 El Camino Real
Menlo Park, CA 94027, USA
Web site: http://incelldx.com/
Tel: (650) 777-7630
Fax: (650) 587-1528
Email: info@incelldx.com
CEO: Bruce K. Patterson MD (brucep@stanford.edu)
Overview. IncellDx Inc is a molecular diagnostics company dedicated to the detection
and monitoring of life threatening viral diseases in the areas of cervical cancer,
HIV/AIDS, hepatitis, and organ transplant rejection. It is dedicated to revolutionizing
healthcare one cell at a time by combining molecular diagnostics with high throughput
cellular analyzer. In January 2011, the company raised $3 million in a Series A financing
round to fund a clinical trial for its HPV test.
Technology. Simultaneous Ultrasensitive Subpopulation staining/Hybridization In situ
(SUSHI) is a method for getting IncellDx's reagents into a cell in order to amplify signals.
SUSHI is combined with a novel, cell-based instrument capable of quantifying molecular
biomarkers inside intact cells. This enables protein and gene expression to be measured
by distinct cell type, which aids both diagnosis and disease localization. The technology is
ultra-fast, inexpensive, highly reproducible, and able to perform complex molecular
testing without DNA extraction or amplification. The test has achieved ISO 13485:2003
and ISO 9001:2008 certification. Clinical trials on the test are planned for later part of
2011 followed by an application for FDA clearance.
Products. These include the following:

HIV viral reservoirs probe

HIV tropism probe

HPV OncoTect™ probe for detection of E6/E7 mRNA oncogenes

EBV viral reservoirs probe

HCV viral reservoirs probe
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Incyte Corporation
Route 141 & Henry Clay Road, Building E336
Wilmington, DE 19880, USA
Web site: http://www.incyte.com/
Tel: (302) 498-6700
Fax: (302) 425-2750
CEO: Paul Friedman MD
Contact: Dan Maravei PhD, Director Business Development (dmaravei@incyte.com)
Overview. Incyte is a drug discovery company applying its expertise in genomics,
medicinal chemistry and molecular, cellular and in vivo biology to the discovery and
development of novel small molecule and protein therapeutics. Incyte has the largest
commercial portfolio of issued US patents covering full-length human genes and the
proteins they encode.
Technology/products. The following are relevant to molecular diagnostics:
LifeSeq Foundation. This is a database of human gene sequence and expression
information designed to help scientists identify and prioritize potential drug targets.
LifeSeq Foundation is the most comprehensive source of information about expressed
human genes available. This unique resource is the result of assembling Incyte's vast EST
sequence collection on the backbone of the human genome and adding extensive
annotation for each sequence.
Collaborations relevant to molecular diagnostics. In 2001, Incyte discontinued its
microarray/biochip business and has given access to its key microarray and gene
expression patents to Agilent Technologies. PerkinElmer Life Sciences has access to
Incyte's comprehensive collection of proprietary cDNA clones from LifeSeq database for
the commercialization of microarrays. Incyte has an agreement with Amersham
Biosciences to offer Incyte's pre-assembled sets of human and mouse clones in a format
customized for Amersham's suite of integrated, gene expression microarray products.
SEQUENOM and Incyte work together to create high-quality validated SNP assays for use
in genetic research. This collaboration has resulted in the most comprehensive SNP
resource for target validation and pharmacogenomics ever assembled. The partnership
allows Incyte to provide its customers with access to validated gene-based SNPs that
allow researchers to develop diagnostic and therapeutic applications based on the medical
utility of SNPs and genes.
In 2004, Incyte Corporation licensed its Eberwine Linear RNA Amplification technology
to Roche for development of diagnostics that identify gene expression patterns.
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Innogenetics NV
Technologie Park 6
B-9052 Gent, Belgium
Web site: http://www.innogenetics.be/
Tel: +32 (9) 329 16 40
Fax: + 32 (9) 245 1908
Email: info@innogenetics.com
CEO: Christiaan de Wilde
Overview. Innogenetics NV is active in the research, development and marketing of
diagnostic and therapeutic products in human healthcare, which facilitate the
development of personalized medicine. In 2007, Innogenetics decided to focus on the
development and sales of diagnostic products. In 2008, Solvay acquired Innogenetics.
Molecular diagnostics products. These include the following:

INNO-LiPA HIV protease Assay for simultaneous detection of mutations at codons
30, 46/48, 50, 54, 82/84 and 90 in the protease region of the HIV-1 pol gene.

INNO-LiPA HCV II. DNA Line Probe Assay for the classification of the 6 major HCV
genotypes and their most common subtypes.

INNO-LIA HTLV I/II. Line Immuno Assay to confirm the presence of antibodies
against human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV I) and type II (HTLV II) in
human serum or plasma and to differentiate between HTLV I and HTLV II
infections.

INNO-LiPA MYCOBACTERIAv2 is a one strip test for the detection of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis and 16 species. INNO-LiPA Rif TB DNA Line Probe
Assay is used for the detection of mycobacterial resistance to rifampicin.

MRSA-Screen is a latex agglutination assay for discrimination between methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus.

INNO-LiPA CFTR DNA Line Probe Assay is used for the simultaneous detection and
identification of 29 CFTR gene mutations and their wild type sequence.

INNO-LiPA HLA series of tests detect various alleles of HLA-A with one
amplification and one strip for application in transplantation matching.

INNO-LiPA ApoE, INNOTEST™ hTAU Ag, INNOTEST™ ß-AMYLOID(1-42), and
INNOTEST™ PHOSPHO-TAU(181P) are used for diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.

INNOTEST™ hPLAP (a cancer biomarker) is used for the diagnosis, therapy control
and monitoring of seminomas, with added value in other germ cell tumors.

INNO-LiPA HPV Genotyping assay has CE-marking approval.

Innogenetics is preparing to launch a test for human leukocyte antigen testing.
Collaborations relevant to molecular diagnostics. In 2003, Innogenetics granted
Roche a license to its intellectual property for HCV genotyping in turn for an upfront
license fee of €5 million plus future royalty payments. In 2005, Roche granted
Innogenetics a full, worldwide license for the use of its PCR technology for the
development and commercialization of molecular diagnostic products. In 2008,
Innogenetics granted GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals a license to use its proprietary SPF10
technology in clinical and epidemiological HPV vaccine studies.
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InstantLabs
400 N. Capitol St NW, Suite 585
Washington, DC 20001, USA
Web site: http://www.instantlabs.com/
Tel: (703) 622-6896
CEO: Hans C. Kastensmith (hck@instantlabs.com)
Overview. InstantLabs is developing Accelerated PCR “lab on a chip”, a ground breaking
diagnostic technology, which will have a positive effect on public health, veterinary,
homeland security, food safety, law enforcement and defense. It aims to carry out in
minutes what traditional reference labs today take hours to days to accomplish. Not only
will InstantLabs improve service and save time in each of these market sectors, it will also
reduce the cost of laboratory testing by 10 to 15% and reduce the sample size and reagents
required to conduct tests by 80%. InstantLabs plans to roll the first units off the assembly
line by the end of March 2010 and place them at various gatekeeper organizations for the
food safety industry globally in hopes of obtaining the necessary seals of approval to begin
selling the system in the summer of 2010. The company is also currently negotiating with
various core PCR patent holders such as Life Technologies and Roche to obtain freedom
to operate, and hopes to submit its platform for regulatory approval for human diagnostic
use by the end of 2010. So far, InstantLabs has raised about $5 million in three rounds of
private equity funding.
Technology. Accelerated PCR is based on detection of a fluorescent signal produced
proportionally during the amplification of a specific DNA sequence. Tests are completed
with rapid thermal cycling (10o C sec) in 30 min vs. 4 h on a portable fully integrated
controller - reader. The current "all-in-one" system that InstantLabs will market will use
so-called multiple assay disposable cartridges, disposable chips that can test six individual
samples for a single analyte or six analytes from a single sample.
InstantLabs provides nano technology that delivers PcR results on a disposable
microchip. Accelerated PCR modules interface with controller/readers that serve fixed
and mobile laboratory applications and POC solutions. The complete hand held unit is
not much larger than a portable video.
The company hopes to supply pre-loaded MAC chips for testing more than 20 infectious
agents including E. coli, salmonella, flu, HIV, hepatitis, malaria, MRSA, anthrax, West
Nile virus, and tuberculosis; and the platform will allow customers to develop their own
protocols and chemistry to test for other organisms of interest.
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Integrated Diagnostics Inc
Street address: 837 N. 34th Street
Mailing address: 1441 N. 34th Street
Seattle, WA 98103, USA
Web site: http://integrated-diagnostics.com/
Tel: (206) 732-2190
Fax: (206) 732-2199
Email: info@integrated-diagnostics.com
CEO: Albert A. Luderer PhD
Overview. Integrated Diagnostics Inc (IDI) is creating large-scale, blood-based
molecular diagnostics that leverage advances in proteomics and genomics. The company
was co-founded by Dr. Lee Hood in 2009 to develop diagnostics and measurement
technologies capable of monitoring hundreds of biomarkers simultaneously, for earlier
detection and more accurate management of complex diseases like lung cancer and
Alzheimer disease (AD).
IDI’s work is based on IP developed at the Institute of Systems Biology (ISB) and Caltech.
In 2009, IDI became the first commercial enterprise to arise from a $100 million research
collaboration between ISB and the University of Luxembourg; the company has ongoing
access to the research from this partnership. IDI’s investors include InterWest Partners,
The Wellcome Trust and BioTechCube Luxembourg.
Technology. IDI has licensed proprietary data on thousands of sentinel proteins that
unique to an organ and is developing diagnostics capable of monitoring hundreds of
biomarkers simultaneously to provide the best clinical relevancy. Protein blood
biomarkers can indicate the physiological state of the body’s 50 major organs. By
monitoring concentrations of select proteins in the blood, disruptions in healthy function
can be detected and traced back to the diseased organ.
Because existing technologies are insufficient for tracking multiple biomarkers on the
scale needed to gain systems level knowledge, IDI and its partners have developed
advanced, proprietary applications of multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry for
quickly and cost-effectively creating assays that monitor hundreds of proteins
simultaneously. Current technologies, like antibodies, require months to develop assays
for a small handful of proteins. Advanced technology enables IDI to evaluate a
dramatically larger set of biomarkers, without having to guess in advance which ones are
worth considering. Its mathematicians use sophisticated informatics to analyze and
interpret different combinations of biomarkers for their diagnostic power.
Products in development. IDI’s current programs include developing highlymultiplexed, blood-based diagnostics for early detection of lung cancer and AD. IDI has
in-licensed high quality data sets on organ and disease specific proteins relevant to both
indications and has rapidly developed assays capable of monitoring hundreds of these
candidate proteins simultaneously. These large-scale assays enable a broad choice for the
combinations of biomarkers with the greatest diagnostic value. IDI’s technologies are
applicable to a broad range of diseases including diabetes, CNS diseases and cancer. In
addition to early detection, IDI’s technologies are relevant for stratification of disease
types and monitoring disease progression, treatment and recurrence to develop
personalized medicine.
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IntelligentMD
19 Blackstone St
Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
Web site: http://www.intelligentmd.com/
Tel: 617-871-6400
Fax: 617-871-6399
Email: info@intelligentMD.com
CEO: Alice Jacobs MD
Overview. IntelligentMDx, a privately owned company, develops and manufactures
molecular diagnostics for clinical use, drug development and life sciences. Itshas been
involved in the development and clearance of numerous unique IVD tests and systems
amd is becoming a fully integrated diagnostics company. Its competitive advantages
include use of intelligent software as well as development and manufacturing expertise
within a Quality Management System that complies with both ISO and FDA regulations.
Currently it has a large pipeline of tests in development for various infections.
Technology/products. IntelligentMDx test development process is composed of four
integrated modules:
1.
PreMD™ enables the definition and refinement of product candidate specifications.
2. PriMD™ uses intelligent informatics systems to power the design, development and
manufacturability of a product candidate.
3. MetaMD™ module integrates R & D personnel with IntelligentMDx’s expanding
lboratory capabilities.
4. ProMD™, the final module, is a unique, integrated manufacturing solution.
IntelligentMDx has multiplexing capabilities. Its comprehensive, systematic approach
reduces the risk of costly redesign and enables rapid optimization. By removing many of
the key limiting factors in the product development process, it enables earlier product
launch and more rapid market expansion, prolongs market life and reduces risk.
R&D pipeline. The following are at various stages of development:

Tests in phase III (third party validation) include those for HSV, as well as for
quantification of HIV and BK virus.

EBV and CMV are in phase II (verification).

HCV quantification/ genotyping are at design stage.

HPV, HBV, VRE and C. difficile are at concept stage.

Panels for transplantation and immunocompromised patients are in phase II
(verification).

Panels for HAIs, blood screening and meningitis/encephalitis are at design stage

Panels for fungi, sepsis and STDs are at concept stage.

On 24 March 2010, FDA granted EUA forIMDx test for the 2009 H1N1 flu virus.
Collaborations. In July 2009, IntelligentMDx agreed to provide DNA sequencing and
other services for an unnamed US academic institution. The services are related to
sequencing confirmation of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene and it also would provide
bioinformatics processes for analyzing and verifying initial sequencing results and for
identification of various microorganisms.
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Interleukin Genetics Inc
135 Beaver Street
Waltham, MA 02452, USA
Web site: http://www.ilgenetics.com/
Tel: (781) 398-0700
Fax: (781) 398-0720
CEO: Lewis H. Bender
Overview. Interleukin Genetics is a personalized medicine company with a mission to
develop genetic tests to warn people about increased risk for disease and to develop
preventive and therapeutic options to avoid those diseases. The company has one
marketed product (PST) - a DNA test that assesses risk for periodontal disease. The In
2006 Interleukin is moving forward to realize its goal of harnessing genetic information
to improve human health and combat disease. The company is developing three lines of
business: (1) risk assessment genetic testing; (2) nonpharmaceutical products to maintain
and enhance health; and (3) pharmaceuticals to treat disease.
Products. PST is a genetic marker that identifies individuals more likely to progress
rapidly towards a severe form of periodontal disease. Approximately 30% of the
population is likely to be positive for this genotype. This marker involves polymorphisms
in the genes responsible for IL-1 biologic activity. Since IL-1 is thought to be involved in
rapid tissue destruction in periodontitis, knowing the PST of patients makes it possible to
target high-risk patients with appropriate preventive care or intervention and treatment.
A specific pattern of IL-1 polymorphisms has been found to be associated with a
significantly increased risk for developing severe generalized periodontitis.
Clinical/biomarker association studies have been completed for the following:

Osteoporosis genetic test - North America

General nutrition genetic test - International

IL-1 cardiovascular genetic test – International

Weight management genetic test
Collaborations. Interleukin provides DNA sequencing information including SNP
detection to Oscient Pharmaceuticals. The program focuses on key genes in the
chromosomal region of 2q13 associated with risk for inflammatory diseases, Alzheimer's
disease, asthma, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, gastric cancer and osteoporosis.
Since 2003, the company’s development efforts in collaboration with Alticor Inc, a major
consumer products company. In 2006, Interleukin sold to Alticor two direct-to-consumer
DNA-based risk assessment tests to be distributed by Quixtar. One test is designed to
identify gene variants in two interleukin genes that have been associated with an
increased risk of early heart attack. The other is designed to identify variants in 6 genes
that have been associated with relative inefficiencies in either B vitamin metabolism (2
genes) or the management of oxidative stress (4 genes). The tests will be processed at the
Interleukin Testing Laboratory, which secured appropriate licensure in 2005.
On 28 February 2008, Interleukin signed a new research agreement with Access Business
Group International LLC (a subsidiary of Alticor Inc), which encompasses four main
areas; osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, nutrigenomics, and dermagenomics.
Interleukin Genetics will conduct clinical studies, which shall be fully funded by Alticor.
On 13 August 2008, Interleukin licensed OralDNA Labs the rights to sell to dental
practices in the US its PST test for IL-1 gene variations that identify an individual's
predisposition for inflammation and risk for more severe periodontal disease.
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Intrinsic Bioprobes Inc
2155 E. Conference Dr. Suite 104
Tempe, AZ 85284, USA
Web site: http://www.intrinsicbio.com/
Tel. 480-804-1778
Fax. 480-804-0778
E-mail: info@intrinsicbio.com
Interim CEO/Director of Research and Technology Development: Dobrin Nedelkov PhD
Overview. Intrinsic Bioprobes Inc is a privately held Biotechnology Company focused on
developing innovative technologies for rapid and sensitive proteome analysis. The
company's proprietary technologies consist of Bioreactive Mass Spectrometer Probes
(BRP), simple devices for rapid, sensitive and accurate protein characterization, and Mass
Spectrometric Immunoassay (MSIA), a high-performance approach for the selective
isolation of proteins from complex biological matrices. These root technologies are
incorporated into the MASSAY Integrated System, a high throughput mass spectrometry
approach geared for proteome characterization.
Technologies relevant to molecular diagnostics. Intrinsic Bioprobes has been
devoted to the development of advanced technologies that are able to operate on proteins
present in complex biological matrices, as well as high-sensitivity methods for their
characterization. BRP is used for sequence verification, protein identification, detection of
point mutations, determination of posttranslational modifications and sample
preparation. The Company is using MSIA combined with bioreactive probes for the
analysis of several body fluids. Examples are human cystatin C and b2 microglobulin
screening of urine samples, which have clinical relevance as biomarkers of inflammatory
ailments. Throughput rates of ~100 samples per hour have been achieved. This technique
is easy, fast and amenable to robotics. Protein profiling by MSIA can detect proteinprotein and protein-small molecule interactions.
Biomolecular Interaction Analysis Mass Spectrometry (BIA/MS). BIA/MS is a twodimensional analytical technique geared toward functional and structural analysis of
biomolecules in their native environments. In the first (functional) dimension, BIA/MS
takes a form of micro-scale affinity chromatography performed on a sensor surface.
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is used for detection of biorecognition events that occur
at the sensor surface/solution interface. With SPR-sensing, biological interactions can be
monitored in real time, allowing kinetic parameters delineation. Furthermore, the SPR
detection is non-destructive, opening the possibilities for further manipulation of the
analyte present on the sensor surface. For the second (structural) dimension, BIA/MS
employs matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry
(MALDI-TOF MS) analysis. BIA/MS represents a multidimensional analytical technique
possessing the virtues of quantitatively and qualitatively detecting proteins of interest.
Finally, the Company has created Biosensor Chip Mass Spectrometry (BCMS), a
concerted chip-based approach that can be used in functional analysis and identification
of unknown proteins that bind specifically to immobilized receptors.
In 2005, Intrinsic Bioprobes received a phase I STTR grant from the National Institute of
Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases at NIH to develop MS-based approaches for
diabetes biomarker discovery and in September 2007, it received a phase II STTR grant.
In 2005, Intrinsic Bioprobes received an exploratory research grant from the National
Center for Research Resources at NIH for the development of SPR/MS Protein Array
Platform and in May 2007, it received continued funding on its phase II exploratory
research grant.
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Inverness Medical Innovations Inc
51 Sawyer Road, Suite 200
Waltham, MA 02453-3448, USA
Web site: http://www.invernessmedical.com/
Tel: (781) 647 3900
Chairman, CEO and President: Ron Zwanziger
Contact: John Bridgen PhD, VP Business Development (John.bridgen@invmed.com)
Overview. Inverness Medical Innovations Inc is a major global developer, manufacturer
and marketer of advanced, pioneering consumer and professional medical diagnostic
products. A leading supplier of consumer pregnancy and fertility/ovulation tests and
rapid POC diagnostics, Inverness is committed to advancing health and creating
shareholder value through a continuing flow of innovative new products brought about by
its strong investment in R&D and intellectual property. Latest areas of focus are in the
application of patented technologies to products in diagnostics, principally in the fields of
cardiology, women’s health, and infectious diseases. It is exploring opportunities that will
make optimum use of its technologies. It will also continually evaluate other technological
advancements, for development or acquisition, in a variety of medical/health areas.
Acquisitions relevant to molecular diagnostics. In May 2007, Inverness acquired Biosite
(see separate proile). In December 2007, Inverness acquired assets of Matritech for $36
million to incorporate them into its portfolio in course of time. In December 2007,
Inverness acquired Redwood Toxicology Laboratory, a privately held drugs of abuse
diagnostics and testing company On 13 February 2008, Inverness acquired BBI Holdings
Plc, which specializes in the development and manufacture of non-invasive lateral flow
tests and has achieved a global reputation for manufacturing superior quality gold
reagents.
Products. Inverness offers an expanding range of clinical diagnostic products based on
electrochemical and immunodiagnostic technologies. These includes Clearview®,
Inverness Medical TestPack®, Binax®, Determine®, and BioStar.
Inverness Medical Innovations is committed to researching and developing products in
the important area of cardiac risk. As several traditional and new biomarkers are being
recognized as important indicators of cardiac risk, Inverness offers both the
Homocysteine and Macra Lp(a) ELISA tests, the Clearview Troponin I and Clearview Ddimer tests, and the ACB® test to measure levels of Ischemia Modified Albumin as part of
the growing cardiac test portfolio.
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Investigen Inc
750 Alfred Nobel Drive
Hercules, CA 94547, USA
Web site: http://www.investigen.com/
Tel: 510-964-9700
Fax: 510-964-9705
E-mail: info@investigen.com
CEO & President: Heather Koshinsky PhD
Contact: Didier Perez, COO (didier@investigen.com)
Overview. Investigen was founded in 1998 to develop new multi-platform DNA testing
technologies that are ideally suited for use in food quality assurance, health care,
environmental safety, veterinary medicine, industry, and biodefense. Investigen's DNA
diagnostic testing technology is designed to provide customers with fast, cost-effective
tests to detect microorganisms and genetically modified organisms (GMO) without
relying on culturing or antibodies. Investigen's DNA testing kits are designed to deliver
immediate, reliable results, making them ideally suited for time-critical applications such
as health assurance, food safety, or biological hazard testing. In 2002, Investigen closed
its Series A funding round for an undisclosed amount. The monies raised through the
Series A funding round were applied to introduce groundbreaking technologies in
diagnostic tests.
Products and services. Investigen is engaged in leading edge research and
development of truly rapid, accurate and, ultimately, equipment-free DNA-based
diagnostic technologies. The Company is currently shipping the CommodityCheck™ GMO
detection kit and offers GMO Detection Services. Unlike other PCR kits on the market,
Investigen's kit requires little more than a thermal cycler and a results documentation
system. In order to meet international or contractual obligations for content certification,
Investigen offers two fast, easy and cost-effective alternatives: CommodityCheck™ GMO
detection service or CommodityCheck™ GMO detection kits.
In 2003, Investigen filed a provisional patent for its smartDNA™ diagnostic technology, a
revolutionary, portable test process designed to identify DNA/RNA in minutes. Investigen
is currently researching and developing applications for its smartDNA solution, and is
actively seeking global partners to package and market smartDNA for commercial
applications.
Collaborations. In 2003, Cartagen Molecular Systems Inc was granted a license by
Investigen to manufacture and distribute a new proprietary DNA separation technology
created by Investigen. The strategic partnership Cartagen and Investigen have formed will
ensure an ongoing flow of innovative products and helpful technology tools for life science
research customers.
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Invirion Diagnostics LLC
2001 Spring Road, Suite 450
Oak Brook, IL 60523, USA
Web site: http://www.invirion.com/
Tel: (630) 572-2800
Fax: (630) 954-2874
Contact: John M. Drews, President & General Counsel (johndrews@invirion.com)
Overview. Invirion Diagnostics LLC the first company dedicated to the detection,
monitoring and treatment of life-threatening viral diseases such as HIV/AIDS, cervical
cancer, and organ transplant rejection. Invirion Inc was founded in 1999 with the goal of
commercializing state-of-the-art molecular virology technology and its research,
development, and commercialization efforts are focused on monitoring viruses that cause
human disease and using the information gleaned from these novel assays to develop
therapeutic products that rationally target the viral lifecycle. Key strengths of the
company are:

