Earth & Environmental Science
Unit 4 Introduction
Plate Tectonics & Earthquakes
Name _________________________
Period 1 2 3 4
Complete the following sections for Thursday, March 14th.
The Continental Drift
Section 9.1:
March 11, 2013
Grade _________%
Score _______/23
1. Who hypothesized the idea of the Continental Drift? _____________________________ What did he call the
single supercontinent that once joined today’s seven land masses? ______________________________________
2. What evidence was used to support the hypothesis of the Continental Drift? (hint: there are four relevant
areas of evidence)
a. __________________________________________
c. __________________________________________
b. __________________________________________
d. __________________________________________
3. What new theory emerged as a result of new technology that followed the rejection of the original
“Continental Drift” idea? ______________________________________________________________________________
Plate Tectonics
Sections 9.2 & 9.3:
Define the following: Vocab. Quiz on Wednesday, March 13th!!! Write your definitions on another sheet of
paper.
Plates
Subduction zone
Focus
Oceanic ridge
Volcanic Island Arc
Epicenter
Rift valleys
Lithosphere
Faults
1. Name and describe the three types of boundaries where major plate interactions occur.
a.
_______________________
b. _______________________
_______________________
_______________________
c.
_______________________
_______________________
2. Refer to the map on pages 256 & 257 to name 2 examples of each: divergent, convergent, and transform
fault boundaries.
a. Divergent ____________
b. Convergent ___________
c. Transform Fault _______
______________________
_______________________
_______________________
3. How do rifts form? ____________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. What types of plate boundaries have subduction zones? _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
Section 9.4:
1. A collection of new evidence exists to support the Plate Tectonic theory. In your own words, explain these
four areas of evidence.
a.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
b. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________
c.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
d. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Look at figure 18 on page 267. Why do you think Korea has relatively few earthquakes compared to Japan?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
Section 9.5:
1. What causes plate motion? ____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Give an example of the slab-pull and ridge-push mechanism. ___________________________________________
3. What is a convection cell? _____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
Complete the following sections for Wednesday, March 20th.
Earthquakes
Section 8.1:
1. What is an earthquake? _________________________________________________________
Grade _________%
Score _______/25
________________________________________________________________________________
2. Describe the elastic rebound hypothesis.
a.
Step 1 _____________________________________________________________________________________________
b. Step 2 _____________________________________________________________________________________________
c.
Step 3 _____________________________________________________________________________________________
d. Step 4 _____________________________________________________________________________________________
3. What causes aftershocks and foreshocks? ______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
Section 8.2:
1. How do scientists measure earthquakes? _______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. List, describe, and illustrate (draw) the 3 types of seismic waves that are produced by earthquakes.
P Waves
S Waves
L Waves (Surface)
Description
Illustration
3. How do wave intervals relate to the distance and direction of an earthquake? ____________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Compare and contrast the outdated Richter scale and more precise moment magnitude that are used to
measure earthquakes. Give 2 differences.
a.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
b. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Section 8.3:
1. How do seismic vibrations cause damage? _____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. What determines the amount of damage that can occur as a result of an earthquake? ____________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Describe additional dangers that are triggered or result from vibrations of an earthquake.
a.
__________________________________________
b. __________________________________________
c.
__________________________________________
d. __________________________________________
4. Is it possible for scientists to forecast earthquakes? ____________________________________________________
Earth & Environmental Science
Unit 4 Introduction
Plate Tectonics & Earthquakes
Name Answer Key
Period 1 2 3 4
Complete the following sections for Thursday, March 14th.
The Continental Drift
Section 9.1:
1. Who hypothesized the idea of the Continental Drift?
March 11, 2013
Grade _________%
Score _______/23
Alfred Wagner
supercontinent that once joined today’s seven land masses?
