Organismal Biology Section Two Exam Student: ___________________________________________________________________________ 1. In Griffith's experiment demonstrating that bacteria can transfer genetic information, the reason that the type "S" strain could infect mice and cause pneumonia was because: A. B. C. D. E. 2. Hershey and Chase showed that the virus T4: A. B. C. D. E. 3. Hydrogen bonds Covalent bonds Ionic bonds All the above are correct None of the above are correct The genome of an organism is all of its: A. B. C. D. E. 7. Adenine, thymine, cytosine, uracil Adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine Uracil, adenine, cytosine, guanine Uracil, cytosine, guanine, thymine None of the above are correct DNA's base pairs are joined by: A. B. C. D. E. 6. Thymine Uracil Guanine Cytosine Threonine The four nitrogen bases that are found in the different nucleotides of DNA are: A. B. C. D. E. 5. Injects protein into a bacterium Injects polysaccharide into a bacterium Injects protein and DNA into a bacterium Injects RNA into a bacterium Injects DNA into a bacterium Chargaff showed that DNA contains equal amounts of adenine and: A. B. C. D. E. 4. They had flagella as a means of movement They reproduced much faster than type "R" bacteria They produced a polysaccharide capsule (coat) All of the above are correct None of the above are correct Proteins Genetic material RNA Characteristics All of the above are correct In eukaryotic cells DNA is found in the: A. B. C. D. E. Nucleus Mitochondria Chloroplasts All of the above are correct None of the above are correct 1 8. A sequence of DNA nucleotides coding for a specific protein or RNA molecule is a: A. B. C. D. E. 9. The process by which DNA reproduces itself is: A. B. C. D. E. 10. Eliminate the ability of a protein to function Not alter the functional ability of a protein Improve the function of a protein All of the above are correct None of the above are correct Requirements for polymerase chain reaction tests include: A. B. C. D. E. 14. Primase DNA polymerase ATP synthase Ligase Helicase A mutation may: A. B. C. D. E. 13. Conservative A one-step process Not carried out by enzymes Semi-conservative Not carried out in prokaryotic cells The enzyme that adds nucleotides to form new strands of DNA is: A. B. C. D. E. 12. Protein synthesis Aerobic respiration Substrate-phosphorylation Replication Photosynthesis DNA replication is: A. B. C. D. E. 11. Gene Genome Chromosome All of the above are correct None of the above are correct A target DNA sequence to be replicated A heat tolerant DNA polymerase A supply of the four different DNA nucleotides Two types of short, laboratory-made primers All of the above are correct Polymerase chain reaction may be used to: A. B. C. D. E. Identify missing persons Establish genetic relationships Identify remains Identify disease-causing genes All of the above are correct 2 15. If one strand of a DNA molecule has the base sequence of ATGTGCC the complementary strand will read: A. B. C. D. E. 16. Apoptosis is also called: A. B. C. D. E. 17. A stretch of DNA An RNA molecule A ribosome and RNA Histones A stretch of DNA and histones One of two identical attached copies of a replicated chromosome defines the term: A. B. C. D. E. 21. Nucleus Ribosome Chromosome Golgi body None of the above are correct A nucleosome consists of: A. B. C. D. E. 20. Genome Cytoplasmic contents Cell membrane structure Array of enzymes All of the above are correct A discreet package of DNA and associated proteins in eukaryotes is a: A. B. C. D. E. 19. Replication Mitosis The cell cycle Programmed cell death Programmed cellular reproduction Before a cell divides, it must first duplicate its entire ______________: A. B. C. D. E. 18. ATGTGCC UACACGG CGTGTAA TACACGG None of the above are correct Centromere Chromatin Chromosome Chromatid Nucleosome A part of a chromosome that attaches sister chromatids to each other defines the term: A. B. C. D. E. Centromere Chromatin Nucleosome Histone None of the above are correct 3 22. A cell with two full sets of chromosomes would be termed a _______________ cell. A. B. C. D. E. 23. A cell with one set of chromosomes would be termed a ________________ cell. A. B. C. D. E. 24. Gamete Haploid cell Diploid cell Duplicated chromosome None of the above are correct An example of a haploid cell is: A. B. C. D. E. 28. Recombination Replication Mitosis Fertilization Germination If a sperm cell combines with an egg cell the result is a: A. B. C. D. E. 27. Are the sex chromosomes Are the "X" and "Y" chromosomes Contain different genes Determine sex (gender) of humans All of the above are correct The process by which a sperm cell combines with an egg cell is: A. B. C. D. E. 26. Haploid Diploid Sister Somatic None of the above are correct The pair of unmatched chromosomes in humans: A. B. C. D. E. 25. Haploid Diploid Sister Somatic Germ A sperm cell A gamete An egg cell All of the above are correct None of the above are correct In humans, specialized cells that produce gametes are: A. B. C. D. E. Somatic cells Sperm cells Egg cells Germ cells None of the above are correct 4 29. In humans, cells that do not produce gametes are collectively called: A. B. C. D. E. 30. The splitting of a cell into two daughter cells in the cell cycle is: A. B. C. D. E. 31. Interphase - prophase - telophase - metaphase - anaphase Interphase - metaphase - anaphase - prophase - telophase Prophase - metaphase - anaphase - telophase Anaphase - prophase - metaphase - telophase Prophase - anaphase - telophase - metaphase The portion of the cytoskeleton that enables the chromosomes to be separated equally into two sets is the: A. B. C. D. E. 35. Mitosis Interphase Cytokinesis Prophase Telophase The correct sequence for the phases of mitosis is: A. B. C. D. E. 34. Mitosis Interphase Synthesis Cytokinesis Replication The replication of DNA during the cell cycle occurs during: A. B. C. D. E. 33. Mitosis Interphase Metaphase Anaphase Cytokinesis The division of the nucleus during the cell cycle is: A. B. C. D. E. 32. Somatic cells Sperm cells Egg cells Germ cells None of the above are correct Golgi body Centromere Centrosome Kinetochore Mitotic spindle The phase of mitosis in which the centromeres split and sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cell is: A. B. C. D. E. Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase 5 36. The phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes are aligned along the equator of the cell is: A. B. C. D. E. 37. The phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes condense and centrosomes move to opposite poles of the cell is: A. B. C. D. E. 38. Sexual reproduction requires less overall energy expenditure than asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction requires only one individual Sexual reproduction produces genetically identical individuals Sexual reproduction produces genetically different individuals None of the above are correct If human gametes were diploid: A. B. C. D. E. 42. Parthenogenesis Conjugation Apomixis Mitosis Replication Sexual reproduction is important to the survival of a species in a changing environment because: A. B. C. D. E. 41. Sperm cells Egg cells Gametes Haploid cells All of the above are correct The process by which a bacterium uses a sex pilus to transfer genetic information to another bacterium is: A. B. C. D. E. 40. Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Meiosis is a process that produces: A. B. C. D. E. 39. Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase The products of fertilization would have the same number of chromosomes as their parents The products of fertilization would have more chromosomes than their parents The products of fertilization would have fewer chromosomes than their parents Fertilization could not occur None of the above are correct A diploid germ cell reduces its chromosome number by half to generate four haploid nuclei in: A. B. C. D. E. Fertilization Mitosis Meiosis Replication Parthenogenesis 6 43. A zygote is: A. B. C. D. E. 44. Human cell's have: A. B. C. D. E. 45. "XX" "XYY" "XY" "YY" None of the above are correct Chromosomes that look alike and carry the same sequence of genes for the same traits are: A. B. C. D. E. 49. "XX" "XO" "XY" "YY" "XXX" The chromosomal designation for a human female is: A. B. C. D. E. 48. Not found in pairs Autosomes The "X" and "Y" chromosomes Called sex chromosomes None of the above are correct The chromosomal designation for a human male is: A. B. C. D. E. 47. 22 pairs of chromosomes 23 pairs of chromosomes 44 chromosomes 2 pairs of sex chromosomes One pair of autosomes The human chromosomes that do not determine whether an individual is male or female are: A. B. C. D. E. 46. A haploid cell A gamete The first diploid cell of a new organism A product of meiosis All the above are correct The "X" and "Y" chromosome All the autosomes Found in females only Found in males only Homologous chromosomes In meiosis, DNA replicates during: A. B. C. D. E. Prophase one Prophase two Interphase one Interphase two Metaphase two 7 50. In meiosis, homologous chromosomes separate during: A. B. C. D. E. 51. In meiosis, paired homologs align down the center of the cell during: A. B. C. D. E. 52. Four haploid daughter cells Two haploid daughter cells Four diploid daughter cells Two diploid daughter cells One daughter cell identical to the parent cell that underwent meiosis Sexual reproduction and meiosis generates genetic variety by: A. B. C. D. E. 56. Metaphase one Metaphase two Anaphase one Anaphase two Telophase one In meiosis two, cytokinesis results in the production of: A. B. C. D. E. 55. Prophase one Prophase two Interphase two Metaphase one Metaphase two In meiosis, the separated sister chromatids move to opposite poles of the cell during: A. B. C. D. E. 54. Prophase one Prophase two Metaphase one Metaphase two Anaphase two In meiosis, chromosomes containing sister chromatids (not homologous chromosomes) align along the center of the cell during: A. B. C. D. E. 53. Prophase one Prophase two Metaphase one Anaphase one Anaphase two Random fertilization Independent assortment Crossing over All of the above are correct None of the above are correct Alternate forms of the same gene: A. B. C. D. E. Do not exist Are homologs Are alleles Are sister chromatids Do not occur in the same individual 8 57. A healthy young couple are both carriers of cystic fibrosis, a simple recessive trait, the chance that each of their future children will inherit this serious illness is: A. B. C. D. E. 58. An allele that exerts its effects whenever it is present is: A. B. C. D. E. 59. Homologous Heterozygous Homozygous Dominant Recessive If the two alleles for a particular gene are different the gene pair is: A. B. C. D. E. 63. Were always short Were always tall Were always a mix of short and tall Were sometimes tall, but sometimes a mix of tall and short Did not grow and reproduce If the two alleles for a particular gene are identical the gene pair is: A. B. C. D. E. 62. Were all tall Were all short Were a mix of tall and short Were nonexistent None of the above are correct When Mendel crossed tall plants with tall plants the offspring: A. B. C. D. E. 61. Dominant Recessive Homologous Homozygous Heterozygous When Mendel crossed short pea plants with short pea plants the offspring: A. B. C. D. E. 60. No chance, because cystic fibrosis is not an inherited illness 10% 25% 50% 100% Homologous Heterozygous Homozygous Dominant Recessive If an individual is heterozygous for a particular trait: A. B. C. D. E. Each parent contributed a different gene for that trait The alleles for that trait are the same Each parent contributed the same gene for that trait Both B and C are correct None of the above are correct 9 64. Phenotype means: A. B. C. D. E. 65. A monohybrid cross is a mating between two individuals that are both: A. B. C. D. E. 66. Are recessive Are codominant Only one is expressed when both are present All the above are correct None of the above are correct If the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between those of the two different homozygotes, this is called: A. B. C. D. E. 70. Homozygous, one Homozygous, two Homologous, two Heterozygous, one Heterozygous, two In the ABO blood type system the I A and IB alleles: A. B. C. D. E. 69. 