Diagnostic products already on the market

Proprietary approach to viral diagnostics and antiviral drug discovery

Valuable intellectual property portfolio

Collaborations with leading HIV researchers and clinicians
Technology. Invirion developed the paradigm of cellular diagnostics for viral infections.
The technology is based on the use of a fluorescence oligonucleotide detection platform,
utilizing genomics data from the Human Genome Project.
Diagnostic products. Invirion currently sells viral load monitoring assays for HIV, the
virus that causes AIDS; SIV, the HIV animal model used in vaccine design; and HPV, the
virus associated with cervical cancer, and HCV, the virus implicated in cirrhosis and liver
cancer. In addition, Invirion is set to launch an HIV phenotyping assay that cuts the
current assay time and cost by 75%.
PV OncoTect detects the actual genes leading to cervical cancer rather than the genes that
confer risk of cervical cancer. PapSTAT is a novel assay to determine liquid based cervical
cytology specimen adequacy in a physician’s office or in laboratories processing liquidbased cervical cytology specimens. This assay would greatly reduce the need for a woman
to have a repeat sample taken just to obtain a diagnostic result.
ViroTect HCV is used in organ transplant related virology. This complete kit detects HCV
RNA in cell lines and in human samples by ultrasensitive FISH. This assay can be
combined with simultaneous immunophenotyping to detect HCV RNA in specific cellular
reservoirs.
HPV OncoTect probe cocktail detects HPV E6, E7 mRNA in cells using ultrasensitive
FISH.
Services. InviriCept patented assays are used for in vitro viral susceptibility
determination. InviriTrop patented assays are used for in vitro HIV-1 tropism
determination.
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Ionian Technologies Inc
4940 Carroll Canyon Road, Suite #100
San Diego, CA 92121-1735, USA
Web site: http://www.ionian-tech.com/
Tel: (858) 642-0998
Fax: (858) 642-0997
E-mail: info@ionian-tech.com
CEO: Andrew Miller PhD
Overview. Ionian Technologies Inc is a privately held biotechnology company that is
developing isothermal nucleic acid amplification technology. This technology has many
attributes that make it an ideal choice for clinical and POC. It has also been used as a core
component for pathogen detection systems.
Technology. Ionian’s patented NEAR technology is a novel rapid isothermal approach
to nucleic acid amplification and detection, which is based on the very rapid detection of
small DNA or RNA fragments generated directly from the target nucleic acid. The
amplification products can be detected by a variety of standard methods including LCMS, real-time fluorescence, and capillary electrophoresis detection. The technology can
be used to detect any DNA or RNA targets (no separate cDNA synthesis step is necessary).
Ionian will develop products suitble for infectious disease diagnostics, biothreat pathogen
detection and cancer gene expression. Its innovative technologies combine rapid
amplification and detection in diagnostic assays with many competitive advantages over
the PCR including DNA and RNA detection from bacterial or viral pathogens in <10 min.
Ionian has developed NEAR for the detection of biothreat organisms in several product
development contracts with the DARPA and the Department of Homeland Security,
which will provide 'detect-to-protect' and 'detect-to-warn' biothreat detection capabilities.
The goal is to develop a handheld sensor that is capable of identifying biothreat agents
across the entire threat spectrum, including bacteria, viruses and toxins.
Collaborations. Waters Corporation, the leading vendor of mass spectrometry
equipment, is a strategic partner of Ionian through its subsidiary Micromass.
On 13 November 2009, Ionian agreed to collaborate with Roche Diagnostics to identify
new applications and customers for its NEAR Assay, a rapid isothermal nucleic acid
amplification technology, in return for exclusive manufacturing rights if the new
applications are commercialized aimed at applications in IVD, food safety, biodefense,
agriculture, and veterinary applications. The collaboration will allow the company to
focus on its core strengths, including technology and assay development, while leveraging
the business development, sales, and manufacturing expertise of Roche.
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Ipsogen
Luminy Biotech Entreprises, Case 923
163 Avenue de Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France
Web site: http://www.ipsogen.com/
Tel: +33 (0)4 91 29 30 90
Fax +33 (0)4 91 29 30 99
Chief Executive Officer: Dr. Vincent Fert (fert@ipsogen.com)
Overview. Ipsogen is devoted to personalized management of cancer. As of 30 April
2008, Ipsogen employed 40 persons. By predicting disease aggressiveness, sensitivity to
drugs and defining follow-up markers to assess treatment efficiency, Ipsogen's patented
molecular tools address a large unmet medical need. Ipsogen's new molecular tools,
adapted to clinical research or IVD, will allow unprecedented improvement in the disease
management of cancer patients. The first product to be marketed by Ipsogen will facilitate
disease management in acute leukemia. The second target of the company is breast cancer
where the Ipsogen ProfileChip will focus on prognosis. By partnering with major medical
institutions specialized in cancer disease management and with pharmaceutical
companies involved in anticancer drug design, Ipsogen is building a portfolio of cancer
management tools.
Technology/services. Ipsogen offers a new generation of products for personalized
treatment and follow-up of cancer: diagnostic biochips, reagent sets for RQ-PCR and
associated profiling software for data management.
Discovery services. A state of the art gene expression platform dedicated to cancer
profiling and available to pharmaceutical companies and clinical oncology centers on a fee
per service basis comprising:

Discovery tools such as large scale, pangenomic gene expression biochips

Bioinformatics data validation and analysis

A range of reference data from cancer cell line models
Molecular cancer profiling. Ipsogen provides oncologists and researchers with a
straightforward approach to molecular cancer profiling: (1) molecular diagnostic tools for
cancer profiling; (2) associated information systems and prognostic aids; (3) patented
gene expression signatures for each tumor type; and (4) sample collections stored and
annotated over long periods of time in a certified environment. Ipsogen is focusing on
"cancer profiler" to improve therapeutic approaches to cancer by personalized treatments
and rapid development of new drugs (optimization of clinical trials, information about
molecular mechanisms of the action of new drugs). In 2006, Ipsogen and a group of
cancer centers led by Institut Paoli-Calmettes started clinical trial SA02 aimed at studying
a genomic signature based on gene expression analysis of tumor cells to predict the
likelihood of relapse of node positive breast cancer treated with chemotherapy regimen
for personalizing management.
Ipsogen is the exclusive worldwide licensee of the IP on JAK2 V617F mutation discovered
by the INSERM team at Institut Gustave Roussy, Paris, and has developed a
comprehensive solution of products and services to assist pharmaceutical companies in
the development of JAK2 inhibitors in myeloproliferative disorders in order to reduce the
number of patients included in clinical trials, reduce the time to results and provide the
most adapted diagnostic solution to personalize drug prescription.
MPL W515L/K MutaScreen Kit has been designed to detect both MPL W515L and
W515K mutations on genomic DNA isolated from peripheral blood, which were detected
in about 5% and 1% of JAK2 V617F-negative primary myelofibrosis and essential
thrombocythemia respectively. Ipsogen’s AK2 MutaQuant and MutaSearch Kits are
now CE marked. Detection of JAK2 V617F is now fully integrated into the diagnostic
work-up of myeloproliferative neoplasms. WT1 ProfileQuant® is also CE marked and can
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be used with most RQ-PCR instruments. Application of a standardized WT1 assay
provides independent prognostic information in AML.
Collaborations. In 2003, Ipsogen and Fox Chase Cancer Center (Philadelphia, PA)
started a bioinformatics collaboration for analysis of large scale gene expression data. In
2004, Ipsogen licensed WT 1 (Wilm's tumor 1) gene from Genzyme Genetics as a
biomarker in acute leukemia to predict disease aggressiveness, determine patient
response to treatment, and monitor minimal residual disease. In 2004, Ipsogen became
an authorized service provider for Affymetrix GeneChip system for pangenomic, interplatform biomarker research services to its partners. Also in 2004, Ipsogen signed an
agreement with the Cleveland Clinic (Cleveland, Ohio) to identify molecular prognostic
and predictive markers by large-scale gene expression profiling in early stage breast
cancer for prediction of patient risk for recurrence.
In 2007, Ipsogen signed a Powered by Affymetrix™ (PbA) agreement to gain
nonexclusive access to Affymetrix Inc's microarray technology to develop IVD tests,
initially for breast cancer, on a worldwide basis. The PbA agreement enables Ipsogen to
incorporate Affymetrix arrays into its diagnostic products. The resulting microarraybased tests will enable clinicians to provide more efficient and complete methods to
diagnose, classify and manage patients suffering from cancer.
In 2007, Ipsogen signed an agreement with DNAVision and gains the capability to offer
its portfolio of breast cancer profiling tests to institutions and patients in a
CLIA/ISO17025 certified environment.
In 2007, LabCorp signed a non-exclusive license agreement with Ispogen to offer
Ipsogen’s blood-based cancer assay in the US, which classifies and diagnoses a group of
leukemias caused by variations in the JAK2 gene. A high proportion of individuals with
myeloproliferative disorders have a dominant mutation of the JAK2 gene LabCorp will
offer the test, which is registered as an IVD in Europe, through its CLIA-registered US
labs. In August 2007, Ispogen granted similar rights Warnex to offer the JAK2 assay in
Canada.
In 2007, Ipsogen signed a co-exclusive license agreement with XENOMICS, which
enables it to develop, manufacture and commercialize research and diagnostic products
based on the analysis of NPM1 mutations for the stratification and monitoring of patients
with AML.
In 2007, bioMérieux signed an agreement with Ipsogen to codevelop a companion test for
a new breast cancer drug, BN 83495, which targets to block the steroid sulfatase enzyme
(STS) found in hormone-dependent breast cancer in postmenopausal women. It is
currently in phase I clinical development. bioMérieux will devise a companion assay using
its proprietary NASBA® amplification technology on its NucliSENS EasyQ® molecular
diagnostics platform to determine the patients best suited to benefit from the new STS
inhibitor treatment. The assay is intended for both the clinical development of the
Ipsogen drug as well as a diagnostic test, potentially for future commercialization.
In 2007, Ipsogen signed an agreement with AstraZeneca to evaluate molecular services
and products in cancer research and will provide AstraZeneca with JAK2-based products
for initial evaluation. It will conduct quantitative analysis on samples provided by
AstraZeneca to help determine the viability of a test which could potentially be utilized by
AstraZeneca in future clinical trials.
In October 2008, Ipsogen licensed to Quest Diagnostics the use of its JAK2 V617F
mutation in Quest Diagnostic's laboratory developed tests.
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IQuum Inc
700 Nickerson Road
Marlborough, MA 01752, USA
Web site: http://www.iquum.com/
Tel: 508-970-0099
Fax: 508-970-0119
CEO: Shuqi Chen, PhD (shuqi@iquum.com)
Overview. Founded in 1998, IQuum is dedicated to further developing a unique lab-intube platform that will improve the extraction of information from biological samples.
The platform will deliver the recent achievements in genomics and biotechnology to
healthcare and daily life. The focus is on developing rapid POC diagnostics. IQuum's
research and development has been supported by Small Business Innovation Research
(SBIR)- NIH grants.
Technology/products. IQuum's lab-in-a-tube platform, Liat™, simplifies sample
handling, improve sample control, and completely integrate sample testing from sample
collection through analysis for multiple assays on location. This technology integrates
sample preparation, which includes target enrichment, purification, inhibitor removal,
and DNA extraction, followed by amplification and detection in one closed system. The
goal is to complete the assay from sample to result within 30 minutes to 1 hour. The
Liat™ Analyzer is developed for nucleic acid based testing and the Liat™ Tubes serve
both as collection devices and as test chambers, maintaining samples in a closed system
from sample collection through sample disposal. The Liat™ system is suitable for a wide
range of testing labs and near-patient test settings due to its ease of use, fast turnaround
time, cost effectiveness and safety features. It is marketed for detection of B. anthracis.
In 2006, IQuum was awarded a phase II grant from the NIAID for the development of
POC detection of Chlamydia trachomatis.
In 2006, IQuum started collaboration with the University of Massachusetts Medical
School to develop rapid diagnostics based on its lab-in-a-tube platform for category A-C
biodefense pathogens that cause viral hemorrhagic fever.
In 2006, IQuum was awarded a $3.8 million contract from the CDC for the development
of rapid POC diagnostics for avian influenza based on the company’s innovative lab-in-atube technology to differentiate influenza A H5N1 from seasonal human influenza viruses.
Liat assay, a nucleic acid test that can be performed from sample to result in 26 minutes,
can detect and differentiate 2009 H1N1 influenza viral RNA from nasopharyngeal swab
samples. On 7 May 2010, it was granted EUA by the FDA.
In 2007, IQuum was selected by the US DHS for participation in a phase III effort to
continue development of the Liat™ Bioagent Autonomous Networked Detector (BAND), a
"detect-to-treat" system for round-the-clock, distributed monitoring of outdoor urban
areas for bacteria, viruses and toxins.
Collaborations. The Company has established key collaborations with hospitals and
research institutes, which will provide access to hospital laboratories and sample sources
for clinical research in the development of IVD applications for the lab-in-a-tube
technology. IQuum is developing strategic partnerships with industry leaders for codevelopment and commercialization of lab-in-a-tube products for the in vitro diagnostic,
biodefense, and industrial testing markets.
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IRIS International, Inc.
9172 Eton Avenue
Chatsworth, CA 91311-5874, USA
Tel: (818) 709-1244
Fax: (818) 700-9661
Email: irisinc@proiris.com
CEO: César M. García
Overview. Since 1979, IRIS International, Inc has been dedicated to the development
and commercialization of innovative medical diagnostics and sample processing products
that provide reliable and cost effective solutions for its customers and improved disease
management for the patients. Its automated urinalysis systems and sample processing
products are today used in hospitals, clinical reference laboratories, veterinary
laboratories and research facilities around the world. IRIS is focused on the development
and commercialization of innovative IVD products and solutions into related oncology,
hematology, and microbiology markets.
Its manufacturing and research activities are conducted through three operating units:
Iris Diagnostics Division, Iris Sample Processing Division (formerly StatSpin Inc) and Iris
Molecular Diagnostics research and development subsidiary. The core competencies in
these operating groups include flow imaging technology, morphological pattern
recognition, chemistry, ultrasensitive detection of proteins and rapid and reliable
processing of blood and other body fluids. On 2 August 2010, IRIS completed its $6
million acquisition of CLIA-certified AlliedPath, which specializes in oncology and
molecular diagnostics for personalized medicine. The deal also offers a direct commercial
channel for acceleration of IRIS' NADiA nucleic acid detection immunoassay platform
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IVS Technologies
6330 Nancy Ridge Drive, Suite 106
San Diego, California, USA
Web site: http://www.invivoscribe.com
Tel: (858) 623-8105
Fax : (858) 623-8109
E-mail: sales@invivoscribe.com
President and CEO: Jeffrey E. Miller, PhD
Overview. IVS (InVivoScribe) Technologies, founded in 1995, is a privately-held
biotechnology company with a focus on providing reliable cutting-edge tools for
molecular diagnostics, hematopathology, and complementary DNA synthesis using
proprietary in vivo cDNA synthesis technology.
Technology/products. IVS' in vivo cDNA synthesis technology converts unstable
cellular mRNA into stable cDNA within the living cells and tissues - eliminating problems
and difficulties associated with RNA extraction and in vitro methods for cDNA synthesis.
IVS is also the world leader providing standardized PCR-based immunoglobulin and T
cell receptor gene rearrangement and chromosome translocation testing products. These
products are used by research groups and molecular pathologists to identify and monitor
leukemias, lymphomas and other lymphoproliferative disease. InVivoScribe's gene
rearrangement testing reagents and kits are covered by worldwide, exclusive-licensed
patents.
Size-specific clonal products generated using these PCR tests are quickly identified using
agarose gels, polyacrylamide gels, or capillary electrophoresis. IVS' PCR-based testing kits
include robust and validated master mixes, positive, negative and specimen controls, and
Standard Operating Procedures. Customers include medical centers, reference
laboratories and molecular diagnostic testing centers.
In 2003, IVS initiated a minimum residual disease (MRD) testing program designed to
identify and track a wide variety of leukemias and lymphomas. These tests will be
developed to be compatible with a number of instruments and platforms, including
capillary instruments. First standardized tests are scheduled for release in 2004.
In 2005, InVivoScribe launched JAK2 V617F Activating Mutation Assay , which is used to
rapidly identify the clonal JAK2 V617F mutation, present in the majority of polycythemia
vera patients and in a number of other myeloproliferative disorders. The test has been
designed for both gel detection and capillary electrophoresis platform
Patents. US patents #5,296,351 and #5,418,134 cover PCR-based testing of
immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor loci; technology that is required to detect and
monitor leukemias, lymphomas and other lymphoproliferative disease in many patient
samples. Techniques covered by these patents are also used to identify the tumor-specific,
and patient-specific genetic sequences necessary for ultrasensitive minimum residual
disease testing.
Collaborations. In 2003, ARUP Laboratories secured a sublicense from IVS
Technologies to several dominant US patents enabling it to continue diagnostic molecular
testing of the immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor genes.
In 2004, InVivoScribe finalized a long-term, world wide exclusive licensing agreement
with the BIOMED-2 Concerted Action Group. A series of immunoglobulin and T cell
receptor gene rearrangement assays as well as BCL1/JH and BCL2/JH gene translocation
assays are included in this agreement.
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Keygene NV
Agro Business Park 90
6708 PW Wageningen, The Netherlands
Web site: http://www.keygene.com/
Tel: +31 (0)317 466 866
Fax: +31 (0)317 424 939
CEO: Arjen J. van Tunen
Business Development Manager: Mark van Haaren (mark.van-haaren@keygene.com)
Overview. Keygene is a private life science company that provides genetic and genomic
research. Keygene works for leading vegetable and animal breeders, universities,
hospitals and the fermentation and food industry. Keygene's aim is to support companies
and institutes that carry out fundamental or applied genetic/genomic research or that
seek to enhance the quality of their product through the improvement of the genetic
material used in the production process.
Technologies. The following are relevant to molecular diagnostics:
AFLP® fingerprinting technology. This was developed by Keygene and reliably produces
a high number of bands and markers per fingerprint and does not require prior sequence
information. It detects DNA restriction fragments by means of PCR amplification.
GeneDiscloser technology. It permits the display and quantification of transcripts based
on AFLP® fingerprinting of double-stranded cDNA. The transcript profiles obtained
using this technique are a reliable and efficient tool for the identification of differentially
expressed mRNAs. It is applicable to animals and microorganisms.
SNPs. Keygene offers a variety of techniques for the discovery and validation of SNPs. A
discovery set of individuals/lines/species is selected and their DNA isolated. Keygene
then uses three techniques for SNP discovery:
1.
AFLP® fingerprints are run on the discovery samples. Polymorphic bands are then
sequenced to determine the exact SNP’s.
2. Alternatively, genetically mapped AFLP markers are identified and linker PCR is
applied to identify the SNP causing the AFLP polymorphism.
3. Fragments of proprietary or public sequences are re-sequenced in the discovery
samples, and using both public and proprietary EST’s electronic SNP mining is
carried out using Keygene’s in-house SNP discovery software. This software will
determine the allele frequency and, as such, the value of the SNP.
Products. SNPWave™ is a novel multiplexed technology, capable of detecting various
subsets of sequences, such as SNPs in a flexible fashion. The SNPWave technology targets
the market segment defined by moderate numbers of SNPs (up to several hundreds) and
medium to high number of samples. This includes both (human) diagnostic analyses and
agricultural applications such as genetic mapping, genetic diversity analysis and markerassisted breeding, in a wide variety of species including plants, mammals, and microorganisms. With respect to target sequences, applications of the SNPWave technology are
not limited to SNPs per se, but may also include detection of non-polymorphic sequences
(introgression segments, transgenes, pathogens), detection of low-abundant sequences in
a complex background and/or selected combinations of transcripts for diagnostic
prediction of complex traits.
KeyGene provides bioinformatic and computational tools for biodetection, bio-mining,
bio-interpretation and bio-infrastructure.
Collaborations. On 14 January 2008, University Medical Center (UMC) Utrecht signed
an agreement with Keygene on HTP sequencing using the Roche Genome Sequencer-FLX
system. The 2-year agreement will allow researchers of UMC Utrecht to use KeyGene
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sequencing services for bacterial and viral sequencing projects as well as for more
complex studies. The latest improvements in parallel sequencing of bacteria and other
organisms are applied as well as DNA tagging with the KeyGene™ SeqTag sample
identification tags. KeyGene Bioinformatics analyzes sequence data using up to date
software and custom built pipelines to present clear data and sequencing statistic reports.
In addition, the contract allows for new research applications to be tested on the GS-FLX.
The first projects under this collaboration agreement have already been executed.
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Kreatech Diagnostics
P.O. Box 37078
Vlierweg 20
1032 LG Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Web site: http://www.kreatech.com/
Tel: +31 (0) 20 691 9181
Fax: +31 (0) 20 696 3531
Chief Executive Officer: Kees Moonen, MA, MBA (k.moonen@kreatech.com)
Overview. Kreatech Diagnostics is a molecular diagnostics company focused on the
development and commercialization of innovative detection products. These are used for
diagnostic and research applications in the life sciences and healthcare industry. These
applications include cytogenetics, microarrays, and proteomics. It has a special expertise
in oncology, hematology and prenatal diagnostics.
Technologies relevant to molecular diagnostics. Universal Linkage System (ULS)
labeling is a powerful, innovative and user friendly technique for binding any marker
group or label to single- or double-stranded DNA, RNA, PNA, oligonucleotides, painting
probes, telomere probes, centromere probes, single copy, nucleic triphosphates, primers
and amplified products.
BAC arrays. ULS aCGH labeling kits produce fluorescently labeled DNA within minutes.
It is a robust, non-enzymatic method to detect gains and losses of chromosomal material
including single copy number changes on BAC arrays. Genome-pULSe aCGH Genomic
DNA Amplification and Labeling Kit is a procedure that allows the uniform amplification
and subsequent non-enzymatic labeling of whole genome from small samples
DoL. The calculation of the Degree of Labeling (DoL) of samples.
MicroRNA. ULS labeling for all types of miRNA.
Gene Expression. Kreatech offers labeling kits tailored to several microarray platforms.
Products. These include the following (details on company web site):