1:1 1:2 2:1 3:1 1:3 A dihybrid cross is a mating between two individuals that are each ______________ for ___________ gene (genes). A. B. C. D. E. 68. Heterozygous for one gene Homozygous for one gene Heterozygous for two genes Homozygous for two genes None of the above are correct Mendel's monohybrid cross of "Tt" parents resulted in a tall to short ratio of: A. B. C. D. E. 67. The number of gametes in an individual The number of chromosomes in an individual The observable expression of the genes in an individual The combination of alleles in an individual None of the above are correct Codominance Incomplete dominance Independent assortment Epistasis Polygenic Traits that depend on more than one gene are: A. B. C. D. E. Pleiotropic Polygenic Codominant Recessive Incomplete dominant traits 10 71. In a karyotype, the major characteristic (characteristics) that uniquely identify each chromosome is (are): A. B. C. D. E. 72. Linked genes, by definition, are genes that: A. B. C. D. E. 73. Close together Recessive genes Far apart Dominant genes Mutated genes To inherit an autosomal dominant disorder a person could receive the disease causing allele from: A. B. C. D. E. 77. Of 9:3:3:1 Of 2:1 That is the same as that for genes that are not linked Of 3:1 None of the above are correct Crossing over is more likely to separate genes on a chromosome if they are: A. B. C. D. E. 76. Would have had different results Would have produced more offspring Would have produced less offspring Would have exhibited a typical phenotypic ratio of 9:3:3:1 Would have produced sterile offspring A dihybrid cross of linked genes theoretically gives a phenotypic ratio: A. B. C. D. E. 75. Have no alleles Are found in the same species Are found on the same chromosome Have more alleles than usual Are alleles that are found in different daughter cells If any of the traits that Mendel worked with had been due to linked genes, his dihybrid crosses: A. B. C. D. E. 74. Banding pattern Size Centromere position All of the above are correct None of the above are correct The father only, not the mother The mother only, not the father The parent who does not exhibit the disease The mother or the father None of the above are correct To inherit an autosomal recessive disorder requires a person to receive the disease causing allele from: A. B. C. D. E. The father only The mother only Only the parent having the disease Only one parent who is homozygous recessive for the disease Both parents 11 78. Diagrams depicting family relationships and phenotypes for a genetic disorder are: A. B. C. D. E. 79. The chromosome that plays the largest role in human sex determination is: A. B. C. D. E. 80. To the flow of genetic information in cells Genetic information passing from DNA to RNA by transcription Genetic information passing from RNA to protein by translation All of the above are correct None of the above are correct DNA differs from RNA in that: A. B. C. D. E. 84. Adenine pairs with thymine Cytosine pairs with adenine Thymine pairs with uracil Adenine pairs with uracil All the above are correct The "Central Dogma" refers: A. B. C. D. E. 83. Only the dominant alleles on his "X" chromosome Only the homozygous recessive alleles on his "X" chromosome Both the dominant and recessive alleles on his "X" chromosome None of the alleles on his "X" chromosome None of the above are correct In a molecule of DNA: A. B. C. D. E. 82. The "X" chromosome Chromosome number 21 The "Y" chromosome The group of autosomes known as the SRY group None of the above are correct A male expresses: A. B. C. D. E. 81. Linkage maps Pedigree charts Karyotypes Punnett squares Bell-shaped curves DNA contains uracil DNA can catalyze chemical reactions DNA contains thymine DNA is usually single stranded DNA contains ribose The type of RNA that carries the information that specifies a protein is: A. B. C. D. E. Messenger RNA Transfer RNA Ribosomal RNA All of the above are correct None of the above are correct 12 85. The type of RNA that helps align the ribosome and mRNA and catalyzes the reaction that creates the peptide bond is: A. B. C. D. E. 86. The type of RNA that carries each amino acid to the ribosome is: A. B. C. D. E. 87. An anticodon A codon A promoter A terminator An amino acid attachment site A tRNA molecule is "bilingual" because it binds to: A. B. C. D. E. 91. Transcription Translation Replication Mitosis Amino acid synthesis A three base sequence (loop) in tRNA that is complementary to a sequence of three bases in mRNA is: A. B. C. D. E. 90. A codon An anticodon A terminator An amino acid attachment site A promoter The process used by cells to convert the mRNA "message" into a sequence of amino acids is: A. B. C. D. E. 89. Messenger RNA Transfer RNA Ribosomal RNA All of the above are correct None of the above are correct A DNA sequence that signals a gene's start is: A. B. C. D. E. 88. Messenger RNA Transfer RNA Ribosomal RNA A codon None of the above are correct Amino acids and DNA DNA and mRNA codons Codons of mRNA and amino acids Promoters and amino acids Promoters and terminators The step of translation in which an mRNA, a small ribosomal subunit and the initiator tRNA are aligned together is: A. B. C. D. E. Mitosis Initiation Elongation Termination Transcription 13 92. The step of translation in which amino acids are added one at a time to the growing polypeptide is: A. B. C. D. E. 93. The step of translation in which release factors bind to a stop codon is: A. B. C. D. E. 94. Repressors Transcription factors Inducers TATA boxes Poly A Tails A change in a cell's DNA sequence is: A. B. C. D. E. 98. RNA polymerase DNA polymerase The repressor The promoter Lactose Proteins that initiate transcription in eukaryotes by recognizing sequences within the promoter region of a gene and attracting RNA polymerase are: A. B. C. D. E. 97. A proteome A chromosome A ribosome An operon A replication fork In the Lac operon, the protein that binds to the operator to prevent transcription is: A. B. C. D. E. 96. Mitosis Initiation Elongation Termination Transcription A group of genes and other segments of DNA in Bacteria that are controlled together is: A. B. C. D. E. 95. Mitosis Initiation Elongation Termination Transcription Replication Transcription Translation An operon A mutation In a "missense" (nonsynonymous) mutation in an exon: A. B. C. D. E. The codon that mutates does not cause a change in the amino acid specified The codon that mutates causes a change in the amino acid specified The codon that mutates causes a stop codon to occur instead of the placement of an amino acid All of the above are correct answers None of the above are correct 14 99. In a "silent" (synonymous) mutation that occurs in an exon: A. B. C. D. E. The codon that mutates does not cause a change in the amino acid specified The codon that mutates causes a change in the amino acid specified The codon that mutates causes a stop codon to occur instead of the placement of an amino acid All of the above are correct None of the above are correct 100. A "frameshift" mutation: A. B. C. D. E. May be caused by an addition of any number of nucleotides (bases) not in multiples of three May be caused by a deletion of any number of nucleotides (bases) not in multiples of three Disrupts the reading frame of a gene Usually destroys a protein's ability to function All of the above are correct 15 Organismal Biology Section Two Exam Key 1. In Griffith's experiment demonstrating that bacteria can transfer genetic information, the reason that the type "S" strain could infect mice and cause pneumonia was because: A. B. C. D. E. They had flagella as a means of movement They reproduced much faster than type "R" bacteria They produced a polysaccharide capsule (coat) All of the above are correct None of the above are correct Difficulty Level: Moderate Hoefnagels - Chapter 07 #9 Question Type: Comprehension 2. Hershey and Chase showed that the virus T4: A. B. C. D. E. Injects protein into a bacterium Injects polysaccharide into a bacterium Injects protein and DNA into a bacterium Injects RNA into a bacterium Injects DNA into a bacterium Difficulty Level: Moderate Hoefnagels - Chapter 07 #11 Question Type: Comprehension 3. Chargaff showed that DNA contains equal amounts of adenine and: A. B. C. D. E. Thymine Uracil Guanine Cytosine Threonine Difficulty Level: Low Hoefnagels - Chapter 07 #13 Question Type: Knowledge 4. The four nitrogen bases that are found in the different nucleotides of DNA are: A. B. C. D. E. Adenine, thymine, cytosine, uracil Adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine Uracil, adenine, cytosine, guanine Uracil, cytosine, guanine, thymine None of the above are correct Difficulty Level: Moderate Hoefnagels - Chapter 07 #15 Question Type: Knowledge 5. DNA's base pairs are joined by: A. B. C. D. E. Hydrogen bonds Covalent bonds Ionic bonds All the above are correct None of the above are correct Difficulty Level: Moderate Hoefnagels - Chapter 07 #17 Question Type: Comprehension 1 6. The genome of an organism is all of its: A. B. C. D. E. Proteins Genetic material RNA Characteristics All of the above are correct Difficulty Level: Low Hoefnagels - Chapter 07 #22 Question Type: Knowledge 7. In eukaryotic cells DNA is found in the: A. B. C. D. E. Nucleus Mitochondria Chloroplasts All of the above are correct None of the above are correct Difficulty Level: Low Hoefnagels - Chapter 07 #23 Question Type: Knowledge 8. A sequence of DNA nucleotides coding for a specific protein or RNA molecule is a: A. B. C. D. E. Gene Genome Chromosome All of the above are correct None of the above are correct Difficulty Level: Low Hoefnagels - Chapter 07 #26 Question Type: Knowledge 9. The process by which DNA reproduces itself is: A. B. C. D. E. Protein synthesis Aerobic respiration Substrate-phosphorylation Replication Photosynthesis Difficulty Level: Low Hoefnagels - Chapter 07 #29 Question Type: Knowledge 10. DNA replication is: A. B. C. D. E. Conservative A one-step process Not carried out by enzymes Semi-conservative Not carried out in prokaryotic cells Difficulty Level: Low Hoefnagels - Chapter 07 #30 Question Type: Knowledge 2 11. The enzyme that adds nucleotides to form new strands of DNA is: A. B. C. D. E. Primase DNA polymerase ATP synthase Ligase Helicase Difficulty Level: Low Hoefnagels - Chapter 07 #34 Question Type: Knowledge 12. A mutation may: A. B. C. D. E. Eliminate the ability of a protein to function Not alter the functional ability of a protein Improve the function of a protein All of the above are correct None of the above are correct Difficulty Level: Moderate Hoefnagels - Chapter 07 #35 Question Type: Comprehension 13. Requirements for polymerase chain reaction tests include: A. B. C. D. E. A target DNA sequence to be replicated A heat tolerant DNA polymerase A supply of the four different DNA nucleotides Two types of short, laboratory-made primers All of the above are correct Difficulty Level: Low Hoefnagels - Chapter 07 #38 Question Type: Comprehension 14. Polymerase chain reaction may be used to: A. B. C. D. E. Identify missing persons Establish genetic relationships Identify remains Identify disease-causing genes All of the above are correct Difficulty Level: Low Hoefnagels - Chapter 07 #39 Question Type: Comprehension 15. If one strand of a DNA molecule has the base sequence of ATGTGCC the complementary strand will read: A. B. C. D. E. ATGTGCC UACACGG CGTGTAA TACACGG None of the above are correct Difficulty Level: Moderate