Poseidon™ FISH DNA Probes

CISH

Zymed Anatomical Pathology

ULS Microarray Labeling

KREAvital Cell Culture Media

MAUI Products
Collaborations. The following collaborations started in 2003:

KREATECH and Fermentas International (Hamilton, Canada) signed a marketing
agreement for ULS®-technology.

KREATECH entered into a License & Product Supply Agreement with Master
Diagnostica, Spain, to commercialize novel DNA probe assays to diagnose sarcoma
by labels them with its ULS™ technology.

KREATECH and PanPath BV extended their agreement to commercialize novel
DNA probe assays to diagnose cancer. Under this agreement, PanPath used its
proprietary methods to manufacture and purify DNA for these assays.
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In 2005, BIOKE (Leiden, the Netherlands) started a partnership with Kreatech to
exclusively supply ULS solutions to laboratories in the Benelux.
In 2006, KREATECH agreed to market Qiagen's Repli-g whole-gnome amplification kits
worldwide in combination with its ULS in the life science research markets. It will also
develop and manufacture microarray WGA amplification and labeling kits for genomic
DNA and for array CGH applications.
In 2007, Kreatech and Immunicon Corp's Biotechnology BV expanded their current
research collaboration related to centromere probes, started in 2006, involving the use of
Immunicon’s technologies with Kreatech’s ULS™. Now Kreatech has an exclusive right to
use certain of Immunicon’s technologies to improve its products and to manufacture and
supply such improved products for sale exclusively by Immunicon in North America.
Immunicon made an equity investment of $1.5 million in Kreatech.
In March 2009, Phalanx Biotech started partnership with Kreatech as it extended its
reach into the miRNA market by launching catalog arrays for multiple organisms and
offering miRNA expression profiling services in house. Phalanx is packaging its miRNA
OneArrays with Kreatech's ULS miRNA Labeling Kit.
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Laboratory Corporation of America
358 South Main Street
Burlington, NC 27215, USA
Web site: http://www.labcorp.com/
Tel: (336) 584-5171
CEO: David King
Overview. Laboratory Corporation of America (LabCorp), one of the first laboratories to
fully embrace molecular diagnostics, is a pioneer in providing leading-edge testing
technologies. With annual revenues of $3.1 billion, 24,000 employees nationwide, and
more than 220,000 clients, LabCorp offers clinical assays ranging from routine blood
analyses to HIV and genomic testing. LabCorp is also moving into specialized growth
businesses, such as occupational testing services, clinical trials testing, and identity
testing. LabCorp's Centers of Excellence include the Center for Molecular Biology and
Pathology (Research Triangle Park, NC) for the development and application of PCR
technology in the areas of diagnostic genetics, oncology, and infectious disease. In 2003,
LabCorp acquired Dianon Systems for $600 million to expand its cancer diagnostics. In
January 2008, LabCorp acquired Tandem Labs, a drug development service company,
which will retain its name and management structure and operate as part of LabCorp’s
Esoterix clinical trials group. In August 2009, LabCorp acquired Monogram Biosciences,
a provider of companion diagnostics, for $104 million. In November 2010, LabCorp
purchased Genzyme Genetics for $925 million in an all-cash deal, including all testing
services, technology, IP rights, and its 9 testing laboratories. The acquisition will expand
LabCorp's capabilities in several testing areas including those in reproductive, genetic,
hematology-oncology, and its ability to do clinical trials as a central laboratory. In April
2011, LabCorp purchased Orchid Cellmark for $85.4 million.
Technologies/products offered by Genzyme Genetics. These include: Prenatal
testing, diagnosis of genetic disorders, genetic risk assessment, patient education and
patient support. Genzyme offers a test panel to determine carrier detection rates among
Ashkenazi Jews for the following autosomal recessive disorders: Tay-Sachs disease, cystic
fibrosis, Gaucher's disease, Fanconi's anemia Group C, Bloom syndrome, Canavan
disease, and Niemann-Pick disease type A. Genzyme Genetics has expanded its extensive
prenatal test menu by adding FirstScreen and IntegratedScreen to its serum
screening program. Genzyme Genetics has purchased rights to cancer diagnostics
including dozens of proprietary cancer biomarkers, from Genzyme Oncology. Using these
biomarkers, it develops and commercializes new specialized tests for a wide range of
cancers to add to the test for HER-2 status in breast cancer. Cytogenetic services include:
(1) FISH for metaphase/interphase analyses on blood, bone marrow, and prenatal
samples; (2) Chromosome spreads from at least two different culture conditions when
possible, are counted and analyzed completely under the microscope culture conditions
when possible, are counted and analyzed completely under the microscope.
Services. LabCorp's services include standard clinical laboratory tests. It offers a
comprehensive HIV resistance testing menu to complement to help monitor antiretroviral
therapy by using: (1) rapid recombinant phenotypic assays to measure antiviral drug
resistance; (2) full, double-stranded, redundant sequencing of the region of the pol gene
in which antiretroviral resistance mutations have been documented; and (3) VircoGen
Genotyping by a proprietary mutation expert interpretation system that generates a
virtual phenotype from the genotype.
LabCorp offers a test, licensed from the Mayo Foundation, for genetic variants in the
UGT1A1 gene associated with toxicity in individuals treated with the colorectal cancer
drug irinotecan hydrochloride (Camptosar®).
LabCorp is commercializing a blood-based assay, developed at Duke University Medical
Center, for early-stage lung cancer detection.
In 2008, LabCorp launched its OvaSure screening test for ovarian cancer. In September
2008, the FDA sent a warning letter to LabCorp stating that OvaSure test is “not within
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the scope of laboratory-developed tests over which the agency has traditionally exercised
enforcement discretion
Collaborations. LabCorp offers Myriad Genetics' predisposition testing for breast,
ovarian, colon, uterine and melanoma skin cancers, as well as for hypertension. LabCorp
and Celera Genomics collaborate to establish the clinical utility of laboratory tests based
on novel diagnostic markers for Alzheimer's disease, breast cancer and prostate cancer.
In 2006. LabCorp signed an agreement with Institute for Systems Biology to develop
programs that integrate medicine and molecular diagnostics at LabCorp. LabCorp
licensed Signature Genetics™, a drug response interpretation service from Seryx, to help
select the most appropriate drug and establishing the most effective dosage for a given
individual. Clinical and CYP450 genetic test information is evaluated by a vast "Signature
Knowledge Base" and a comprehensive, actionable and personalized report is produced,
which details the most effective medications and the dose, adverse reactions and/or react
with other concurrent treatments, lifestyle as well as nutritional changes that would have
the greatest impact on improving patient health. LabCorp licensed a blood testing
technology for epithelial ovarian cancer from Yale University, which is based on a known
serum proteins associated with cancer and each protein biomarker is analyzed by ELISA
assay. Statistical analysis is then performed to score the combined results.
In 2007, LabCorp signed a therapeutic/diagnostic alliance with ARCA Discovery to
develop a genetic test that can identify patients most likely to benefit from ARCA’s drug
bucindolol, and those who are likely to be at greater risk of dying from the drug.
In 2008, LabCorp agreed to develop and distribute a series of companion diagnostic tests
for iloperidone, a schizophrenia drug made by Vanda Pharmaceuticals. The tests will be
based on a series of genetic markers that Vanda discovered while developing the drug that
is now undergoing review by the FDA and will be marketed under the name Fanapta.
In February 2010, LabCorp agreed to co-develop and commercialize molecular diagnostic
tests for cancer with CancerGuide Diagnostics as part of a multi-year licensing deal.
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LGC
Queens Road
Teddington
Middlesex TW11 0LY, UK
Web site: http://www.lgc.co.uk/
Tel:+44 (0)20 8943 7000
Fax:+44 (0)20 8943 2767
E-mail: info@lgc.co.uk
Chief Executive Officer: David Richardson
Overview. LGC is Europe's leading independent provider of analytical and diagnostic
services: chemical, biochemical and forensic analysis, DNA testing and genetic screening,
research, method validation, consultancy and analytical outsourcing. LGC also distributes
reference standards and ATCC biomaterials throughout Europe. LGC's services are
designed to help organizations produce high quality data on which to base scientific and
commercial decisions, providing a quantifiable basis for strategic decision making.
On 1 April 2010, LGC Genomics was launched as a new division within the LGC Group as
part of a wider organizational restructuring and is in line with LGC’s strategy for growth
and expansion of operations. As part of the restructuring process, its AGOWA genomics
products and services will be rebranded LGC Genomics.
Technologies relevant to molecular diagnostics. DNA analysis is performed in
specially designed laboratories comprising separate and dedicated areas for all aspects of
the PCR process as well as contained microbiological suites to ensure the delivery of
services to the highest quality. LGC's nucleic acid measurement capabilities cover a wide
range of specialized areas and high throughput robotic based assay protocols. Specialized
analyses include, the study of nucleic acid hybridization, STR typing (to forensic
standards if required), DNA sequencing and related applications as well as automated
sizing and quantification. GC's proprietary DNA probe technology (HyBeacons) has
unique characteristics that makes it suitable for very rapid diagnostic and point-of-care
applications.
Products and services. As the UK's largest independent provider of analytical and
diagnostic services, LGC offers chemical and biochemical analysis, genetic screening,
research, method validation, consultancy and analytical outsourcing. LGC also distributes
reference standards throughout Europe. LGC serves diverse markets in the public and
private sectors, including food and agriculture, chemicals, healthcare, life sciences and
law enforcement. In 2008, LGC produced a prototype microarray quality control material
which could lead to the first generic reference standard for use across multiple platforms
and applications.
LGC Genomics (Berlin, Germany) has long-standing experience in large-scale sequencing
gained in international and national genome projects. Through LGC genomics’ custom
DNA sequencing service, it offers state-of-the-art technology (ABI 3730 XL), an overnight
DNA sequencing service and an online ordering service. LGC genomics is constantly
extending its range of genomic services, nucleic acid preparations and extraction services.
Collaborations relevant to molecular diagnostics. In 2004, LGC signed an
exclusive agreement for licensing its DNA probe technology (HyBeacons) with Genmark
Diagnostics in medical genetic test applications for inherited genetic traits in all world
markets, excluding India. Genmark Diagnostics will use the HyBeacon technology with its
Genedrive molecular diagnostics instrument and other platforms. Genmark Diagnostics
has been working closely with LGC for approximately one year, during which time
scientific proof of principle has been established demonstrating the excellent
compatibility of HyBeacon tests with the Genedrive. Discussions for LGC to grant similar
licences for the detection of infectious human pathogens and diagnosis of human sexually
transmitted diseases are also at an advanced stage with Genmark Diagnostics.
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LI-COR Biosciences
4647 Superior Street
Lincoln, NE 68504, USA
Web site: http://www.licor.com/
Tel: (402) 467-0700
Fax: (402) 467-0819
Contact: Larry Middendorf, VP sales and marketing
Overview. LI-COR Biosciences, a biotechnology company, was founded in 1971. In
addition to developing instruments for plant and environmental sciences, LI-COR began
research in automated DNA sequencing in the early 1980s. The Company pioneered the
development of infrared (IR) fluorescence labeling and detection systems for imaging,
DNA sequencing, genotyping, and AFLP for genomic research and discovery. LI-COR
systems are used in over 100 countries and are supported by a global network of
distributors. LI-COR owns an extensive patent portfolio covering traditional
electrophoresis-based methods for DNA sequencing.
Technology/products. The following tools are relevant to molecular diagnostics:
Odyssey Infrared Imaging System. The new instrument uses LI-COR's patented infrared
technology, which offers advantages over radioactive and chemiluminescence
applications. Odyssey’s infrared technology is the ideal choice for Western blots. Direct
fluorescence detection on membranes at infrared wavelengths offers the distinct
advantage of very low background, since membranes and most biomolecules do not
fluoresce at infrared wavelengths.
Global IR2 System. This combines NEN's expertise in labeling technology and LI-COR's
IR2 technology. Each Global IR2 System includes an NEN DNA sequencer or analyzer,
Global Controller, e-Seq software, and a wide variety of reagent choices including IRDye
800 terminators.
Applications. Some examples of applications are:

The Global IR2 System has unique advantages for DNA foot printing, not only
because of high-resolution imaging, but also because of the long read lengths.

IR2 System is excellent for quantitative PCR assays.

The Odyssey system is a fast and direct means of protein detection that does not
require chemiluminescent or chemifluorescent substrates or exposure to film.