Hoefnagels - Chapter 07 #41 Question Type: Application 3 16. Apoptosis is also called: A. B. C. D. E. Replication Mitosis The cell cycle Programmed cell death Programmed cellular reproduction Difficulty Level: Low Hoefnagels - Chapter 08 #1 Question Type: Knowledge 17. Before a cell divides, it must first duplicate its entire ______________: A. B. C. D. E. Genome Cytoplasmic contents Cell membrane structure Array of enzymes All of the above are correct Difficulty Level: Moderate Hoefnagels - Chapter 08 #3 Question Type: Comprehension 18. A discreet package of DNA and associated proteins in eukaryotes is a: A. B. C. D. E. Nucleus Ribosome Chromosome Golgi body None of the above are correct Difficulty Level: Low Hoefnagels - Chapter 08 #4 Question Type: Knowledge 19. A nucleosome consists of: A. B. C. D. E. A stretch of DNA An RNA molecule A ribosome and RNA Histones A stretch of DNA and histones Difficulty Level: Moderate Hoefnagels - Chapter 08 #6 Question Type: Knowledge 20. One of two identical attached copies of a replicated chromosome defines the term: A. B. C. D. E. Centromere Chromatin Chromosome Chromatid Nucleosome Difficulty Level: Moderate Hoefnagels - Chapter 08 #8 Question Type: Knowledge 4 21. A part of a chromosome that attaches sister chromatids to each other defines the term: A. B. C. D. E. Centromere Chromatin Nucleosome Histone None of the above are correct Difficulty Level: Moderate Hoefnagels - Chapter 08 #9 Question Type: Knowledge 22. A cell with two full sets of chromosomes would be termed a _______________ cell. A. B. C. D. E. Haploid Diploid Sister Somatic Germ Difficulty Level: Low Hoefnagels - Chapter 08 #13 Question Type: Knowledge 23. A cell with one set of chromosomes would be termed a ________________ cell. A. B. C. D. E. Haploid Diploid Sister Somatic None of the above are correct Difficulty Level: Low Hoefnagels - Chapter 08 #14 Question Type: Knowledge 24. The pair of unmatched chromosomes in humans: A. B. C. D. E. Are the sex chromosomes Are the "X" and "Y" chromosomes Contain different genes Determine sex (gender) of humans All of the above are correct Difficulty Level: Low Hoefnagels - Chapter 08 #15 Question Type: Comprehension 25. The process by which a sperm cell combines with an egg cell is: A. B. C. D. E. Recombination Replication Mitosis Fertilization Germination Difficulty Level: Low Hoefnagels - Chapter 08 #16 Question Type: Knowledge 5 26. If a sperm cell combines with an egg cell the result is a: A. B. C. D. E. Gamete Haploid cell Diploid cell Duplicated chromosome None of the above are correct Difficulty Level: Moderate Hoefnagels - Chapter 08 #17 Question Type: Application 27. An example of a haploid cell is: A. B. C. D. E. A sperm cell A gamete An egg cell All of the above are correct None of the above are correct Difficulty Level: Low Hoefnagels - Chapter 08 #18 Question Type: Application 28. In humans, specialized cells that produce gametes are: A. B. C. D. E. Somatic cells Sperm cells Egg cells Germ cells None of the above are correct Difficulty Level: Low Hoefnagels - Chapter 08 #19 Question Type: Knowledge 29. In humans, cells that do not produce gametes are collectively called: A. B. C. D. E. Somatic cells Sperm cells Egg cells Germ cells None of the above are correct Difficulty Level: Low Hoefnagels - Chapter 08 #20 Question Type: Knowledge 30. The splitting of a cell into two daughter cells in the cell cycle is: A. B. C. D. E. Mitosis Interphase Metaphase Anaphase Cytokinesis Difficulty Level: Low Hoefnagels - Chapter 08 #26 Question Type: Knowledge 6 31. The division of the nucleus during the cell cycle is: A. B. C. D. E. Mitosis Interphase Synthesis Cytokinesis Replication Difficulty Level: Low Hoefnagels - Chapter 08 #27 Question Type: Knowledge 32. The replication of DNA during the cell cycle occurs during: A. B. C. D. E. Mitosis Interphase Cytokinesis Prophase Telophase Difficulty Level: Low Hoefnagels - Chapter 08 #28 Question Type: Knowledge 33. The correct sequence for the phases of mitosis is: A. B. C. D. E. Interphase - prophase - telophase - metaphase - anaphase Interphase - metaphase - anaphase - prophase - telophase Prophase - metaphase - anaphase - telophase Anaphase - prophase - metaphase - telophase Prophase - anaphase - telophase - metaphase Difficulty Level: Moderate Hoefnagels - Chapter 08 #30 Question Type: Comprehension 34. The portion of the cytoskeleton that enables the chromosomes to be separated equally into two sets is the: A. B. C. D. E. Golgi body Centromere Centrosome Kinetochore Mitotic spindle Difficulty Level: Moderate Hoefnagels - Chapter 08 #31 Question Type: Comprehension 35. The phase of mitosis in which the centromeres split and sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cell is: A. B. C. D. E. Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Difficulty Level: Moderate Hoefnagels - Chapter 08 #35 Question Type: Comprehension 7 36. The phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes are aligned along the equator of the cell is: A. B. C. D. E. Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Difficulty Level: Moderate Hoefnagels - Chapter 08 #36 Question Type: Comprehension 37. The phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes condense and centrosomes move to opposite poles of the cell is: A. B. C. D. E. Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Difficulty Level: Moderate Hoefnagels - Chapter 08 #38 Question Type: Comprehension 38. Meiosis is a process that produces: A. B. C. D. E. Sperm cells Egg cells Gametes Haploid cells All of the above are correct Difficulty Level: Low Hoefnagels - Chapter 09 #1 Question Type: Comprehension 39. The process by which a bacterium uses a sex pilus to transfer genetic information to another bacterium is: A. B. C. D. E. Parthenogenesis Conjugation Apomixis Mitosis Replication Difficulty Level: Moderate Hoefnagels - Chapter 09 #2 Question Type: Knowledge 40. Sexual reproduction is important to the survival of a species in a changing environment because: A. B. C. D. E. Sexual reproduction requires less overall energy expenditure than asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction requires only one individual Sexual reproduction produces genetically identical individuals Sexual reproduction produces genetically different individuals None of the above are correct Difficulty Level: Moderate Hoefnagels - Chapter 09 #3 Question Type: Comprehension 8 41. If human gametes were diploid: A. B. C. D. E. The products of fertilization would have the same number of chromosomes as their parents The products of fertilization would have more chromosomes than their parents The products of fertilization would have fewer chromosomes than their parents Fertilization could not occur None of the above are correct Difficulty Level: Moderate Hoefnagels - Chapter 09 #7 Question Type: Application 42. A diploid germ cell reduces its chromosome number by half to generate four haploid nuclei in: A. B. C. D. E. Fertilization Mitosis Meiosis Replication Parthenogenesis Difficulty Level: Moderate Hoefnagels - Chapter 09 #10 Question Type: Comprehension 43. A zygote is: A. B. C. D. E. A haploid cell A gamete The first diploid cell of a new organism A product of meiosis All the above are correct Difficulty Level: Low Hoefnagels - Chapter 09 #13 Question Type: Knowledge 44. Human cell's have: A. B. C. D. E. 22 pairs of chromosomes 23 pairs of chromosomes 44 chromosomes 2 pairs of sex chromosomes One pair of autosomes Difficulty Level: Low Hoefnagels - Chapter 09 #17 Question Type: Knowledge 45. The human chromosomes that do not determine whether an individual is male or female are: A. B. C. D. E. Not found in pairs Autosomes The "X" and "Y" chromosomes Called sex chromosomes None of the above are correct Difficulty Level: Low Hoefnagels - Chapter 09 #19 Question Type: Knowledge 9 46. The chromosomal designation for a human male is: A. B. C. D. E. "XX" "XO" "XY" "YY" "XXX" Difficulty Level: Low Hoefnagels - Chapter 09 #20 Question Type: Knowledge 47. The chromosomal designation for a human female is: A. B. C. D. E. "XX" "XYY" "XY" "YY" None of the above are correct Difficulty Level: Low Hoefnagels - Chapter 09 #21 Question Type: Knowledge 48. Chromosomes that look alike and carry the same sequence of genes for the same traits are: A. B. C. D. E. The "X" and "Y" chromosome All the autosomes Found in females only Found in males only Homologous chromosomes Difficulty Level: Moderate Hoefnagels - Chapter 09 #22 Question Type: Knowledge 49. In meiosis, DNA replicates during: A. B. C. D. E. Prophase one Prophase two Interphase one Interphase two Metaphase two Difficulty Level: Moderate Hoefnagels - Chapter 09 #28 Question Type: Comprehension 50. In meiosis, homologous chromosomes separate during: A. B. C. D. E. Prophase one Prophase two Metaphase one Anaphase one Anaphase two Difficulty Level: Moderate Hoefnagels - Chapter 09 #30 Question Type: Comprehension 10 51. In meiosis, paired homologs align down the center of the cell during: A. B. C. D. E. Prophase one Prophase two Metaphase one Metaphase two Anaphase two Difficulty Level: Moderate Hoefnagels - Chapter 09 #32 Question Type: Comprehension 52. In meiosis, chromosomes containing sister chromatids (not homologous chromosomes) align along the center of the cell during: A. B. C. D. E. Prophase one Prophase two Interphase two Metaphase one Metaphase two Difficulty Level: Moderate Hoefnagels - Chapter 09 #33 Question Type: Comprehension 53. In meiosis, the separated sister chromatids move to opposite poles of the cell during: A. B. C. D. E. Metaphase one Metaphase two Anaphase one Anaphase two Telophase one Difficulty Level: Moderate Hoefnagels - Chapter 09 #34 Question Type: Comprehension 54. In meiosis two, cytokinesis results in the production of: A. B. C. D. E. Four haploid daughter cells Two haploid daughter cells Four diploid daughter cells Two diploid daughter cells One daughter cell identical to the parent cell that underwent meiosis Difficulty Level: Moderate Hoefnagels - Chapter 09 #35 Question Type: Comprehension 55. Sexual reproduction and meiosis generates genetic variety by: A. B. C. D. E. Random fertilization Independent assortment Crossing over All of the above are correct None of the above are correct Difficulty Level: Low Hoefnagels - Chapter 09 #36 Question Type: Comprehension 11 56. Alternate forms of the same gene: A. B. C. D. E. Do not exist Are homologs Are alleles Are sister chromatids Do not occur in the same individual Difficulty Level: Low Hoefnagels - Chapter 09 #38 Question Type: Knowledge 57. A healthy young couple are both carriers of cystic fibrosis, a simple recessive trait, the chance that each of their future children will inherit this serious illness is: A. B. C. D. E. No chance, because cystic fibrosis is not an inherited illness 10% 25% 50% 100% Difficulty Level: Low Hoefnagels - Chapter 10 #3 Question Type: Knowledge 58. An allele that exerts its effects whenever it is present is: A. B. C. D. E. Dominant Recessive Homologous Homozygous Heterozygous Difficulty Level: Low Hoefnagels - Chapter 10 #14 Question Type: Knowledge 59. When Mendel crossed short pea plants with short pea plants the offspring: A. B. C. D. E. Were all tall Were all short Were a mix of tall and short Were nonexistent None of the above are correct Difficulty Level: Low Hoefnagels - Chapter 10 #15 Question Type: Knowledge 60. When Mendel crossed tall plants with tall plants the offspring: A. B. C. D. E. Were always short Were always tall Were always a mix of short and tall Were sometimes tall, but sometimes a mix of tall and short Did not grow and reproduce Difficulty Level: Moderate Hoefnagels - Chapter 10 #16 Question Type: Knowledge 12 61. If the two alleles for a particular gene are identical the gene pair is: A. B. C. D. E. Homologous Heterozygous Homozygous Dominant Recessive Difficulty Level: Moderate Hoefnagels - Chapter 10 #17 Question Type: Knowledge 62. If the two alleles for a particular gene are different the gene pair is: A. B. C. D. E. Homologous Heterozygous Homozygous Dominant Recessive Difficulty Level: Moderate Hoefnagels - Chapter 10 #18 Question Type: Knowledge 63. If an individual is heterozygous for a particular trait: A. B. C. D. E. Each parent contributed a different gene for that trait The alleles for that trait are the same Each parent contributed the same gene for that trait Both B and C are correct None of the above are correct Difficulty Level: Moderate Hoefnagels - Chapter 10 #19 Question Type: Comprehension 64. Phenotype means: A. B. C. D. E. The number of gametes in an individual The number of chromosomes in an individual The observable expression of the genes in an individual The combination of alleles in an individual None of the above are correct Difficulty Level: Moderate Hoefnagels - Chapter 10 #24 Question Type: Knowledge 65. A monohybrid cross is a mating between two individuals that are both: A. B. C. D. E. Heterozygous for one gene Homozygous for one gene Heterozygous for two genes Homozygous for two genes None of the above are correct Difficulty Level: Moderate Hoefnagels - Chapter 10 #31 Question Type: Comprehension 13 66. Mendel's monohybrid cross of "Tt" parents resulted in a tall to short ratio of: A. B. C. D. E. 1:1 1:2 2:1 3:1 1:3 Difficulty Level: Moderate Hoefnagels - Chapter 10 #33 Question Type: Knowledge 67. A dihybrid cross is a mating between two individuals that are each ______________ for ___________ gene (genes). A. B. C. D. E. Homozygous, one Homozygous, two Homologous, two Heterozygous, one Heterozygous, two Difficulty Level: Moderate Hoefnagels - Chapter 10 #38 Question Type: Comprehension 68. In the ABO blood type system the I A and IB alleles: A. B. C. D. E. Are recessive Are codominant Only one is expressed when both are present All the above are correct None of the above are correct Difficulty Level: Moderate Hoefnagels - Chapter 10 #41 Question Type: Comprehension 69. If the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between those of the two different homozygotes, this is called: A. B. C. D. E. Codominance Incomplete dominance Independent assortment Epistasis Polygenic Difficulty Level: Moderate Hoefnagels - Chapter 10 #42 Question Type: Knowledge 70. Traits that depend on more than one gene are: A. B. C. D. E. Pleiotropic Polygenic Codominant Recessive Incomplete dominant traits Difficulty Level: Moderate Hoefnagels - Chapter 10 #44 Question Type: Knowledge 14 71. In a karyotype, the major characteristic (characteristics) that uniquely identify each chromosome is (are): A. B. C. D. E. Banding pattern Size Centromere position All of the above are correct None of the above are correct Difficulty Level: Low Hoefnagels - Chapter 11 #7 Question Type: Comprehension 72. Linked genes, by definition, are genes that: A. B. C. D. E. Have no alleles Are found in the same species Are found on the same chromosome Have more alleles than usual Are alleles that are found in different daughter cells Difficulty Level: Moderate Hoefnagels - Chapter 11 #11 Question Type: Knowledge 73. If any of the traits that Mendel worked with had been due to linked genes, his dihybrid crosses: A. B. C. D. E. Would have had different results Would have produced more offspring Would have produced less offspring Would have exhibited a typical phenotypic ratio of 9:3:3:1 Would have produced sterile offspring Difficulty Level: Moderate Hoefnagels - Chapter 11 #12 Question Type: Comprehension 74. A dihybrid cross of linked genes theoretically gives a phenotypic ratio: A. B. C. D. E. Of 9:3:3:1 Of 2:1 That is the same as that for genes that are not linked Of 3:1 None of the above are correct Difficulty Level: Moderate Hoefnagels - Chapter 11 #13 Question Type: Comprehension 75. Crossing over is more likely to separate genes on a chromosome if they are: A. B. C. D. E. Close together Recessive genes Far apart Dominant genes Mutated genes Difficulty Level: Moderate Hoefnagels - Chapter 11 #15 Question Type: Comprehension 15 76. To inherit an autosomal dominant disorder a person could receive the disease causing allele from: A. B. C. D. E. The father only, not the mother The mother only, not the father The parent who does not exhibit the disease The mother or the father None of the above are correct Difficulty Level: Low Hoefnagels - Chapter 11 #18 Question Type: Comprehension 77. To inherit an autosomal recessive disorder requires a person to receive the disease causing allele from: A. B. C. D. E. The father only The mother only Only the parent having the disease Only one parent who is homozygous recessive for the disease Both parents Difficulty Level: Moderate Hoefnagels - Chapter 11 #19 Question Type: Comprehension 78. Diagrams depicting family relationships and phenotypes for a genetic disorder are: A. B. C. D. E. Linkage maps Pedigree charts Karyotypes Punnett squares Bell-shaped curves Difficulty Level: Low Hoefnagels - Chapter 11 #30 Question Type: Knowledge 79. The chromosome that plays the largest role in human sex determination is: A. B. C. D. E. The "X" chromosome Chromosome number 21 The "Y" chromosome The group of autosomes known as the SRY group None of the above are correct Difficulty Level: Low Hoefnagels - Chapter 11 #36 Question Type: Knowledge 80. A male expresses: A. B. C. D. E. Only the dominant alleles on his "X" chromosome Only the homozygous recessive alleles on his "X" chromosome Both the dominant and recessive alleles on his "X" chromosome None of the alleles on his "X" chromosome None of the above are correct Difficulty Level: Moderate Hoefnagels - Chapter 11 #38 Question Type: Comprehension 16 81. In a molecule of DNA: A. B. C. D. E. Adenine pairs with thymine Cytosine pairs with adenine Thymine pairs with uracil Adenine pairs with uracil All the above are correct Difficulty Level: Low Hoefnagels - Chapter 12 #5 Question Type: Knowledge 82. The "Central Dogma" refers: A. B. C. D. E. To the flow of genetic information in cells Genetic information passing from DNA to RNA by transcription Genetic information passing from RNA to protein by translation All of the above are correct None of the above are correct Difficulty Level: Low Hoefnagels - Chapter 12 #6 Question Type: Comprehension 83. DNA differs from RNA in that: A. B. C. D. E. DNA contains uracil DNA can catalyze chemical reactions DNA contains thymine DNA is usually single stranded DNA contains ribose Difficulty Level: Moderate Hoefnagels - Chapter 12 #9 Question Type: Knowledge 84. The type of RNA that carries the information that specifies a protein is: A. B. C. D. E. Messenger RNA Transfer RNA Ribosomal RNA All of the above are correct None of the above are correct Difficulty Level: Moderate Hoefnagels - Chapter 12 #10 Question Type: Knowledge 85. The type of RNA that helps align the ribosome and mRNA and catalyzes the reaction that creates the peptide bond is: A. B. C. D. E. Messenger RNA Transfer RNA Ribosomal RNA A codon None of the above are correct Difficulty Level: Moderate Hoefnagels - Chapter 12 #11 Question Type: Knowledge 17 86. The type of RNA that carries each amino acid to the ribosome is: A. B. C. D. E. Messenger RNA Transfer RNA Ribosomal RNA All of the above are correct None of the above are correct Difficulty Level: Moderate Hoefnagels - Chapter 12 #12 Question Type: Knowledge 87. A DNA sequence that signals a gene's start is: A. B. C. D. E. A codon An anticodon A terminator An amino acid attachment site A promoter Difficulty Level: Moderate Hoefnagels - Chapter 12 #15 Question Type: Knowledge 88. The process used by cells to convert the mRNA "message" into a sequence of amino acids is: A. B. C. D. E. Transcription Translation Replication Mitosis Amino acid synthesis Difficulty Level: Moderate Hoefnagels - Chapter 12 #17 Question Type: Knowledge 89. A three base sequence (loop) in tRNA that is complementary to a sequence of three bases in mRNA is: A. B. C. D. E. An anticodon A codon A promoter A terminator An amino acid attachment site Difficulty Level: Moderate Hoefnagels - Chapter 12 #19 Question Type: Knowledge 90. A tRNA molecule is "bilingual" because it binds to: A. B. C. D. E. Amino acids and DNA DNA and mRNA codons Codons of mRNA and amino acids Promoters and amino acids Promoters and terminators Difficulty Level: Moderate Hoefnagels - Chapter 12 #20 Question Type: Comprehension 18 91. The step of translation in which an mRNA, a small ribosomal subunit and the initiator tRNA are aligned together is: A. B. C. D. E. Mitosis Initiation Elongation Termination Transcription Difficulty Level: Moderate Hoefnagels - Chapter 12 #21 Question Type: Comprehension 92. The step of translation in which amino acids are added one at a time to the growing polypeptide is: A. B. C. D. E. Mitosis Initiation Elongation Termination Transcription Difficulty Level: Moderate Hoefnagels - Chapter 12 #22 Question Type: Comprehension 93. The step of translation in which release factors bind to a stop codon is: A. B. C. D. E. Mitosis Initiation Elongation Termination Transcription Difficulty Level: Moderate Hoefnagels - Chapter 12 #23 Question Type: Comprehension 94. A group of genes and other segments of DNA in Bacteria that are controlled together is: A. B. C. D. E. A proteome A chromosome A ribosome An operon A replication fork Difficulty Level: Moderate Hoefnagels - Chapter 12 #28 Question Type: Knowledge 95. In the Lac operon, the protein that binds to the operator to prevent transcription is: A. B. C. D. E. RNA polymerase DNA polymerase The repressor The promoter Lactose Difficulty Level: Moderate Hoefnagels - Chapter 12 #30 Question Type: Comprehension 19 96. Proteins that initiate transcription in eukaryotes by recognizing sequences within the promoter region of a gene and attracting RNA polymerase are: A. B. C. D. E. Repressors Transcription factors Inducers TATA boxes Poly A Tails Difficulty Level: Moderate Hoefnagels - Chapter 12 #33 Question Type: Knowledge 97. A change in a cell's DNA sequence is: A. B. C. D. E. Replication Transcription Translation An operon A mutation Difficulty Level: Low Hoefnagels - Chapter 12 #34 Question Type: Knowledge 98. In a "missense" (nonsynonymous) mutation in an exon: A. B. C. D. E. The codon that mutates does not cause a change in the amino acid specified The codon that mutates causes a change in the amino acid specified The codon that mutates causes a stop codon to occur instead of the placement of an amino acid All of the above are correct answers None of the above are correct Difficulty Level: Moderate Hoefnagels - Chapter 12 #36 Question Type: Application 99. In a "silent" (synonymous) mutation that occurs in an exon: A. B. C. D. E. The codon that mutates does not cause a change in the amino acid specified The codon that mutates causes a change in the amino acid specified The codon that mutates causes a stop codon to occur instead of the placement of an amino acid All of the above are correct None of the above are correct Difficulty Level: Moderate Hoefnagels - Chapter 12 #37 Question Type: Application 100. A "frameshift" mutation: A. B. C. D. E. May be caused by an addition of any number of nucleotides (bases) not in multiples of three May be caused by a deletion of any number of nucleotides (bases) not in multiples of three Disrupts the reading frame of a gene Usually destroys a protein's ability to function All of the above are correct Difficulty Level: Low Hoefnagels - Chapter 12 #38 Question Type: Comprehension 20 Organismal Biology Section Two Exam Summary Category # of Questions Difficulty Level: Low 40 Difficulty Level: Moderate 60 Hoefnagels - Chapter 07 15 Hoefnagels - Chapter 08 22 Hoefnagels - Chapter 09 19 Hoefnagels - Chapter 10 14 Hoefnagels - Chapter 11 10 Hoefnagels - Chapter 12 20 Question Type: Application 6 Question Type: Comprehension 41 Question Type: Knowledge 53 1