IR2 System can analyze both strands in a single gel to confirm the presence of a
mutation.
Collaborations. The following are relevant to molecular diagnostics:
LI-COR and NEN Life Science (a subsidiary of Perkin Elmer Corporation) teamed up in
1999 to create a flexible new system for DNA sequencing and genotyping research.
LI-COR has a distribution agreement with MWG-Biotech AG to distribute, support and
service LI-COR DNA sequencing instruments.
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Life Technologies Corporation
1600 Faraday Ave
PO Box 6482
Carlsbad CA 92008, USA
Web site: http://www.lifetechnologies.com/
Tel: (760) 603-7200
Fax: (760) 602-6500
Chairman and CEO: Gregory T. Lucier
Overview. Life Technologies Corporation (LTC) was formed in 2008, when Invitrogen
completed acquisition of Applied Biosystems (ABI) in a cash and stock transaction valued
at $6.7 billion. ABI develops and markets instrument-based systems, reagents, software
and contract services to the life science industry and research community. LTC had sales
of $3.3 billion in 2009, employs approximately 9,000 people, has a presence in 160
countries, and possesses a rapidly growing IP estate of >3,900 patents and exclusive
licenses.. It will have a major presence in key growth markets and exceptional technical
capabilities in the areas of genetic analysis, proteomics, and cell biology.
Acquisitions. Besides ABI, the LTC family of companies now includes: Research
Genetics, NOVEX and Serva Electrophoresis GmbH. In 2003, Invitrogen acquired a
portfolio of biochemical research technologies and related assets from Vertex
Pharmaceuticals Inc including PanVera unit (part of acquisition of Aurora Biosciences)
for $95 million in cash. This broadened Invitrogen's product offerings for determination
of protein function, labeling and detection of biological molecules. In 2003, Invitrogen
acquired Molecular Probes for $325 million. In 2003, Invitrogen acquired product lines
and technology rights from Genicon Sciences Corp, including proprietary tools and
methods for ultra-sensitive signal generation and detection, for approximately $2 million.
In 2005, Invitrogen acquired privately held molecular separation and purification
technology pioneer Dynal Biotech from majority owner Nordic Capital and a co-investor
for approximately $375 million. Dynal is the industry leader in magnetic bead
technologies that are used in cell separation and purification, cell stimulation, protein
research, nucleic acid research and microbiology. The acquisition will provide Invitrogen
with bead-based isolation technologies that can be leveraged across the company's broad
technology portfolio. In addition, Dynal is a major supplier of specialized magnetic
particles to major diagnostic product manufacturers for use in high-throughput
automated immunoassay and other instrument systems. The major product
enhancements made possible by the use of Dynal's Dynabead® system will further
Invitrogen's mission of accelerating disease research and drug discovery, as well as its
initiative to provide cutting edge tools to diagnostic companies worldwide. Dynal is a
market leader for HLA tissue typing used to ensure compatibility between donors and
recipients in organ and bone marrow transplants. In 2005, Invitrogen acquired Quantum
Dot Corp and the BioPixels® business unit of BioCrystal Ltd. Invitrogen also announced
an agreement with Georgia Tech Research Corp to exclusively license novel "nanocluster"
technology. The combination of these acquisitions and licenses will enable Invitrogen to
create innovative products that enable life science researchers to better understand
cellular processes/molecular interactions to diagnose disease. In 2008, LTC acquired
VisiGen Biotechnologies for $20 million. In December 2009, LCT acquired BioTrove Inc.
BioTrove’s primary technology is the OpenArray® platform, a high throughput gene
expression and genotyping analysis system based on a flexible array format that enables
researchers to perform more than 3,000 PCR genotyping or qPCR gene expression assays
at a time. The increased adoption of next generation sequencing platforms, such as the
SOLiD™ System, has generated greater use of qPCR for simultaneous validation of an
increased number of gene targets. The OpenArray® platform has the flexibility to allow
for samples to be validated against a large target panel, or a larger quantity of samples to
be screened against select validated targets. The technology is also used in applied
markets, such as pathogen testing, and may enable future digital PCR applications.
In January 2010, Danaher paid $1.1 billion to acquire the Analytical Technologies division
of MDS, including the MS joint venture with LTC; MDS will receive $650 million and LTC
$450 million for their stakes.On 12 January 2010, LTC acquired AcroMetrix, a provider of
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molecular and serological diagnostic quality control products to clinical laboratories,
blood screening centers and IVD manufacturers. On 17 August 2010, LTC acquired Ion
Torrent for $375 million in cash and stock and intends to retain it at present location. On
2 Nov 2010, LTC acquired certain assets from Labindia (New Delhi, India), which has
been a distributor of LTC's Applied Biosystems products, including the SOLiD sequencing
system and Ambion RNA reagents. LTC can now supply products directly to customers.
Technology/products of Invitrogen. SureScore SNP Genotyping Kit. This is an
accurate, easy-to-use kit for SNP scoring based on the SNP-IT technology licensed from
Orchid Cellmark.
NOVEX TBE gels for high-resolution analysis of restriction digests and PCR products.
DNA Retardation Gels are based on the hinderance of movement of a DNA molecule
through a nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel when a protein molecule is bound to it.
Denaturing polyacrylamide TBE-Urea Gels provide sharp bands and high resolution of
ssDNA or RNA oligonucleotides.
NuPAGE gels feature a greatly extended shelf life and enhanced temperature stability.
They are recommended for use with Prionics kit (Prionics AG), one of three tests
authorized for use in Europe to detect bovine spongiform encephalopathy.
GeniconRLS™, acquired from Genicon Sciences, is a RLS-based ultra-sensitive DNA
microarray detection system (see Chapter 3). It uses nanoparticles as labels to provide
increased sensitivity over CyDyes™ for analysis of previously undetectable genes.
NCode Array. This miRNA Chip can be used for miRNA expression profiling in molecular
diagnostics and drug discovery. Version 3.0, an all-human tool, was released in 2008.
Zymeds SPoT-Light® HER2 CISH™ (chromogenic in situ hybridization technology) Kit
is a complete, standardized for vitro test for detection of HER2 gene amplification in
formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. It is a FDA-approved companion test for
breast cancer patients who are considered for treatment with Herceptin® (Roche).
DynaChip Antibody Analysis System, the only automated chip-based system for HLA
antibody detection and identification, was cleared by FDA in 2008 and Health Canada's
Medical Device Bureau in January 2009. It is the only automated chip-based system for
HLA antibody detection and identification, which is an essential step in determining the
compatibility of organ donors (Chapter 8).
Prodigy™ system. Launched in June 2009, this is an advanced DNA and protein analysis
microarray system that simplifies and accelerates histocompatibility research, vaccine
and drug development, and disease association studies. It is designed for research-use to
simplify immunogenetic testing, including HLA research.
RiboMinus kit and the E-Gel®SizeSelect. These precast agarose gels simplify the
workflows and reduce the experimental time and cost of applications such as discovery
and characterization of the entire transcriptome, validation of whole genome association
results, targeted resequencing, chromatin immunoprecipitation, rare and somatic
mutation detection, and epigenetic studies. The solutions are compatible with nextgeneration high-throughput genome analysis platforms: SOLiD (Applied Biosystems),
Genome Analyzer (Illumina) and Genome Sequencer FLX System (Roche).
Products/applications of Applied Biosystems. GeneAmp PCR System 9700 is used
for high-sample-volume PCR applications. The AmpliCycle Sequencing Kit uses a
specialized thermostable DNA polymerase, AmpliTaq DNA polymerase, CS (cycle
sequencing). A comprehensive HIV drug resistance test - the ViroSeq HIV Genotyping
System - has broad spectrum efficacy in typing all major global subtypes of the virus.
In February 2010, Applied Biosystems' ViralSEQ™ Vesivirus Detection Kit was
introduced as a highly sensitive molecular test for the detection of Vesivirus 2117, a
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potential contaminant of mammalian cell culture based biopharmaceutical
manufacturing. This is a PCR-based test that utilizes PrepSEQ™ magnetic bead
technology to isolate viral RNA from a wide range of sample types, combined with
TaqMan® technology for sensitive and specific detection of the viral RNA. It is expected
that biopharmaceutical companies will use the kit to detect this potential contamination
early in production, safeguarding the manufacturing processes.
On 24 March 2010, Applied Biosystems 7500 Fast Dx Real-Time PCR Instrument was
approved in Europe as a platform suitable for IVD use. Clinical laboratories and
institutions will now be able to leverage the instrument's regulatory clearance to develop
tests for clinical applications. It enables scientists to complete real-time PCR
amplification and accurately and precisely quantify nucleic acids in <40 min. Data
analysis tools enable scientists to design laboratory tests that simplify detection and
quantification of target nucleic acids.
PRISM 3100-Avant Genetic Analyzer provides a capillary-based system for life science
researchers requiring low-to-medium throughput for DNA analysis. 3730 DNA Analyzer
is a powerful tool for rapid, accurate, and cost-effective DNA analysis for researchers
studying human and other genomes. It improves data quality and increases productivity.
Expression Array System is for the analysis of the whole human genome on a single
microarray. Based on proprietary chemiluminescent technology, it is designed to detect a
greater number of genes, including those expressed at lower levels, with higher sensitivity
and specificity than existing technologies. SNPlex Genotyping System is a reagent and
software product for ultra HTP genotyping.
TaqMan® OpenArray™ Genotyping System combines TaqMan® Assay and OpenArray™
System technologies to offer HTP, low-cost genotyping with a simple workflow.
TaqMan® miRNA Assays for the detection and quantitation of mature human miRNA
expression levels in genomic research.
SOLiD system for sequencing utilizes hybridization-ligation chemistry and is based on
the polymerase colony approach. The sample preparation aspect of this technology
including library construction and clonal amplification of the target DNA by emPCR on
beads is very similar in principle to the 454 approach. Applied Biosystems acquired the
technology from Agencourt Personal Genomics in 2006 and has since increased the
sample throughput by five times and the base read length by 66%. SOLiD3 is a third
generation sequencer. In June 2009, the SOLiD™ Whole Transcriptome Analysis Kit was
launched as optimized for use with the SOLiD System. This kit enables the detailed
characterization of all expressed RNA in biological samples, allowing scientists to better
understand a variety of cell types such as stem cells and cancer.
Genetic analysis applications are in the following areas:
Genetically-modified organisms (GMO) Detection. Automated systems are provided for
the analysis of the DNA from processed foods and their ingredients for the detection and
quantification of GMO content, even when the gene is not expressed.
Human Identification & Forensic DNA Testing. Using fragment analysis techniques on
electrophoretic instruments, DNA analyses can determine human identity to one person
in a trillion. This is useful not only in forensics applications but can confirm parentage.
On 18 May 2010, Identifiler® Direct and Identifiler® Plus forensic kits were approved by
the FBI for use by laboratories generating DNA profiles for inclusion in the National DNA
Index System CODIS Database. These join MiniFiler™ kit, which was approved earlier.
Microbial Identification. The MicroSeq microbial identification kits are based on the DNA
sequence of the ribosomal RNA genes, which is the new basis for bacterial taxonomic
classification, leading to accurate and reproducible identification.
Food-borne pathogen detection. Automated systems for the detection of DNA from
foodborne pathogens provide results in <24 h with high levels of sensitivity.
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TaqMan®Salmonella enterica Detection Kit, a molecular-based tool for monitoring the
safety of the food supply, was certified by Emergency Response Validation program of the
AOAC in June 2009.
TaqMan® Copy Number Assays enable pharmaceutical and clinical researchers to
accurately detect and quantify CNVs from DNA samples through real-time PCR reaction.
Protein Expression Assays. These are a new line of TaqMan® real-time PCR assays that
enable researchers to rapidly detect and quantify proteins in human cell samples.
3500 Dx Series Genetic Analyzers. On 23 Aug 2010, these analyzers, the first CE IVDmarked capillary electrophoresis system for nucleic acid analysis, became available for
sale in Australia, India, New Zealand, Singapore, and Taiwan for use in the analysis of
human DNA or RNA for the detection of genetic changes that may lead to disease
presence or susceptibility. The 3500 Series enables researchers to run up to 1,100
sequencing or 1,200 genotyping samples per day. It features a novel consumables design
that incorporates the ability to track key information with radio frequency identification
tags, new optical and thermal sub-systems, and redesigned data collection and analysis
software, creating a more cost-effective method for high-quality data analyses.
Collaborations of Invitrogen relevant to molecular diagnostics. Invitrogen
provides a reagent kit to facilitate the use of Genzyme Oncology's SAGE technology.
Invitrogen's I-SAGE Kit can be used in a wide variety of applications such as gene
discovery, identifying disease-related genes, analyzing the effects of drugs on tissues, and
providing insight into disease pathways. Its reagents are optimized for use with
Affymetrix GeneChip, offering a complete, standardized sample preparation system.
Collaborations in 2004 include:

Invitrogen started to provide validated HTP screening assays for drug discovery in
single live cells that Exelixis Inc uses for lead discovery and optimization.

With Tecan to develop applications that combine the use of Invitrogen's products
with Tecan's Freedom EVO® series of automated platforms, multimode detection
devices and microarray systems for a range of life science applications, including
nucleic acid sample preparation, microarray applications and cell-based assays.
In 2006. Invitrogen’s licensing deal with Affymetrix will impact its epigenetics business,
which is built upon its NCode multispecies miRNA microarray platform. Prodesse Inc, a
leader in Multiplex PCR, signed a license agreement for the first diagnostic assays using
Invitrogen's LUX technology. Invitrogen licenced Oxford Gene Technology’s “Southern
array patents”, covering the manufacture and marketing of oligonucleotide microarrays.
In 2008. Invitrogen extended its license and supply agreement for Luminex's multiplexed
analyte detection technology. A licensing agreement with Genisphere Inc, combines
Invitrogen’s Alexa Fluor® fluorescent dyes with Genisphere's 3DNA dendrimer signal
amplification technology for NCode, fluorescent miRNA microarray labeling kits
marketed by Invitrogen. It started to explore the use of field programmable gate array
technology for analyzing next-generation sequencing data using Active Motif’s
TimeLogic's biocomputing systems, which couple an FPGA accelerator with optimized
genomics algorithms to rapidly compare novel sequences to databases of wellcharacterized genes. Invitrogen licensed its patents covering the random prime
amplification of nucleic acids to QIAGEN, New England Biolabs, and Kirkegaard & Perry
Laboratories for use in techniques such as random prime labeling reactions, first-strand
cDNA synthesis, and whole genome amplification. Invitrogen signed a US distribution
agreement with Biocare Medical LLC for its SPoT-Light® HER2 CISH Kit.
Collaborations of Applied Biosystems relevant to molecular diagnostics. ABI
has granted a worldwide, royalty-bearing license to Eppendorf AG under a real-time
thermal cycler patent rights agreement. API licensed several Affymetrix patents related to
the manufacture, sale, and use of microarrays to expand its Expression Array system.
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In 2006. ABI collaborated with SAIC-Frederick Core Genotyping Facility on biomarker
studies for cancer research. The entire TaqMan® Drug Metabolism Genotyping Assay
collection was used to examine genetic variations in the HapMap and SNP500Cancer
samples in order to validate additional cancer biomarkers. Select assays with significant
correlation from data analysis were used to genotype individuals who participated in a
pharmacogenetic study at the NCI evaluating treatment for non-Hodgkin lymphoma. ABI
granted Thermo Fisher Scientific licenses to allow its subsidiary, Abgene, to offer several
PCR and real-time PCR products as well as the right to develop new real-time PCR
products and technologies. Geospiza expanded collaboration with ABI for participation in
Software Community Program. The first product will integrate ABI’s GeneMapper® and
SeqScape® genetic analysis tools with Geospiza's Finch® Suite data management
system, and is expected to dramatically improve customers' ability to scale and automate
their information technology infrastructure to meet growing challenges in data analysis.
In 2009. LTC and Nanosys Inc signed cross-licensing agreement to share rights to an IP
estate related to quantum dots. New products developed as a result of this agreement will
help prevent counterfeiting worldwide as they will allow manufacturers to trace the
source of their materials and manage and track product shipments, helping stop
counterfeit material use in pharmaceutical and diagnostic products. LTC agreed to sell
assays for detecting KRAS and BRAF mutations in cancer, developed by TrimGen, to the
research market. The assays, expected to be launched in 2010, will run on Applied
Biosystems capillary electrophoresis sequencing systems, including its new 3500 Series
Genetic Analyzer.
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LightUp Technologies
Lunastigen 5
S-141 44 Huddinge, Sweden
Web site: http://www.lightup.se
Tel: +46 8 556 40 660
Fax: +46 8 779 87 26
Email: info@lightup.se
CEO and Head of Commercial Operations: Håkan Randahl
Overview. LightUp Technologies, incorporated in 1998, is a privately held biotechnology
company dedicated to the field of in vitro diagnostics. LightUp Technologies' activities are
focused on developing and commercializing cutting edge molecular based diagnostic
technologies, utilizing the company's proprietary probe construct for analysis of nucleic
acids. The company's accomplishments include the development of a platform technology
for diagnosis of infectious diseases that allows for rapid and sensitive testing of patients.
Technologies. LightUp Technologies has the fastest, most efficient way of obtaining
accurate results in DNA targeting through a real-time PCR process with truly
homogeneous testing. The unique LightUp Probe is a nucleic acid analogue tethered to a
single reporter dye that becomes fluorescent – lights up – when binding to the chosen
target DNA. LightUp Probes can be designed to bind specifically to any desired target
nucleic acid. The potential clinical benefits of the LightUp Probe kits include:

Cost-efficient testing methods

Faster results while the patient waits

More accurate results

Potentially improved outcomes
Products. LightUp Probes are offered as kits. LightUp Technologies is working with a
number of partners to develop diagnostic kits for clinical and laboratory use. The first
product released in 2002 was a kit for determination of cytomegalovirus (CMV) viral load
in clinical specimens.
LightUp Probe products containing the fluorescence-based technology of Molecular
Probes Inc. The initial product is an assay for the detection and quantification of
cytomegalovirus, to be marketed under the brand name ReSSQ CMV.
Collaborations. In 2000, Boston Probes Inc (now part of Life Technologies) granted a
non-exclusive license to its PNA Technology to LightUp Technologies AB within the field
of infectious disease diagnostics. The terms of the License Agreement require that
LightUp pay Boston Probes an up-front fee, a milestone payment, and earned royalties
from product sales.
In 2001, LightUp Technologies and Boule Diagnostics International AB signed a cooperation agreement covering both production and quality assurance system. The
agreement means that Boule will now conduct the initial production (the so-called 0series production) of LightUp Technologies’ first diagnostic kit for quantitative
identification of the cytomegalovirus (CMV), a member of the herpes virus group, which
can cause serious inflammation and affect the nervous system.
In 2003, LightUp launched DNA analysis products, including diagnostic assays, using
unique fluorescence-based technology newly licensed from Molecular Probes.
In 2004, LightUp and DakoCytomation introduced ReSSQ™ EBV Assay, a nucleic acid
test for detection and quantification of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The assay provides a
rapid and accurate means of monitoring viral load of EBV in clinical specimens.
Currently, it is validated for use in conjunction with the LightCycler® and ABI PRISM®
7000 SDS real-time PCR instrument platforms.
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Lucigen Corporation
2120 West Greenview Drive, Suite 9
Middleton, WI 53562, USA
Web site: http://lucigen.com/
Tel: (608) 831 9011
Fax: (608) 831 9012
Email: lucigen@lucigen.com
Chief Executive Officer: David Mead PhD
Overview. Lucigen Corporation, founded in 1998, develops life science research
products and technologies for gene cloning, protein expression, and nucleic acid
sequencing and amplification. By focusing on improved methods for gene cloning,
Lucigen products have dramatically improved DNA cloning reliability and efficiency,
which has allowed researchers to successfully capture many genes that were impossible to
clone using other methods. Lucigen has also used its own proprietary technology to be the
first company to isolate viral DNA polymerases from boiling hot springs environments.
These novel enzymes have been shown to be superior products for PCR, RT-PCR (reverse
transcription-PCR) and rapid, isothermal amplification of RNA and DNA. In addition, its
in-house expertise in the production of random-shear, BAC and fosmid libraries has been
made available as a fast and reliable service, which can accelerate next-gen DNA
sequencing and screening projects.
Technologies. Lucigen’s technology development is focused on nucleic acid research in
three separate, but related areas:
DNA cloning, sequencing and protein expression. Lucigen has significant expertise in the
development of DNA vectors that are designed to clone the unclonable and express
difficult to obtain proteins. Examples are patented CloneSmart® and pJAZZ®
technologies. pJAZZ is a unique linear vector that is able to readily clone highly repetitive
and AT rich DNAs, which are normally difficult or impossible to clone. Expresso™
Cloning and Expression System is a ligation-free, PCR-based protein expression system
that simplifies and accelerates the expression and purification of even insoluble proteins,
which makes this system appropriate for HTP screening. Lucigen is developing new and
improved BAC vectors useful for next-gen paired-end sequencing of complex genomes.
These vectors will enable the rapid assembly of the enormous amount of sequencing data
that is being generated, significantly reducing the cost of sequencing a complete genome.
DNA polymerase discovery and nucleic acid amplification. Lucigen has isolated an array
of thermostable DNA polymerases having unique properties. For example, the
commercially available PyroPhage® 3173 DNA polymerase has the highest fidelity
available and has also been shown to have reverse transcriptase activity.
DNA/RNA molecular test development. Lucigen scientists are continuing to add
modifications to its collection of novel enzymes to optimize them for specific applications,
such as isothermal amplification and PCR amplification directly from blood. Recently, the
company has focused more attention on developing simple molecular tests appropriate
for POC or home testing.
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LumiCyte Inc
48480 LakeView Blvd.
Fremont, CA 94538, USA
Web site: http://www1.qiagen.com/
Tel: (510) -226-3990
Fax: (510) -226-4901
Overview. LumiCyte, established in 1999, is a leading provider of service products to
aggregate, analyze and disseminate protein information, enabling new ways of unlocking
the essence of human life. LumiCyte's BioChip products deliver information based on
acquisition, integration of genomics, proteomics, and clinical diagnostics. Comprehensive
molecular protein information is generated from human plasma, saliva or urine and can
be used from the early detection of disease onset to the monitoring of response to drug
therapy. This individualized protein profile information should dramatically improve the
effectiveness of drug development efforts and the routine delivery of health care. In 2000,
LumiCyte opened a new facility to provide protein mapping and discovery services using
its patented BioChip technology and new bioinformatics platform. In 2005, QIAGEN
acquired key assets of LumiCyte.
Technology/products/ applications relevant to molecular diagnostics.
LumiCyte has integrated three powerful, proprietary, platform technologies. The
molecular mapping BioChip technology known as SELDI (Surface-Enhanced Laser
Desorption/Ionization) has been combined with new AI-based data analysis capabilities
and a powerful bioinformatics interrogation platform. SELDI is a patented surface-based
molecular capture and imaging process that uses pulses of laser energy to read molecular
profiles and information patterns developed on the surface of small chips and other
molecular probes. Unlike other molecular mapping technologies, and protein biomarker
detection assays designed to reveal disease, the SELDI BioChip molecular profiling
platform enables both discovery and routine assays to be performed on the same BioChip
in the same unit operation.
LumiCyte uses its Seldiography technology based on SELDI to collect and analyze protein
information from unprecedented numbers of individuals. LumiCyte plans to create the
world's largest human proteomics database for integration with other databases,
including the human genome sequence and gene expression data. Bioinformatics
browsers, advanced pattern analysis methods and other powerful data mining techniques
are being used to develop a patent portfolio of protein molecular fingerprints uniquely
associated with disease onset, type of disease, and response to therapy.
LumiCyte generates high-information content protein maps with unprecedented speed,
sensitivity and accuracy. Analysis of these maps with LumiCyte's proprietary suite of
neural network and pattern recognition software enables: (1) early detection of disease
onset; (2) more effective classification of disease; (3) more accurate monitoring of disease
progression; and (4) early indication of patient-specific response to therapy.
LumiCyte, using its SELDI biochip technology in collaboration with scientists at the
National Cancer Institute USA and the FDA, have discovered a unique pattern of proteins
in the serum of asymptomatic prostate cancer patients. Further investigation is required
to validate the utility of these potential biomarkers.
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Luminex Corporation
12212 Technology Blvd
Austin, TX 78727, USA
Web site: http://www.luminexcorp.com/
Tel: (512) 219-8020
Fax: (512) 258-4173
E-mail: info@luminexcorp.com
Chief Executive Officer and President : Patrick J. Balthrop Sr. MBA
Overview. Luminex Corporation develops, manufactures and markets proprietary
biological testing technologies with applications throughout the life sciences industry. The
company's LabMAP (Laboratory Multiple Analyte Profile) system is an open-architecture,
multi-analyte technology platform that delivers fast, accurate and cost-effective bioassay
results to markets as diverse as pharmaceutical drug discovery, clinical diagnostics and
biomedical research, including the genomics and proteomics research markets. The
company's LabMAP technology is sold worldwide and is already in use in leading research
laboratories as well as major pharmaceutical, diagnostic and biotechnology companies.
Luminex has completed the sale of its Rules-Based Medicine (RBM) research and
development project to a newly formed company headed by Dr. M. B. Chandler  former
CEO of Luminex. RBM will use Luminex xMAP technology to analyze proteins,
metabolites and other substances in the blood of normal and diseased individuals. In
2007, Luminex acquired Tm Bioscience (renamed as Luminex Molecular Diagnostics, see
separate profile) to use Tm’s menu of kits and reagents with its own business connections
for enhancing their sales. In March 2010, Luminex acquired robotics and automation firm
BSD Robotics.
Technology/products. LabMAP combines microsphere-based assays with small lasers,
advanced digital signal processors and proprietary software to offer greater speed,
precision and flexibility over current bioassay technologies (see Chapter 3). Luminex100,
based on this technology, is a sensitive, benchtop flow analyzer capable of performing 100
bioassays simultaneously. Its simple operation allows for targeted tests to be conducted
quickly and efficiently. The versatility of the technology allows protein, RNA or DNA
testing to be performed on the same system, while its throughput capabilities are
applicable to any size laboratory. In 2007, Luminex introduced two new key products 
xPONENT, a new, more intuitive software interface, which simplifies the user experience,
and MagPlex microspheres, which add a magnetic component to the company's core
xMAP microsphere technology, enabling use on automation equipment. xPONENT and
MagPlex will enhance both ease-of-use and automation capabilities expanding xMAP
functionality in the company's core market segments.
Luminex’s approved xTAG RVP detects 12 major respiratory viruses and subtypes from
one sample, including adenovirus, three strains of influenza A, rhinovirus, and others.
Collaborations. In 2002, Luminex and Rules-Based Medicine (RBM) entered into a
Development and Supply Agreement pursuant to which RBM licensed Luminex's
proprietary xMAP technology. Luminex will receive royalties from the commercialization
of RBM's products based on Luminex's xMAP technology, as well as revenue from the sale
of instruments. In 2003, Luminex granted Abbott license, supply and distribution rights
to Luminex®'s proprietary biological testing technologies including bead-based xMAP
technology, for the development of assays and proprietary instruments. In 2006,
Luminex received a sub-contract from Smiths Detection to develop a very low-cost early
warning "trigger" sensor to detect the presence of weaponized biological pathogens in the
ambient air. The award comes from the Homeland Security.
In 2007, Luminex licensed from The Johns Hopkins University genetic markers that it
plans to use with its Tag-It cystic fibrosis test kits. In 2008, Luminex signed up ViraCor
Laboratories offer the xTAG RVP test to detect respiratoryy viruses. On 26 March 2010,
Luminex signed an with Advanced Liquid Logic to co-develop new analytic systems
combining its xMAP technology digital microfluidics.
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Luminex Molecular Diagnostics
439 University Avenue, Suite 900
Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1Y8
Web site: http://www.luminexcorp.com/
Tel: (416) 593-4323
Fax: (416) 593-1066
Contact: Jeremy Bridge-Cook PhD, VP of Luminex Molecular Diagnostics
Overview. Luminex Molecular Diagnostics (formerly Tm Bioscience) is a DNA-based
diagnostics company developing a suite of genetic tests. Its product pipeline includes tests
for genetic mutations related to hematology, toxicology, cystic fibrosis and other
debilitating genetic disorders. In 2007, Luminex acquired Tm Bioscience to use Tm’s
menu of kits and reagents with its own business connections for enhancing their sales and
renamed the company.
Technologies. Tm100 Universal Array, in combination with the Luminex LabMAP™
system, is capable of combining any set of 100 single DNA tests and performing them
simultaneously in a single reaction. Tm’s HybAssist™ platform encompasses 3 novel and
proprietary technologies, which directly address hybridization issues, related to all types
of DNA assay systems. It has been incorporated into Universal Array platform providing a
highly accurate and flexible microarray platform for both diagnostic and pharmaceutical
partners and customers. SignalAssist technology (SAT) encompasses a mechanism that
enhances the signal emanating from a hybridization reaction. SAT is designed to
significantly improve the sensitivity of detection for all types of DNA detection systems,
including applications of DNA microarrays.
Products relevant to personalized medicine. Tm Universal Tag product consists of
1000 isothermal DNA tags, which can be ported to any array platform, either 2D biochips
or coded microspheres. Complementary sequences are incorporated into the front-end
assay, which is multiplexed to allow a large number of analyses to be carried out in a
single tube format. Luminex is planning to launch new multiplex instruments.
Luminex is seeking FDA approval for warfarin pharmacogenomic test. Tm Tag-It,
Mutation Detection Kit for Coagulation, has been validated in patient samples with 100%
accuracy when compared to results obtained using slower, more expensive DNA
sequencing methods. Tm licensed CF gene mutation patents from the Hospital for Sick
Children (Toronto, ON) and the University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, MI) for use in its
approved Tag-It Mutation Detection Kit for CF, which detects 40 mutations. Another TagIt genotyping kit targets polymorphisms of P450 drug metabolizing genes.
Collaborations. In 2006, Tm licensed Epidauros patents on a specific biomarker
related to the P450-CYP2D6 gene. In 2006, Tm licensed from Sirius Genomics certain
patents for biomarkers linked to drugs used to treat severe sepsis and to incorporate these
markers into a diagnostic assay for use by critical care physicians.
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Lumora Ltd
Denmark House
Cambridgeshire Business Park
Angel Drove, Ely, Cambridgeshire CB7 4ET, UK
Web site: http://www.lumora.co.uk/
Tel: +44(0)1353 646285
Fax: +44(0)1353 646282
Email: info@lumora.co.uk
CEO: Laurence Tisi
Overview. Lumora Ltd was founded in 2002 as a spin-out from the Institute of
Biotechnology at the University of Cambridge. Its BART technology enables rapid
quantitative molecular diagnostics using remarkably simple, robust and low-cost
hardware. Following two funding rounds, Lumora is seeking partners to bring its core
technology to market across multiple sectors. Lumora is poised to introduce the benefits
of molecular diagnostics to niches where the cost and complexity of available products
prevents their practical application. Lumora is actively seeking partners to bring its
molecular diagnostic products to market for food testing, medical, environmental and
defense applications.
Technology. Lumora's BART technology offers a means to couple the sensitive detection
of specific analytes, e.g. nucleic acids, proteins or small molecules, to a quantitative, realtime luminescent output. The use of luminescence instead of e.g. fluorescence, permits far
simpler hardware platforms to be employed reducing both hardware and reagent costs.
The simplicity of this technology not only permits the development of a truly universal
platform upon which one is able to detect a wide range of disparate molecules, but in a
range of capacities from single-sample portable detectors to ultra high-throughput
laboratory-based instruments.
A major application of molecular diagnostics is the specific detection, identification and
monitoring of pathogens, whether viral or bacterial in nature. Pathogens are not the only
cause of disease however and molecular diagnostics are being increasingly applied to
disease prediction, treatment and management via the analysis of genetic markers. For
example, genetic markers in an individual can predict whether they will have an adverse
reaction to a particular pharmaceutical.
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Matritech Inc
330 Nevada St.
Newton, MA 02160, USA
Web site: http://www.matritech.com/
Tel: (617) 928-0820
Fax: (617) 928-082
E-mail: webmaster@matritech.com
Chairman & CEO: Stephen D. Chubb
Overview. Matritech, founded in 1987, uses proprietary nuclear matrix protein (NMP2)
technology to develop innovative cancer diagnostic products. In August 2007, Inverness
Medical Innovations Inc acquired assets of Matritech for $36 million to incorporate them
into its portfolio in course of time.
Technology. Matritech's NMP (nuclear matrix protein) core technology correlates levels
of NMPs in body fluids to the presence of cancer. Multiple published clinical studies have
validated this ability of NMPs to detect early stage cancerous abnormalities. NMP22 is
elevated in bladder cancer cells by 10 to 100 fold and is released into the urine of bladder
cancer patients. Matritech has a pipeline of NMP-based products in development for the
detection of major cancers including cervical, breast, colon and prostate cancers.
Detection of breast cancer markers in blood has been accomplished using a novel
approach for cancer marker detection, mass spectrometry (MS), a technique which the
Company believes is immediately applicable to other cancer tests it is developing. S
techniques for measuring the elevation of specific proteins in blood is expected to
improve the accuracy of the tests in development by Matritech as well as expedite the
introduction of second generation, blood-based cancer diagnostic tests to clinical
laboratories worldwide. In addition to the MS format, Matritech is pursuing antibodybased immunoassays compatible with existing clinical laboratory instrumentation.
Products/applications in molecular diagnostics. The NMP22 Test Kit for
bladder cancer is marketed in the US, China, Europe and Japan for management and
screening of individuals at risk of bladder cancer. NMP22 BladderChek, as a POC test for
bladder cancer is as accurate as the test performed in the laboratory. Detection of the
prostate cancer markers in blood has also been accomplished using a novel MS technique,
which forms the basis for further clinical and laboratory development.
Matritech has reported proof of clinical concept results for NMP66 in the detection of
breast cancer. Using Matritech's proprietary specimen preparation and MS procedures,
NMP66 was found in all samples from women with invasive breast cancer, and was
absent in all "normal" specimens. Further clinical studies are in progress.
Collaborations. Matritech has a product supply and marketing agreement with
Diagnostic Products Corp (DPC, Los Angeles, CA), which produces an automated version
of NMP22 test for bladder cancer performed on DPC's Immulite fully automated analyzer.
In 2002, Matritech formed a partnership with Bruker Daltonics to develop an automated
MS system that will allow clinical laboratories to efficiently perform its proteomics-based
cancer tests, including blood tests for breast and prostate cancer.
In 2002, Matritech and Cytogen Corporation initiated the launch of NMP22 BladderChek
to physicians throughout the US by a marketing agreement.
In 2003, Matritech signed an agreement for its NMP66 breast cancer test with Mitsubishi
Kagaku Medical Inc to provide the test for the Japanese market.
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Maxwell Sensors Inc
10020 Pioneer Blvd, Suite 103
Santa Fe Springs, CA 90670, USA
Web site: http://www.maxwellsensors.com/
Tel: (562) 801-2088
Fax: (562) 801-2089
E-mail: biz@MaxwellSensors.com
Overview. Maxwell Sensors Inc (MSI) is a molecular diagnostics and testing company
focused on developing, manufacturing, and marketing next-generation biochips and
biosensor platforms for a wide range of immunological and genomic applications. MSI's
technologies combine the power of microfluidics, micro- to nano-particles, and molecular
signatures to provide the highest sensitivity and precision for near real-time disease
prognostics and diagnostics. MSI focus on developing the next generation technologies
and products by an interdisciplinary team of scientists in the fields of molecular biology,
immunoassay, physics, optics, chemistry, electrical and mechanical engineering.
Moreover, MSI has formed an extensive collaborative network with universities,
government laboratories, and industrial partners. These have enabled the company to
extract optimum efficiency and resources, and help its customers maximize the benefit of
our powerful tools. In addition to sensor development, MSI pursues R & D of custom
systems for government and commercial contracts. MSI's spin-out, Applied BioCode Inc,
is developing Barcoded Magnetic Bead technology for medical diagnostic and life sciences
markets (see separate profile).
Technology. MSI developed a wavelength coded quantum bead (WCQB) technology for
multiple analyte assays. The technology is based on optically barcoded microspheres,
formed by latex beads impregnated with quantum dot particles. The novelty of the
technology, is that wavelength coded beads can identify the reaction taking place on their
microsphere surfaces. Each WCQB can perform one test, thus each WCQB acts as a single
analyte analyzer. By adding a very small volume of sample into a mixture of WCQBs,
several hundred analytes can be tested for simultaneously, easily, rapidly, and
inexpensively. The spectral signatures were resolved and de-coded; also the concepts of
wavelength and intensity multiplexing were demonstrated. WCQB technology is used in
all-in-one disease diagnostics, fluorescence cell analysis, single cell analysis, signature
recognition and security identification.
Point-of-care testing. MSI constructed a non-invasive, pharyngeal pathogen sensor
(PPS) system, based on a one-step fluorescence immunoassay strip array, for respiratory
pathogen detection and identification. The test, based on throat swab or nasal swab
samples, is easy to perform, and is highly sensitive due to the use of fluorescence
detection. Unlike conventional membrane-based color immunoassays, the PPS's low
detection limit, by two orders of magnitude, will significantly improve POC precision and
sensitivity. The example of assays include adenovirus, influenza A, streptococcus
pyogenes, etc.
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Meridian Bioscience Inc
3471 River Hills Drive
Cincinnati OH 45244, USA
Web site: http://www.meridianbioscience.com/
Tel: (513) 271-3700
Chief Executive Officer: John Kraeutler
Contact: Rick Eberly, President, Meridian Life Science
Overview. Meridian Bioscience Inc, a fully integrated life science company,
manufactures, markets and distributes a broad range of innovative diagnostic test kits,
purified reagents and related products. These products provide speed, simplicity and
accuracy to aid in the early diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal, viral, urinary and
respiratory infections. Meridian diagnostic products are used in vitro and require little or
no special equipment. Meridian Life Science is its wholly owned subsidiary.
In July 2010, Meridian completed the acquisition of Bioline group of companies
consisting of Bioline Ltd (UK), Bioline GmbH (Germany), Bioline (Aust) Pty Ltd
(Australia), Bioline Reagents Ltd, and Bioline USA, Inc for $23.3 million in cash. Bioline
is a leading manufacturer and distributor of molecular biology reagents with operations in
Germany, Australia, and the US. The Bioline management team will remain in place and
will continue to operate the Bioline group of companies.
Products. Products for rapid tests and faster diagnosis:

ImmunoCard STAT® EHEC

ImmunoCard® Toxins A&B

Premier™ Toxins A&B

ImmunoCard STAT® RSV PLUS

ImmunoCard STAT® HPSA®
In 2007, meridian received FDA clearance for two new rapid tests for the diagnosis of
common upper respiratory diseases, influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The
tests are based upon a technology that features improved safety and saves space. TRU
FLU® detects both influenza A and influenza B while TRU RSV® detects RSV. These
companion tests are ideal for the.
Meridian's FDA-approved C. difficile molecular diagnostic test detects and amplifies a
pathogenic DNA region of all toxin-producing strains of the organism using a stool
sample and can provide results in <1 h. This is its first molecular diagnostic product based
on illumipro-10 platform using Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP), which
requires no costly capital equipment and can be run in any size laboratory. LAMP
technology uses special primers and a polymerase to produce DNA at higher amounts
than can be achieved with PCR-based amplification. Pyrophosphates are released,
resulting in visible turbidity due to precipitation, which can be seen with the naked eye,
and the reactions can be followed by measuring either the turbidity or the DNA signals
with fluorescent dyes. Sequences of interest are amplified during the process, allowing for
detection. On 2 March 2011, the FDA cleared illumigene C. difficile test for pediatric use.
Collaborations. Meridian licensed the LAMP technology from Japanese firm Eiken
Chemical in 2006.
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Microfluidic Systems Inc
47790 Westinghouse Dr
Fremont, CA 94539, USA
Web site: http://www.mfsi.biz
Tel: (510) 354-0400
Fax: (510) 354-0404
E-mail: info@mfsi.biz
President and CEO: Dr. M. Allen Northrup (northrup@mfsi.biz)
Overview. MicroFluidic Systems Inc (MFSI) was founded in 2001 and is focused on the
development of automated microfluidic systems for biological assays. MFSI has been
involved with the development of automated DNA-based pathogen detection systems and
microfluidics for the US Government and commercial markets for over 10 years,
including the world's first miniaturized, portable, battery-operated, real-time, PCR-based
pathogen detection system.
Technologies/products. MFSI is building complete, integrated instrumentation
consisting of biocompatible three-dimensional microfluidic circuitry. Most importantly,
the core technology is adaptable to many diverse analytical operations. Devices based on
this technology are designed to be reusable, thereby minimizing costly disposables and
allowing autonomous, unattended operation. The technology can be incorporated into
high-throughput, parallel laboratory systems or battery-powered, field-portable
equipment.
In 2002, MFSI received a contract from the US Army's Soldier Biological and Chemical
Command (SBCCOM) in Edgewood, Maryland to develop a microfluidic-based pathogen
detection system. This system will be able to autonomously and quantifiably identify
multiple specific pathogenic organisms. This system utilizes DNA-based identification
technology being developed at SBCCOM along with MFSI's integration technologies and
microfluidic devices, modules, and platforms. The combined program at MFSI is expected
to result in an autonomous and portable system that could be used to identify air-borne
pathogens such as in postal service mail sorting systems, buildings (such as hospitals),
and outdoor environments.
In 2002, MFSI secured an exclusive license to US patent no. 6,100,084, entitled Microsonicator for Spore Lysis, from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The licensed
patent describes a device that couples ultrasonic energy to a fluid-filled chamber for the
lysis of cells or spores to release the internal cellular components for analysis such as
DNA, for specific genomic-based identification of the organism. Spores, which are formed
by certain bacteria including anthrax, are particularly hard to lyse. The patented device
has been shown to lyse such spore-forming pathogenic bacteria in 30 s or less providing
rapid, highly specific and sensitive DNA-based identification of the organism. Other spore
lysis methods can require over 45 min and special chemical treatments to obtain similar
results. The use of the DNA for analysis is recognized as the best, most specific method for
pathogen identification and the licensed device provides for key biodefense and other
pathogen identification methods to be performed very efficiently.
Collaborations. In 2002, MFSI entered into a contract with Roche Molecular Systems
Inc (RMS) to develop some microfluidics-based automated technologies for possible use
in RMS's PCR-based clinical diagnostics systems.
In 2008, MFSI signed agreements with two scientific technology leaders, Life
Technologies and Hamilton Sundstrand, for the continued development and production
of MFSI's Bioagent Autonomous Networked Detector. These new systems in development
are intended to improve the detection of airborne pathogens that could contaminate the
air in a city or large region.
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Micronics Inc
8463 154th Avenue NE, Building G
Redmond, WA 98052, USA
Tel: (425) 895-9197
Fax: (425) 895-1183
President/CEO: Karen Hedine
Overview. Micronics Inc, a privately held company founded in 1996, is a leading
developer of POC IVD products for diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring of treatment.
The Company employs a core patent estate in microfluidics and to process all assay steps
within closed system disposable devices. Micronics provides comprehensive development
services on behalf of clients worldwide that bring complementary technologies and
business strategies for integration with its microfluidics and related expertise. Client
projects include applications in life sciences, blood screening, immunoassays, and several
molecular diagnostic methods (end-point and real-PCR, isothermal). The common theme
for these projects is the reduction of time, materials and labor required to achieve an
accurate answer in an easy-to-use test format.
On 18 October 2010, the US Department of Defense awarded Micronics an Applied
Research and Technology Development Award for 3 years under the Army Medical
Research and Materiel Command’s Polytrauma and Blast Injury project for advancement
of PanNAT system for POC molecular diagnosis of infectious pathogens. It will support
the development of assays on the compact, WiFi-enabled, mains and / or battery-powered
PanNAT instrument for the direct detection of HBV, HCV, and HIV in fresh blood
samples. The assay is intended for use in the battlefield to screen out any infectious blood
donated for transfusion.
Technology. Micronics develops fluid miniaturization solutions that integrate and
automate laboratory processes on single use, disposable, versatile and cost-effective
cartridges. Integral to these solutions are Micronics’ core capabilities in microfluidics,
surface chemistries, materials science and assay integration.
Patents. Currently Micronics holds 73 issued patents and has over 40 pending
applications for its microfluidics technologies, including those exclusively licensed from
the University of Washington and additional IP that it has developed independently.
Micronics has licensed certain rights to the Molecular Beacons technology from PHRI
Properties and to the BHQ®-Dyes, CAL Fluor® Dyes, and Quasar® Dyes from Biosearch
Technologies Inc
Products. The Company’s first product in clinical testing is ABORhCard® – an
immunohematology test. It has been granted the 510(k) clearance for marketing.
Micronics also is in advanced stage of developing PanNAT™ system – molecular
diagnostic products that integrate nucleic acid amplification tests for rapid POC. This will
provide enable infectious disease molecular diagnostic tests in a decentralized
environment and in a fraction of the time of required for currently available NATs.
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Microsynth AG
Schützenstrasse 15
P.O. Box
CH-9436 Balgach, Switzerland
Web site: http://www.microsynth.ch/
Tel: +41 71 722 8333
Fax: +41 71 722 8758
CEO: Dr. Tobias Schmidheini
Overview. Microsynth AG was founded in 1989 as the first private DNA synthesis
laboratory in Switzerland. Now it is a rapidly expanding routine molecular biology
laboratory. The company is divided into five expert divisions with approximately 35
employees: (1) DNA Synthesis Division; (2) RNA Synthesis Division; (3) DNA Sequencing
Division; (4) GMO Analysis Division; and (5) Genotyping Division.
Microsynth is one of a few laboratories accredited by the Swiss government to perform
tests for bovine viral diarrhea (BVD). In 2005, Microsynth officially completed the
certification process for all departments according to ISO 9001:2000. Moreover,
Microsynth achieved the accreditation of the analysis divisions according to ISO 17025.
The laboratory has signed exclusive contracts with several Swiss cantons accounting for
about one-third of the Swiss cattle population to perform both initial tests based upon
tissue samples and follow-up tests to verify positive results using blood samples. The
main phase of the program will last three months and is scheduled to start in October
2008. Unlike in other countries, the Swiss program is designed to test every single
animal, thus putting highest demands on test methodology and logistics.
Technology/services. Microsynth’s main interests are the production of
oligonucleotides (for medical, pharmaceutical and research applications) and
bioanalytical services such as DNA-sequencing, GMO analysis and genotyping. It also
offers special services to supplement research projects on an individual base.
Microsynth is pioneering the implementation of molecular testing for primary screening
of BVDV, which provides several unique benefits compared to traditional testing methods
aiming at viral antibodies or antigens. QIAGEN's cador BVDV assay is based on the PCR
technology and can detect even tiny traces of viral RNA from a wide range of biological
samples. Unlike traditional methods, PCR enables the direct detection of the pathogen
itself independent of the immune status of an animal, which is also important for the
screening of newborn calves. The assay enables the testing of pooled samples and is suited
for high-throughput settings. It has already proven successful by Microsynth in screening
50,000 samples from young animals before their first summer pasture. During the main
phase of the eradication program, Microsynth expects to process as many as 350,000
biological samples in just three months.
Collaborations. On 23 April 2008, QIAGEN was awarded a contract by Microsynth to
supply the molecular cador assays for detection of viruses causing BVD, one of the most
widespread and costly infectious cattle diseases. The multi-year agreement is part of the
Swiss national BVD eradication program in which over one million cows are to be
screened to identify and contain infectious animals. QIAGEN and Mircosynth are
pioneering the use of nucleic acid based tests for primary screening in a BVD eradication
program. Currently, over 50% per cent of the Swiss cattle population are believed to be
exposed to the BVD virus, causing significant economic cost to the livestock industry as
the infection can lead to a dramatic loss in weight. The agreement also covers continuing
screening of newborn calves through October 2009.
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Millennium Predictive Medicine Inc
40 Landsdowne Street
Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
Web site: http://www.mlnm.com/
Tel: (617) 679-7000
Fax: (617) 374-7788
E-mail: info@mlnm.com
President: Deborah Dunsire, MD
Overview. Millennium Predictive Medicine Inc (MPMx), a wholly owned subsidiary of
Millennium, harnessing twin disciplines: Diagnomics and pharmacogenomics. Through
these two sciences, the Company hopes to shift medical care from merely addressing
symptoms to tackling the root causes of disease. The initial focus at MPMx is in oncology
Technologies/products relevant to molecular diagnostics. Diagnomics are
molecular diagnostics that can describe a patient's current medical condition and provide
prognostic and therapeutic information MPMx believes that in the future, by using
Diagnomic and pharmacogenomic tests, physicians will identify not just the disease, but
its genetic basis, and therefore be able to select the most effective drug for the patient,
pharmacogenomics.
Melastatin, a Diagnomic product, is a clinical marker used to diagnose the metastatic
threat of melanomas. Melastatin, a protein expressed in human melanocytes, is
considered one of the two best prognostic markers, along with tumor thickness, for
melanoma. Because loss of melastatin is an indicator of tumor aggressiveness, detection
of melastatin in patient tissue samples can help determine whether a patient with
melanoma has, or is at risk for developing, metastases (aggressive tumor proliferation).
Collaborations relevant to molecular diagnostics. In 2003, Millennium signed an
agreement with Lynx Therapeutics Inc (now Solexa Inc) to study gene expression in
specific blood cell populations using MPSS technology. Initially, MPSS was used to
identify cell specific gene markers for a certain blood cell type. The results from this study
provided important advances in the identification of genes responsible for the formation
of certain specialized cells. In an additional study, MPSS was applied to evaluate gene
expression patterns from RNA in peripheral blood monocytes in response to treatments
with specific compounds. These data could provide information on treatment-related
gene expression potentially leading to a greater understanding of drug efficacy and safety.
On 31 January 2008, Millenium and Harvard Medical School's Office of Technology
Development entered into an innovative collaboration agreement to pursue a research
program in the area of protein homeostasis, an emerging and expanding field of cancer
biology.
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Millipore Corporation
290 Concord Road
Billerica, MA 01821, USA
Web site: http://www.millipore.com/
Tel: 978-715-4321
CEO: Martin D. Madaus, PhD
President Bioscience Division: Jon DiVincenzo
Contact: Geoffrey Helliwell (Geoffrey_Helliwell@Millipore.com)
Overview. Millipore Corporation a leading bioprocess and bioscience products and
services company, organized into two divisions. The Bioscience division provides high
performance products and application insights that improve laboratory productivity. It
serves the biosciences market, defined as research and manufacturing within the areas of
genomics, proteomics, drug discovery, molecular diagnostics and pharmaceuticals.
Several thousand devices, products and systems serve the 250,000 laboratories around
the world, as well as the 1,500 biotechnology, pharmaceutical and contract manufacturing
companies. Millipore technology is used for a wide range of applications, from protein
sample preparation to vaccine sterilization to monoclonal antibody production. Recent
new products include new versions of MultiScreen membrane-based multi-well plates for
molecular biology applications, and Opticap cartridges for biotechnology drug
manufacturing. Millipore also provides consulting and customer support services for
high-value applications. Millipore technology is particularly critical for new life science
research applications in genomics, proteomics and drug discovery, and for the
sterilization and purification of new biotech therapeutics. Several of its products and
services are relvant to biomarkers. In 2006, Millipore completed acquisition of
Serologicals Corporation for $1.4 billion in cash. Millipore operates with more than 6,000
employees in 47 countries worldwide. On 28 February 2010, Merck KgaA acquired
Millipore for $7.2 billion to create a life sciences tools and pharmaceutical firm with
annual revenues of nearly $3 billion. Merck intends to retain Millipore’s headquarters in
Billerica, MA and combine it with its US chemicals headquarters. Millipore's senior
management will be retained.
Technology/products. Millipore has developed a process using polymer technology
that can immobilize chromatography beads in very small volumes. The first product from
this technology is called ZipTip C18 provides a ready-made and convenient means of
conducting sample preparation at the microliter scale. This fulfills a need for sample
preparation prior to protein analysis by MALDI-TOF-MS and removal of salts, buffers
and detergents, from the sample.
Millipore provides ProSep® Protein A and Protein G family of media products, as well as
its Controlled Pore Glass (CPG®) and derivatized CPG matrices for chromatography
applications. Combined with its Contract Immobilization Services, these media options
span a broad range of applications, including antibody purification and unique uses
requiring customized solutions.
Millipore offers proven biomarker assay validation, including “Fit-for-Purpose” strategy
coupled with GLP compliance and CLIA-certification. Millipore is the leading provider of
both single & multiplex assay kits, access to new & novel biomarker assays / custom kit
prep, and dedicated production team for high quality sample analyses. BioPharma
Biomarker Assay Capabilities include:

Development & validation of LBAs/immunoassays: RIA/ELISA/ mesoscale and
Abs/fluoro/luminescence.

Conjugation chemistry

Antibody production/purification

Enzymatic assays
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
Cell-based assays and whole cell stimulation assays

Luminex multi-analyte assays

Client-specific custom kit prep and validation
On 15 March 2010, Millipore launched Milliflex® Quantum rapid microbial detection
system, which enables drug and vaccine manufacturers to respond to microorganism
contamination earlier in the production process. Millipore’s rapid microbial detection
portfolio includes MilliPROBE® detection system for mycoplasma, developed in
collaboration with Roka Bioscience and is based on real-time transcription mediated
amplification.
Collaborations relevant to molecular diagnostics. Roka Bioscience Inc is working
with Millipore to develop microbial detection systems to ensure the purity of
biopharmaceutical products.
Applied Biosystems (ABI), now part of Life Technologies Corporation, and Millipore
jointly develop and market next-generation sample preparation consumables for HTP
proteomics, leveraging ABI's proteomics expertise, including MS systems, with Millipore's
strength in consumable sample preparation technologies aimed at removing and
purifying proteins from sources prior to analysis.
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Miraculins Inc
6-1250 Waverley Street
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3T 6C6
Web site: http://www.miraculins.com
Tel: (204) 453 1408
Fax: (204) 453 1546
E-mail: info@miraculins.com
President & CEO: Christopher J. Moreau
Overview. Miraculins Inc is dedicated to the discovery and development of diagnostics
and therapeutic targets for select cancers. Currently, Miraculins is focused on developing
improved diagnostics for cancers of the digestive, genital and urinary systems. Miraculins
acquired several biomarkers related to colorectal cancer as part of an acquisition of the
intellectual property assets of Europroteome AG.
Technology. Miraculins is using its proprietary BEST™ platform for the screening and
identification of target proteins and peptides related to cancer. The BEST™ platform
utilizes an approach that relies on both proteomics and traditional protein chemistry
techniques. The proprietary technology is based upon conventional "biomarker" discovery
whereby biological samples are carefully analyzed to identify subtle biological differences.
The "profile" of samples taken from healthy individuals is compared to similar samples
taken from diseased individuals. Comparison of the relative levels of proteins or protein
fragments (peptides) in these protein profiles provides an opportunity for the
development of useful diagnostics and therapeutics for the target disorders. Miraculins'
BEST™ platform has the capability to produce a significantly more accurate and less
invasive diagnostic tool. The test has sensitivity and specificity of more than 80%.
Products. Miraculins currently has five cancer diagnostic programs under development
designed to assist with the early detection of cance. The lead product is a diagnostic tool
for the improved detection of prostate cancer. Miraculins is able to correctly identify
cancer positives, and correctly classify those without cancer, with sensitivity and
specificity that is a significant improvement over the published numbers for current
prostate cancer diagnostic tools. The company has validated biomarkers of prostate
cancer. In March 2007, Miraculins announced positive results from its ongoing PCSC04
study, a prospective study of pre-prostate biopsy patients initiated in 2006 with CMX
Research Inc. The study was designed to test whether Miraculins' biomarker diagnostic
would be able to reduce the number of unnecessary biopsies when used sequentially with
the PSA test and best clinical care practices. In June 2008, Miraculins started a 2nd
pivotal pre-biopsy screen study for its urine based P2V™ prostate cancer diagnostic test.
The FDA has suggested the company look specifically at how its test performs for men
with elevated levels of PSA that may not be high enough to justify getting biopsies.
Serum-based tests for colorectal, gastric and pancreatic cancers are at validation stage. A
breast cancer diagnostic is at discovery stage.
Collaborations. In 2006, Miraculins initiated collaboration with Fox Chase Cancer
Center to validate biomarkers for colorectal cancer with its BEST platform.
In 2007, Miraculins signed an agreement with Diagnos Inc, a leader in the use of artificial
intelligence and advanced knowledge extraction techniques, to provide services towards
the development of Miraculins’ cancer diagnostic discovery program.
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Mitsubishi Chemical Medience Corporation
4-2-8, Shibaura
Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
Web site: http://www.medience.co.jp/english/
President and CEO: Toshihiko Yoshitomi
Overview. Mitsubishi Chemical Medience (MCM) Corporation, one of Japan’s leading
CROs, is involved in development, sale, export and import of IVD reagents and
instruments. In the areas of diagnostic testing systems and clinical testing in
pharmaceutical operations the company is involved in the development of highlyfunctional and easy-to-use diagnostic equipment for use at medical facilities, as well as
the development of highly-sensitive and stable diagnostic agents. Its R&D is exploring
new biomarkers. In carrying out the development of diagnostic reagents, diagnostic
equipment, and testing technology that is intended to support advanced personalized
medicine and preventative medicine, MCM is pushing itself to create a healthcare
business that can cater to the future needs of healthcare users.
Technology/services. Clinical testing: biochemical, hematological, immunological,
microbiological testing, genetic, and pathological. Other services are preventive medical
services and drug development support services
Products relevant to molecular diagnostics. PATHFAST is a new POC testing
system that enables highly-sensitive and high performance measurements in conjunction
with panel testing.
Food safety testing. MCM can carry out a wide variety of bacterial tests on a range of food
products, placing particular focus on raw materials and products used in food factories
and kitchen facilities. Testing is available for a range of bacteria such as E. coli, S. aureus,
Salmonella, and B. cereus.
Genetic testing. In this area of the company's operations we are focused on offering the
best possible service through the adoption of cutting-edge technology, the latest analytical
approaches, and appropriate designs for primers and probes. The knowledge and
experience MCM has acquired during its long-term involvement in the field of genetic
testing enables the company to strongly support a genetic approach whose use is aimed at
healthcare workers carrying out medical treatment and research, or in dealing with
various diseases. Categories of testing performed by MCM are:

Hematological disorder-related genes

Genetic disorder-related genes

Gene polymorphism

Chromosome testing for congenital abnormalities
Collaborations. Mitsubishi Chemical Medience Corp is partnering with Hitachi
Software Engineering Co to develop DNA chips that can be used in practical applications
at medical facilities. The companies have developed a DNA chip that makes possible the
advanced diagnosis of septicemia. In addition to reducing the amount of time required for
testing DNA in pathogens from days to hours, the partnership is also currently involved in
developing DNA chips that can successively predict the efficacy of anticancer agents.
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Mobidiag
Biomedicum
Haartmaninkatu 8
FIN-00290 Helsinki, Finland
Web site: http://www.mobidiag.com/
Tel: +358 9 191 25021
Fax: + 358 9 191 25020
E-mail: info@mobidiag.com
Chief Executive Officer: Mr. Jaakko Pellosniemi (jaakko.pellosniemi@mobidiag.com)
Overview. Founded in the year 2000, Mobidiag is a company specialized in the
molecular diagnostics of infectious diseases by utilizing novel solutions based on biochip
technology. The products are targeted at clinical diagnostic laboratories worldwide.
Mobidiag's biochip assays combine different proprietary technologies in order to present
the most advanced solutions currently available for infectious disease diagnostics.
Mobidiag not only to develop novel diagnostic tests, but also validates the assays for
clinical use. This advantage is based on close collaboration with several University
Hospitals. Continuous research and development as well as close communication with
customers will ensure that the company is at the forefront of molecular diagnostics.
Technology/products. Mobidiag’s core competencies include the ability to analyze and
manage vast amounts of genomic data in order to design clinically relevant panels for
microbial pathogens. The company has the necessary expertise in the fields of medicine
and molecular microbiology to transform this genomic data into advanced diagnostic
platforms for infectious disease testing. Mobidiag's biochips combine the broad-range
PCR method with DNA microarray technology to enable fast and accurate detection of
large panels of bacterial pathogens.
Mobidiag’s use of broad-range universal approaches enables the rapid simultaneous
detection of a large number of different pathogens. Mobidiag’s products provide unique
advantages in terms of speed and accuracy in the diagnosis. Future products will also
include point-of-care (POC) tests for the most common microbial infections. Future
products will also incorporate viruses as well as markers for antibiotic resistance.
Collaborations. In 2003, STMicroelectronics signed a joint development agreement
with MobiDiag to create a complete system for genomic-based detection of infectious
diseases based on a silicon MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical Systems) biochip. The
system will allow clinical diagnostics laboratories faster, cheaper, and more user-friendly
access to genomic-based techniques that will revolutionize the way infectious diseases are
detected.
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Molecular Partners AG
Grabenstrasse 11a
8952 Zürich-Schlieren, Switzerland
Web site: http://www.molecularpartners.com/
Tel.: +41 44 755 77 00
Fax: +41 44 755 77 07
Email: info@molecularpartners.ch
CEO: Dr. Christian Zahnd
Chief Business Officer: Patrick Amstutz (patrick.amstutz@molecularpartners.com)
Overview. Molecular Partners is a Swiss biotechnology company engaged in the
discovery and development of Designed Ankyrin Repeat Proteins (DARPins), a novel class
of binding proteins based on designed repeat proteins (DRPs), which can be used for a
range of different applications, including therapy and diagnostics. Molecular Partners has
successfully generated DARPins against more than twenty different disease targets,
including cell surface receptors, cytokines, proteases, kinases and viral coat proteins.
Technology. DARPins are derived from natural ankyrin repeat proteins which are used
in nature as versatile binding proteins with diverse functions such as cell signaling, kinase
inhibition or receptor binding just to name a few. DARPins can be produced in bacterial
expression systems at very high yields and they are the most stable proteins known.
Highly specific high-affinity DARPins to a broad range of target proteins, including
human receptors, chemokines, kinases, human proteases and membrane proteins, have
been selected. Affinities in the single digit nanomolar range are obtained by default.
DARPins can optionally also be subjected to affinity maturation yielding binders with
picomolar affinities. This is comparable to the best affinities of antibodies known to date.
Applications. DARPins have been used in a wide range of applications, including
ELISA, sandwich ELISA, flow cytometric analysis, paraffinated and frozen tissue sections,
solid phase assays, chip applications, affinity purification or Western blotting. DARPins
also proved to be highly active in the intracellular compartment, which was shown by the
use of DARPins as highly specific kinase and protease inhibitors or as intracellular marker
proteins fused to green fluorescent protein.
The beneficial biophysical properties are key for diagnostic applications of DARPins. The
high affinity and specificity allows the generation of more sensitive tests with less false
positive and false negative read outs. The high stability stands not only for prolonged
shelf-life but can also enable new test formats, such as chip applications. Bacterial
expression allows inexpensive production. The possibility of generating DARPins with
single, well-defined reactive groups (e.g. unique cysteines) allows the direct labeling of the
molecules with any detection reagent.
Collaborations. In 2006, Cambridge Antibody Technology (CAT) and Molecular
Partners signed a cross-license agreement, under which both parties obtain substantial
freedom to conduct research under certain of each others' IP, as well as the right to
develop therapeutic, prophylactic and diagnostic products. CAT obtains access to
Molecular Partners proprietary DRPs technology and Molecular Partners gains rights to
IP in ribosome display, controlled by CAT, in the field of novel protein products.
On 15 January 2008, Molecular Partners signed an agreement with Centocor Research &
Development Inc, which focuses on designed Akyrin repeat proteins, a novel class of
therapeutic proteins to treat inflammatory diseases.
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Molecular Probes Inc
29851 Willow Creek Road
Eugene, OR 97402, USA
Web site: http://www.lifetechnologies.com/
Tel: (541) 465-8300
Fax: (541) 344-6504
Overview. Molecular Probes Inc is a biotechnology company specializing in the area of
fluorescence technology. The Company has developed an extensive product line that
includes a wide range of fluorescent probes and chemicals for research use in
microbiology, diagnostics and high-throughput screening. In 2003, Molecular Probes
acquired Interfacial Dynamics Corporation (Portland, Oregon), a leading manufacturer of
surfactant-free, ultra-clean polymer microspheres used in bead-based assay systems. The
acquisition gives Molecular Probes the ability to design and manufacture these latex
microspheres for its own products and to offer a full line of microspheres to customers.
Molecular Probes generated revenue of $56 million in 2002, a number that is expected to
grow to $66 million in 2003. In 2003, Invitrogen acquired Molecular Probes for $325
million and it is now a part of Life Technologies.
Technologies. The focus is on fluorescence labeling. Molecular Probes has been working
with a number of collaborators on a method of DNA labeling that incorporates aminoallyl
dUTP enzymatically and then reacts the resulting amine-modified DNA with succinimidyl
esters of its proprietary dyes. Other types of labeling the company is exploring include the
use of a thiol-modified nucleotide plus a dye maleimide, the use of an aminoallyl
ribonucleotide for RNA labeling, and the use of amine-modified deoxynucleotides other
than UTP.
Products. More than 90% of the Company's over 2500 products are produced by the
company and almost half are patented by the company. In 2000, the company introduced
two unique methods for fluorescent labeling of nucleic acids, as well as additional
fluorescent nucleotides, and the most-sensitive assay known for inorganic phosphate and
enzymes that produce phosphate.
Publications. Molecular Probes publishes a "Handbook of Fluorescent Probes and
Research Chemicals" that contain all the products available from the company.
Collaborations. In 2003, LightUp Technologies AB announced that it will launch DNA
analysis products, including diagnostic assays, using unique fluorescence-based
technology newly licensed from Molecular Probes.
Since 2004, Molecular Probes products are available from Life Technologies.
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Monogram Biosciences
(a subsidiary of LabCorp)
345 Oyster Point Blvd
South San Francisco, CA 94080-1913, USA
Web site: http://www.monogrambio.com
Tel: (650) 635-1100
Fax: (650) 635-1111
Overview. Monogram Biosciences was formed in 2004 through merger of ViroLogic Inc
and ACLARA and is a leader in developing and commercializing innovative products to
help guide and improve the treatment of infectious diseases, cancer and other serious
diseases. Its molecular diagnostics and testing services enable:
1.
Healthcare providers to optimize treatment regimens for their patients to lead to
better outcomes and reduced costs by matching the underlying molecular elements of
an individual patient's disease to the drug best able to affect those elements; and
2. Pharmaceutical companies to develop new and improved antiviral therapeutics and
vaccines as well as targeted cancer therapeutics more efficiently by providing
enhanced patient selection and monitoring capabilities throughout the development
process
Monogram has developed HIV tests, or assays, to help make the complexities of
antiretroviral therapy easier to manage. It has also developed oncology products to help
accelerate the development of targeted cancer therapeutics. In 2006, Pfizer invested $25million ment in Monogram Biosciences. In August 2009, Monogram was acquired by
Laboratory Corporation of America for $104 million and became a subsidiary of LabCorp.
Technologies relevant to molecular diagnostics. Monogram currently performs
three types of assays: PhenoSense HIV for HIV phenotypic drug susceptibility testing (see
Chapter 6), GeneSeq HIV for HIV genotypic resistance testing, and standard as well as
ultrasensitive viral load testing by the Amplicor method.
The novel technology developed for PhenoSense HIV also has numerous applications
beyond HIV. The Company is capitalizing on its molecular biology, virology, automation,
clinical, and quality assurance expertise to develop phenotypic drug susceptibility tests
applicable to many viral diseases, such as hepatitis B and C (HBV, HCV) and herpes.
Replication Capacity (RC) assay measures the ability of a patient's virus to make copies of
itself and is designed to provide useful additional information to physicians to select
optimal antiretroviral therapy cocktails for their patients. HIV RC, as measured by the
PhenoSense HIV assay, may be an additional predictor of clinical outcome and may
complement other laboratory parameters, such as viral load and CD4 cell counts, in
making individualized antiretroviral treatment decisions, especially for patients
experiencing failure of their treatment regimen.
Trofile™ is a patient selection co-receptor tropism assay that determines whether a
patient is infected with a strain of HIV that uses either the CCR5 coreceptor, the CXCR4
coreceptor, or a combination of CCR5 and CXCR4 to enter cells. The use of CCR5, CXCR4
or both coreceptors defines the "tropism" of the virus strain. Trofile amplifies the
envelope gene from a patient's HIV genome (from their blood sample) and then uses it to
make HIV particles containing the patient's virus envelope protein. The resultant HIV
particles are then used to infect cells that contain the CCR5 co-receptor or the CXCR4 coreceptor on the cell surface. Once the virus infects the cell, it undergoes a single round of
replication. Virus replication results in the production of luciferase from a luciferase gene
that is carried into the cell by the virus. The production of luciferase in either CCR5 cells,
CXCR4 cells or both cell types defines the co-receptor tropism of the patient virus. Trofile
is the only clinically validated tropism assay and has been used to select patients in all
phase II and phase III studies of CCR5 antagonists to date.
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Collaborations relevant to molecular diagnostics. Monogram has collaborations
with several pharmaceutical companies including: Abbott Laboratories, Bristol-Myers
Squibb, Quest Diagnostics, DuPont Pharmaceuticals, Gilead Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline,
Merck & Co, Hoffmann-La Roche, Pfizer and Vertex Pharmaceuticals. Under the terms of
the agreement, Monogram’s's phenotypic and genotypic drug resistance assays,
PhenoSense HIV and GeneSeq HIV, will be used to evaluate the effectiveness of anti-HIV
drugs in development. PhenoSense HIV is used to assess drug activity against HIV strains
that are resistant to currently available drugs.
In 2005, Monogram signed an agreement with Merck KGaA to conduct a cancer
biomarker study using eTag™ assays with application to Erbitux® (cetuximab), a MAb
targeting the EGFR found on many cancer cells. Monogram will test formalin-fixed,
paraffin-embedded tumor samples from patients with colorectal cancer before they are
treated with Erbitux to evaluate the utility of these assays in identifying patients who
would most likely benefit from Erbitux.
In March 2008, Monogram signed an agreement with Avexa Ltd to be the exclusive
provider of HIV resistance and tropism testing technology in support of Avexa's drug
discovery and development programs.
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MP Biomedicals LLC
15 Morgan
Irvine, CA 92618-2005, USA
Web site: http://www.mpbio.com/
Tel: (949) 833-2500
Fax: (949) 859-5095
Chairman and CEO: Milan Panic
Overview. MP Biomedicals is a world-wide corporation, with its headquarters located in
Irvine, California and satellite offices in Europe, Asia and Australia. In 2002, MP
Biomedicals was purchased by Milan Panic, the former chairman and chief executive
officer of ICN Pharmaceuticals. Currently, the company manufactures and sells more than
55,000 products and is one of the few companies in the industry to offer a comprehensive
line of life science, fine chemical and diagnostic products. MP Biomedicals provides a
broad line of life science products that serve everything from proteomic research,
genomic research, and biotechnology to pharmaceutical development and the diagnosis of
disease. The Company is continually expanding its product line with new, innovative
products for all areas of life science research including new items for pharmacogenomics.
the broad showcase of reagents continues to offer the largest selection of products for
traditional research areas like cancer research and molecular biology.
In 2004, MP Biomedicals acquired the diagnostic business of Genelabs Technologies Inc
conducted at Genelabs Asia Pte Ltd in Singapore. This is expected to add molecular
diagnostics to the products line.
Diagnostic products. Diagnostic Division of MP Biomedicals has been committed to
providing superior quality and service at competitive prices for more than 40 years. All of
the Company's products are developed and produced under the strictest standards in its
ISO 9002 facilities in Orangeburg, New York and in Burlingame, California. Products
manufactured by the Diagnostics Division are CE marked for sale into Europe.
The MP Biomedicals Rapid Diagnostics Division designs, manufactures and distributes
in-vitro diagnostic test kits for cancer markers, cardiac markers, drugs of abuse and
fertility/pregnancy testing. The rapid diagnostic test results are available within less than
five minutes.
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MTM Laboratories AG
Im Neuenheimer Feld 519
D - 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
Web site: http://www.mtm-laboratories.com/
Tel: +49 (6221) 64966-0
Fax: +49 (6221) 64966-10
CEO: Peter Pack, PhD (pack@mtm-laboratories.com)
Overview. MTM Laboratories AG is a privately held ISO 9001 and ISO 13485 certified
company that develops IVD systems for the early detection and diagnosis of cancer with a
focus on cervical cancer screening. On 9 October 2006, MTM raised €22 million in a
Series C financing from a consortium of existing and new investors. Proceeds from this
financing will enable the Company to fund the clinical development and
commercialization of its proprietary diagnostic and screening devices in the field of
cervical cancer.
Technology/products. MTM’s products rely on the sensitive detection of specific
molecular biomarkers, which indicate the existence of precancerous and cancerous cells.
The Company is in the process of developing and clinically validating the cell-based
CINtec® Assays as well as the biochemical Cervatec™ assay. MTM’s proprietary
p16INK4a biomarker is strongly over-expressed in precancerous and cancerous cells of
the cervix. It is the scientifically most accepted marker for cervical cancer. Screening and
diagnostic tools based on this biomarker will be developed to meet the need for accurate
and efficient testing to facilitate screening and early diagnosis of cervical cancer. MTM's
CINtec® IVD products focus on the detection of p16INK4a over-expression in biopsies
(CINtec® Histology) and cervical cytology specimens (CINtec® Cytology). In parallel, the
company is developing the biochemical based product Cervatec™ ELISA, a screening
device which does not rely on the integrity of cells.
On 5 February 2008, MTM launched the Cervatec™ ELISA assay, which will initially be
commercialized in Central Europe as an adjunct to the Pap Test in screening of women
aged 35 and younger.
Collaborations. MTM works in close collaboration with noted scientific groups within
the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) as well as the Deutsche Krebs
Forschung Zentrum (DKFZ) that provides it with a continuous source of technological
innovation. GlaxoSmithKline and Merck (Darmstadt) are already using MTM
Laboratories' services.
In 2001, DakoCytomation entered into a strategic licensing and product development
agreement with MTM to gain exclusive rights to the CINtec technology. Both parties
agreed to further develop the CINtec technology for use in the diagnosis of other tumors.
In 2002, MTM and EMBLEM, the commercial arm of the European Molecular Biology
Laboratory signed an agreement combining bioinformatics and molecular medicine with
the goal of the in silico identification and clinical evaluation of molecular biomarker
candidates for both colorectal and lung cancer.
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Multiplicom NV
Galileilaan 18
B-2845 Niel, Belgium
Web site: http://multiplicom.com/
Tel: +32 3 265 1000
Fax: +32 3 400 2316
CEO: Dirk Pollet PhD
Contact: Luc Segers, Head of Marketing (luc.segers@multiplicom.com)
Overview. Multiplicom is a spinout of Jurgen Del-Favero's laboratory at the VIB
department of molecular genetics at the University of Antwerp and is developing tests to
determine whether individuals have increased risk for certain diseases, to detect
congenital genetic defects, and to identify the most appropriate treatments.
Multiplicom has received €2 million ($3 million) in a funding round. Investors included
Belgian venture capital firm Gimv, Gimv-managed Biotechfonds Vlaanderen, life science
research institute VIB, and the University of Antwerp. Proceeds will be used to develop
diagnostic tests, get CE marking for them, and to commercialize them. The initial focus of
the firm will be on creating a direct sales force covering Western Europe and a
distribution channel in other nations.
Technology. Multiplicom’s multiplex PCR technology (an algorithm for the design of
multiplex PCR primers called Multiplexer™ has a number of applications:

Multiplex Amplicon Quantification (MAQ)

Multiplex PCR based 454 sequencing

Multiplex based microsatellite genotyping
Every application benefits fully from the advantages of multiplex PCR: a large reduction
in time and costs compared to standard PCR methods and other molecular approaches.
All of these applications are based on the same principle: primers are designed that
enable the simultaneous amplification of several targets in one reaction. When brought to
the bench, they work: multiplex PCR amplification of up to 50 targets was performed
successfully. Due to the robust primer design, there are no problems generally associated
with multiplex PCR like generation of non-specific fragments, lack of amplification
product, etc. Moreover, multiplex PCR optimization consists solely of primer
concentration adjustments since all primer pairs work under the same conditions.
Products . MAQ Assays have a distinct genomic target; CNV and an associated disease.
Multiplex PCR Assays contain products that are not directly related to CNV analysis, but
still exploit the advantages of multiplexed PCR amplification.
Multiplex Amplification of Specific Targets for Resequencing (MASTR) is the latest
product development. These assays are to be used as front end amplification tool for next
generation sequencing applications.
MASTR related kits are used for sample barcoding (454 sequencers) or as a Universal
PCR step (short read sequencers).
The company has developed assays for breast cancer and cystic fibrosis.
Collaborations. Multiplicom has agreements with pharmaceutical firms to use its
multiplex PCR technology, Multiplexer, to identify genetic biomarkers linked to drug
safety and efficacy.
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MWG Biotech AG
Anzinger Strasse 7a
D-85560 Ebersberg, Germany
Web site: http://www.mwg-biotech.com/
Tel: +49 (8092) 82890
Fax: +49 (8092) 21084
E-mail: info@mwgdna.com
CEO: Dr. Florian Heupel
Overview. MWG-Biotech is an international innovator of techniques, instruments and
services for life sciences. Since its founding in 1990, the Company has undergone a
transformation from a pure distributor to a creative competence center capable of
offering full service and business power in the world of genomics through the synergistic
union of its business units: oligonucleotides, DNA sequencing and siRNA technology.
MWG has a long international standing as an expert for sequencing projects of all sizes,
from single reads to be delivered in 25-30 hour turnaround time to the sequencing of
complete genomes. The highly automated sequencing department operates from three
production sites in Germany, the US, and India with a total annual capacity of approx. 1.5
to 1.9 million reads per year. By means of MWG Biotech's proprietary bioinformatics
platform the identified sequencing data can be annotated to identify the genes. With an
experienced team and strong partnerships MWG Biotech AG has gained an excellent
scientific reputation for the competent handling of genomic information. The Company is
a renowned expert for comparative sequencing and resequencing projects.
In November 2007, MWG Biotech AG sold its US facility MWG Inc to Operon
Biotechnologie Inc.
Technology/products/ services relevant to molecular diagnostics. Quantitative
PCR or Real-time PCR is able to detect the “real-time” accumulation of PCR products as
they accumulate during the amplification process. This allows the researcher to quantify
the number of templates present in the original sample before the PCR reaction began.
MWG offers two different methods for this technology: Dual Labeled Probes and
Molecular Beacons.
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Myriad Genetics Inc
320 Wakara Way
Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
Web site: http://www.myriad.com/
Tel: (801) 584 3600
Fax: (801) 584 3640
CEO: Peter D. Meldrum
Contact: Catherine Oyler MBA, Director, Business Development (coyler@myriad.com)
Overview. Myriad, a leader in gene discovery, research and testing, has been
instrumental in the characterization of genes shown to influence predisposition to cancer.
Through partnerships with leading pharmaceutical companies, Myriad contributes to the
development of gene-based therapeutics to treat or prevent major diseases. To
complement its gene discovery and genetic analysis services, Myriad provides genetic
education and support materials to physicians and other health care providers-as well as
to patients-to assure that its services are used appropriately and responsibly. Myriad has
2 wholly owned subsidiaries: Myriad Pharmaceuticals, which develops and markets
therapeutic compounds, and Myriad Genetic Laboratories, which develops and markets
molecular diagnostic services and introduces products for and personalized medicine.
R & D. Myriad is a world leader in the discovery and sequencing of disease-related genes
and the elucidation of their biochemical pathways. Built on a strong foundation of gene
discovery research and proprietary technologies, Myriad is uniquely positioned to develop
and commercialize new medical tests and therapies. Myriad provides genetic testing
services to identify inherited gene mutations that predispose people to specific diseases.
Products. Those relevant to molecular diagnostics are:
1.
BRACAnalysis, which detects BRAC1 and BRAC2 mutations in women with family
history of breast and ovarian cancers. BRACAnalysis Rearrangement Test was added
to detect rare, large rearrangements of the DNA in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes.
2. MELARIS® is a predictive medicine test for inherited susceptibility to melanoma and
pancreatic cancer. This test detects inherited mutations in the p16 gene (also called
CDKN2A or INK4A), which occur in up to 40% of families with hereditary melanoma.
3. COLARIS is a genetic susceptibility test for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer
and endometrial cancer.
4. COLARIS AP® is a predictive test for risk of hereditary colorectal polyps and cancer.
5.
TheraGuide 5-FU assesses a person’s risk of developing a severe toxic reaction to 5FU-based chemotherapy by detecting variations in 2 genes, dihydropyrimidine
dehydrogenase and thymidylate synthetase, which are responsible for serious ADRs.
6. OnDose measures a patient's exposure to the chemotherapy drug, 5-FU, for
adjusting dose to maximize efficacy and reduce toxicity.
7.
Prezeon assesses loss of PTEN gene function in cancer patients, which is associated
with disease progression and poor survival. PTEN is involved in cell signaling
pathways that are the target of anticancer drugs, e.g. EGFR and mTOR inhibitors.
Collaborations relevant to molecular diagnostics. In 2004, Chemicon
International Inc, a division of Serologicals Corporation, licensed the research use of
several of Myriad's tumor suppressor and breast cancer susceptibility proteins and
antibodies. In 2005, Myriad extended an alliance with Abbott to focus on
pharmacogenetics. Abbott will fund the research, while Myriad will use its technology and
mutation screening software to analyze samples from different populations. On 9 Dec
2010, Myriad acquired technology from Melanoma Diagnostics for the diagnosis and
prognosis of malignant melanoma using genetic markers.
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NABsys Inc
4 Richmond Square, Suite 500
Providence, RI 02906, USA
Web site: http://www.nabsys.com/
Tel: 401-861-9770
Fax: 401-861-9777
Email: info@nabsys.com
Chief Executive Officer: Barrett Bready, MD (bready@NABsys.com)
Overview. NABsys is a next-generation sequencing company. In 2006, NABsys
purchased DNA hybridization company GeneSpectrum in an all-stock transaction. It will
combine GeneSpectrum's probe design and hybridization techniques with its nanoporebased technology, which it has licensed from Brown University (Rhode Island), to
sequence human DNA at dramatically cheaper rates.
Technology. NABsys is developing a nanopore-based sequencing platform that
promises to reduce the cost of sequencing an entire human genome by more than four
orders of magnitude, from its current level of $10-20 million to approximately $1,000.
Unlike other nanopore-based sequencing approaches, the NABsys platform does not
depend on single-base resolution of the nanopore detector in order to obtain accurate
sequence information. The commitment to single-base resolution has been a limiting
factor since the notion was first proposed in the mid-1990s. Another important advantage
of the NABsys platform is the addressability of its nanopore arrays (i.e. the ability to keep
track of different DNA molecules traveling though different nanopores simultaneously on
the same silicon chip), which enables markedly increased throughput. NABsys’ efforts to
reduce the cost of sequencing would take DNA sequencing from the research lab to the
doctor's office and facilitate the development of personalized medicine.
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NanoDetection Technology
2160 Lakeside Centre Way, Suite 250
Knoxville, TN 37922, USA
Web site: http://www.nanodetectiontechnology.com/
Tel: (865) 300-5497
CEO and President: Charlie Barnett (charlie@nanodetectiontechnology.com)
Overview. NanoDetection Technology, an in vitro diagnostics company, is developing
the diagnostic segment of biochip sensor technology. NanoDetection is one of the first few
companies to leverage this technology for diagnostic purposes in veterinary diagnostics,
bioterrorism and food safety. NanoDetection’s initial markets enable lower technology
development and refinement costs because of easy access to biological samples and lower
regulatory hurdles and oversight.
Technology/products. NanoDetection’s ‘biochip’ is a patented microchip biosensor,
based on multiple phototransistor integrated circuits, that detects light (e.g. fluorescence
or luminescence) emitted as a result of a chemical reaction caused by DNA hybridization
or an antibody/antigen pairing.
The beta-version clinical detector, which is the size of a desktop computer, is ideal for the
research, central testing laboratory, and veterinary markets. A field detector is in
development for use by farmers, soldiers and those on the front line of an early warning
biological threat network. The field detector will be about the size of a large PDA.
In addition to the detectors, the Company is developing two types of disposable testing
cartridges that will leverage either labor-rich or technology-rich users. Where trained
labor is cheap, the testing cartridge will be a simple glass or plastic slide affixed by a
handle that contains an RF identification tag for accurate and unique testing. Solutions
and washes are administered separately in a ‘lab in a box’ concept. Where technology is
cheaper than labor, the company is developing a self-contained ‘lab on a card’ testing
cartridge, which will use miniature pumps, heating elements (if necessary) and
microfluidics to control samples, solutions and washes, which can be operated with
minimally trained personnel.
In 2006, NanoDetection Technology and three academic research centers  University of
Tennessee Health Science Center, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, and Oak Ridge
National Laboratory  started to develop an onsite avian influenza detection system. The
technology is based on a biochip that detects photons produced as a result of DNA
hybridization or protein conjugation, which constitutes a “positive” result. The same
biochip can conduct multiple, simultaneous tests and can use most biological and
environmental samples. The test results would not require any sophisticated analysis.
A test for bovine viral diarrhea is in development. The biochip biosensor platform can also
be applied for the detection of BSE.
Collaborations. NanoDetection Technology is currently collaborating with the USDA’s
National Animal Disease Center in Ames, Iowa, to optimize the conditions and develop
quantitative results reporting of a test for bovine viral diarrhea.
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Nanogen Inc
(new name will be given on completion of merger with Elitech Group)
10398 Pacific Center Court
San Diego, CA 92121, USA
Web site: http://www.nanogen.com/
Fax: (858) 410-4952
Chairman: Howard C. Birndorf (following completion of merger with Elitech Group)
CEO: Pierre Debiais (following completion of merger with Elitech Group)
Overview. Nanogen Inc integrates advanced microelectronics and molecular biology
into a platform technology with potential commercial applications in the fields of medical
diagnostics, biomedical research, genomics, genetic testing and drug discovery. Through
the use of microelectronics, the Company's technology enables the active movement and
concentration of charged molecules to and from designated microlocations, or test sites,
on the semiconductor microchip. Nanogen has received considerable government funding
and commitments to support its biowarfare and human identification efforts. On 14 May
2009, Nanogen executed an asset purchase agreement with Elitech Group, a privately
held diagnostics company, to acquire substantially all of the assets of Nanogen for $25.7
million. As part of the sale, Nanogen filed a voluntary petition under chapter 11 of title 11
of the US Code in the Bankruptcy Court for the District of Delaware, including a motion
seeking bankruptcy court approval of the sale, subject to a court-supervised auction.
Acquisitions. Nanogen acquired SYN X for $12 million in 2004, providing it with a
pipeline of complementary products in order to expand its market share in IVD market.
In 2004, Epoch Biosciences was merged with Nanogen. Epoch’s organization and
operations were incorporated into Nanogen’s genetic diagnostic business. Nanogen plans
to maintain Epoch’s research and development and reagent manufacturing operations at
its Bothell facility. In 2005, Nanogen paid $1.5 million for a 25% stake in Jurilab. In
2006, Nanogen completed acquisition of Spectral Diagnostics' rapid cardiac
immunoassay test business for $7.7 million, including the cardiac STATus, Decision
Point, and i-Lynx product lines. Nanogen will assume related sales, marketing, and
manufacturing activities for the product lines, which it said it will combine with its own
StatusFirst congestive heart failure test. In 2006, Nanogen acquired the diagnostics
division of Italy-based Amplimedical for $10 million.
Technology/products. Nanogen has developed the NanoChip Molecular Biology
Workstation that incorporates a proprietary microchip capable of rapid identification and
precise analysis of biological molecules. Researchers in the field of molecular biology and
genetics use the workstation to study how genes function and to understand the
correlation between genetic variation and disease. Important applications are:
Human identification. The NanoChip can also be used for human identification,
important in the forensics field. Recurring genetic patterns, known as STRs, are analyzed
in this application. Future applications in development include analysis of gene
expression and on-chip amplification to analyze of minute amounts of genetic material.
DNA amplification can be performed directly on the chip with Anchored Strand
Displacment Amplification (see Chapter 3) and optimizing methods to analyze gene
expression. Nanogen believes that gene expression research can benefit not only from the
system' s flexibility and speed, but also its reproducibility and accuracy.
SNP genotyping. The NanoChip uses electronically enhanced hybridization of
complementary DNA strands and has near 100% accuracy in the detection of SNPs. This
technology allows on-chip amplification of DNA material directly on the NanoChip
cartridge and folds it into a single, simplified and time-saving detection procedure.
DrugMet® drug-metabolizing enzyme microarray. This is developed jointly by Jurilab and
Nanogen and received CE Mark approval as IVD in the EU in 2006. DrugMet is designed
to detect variation in genes including CYP2D6, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19, as well as
duplication and deletion of the CYP2D6 gene.
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In 2006, Nanogen released reagents designed for research use only studies analyzing
CYP2C9 and VKORC1, two genes with potential applications in drug metabolism and
response.
Genetic research. Nanogen’s multiplex Analyte Specific Reagent (ASR) is designed for: (1)
detection of Factor V Leiden and Factor II Prothrombin gene mutations associated with
cardiovascular disease; (2) HFE gene for hereditary hemochromatosis; and (3) detection
of 25 most common mutations of the CFTR gene associated with cystic fibrosis.
Nanogen’s Assay ToolBox is a set of consumable products that allows customers to
facilitate their own protocol and assay development on the NanoChip® platform.
Detection of biowarfare agents. Nanogen has developed microelectronic chips for the
detection of biowarfare related agents found in blood using its electronic hybridization
technique (see Chapter 9) for the Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center (San Diego,
California) under the DARPA sponsored Chips (BioFlips) and Simulation Tools for
Chemical/Biological Microsystems Program.
POC Diagnostics Division has developed a rapid quantitative test for NT-proBNP as an
aid in diagnosis of congestive heart failure. This product has been cleared by FDA and CE
self declaration in the European Union is pending.
MGB technology is a crescent-shaped molecule that stabilizes a detection-target duplex
when coupled with an oligonucleotide probe. Currently more than 35 reagents and kits
are sold for clinical diagnostic use under the brand names MGB Alert and Q-PCR Alert.
Cardiovascular disease. StatusFirst™ CHF NT-proBNP EDTA plasma test has been
approved by the FDA to aid in the diagnosis of individuals presenting with congestive
heart failure (CHF) symptoms. It was developed by Nanogen under license from Roche
and is being manufactured by Princeton BioMeditech Corp. This product complements
the company’s existing three cardiac rapid tests (CK-MB, Myoglobin, and Troponin I).
The company also offers reagents that detect molecular targets related to cardiovascular
risk, including reagents for the detection of mutations related to the Factor V Leiden,
Prothombin, and HFE (hemachromatosis) genetic markers. In addition, the company has
collaboration with Jurilab, in which Nanogen is investigating genetic markers associated
with acute myocardial infarction, hypertension and type 2 diabetes.
Avian flu. fluID Rapid Influenza Test, a third-generation lateral flow immunoassay, was
developed with a $4.5 million grant from the CDC.
Collaborations. Nanogen entered into following agreements in 2002:

A Development Site Agreement to instal a NanoChip Molecular Biology Workstation
at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)'s Foodborne and Diarrheal
Diseases Branch in Atlanta, Georgia to develop methods for simultaneously
detecting specific strains of E. coli and other pathogens on the NanoChip System.
Nanogen will receive commercialization rights to the assays developed by the CDC.

Collaboration with the NASA Ames Research Center has provided one of its
NanoChip® Molecular Biology Workstations to NASA in exchange for certain
commercialization rights to intellectual property and assays developed by NASA.
Scientists in NASA's Fundamental Biology Program will use the Nanogen platform
to develop and validate protocols for specific SNP and STR analyses related to
NASA's mission requirements. Also, scientists in NASA's Center for Nanotechnology
will evaluate Nanogen's NanoChip® technology for the potential development of
certain biosensors for astrobiology and biomedical applications.

DNAPrint Genomics Inc obtained rights to use of NanoChip Molecular Biology
Workstation to develop NanoChip versions of its complex genomics tests involving
simultaneous reading of large sets of genetic markers.

Genetic Technologies granted a non-exclusive limited license to Nanogen for
applications of its technology in genetic research and human diagnostics.
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
License agreement with Miami Children's Hospital Research Institute includes
three of the most common gene mutations associated with Canavan disease.

Athena Diagnostics granted Nanogen license to patents relating to methods of using
ApoE isoforms for the diagnosis and monitoring of Alzheimer's disease.
In 2003. Nanogen signed an agreement to to integrate its automated NanoChip platform
with Prodesse's proprietary multiplex amplification technology to develop automated,
highly sensitive microarray-based products for detection of infectious agents, including
influenza, pneumonia, adenovirus, herpes, West Nile Virus, and SARS. The companies
will jointly market gene-based testing products to health care providers and clinical
reference labs. In 2003, Nanogen gained rights from Institut Pasteur to patents relating
to detection of mutations in the GJB2 gene for the diagnosis of hereditary deafness. In
2004, Nanogen signed an agreement with Transgenomic Inc allowing it to distribute
NanoChip Molecular Biology Workstation in Western European countries.
In 2006, Nanogen signed a manufacturing and distribution agreement with Princeton
Biomeditech (PBM) to develop a point-of-care IVD that detects NT-proBNP, a biomarker
of congestive heart failure (CHF). Nanogen will develop reagents that PBM will
incorporate into a final product and will be responsible for clinical trials necessary for
regulatory approval. PBM will develop a reader for the test, half of whose development
will be funded by Nanogen, and the will seek regulatory approval for the device as well.
PBM will have the right to supply aggreement for Nanogen reagents for detecting
biomarkers related to CHF, stroke, or traumatic brain injury.
In 2006, Nanogen and Pathway Diagnostics agreed to develop diagnostic products to
detect genetic variations associated with responses to antidepressant and antipsychotic
drugs, which could be used to select the most appropriate drug and dosage.
In 2006, Nanogen signed an agreement with Jurilab to identify and validate new
prognostic biomarkers for type 2 diabetes.
In 2006, Nanogen and American Bio Medica Corporation (ABMC), a global provider of
immunoassay test kits, entered into a supply agreement in which ABMC will sell its rapid
drugs of abuse (DOA) tests to Nanogen. Nanogen will market the tests, under their own
Tox STATus™ brand name, to customers in hospital-related markets using its existing
sales force and distribution network. The DOA immunoassays, which can be used to
detect up to 15 commonly abused substances including cocaine, methamphetamine and
THC (active ingredient in marijuana), are FDA-cleared and CE marked. The ABMCmanufactured tests can deliver results using Nanogen’s portable hand-held I-Lynx reader.
In 2007. Nanogen signed an agreement to allow it to use Epidauros' CYP2D6 IP as a
predictive marker for responsiveness and adverse drug reactions. Nanogen acquired
rights to genetic biomarkers related to schizophrenia and responses to antipsychotic
therapies from the Co-operative Research Centre for Diagnostics and Queensland
University of Technology in Australia. Nanogen plans to utilize the biomarkers to create
diagnostic tests for schizophrenia and related conditions.
In 2008. Thermo Fisher Scientific became the exclusive provider of certain Nanogen
products used for gene expression experiments, which are based on Nanogen’s secondgeneration probe technology for real-time PCR applications, and are used for quantitative
detection of DNA and RNA sequences. Nanogen agreed with HX Diagnostics to develop a
rapid, POC diagnostic based on its fluID test to detect multiple strains and subtypes of
influenza, including avian influenza, in one test. Celera extended its 2004 agreement for
license of Nanogen’s patent portfolio in molecular biology to use MGB technology for
developing IVD products for cardiovascular diseases and cancer.
On 4 February 2009, Gene Synthesis gained rights to use Nanogen's technology in
making oligos for molecular diagnostic applications. On 4 March 2009, Nanogen signed
an end user license agreement with Quest Diagnostics to allow use of the its proprietary
MGB Probe technology for development of in human in vitro diagnostic testing .
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NanoLogix Inc
843 North Main Street
Hubbard, OH 44425, USA
Web site: http://www.nanologixinc.com
Tel: (330) 534-0800
Fax: (330) 534-0826
CEO: Bret Barnhizer (Bret@nanologixinc.com)
Overview. NanoLogix Inc (formerly Infectech Inc), a biotechnological company founded
in 1989, specializes in the research and development of equipment used in the rapid
identification and antibiotic sensitivity testing of disease causing pathogens. Infectech's
Identikit was invented by Robert A. Ollar PhD, the Chief Scientist of Infectech.
Technology. Rapid BioNanoChannel Microorganism Diagnostics Technology.
Identikit involves growing a certain class of bacteria on a patented paraffin coated slide.
Gene amplification methods can then "photocopy" the cell growth thousands of times and
cut the lab waiting time. The 34 bacteria that can be identified by this method include M.
tuberculosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Nocardia asteroides. The Identikit has also
been utilized as an antibiotic sensitivity assay system for M. avium complex and atypical
mycobacteria.
NanoLogix’s AFZ and Adaptor Buffer Genomic Products permit isolation of nucleic acids
from microbial cells. When the Identikit is combined with AFZ or Adaptor Buffer a
variety of molecular tests can be performed on the "in situ" growth (blotting,
thermocycling, "in vitro" transcription, and antibiotic resistance gene studies). When M.
tuberculosis is coupled with gene amplification protocols, amplicons have been generated
as early as 96 hours post inoculation.
NanoLogix has patents in the field of alternative carbon source baiting for use in the
isolation of a variety of bioterrorist organisms. By adapting this to the specific biological
agents the Company will develop a system with several important attributes, e.g:

Use as a transport media to inoculate suspect specimen and transport to specialized
Public Health Facility for identification.

Isolation media for isolation of the specific biological agent

Link with the NanoLogix AFZ Molecular Systems for species identification and
subsequent genetic analysis

Development of an antibiotic sensitivity assay system for microorganisms
Patents. NanoLogix owns 31 patents which will extend the same methods for the rapid
detection and antibiotic sensitivity testing of all other bacteria such as E. Coli,
Staphlococcus, Streptococcus, and H. pylori. NanoLogix also has patents for allowing the
duplication of a patient's exact metabolic condition using an Infectech developed
diagnostic test kit. This is extremely important when using antibiotics against ulcers or
patients rapidly dying in an intensive care unit. NanoLogix’s patents have yielded a
method vital to the development of nanotechnology products. In May 2007, NanoLogix
filed a total of 5 patents (2 US, 2 provisional US and 1 international) for its
BioNanoChannel™ Technology for rapid bacterial detection and identification.
Collaborations. In 2002, NanoLogix signed a testing and licensing agreement with
ERBC Holdings Ltd - a European Merchant Bank based in Berlin with controlling interest
in Advanced Technology Industries Inc. Under the terms of the agreement, NanoLogix
technology for early identification of M. tuberculosis and M. avium bacteria and its
development for bioterrorism defense will be evaluated and modified for manufacturing
and marketing by an internationally recognized Israeli laboratory.
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Nanosphere Inc
4088 Commercial Avenue
Northbrook, IL 60062, USA
Web site: http://www.nanosphere-inc.com/
Tel: (847) 400-9000
Fax: (847) 400-9199
CEO: William Moffitt
Contact: Ms.Vijaya Vasista, Chief Operating Officer (VVasista@nanosphere-inc.com)
Overview. Nanosphere Inc, a privately held life-sciences company, uses the unique
properties of nanoparticles for its proprietary technology. The Company has developed a
comprehensive system for detecting biomolecules such as nucleic acids and proteins.
Technology/products. At the core of the Nanosphere technology are nanoparticle
probes. DNA is attached to the nanoparticles through a proprietary modification
procedure. The probes are then used to bind and signal the presence of a specific DNA
sequence. The nanoparticle probes change color if the target is present in a sample.
Nanosphere has developed an integrated system of probes, assays and detection
hardware. The assays can be in either a spot format (single test on a membrane) or in a
chip format (multiple samples or tests on one chip). The unique properties of the gold
nanoparticle probes allow detection through a variety of methods including optical,
electrical or magnetic processes (see Chapter 3). Nanosphere's products include:
Nanosphere Spot Assay. This is a user-friendly method for colorimetric detection of
amplified DNA sequences using the proprietary gold nanoparticle probe technology. The
nanoparticle probes appear red when suspended in solution, but turn blue if a
complementary DNA target is present in the sample due to the formation of a
nanoparticle/DNA network structure. The specificity of the nanoparticle probes allows
identification and differentiation of SNPs.
SNP genotyping on microarrays. Nanosphere's nanoparticle-based technology enables a
microarray-based method for multiplex SNP genotyping in total human genomic DNA
without the need for target amplification. This is a powerful example of the versatility of
Nanosphere's proprietary ClearRead nanoparticle technology.
Detection system. Detection hardware is being developed and marketed in three phases.
1.
Manual Research System will be used as a tool for the research market, geared toward
low volume processing. An example of the detection system is the Nanosphere
Imaging System, which are now available for Nanosphere's use.
2. Clinical System will be developed and marketed as a partially automated medical
device to be used by clinicians to perform diagnostics with multiple patient samples.
3. Point-of-Care Device will be completely automated and will include sample
preparation (for blood), microfluidics and detection technologies in an integrated
system, using simple disposable cartridges. The Phase III system will be designed for
medical professionals that do not typically use diagnostic systems.
Verigene System. Nanosphere is developing its Verigene™ platform with integrated
systems to meet the needs of IVD, biodefense and genomic research markets. Verigene ID
is a simple, cost effective optical detection instrument with the ability to identify
biological targets at low concentrations. The instrument and its components enable less
skilled lab personnel to produce automatic, definitive results. No target amplification
such as PCR is required. The Verigene ID is designed for diagnostic and research
environments, including molecular and clinical labs. For Verigene System to be used with
the Verigene ID, the the assay will be automated using integrated fluid processing. This
instrument makes one-step processing possible, requiring users only to prep the sample.
No target amplification (PCR) is required. The Verigene System will introduce low-cost
biological screening to hospitals, clinical labs, reference labs and biodefense units.
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Verigene AutoLab, offering complete sample-to-result processing, requires no additional
sample preparation. The user will simply insert the sample, and a result will be generated.
Labs will be capable of running multiple assays on multiple samples simultaneously. This
level of simplicity and ease of use will make the Verigene AutoLab particularly suitable for
clinical laboratories, forensic labs, military labs and first responders.
Verigene Mobile. The next generation Verigene Mobile will transfer the power and
accuracy of the Verigene AutoLab to an affordable, hand-held device. With minimal
training, users will simply insert a sample and a result will be generated through a
completely automated unit incorporating microfluidic processing and electrical detection
technologies. Its portability will make it useful for POC.
Verigene-based assays. The FDA has cleared Verigene Warfarin Metabolism Nucleic Acid
Test, which detects variants of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genes, responsible for sensitivity to
the anticoagulant warfarin. Also approved is Verigene® F5/F2/MTHFR nucleic acid test,
which detects disease-associated gene mutations that can contribute to blood coagulation
disorders and difficulties metabolizing folate. Other Verigene tests will be for cystic
fibrosis and to test CYP450. Several assays include those for detection of PSA in recurrent
prostate cancer (where low levels may be undetectable by conventional tests), test for
ovarian cancer, troponin test for cardiovascular disease, and a test for Alzheimer’s
disease. Nanosphere has filed a 510(k) application to the FDA for marketing clearance of
its Verigene SP Respiratory Virus Assay, which is already CE-marked, to detect influenza
and RSV. It provides greater sensitivity than currently available rapid tests, combined
with ease of use and turnaround time not found in either culture methods or the currently
available molecular tests. In 2009, the package insert was updated to include reactivity
with Influenza A in cultured clinical isolates containing 2009 H1N1 influenza virus.
A 510(k) application has also been submitted to the FDA for cardiac troponin I test to
provide early diagnosis of myocardial infarction and risk stratification for acute coronary
syndromes. The test runs on the firm's Verigene platform.
Bio-barcode technology. This is devleoped by Prof. Mirkin, a co-founder of the company
(see Chapter 4). Warfarin sensitivity assay is being marketed currently. Other tests are:

Detection of low PSA in recurrent prostate cancer that is undetectable by other tests.

A cystic fibrosis assay which has been filed with the FDA.
Collaborations. In 2002, Nanosphere formed a development and distribution alliance
with Takara Bio Inc for the development of highly sensitive, selective and portable
detection systems that combine Nanosphere's nanoparticle DNA probe technology with
Takara's proprietary ICAN isothermal gene amplification technology. Takara will have
exclusive distribution rights for certain Nanosphere products in Asia and Europe.
In 2003, Nanosphere acquired nanoparticle detection technology for protein biomarkers
by a licensing agreement with Northwestern University (Chicago, IL).
In 2006, Nanosphere and Applied NeuroSolutions Inc, a company focused on the
development of an integrated product portfolio for the diagnosis and treatment of
Alzheimer's disease (AD), formed collaboration for the development of diagnostic tests for
AD. This research program will apply Nanosphere's Biobarcode technology for protein
detection to Applied NeuroSolutions' proprietary biomarkers, which have been shown to
be 85 to 95% accurate in the detection of AD. Ultrasensitive detection of these markers
has the potential to lead to the next generation of diagnostic tests for AD.
In 2007, Nanosphere signed an agreement to allow it to use Epidauros' CYP2D6 IP as a
predictive marker for responsiveness and adverse drug reactions.
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NanoString Technologies
530 Fairview Avenue, North
Seattle, WA 98109, USA
Web site: http://www.nanostring.com/
Tel: (1) 888-358-6266
E-mail: info@nanostring.com
CEO: Brad Gray
Overview. NanoString Technologies spun out of the Institute for Systems Biology (ISB,
Seattle, WA) in 2003 and holds an exclusive license for the technology from the Institute.
The technology at the heart of NanoString was developed in the laboratory of Dr. Leroy
Hood, the co-founder of the ISB, inventor of the first automated DNA sequencer.
NanoString also is developing nCounter for use in molecular diagnostics. In 2009, the
company closed a Series C financing round worth $30 million to accelerate
commercialization of its nCounter Analysis System for both research and diagnostics.
Technology. NanoString Technologies is developing a patent-pending nanotechnologybased platform for high speed, completely automated, robust, highly multiplexed, single
molecule identification and digital quantification. This breakthrough has the potential to
become a biological operating system onto which any biomolecular analysis application
can be developed. The NanoString system uniquely barcodes each individual target
molecule, scans them, and delivers a literal inventory of single molecules in the biological
sample. Applications include gene expression analysis, genotyping, proteomics, clinical
diagnostics and, in the future, predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine.
nCounter, which uses single-molecule reporters to bind to targets to quantify mRNAs in a
sample, allows researchers to count these target molecules without amplification The
NanoString system is anticipated to ultimately be as much as 100,000 times more
sensitive than a DNA microarray and can scan entire transcriptomes in minutes.
NanoString is pursuing a strategy around oncology gene signatures in the clinic with the
overall aim of becoming the platform of choice for FDA approved IVD tests that are based
on multiplex gene expression profiling in cancer. Its first test will be based on the PAM50
gene signature for breast cancer, which it licensed from Bioclassifier in December 2010.
In May 2010, the nCounter platform received ISO 13485:2003 certification, which was
the first step in preparing it for FDA clearance anticipated in 2012. The technology was
licensed to ARUP Laboratories to be offered as a laboratory-developed qPCR-based assay.
In addition to developing the PAM50 gene assay, NanoString is in discussions with
researchers who are using the nCounter platform to validate gene signatures for cancers
other than breast cancer, and diagnostic companies who may be interested in using the
nCounter platform after being unable to develop a multiplex gene signature expression
assay on other technology platforms.
Collaborations. In 2007, NanoString signed an agreement with Precision System
Science (PSS) to co-develop an automated fluidics handling tool and to distribute it with
its nCounter gene expression platform. The agreement, the companies will integrate PSS’s
Magtration technology, which uses magnetic particles to extract and purify substances,
with NanoString’s nCounter.
In 2007, NanoString signed an agreement with Applied Precision to co-develop a highspeed fluorescent imager for its gene expression system. Applied Precision’s base
instrument will be used to help create an imager that will be incorporated into nCounter
System and also will be coupled with a fluid-handling instrument, offering geneexpression functioning with less than 30 minutes of hands-on time per run.
In 2009, NanoString started 3-year collaboration with the Broad Institute of MIT to
investigate molecular networks involved in immune response and other biological
processes. Potential new basic and clinical research applications for NanoString's digital
gene expression technology will also be explored. Broad scientists plan to identify unique
signatures for various genes of interest, for which NanoString will design custom color-
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coded molecular barcodes called CodeSets. The partners may eventually develop these
gene sets into commercially available assay panels for the nCounter system.
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NeoGenomics Inc
12701 Commonwealth Drive, Suite 9
Fort Myers, FL 33913, USA
Web site: http://www.neogenomics.org/
Tel: (941) 513-9612
Fax: (941) 513-9022
E-mail: info@neogenomics.org
President & CSO: Robert P. Gasparini, MS
Contact: Michael Thomas Dent MD (mdent@NeoGenomics.org)
Overview. NeoGenomics Inc is a CLIA–certified molecular diagnostic laboratory,
provides genetics testing services that are used to confirm diagnosis of various types of
cancer. NeoGenomics is also working to identify biomarkers for a number of diseases and
has collaborations with universities and private businesses to help facilitate its ongoing
research activities. Established in 2001, NeoGenomics is a publicly traded company now
with four primary objectives:
1.
Development of the most comprehensive genetic database of female diseases and
cancers.
2. Determining the key genetic sequences related to maternal and fetal diseases and
cancers.
3. Providing molecular cytogenetic services nationwide.
4. Providing an environment fostering creativity and innovation leading to new and
innovative genetic products.
Products. NeoGenomics currently offers three primary types of testing services: (1)
cytogenetics testing, which analyzes human chromosomes; (2) FISH testing which
analyzes abnormalities at the gene level; and (3) flow cytometry testing services, which
analyzes clusters of differentiation on cell surfaces.
The company is expanding its product offerings in the oncology sector to include
additional types of genetic and molecular tests. In July 2005, NeoGenomics began testing
for bladder cancer, breast cancer and cervical cancer.
R & D. NeoGenomics is trying to identify the biomarkers responsible for the
preeclampsia. It will work to create protein expression profiles which can be compared
between healthy and unhealthy individuals - something genetic analysis alone could not
accomplish. NeoGenomics plans to use proteomic technologies such as ProteinChip
(Vermillion) along with its large phenotypic database, to discover unique biomarkers.
Collaborations. In 2002, Florida Cancer Specialists, the largest privately owned
Oncology/Hematology practice in the state of Florida, agreed to utilize NeoGenomics
Genostics laboratory for various tests. The most common testing that NeoGenomics will
perform includes cytogenetic and molecular genetic analysis of bone marrow and
leukemic blood samples. Other testing will include gene rearrangement studies, clonality
assays, molecular genetic profiles for acute leukemias, and her-2/neu FISH analysis for
breast cancer.
In 2007, NeoGenomics and Power3 formed a joint venture to create a CRO to sell
Power3’s protein biomarker-based diagnostics. NeoGenomics will provide access to
cancer samples, management, sales and marketing personnel, and laboratory facilities.
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Network Biosystems
1 Gill Street, Suite B
Woburn, MA 01801, USA
Web site: http://www.networkbiosystems.com/
Tel: 781-938-6060
Fax: 781-938-6062
President: Mary Consalvi (mary@networkbiosystems.com)
Overview. Network Biosystems is a development stage biotech/high tech company
developing nanotechnology and microfluidics for DNA analysis in clinical, forensic, and
genomic applications. Privately held and founded based on pioneering research
performed at MIT's Whitehead Institute, NetBio fuses microelectronics and
biotechnology to build "bio/nanotech" systems that sense and manipulate the physical
world.
Technology/products. The Company has several broadly enabling technology
platforms, all based on the integration of nanotechnology and microfluidics with
biotechnology and molecular biology:
Clinical diagnostics: real-time sequencing of patient samples in the hospital laboratory
will have a dramatic impact on clinical decision making. Network will also use this
platform to develop