What did he call the single
Pangaea
2. What evidence was used to support the hypothesis of the Continental Drift? (hint: there are four relevant
areas of evidence)
a. Continental Puzzle
c. Ancient Climates
b. Matching Rock Types & Structures
d. Matching Fossils
3. What new theory emerged as a result of new technology that followed the rejection of the original
“Continental Drift” idea? Plate Tectonics
Plate Tectonics
Sections 9.2 & 9.3:
Define the following: Vocab. Quiz on Wednesday, March 13th!!! Write your definitions on another sheet of
paper.
Plates
Subduction zone
Focus
Oceanic ridge
Volcanic Island Arc
Epicenter
Rift valleys
Lithosphere
Faults
1. Name and describe the three types of boundaries where major plate interactions occur.
a.
Convergent – plates
b. Divergent – plates
c.
Transform Fault –
moved towards each
move apart from each
plates slide past each
other
other
other
2. Refer to the map on pages 256 & 257 to name 2 examples of each: divergent, convergent, and transform
fault boundaries.
a. Divergent 1. Midb. Convergent 1.
c. Transform Fault 1. San
Atlantic Ridge; 2. East
Himalayan Mtns &
Andreas Fault; 2.
Pacific Rise
India; 2. Japan &
Aleutian Arc
Philippine Plate
3. How do rifts form? As the divergent plate separates, the magma comes up through the opening and
creates rock formations called rifts
4. What types of plate boundaries have subduction zones? Convergent
Section 9.4:
1. A collection of new evidence exists to support the Plate Tectonic theory. In your own words, explain these
four areas of evidence.
a.
Paleomagnetism – as Earth’s magnetic north moves, the metals in the rocks change their direction
to match with Earth’s magnetic north
b. Earthquake Patterns – earthquakes tend to occur at plate boundaries
c.
Ocean Drilling – the youngest rocks are found at the ridge while the oldest are at the continental
margins
d. Hot Spots – islands created by the hot spot will form island chains that show the direction that the
plate is moving in.
2. Look at figure 18 on page 267. Why do you think Korea has relatively few earthquakes compared to Japan?
Japan is sitting next to a convergent plate boundary and Korea is not
Section 9.5:
1. What causes plate motion? Convection cells (currents) in the mantle
2. Give an example of the slab-pull and ridge-push mechanism. Convergent plate boundaries where oceanic
crust is pulled down into the mantle (is part of the downward movement of the convection current)
3. What is a convection cell? The unequal distribution of heat within Earth causes the movement of
magma in the mantle in a circular path
Complete the following sections for Wednesday, March 20th.
Earthquakes
Section 8.1:
1. What is an earthquake? A vibration of Earth’s crust resulting from a rapid release
Grade _________%
Score _______/25
of energy (when a tectonic plate moves)
2. Describe the elastic rebound hypothesis.
a.
Step 1 Rocks sit in their original position
b. Step 2 There is a build-up of energy along a fault line
c.
Step 3 There is slippage of the plates (rub against each other) – earthquake occurs
d. Step 4 The energy is released and the rocks return to their original position
3. What causes aftershocks and foreshocks? Shaking of the crust (small earthquakes) either before or after
a major earthquake occurs
Section 8.2:
1. How do scientists measure earthquakes? By measuring the intensity & magnitude of the earthquake
waves; They use the Moment Magnitude Scale which has taken over for the Richter Scale
2. List, describe, and illustrate (draw) the 3 types of seismic waves that are produced by earthquakes.
P Waves
S Waves
L Waves (Surface)
Description
Primary waves –
1. Fastest
2. Compression waves
(squeeze & stretch)
3. Continue through all
matter in Earth
Secondary Waves –
1. Second fastest
2. Up and down
movement
3. Travels through Earth,
but not through liquids
Love Waves –
1. Slowest
2. Move up and down or
side to side
3. Only move across the
surface
Illustration
3. How do wave intervals relate to the distance and direction of an earthquake? The greater the difference in
arrival times between the P and the S waves, the farther away the earthquake is
4. Compare and contrast the outdated Richter scale and more precise moment magnitude that are used to
measure earthquakes. Give 2 differences.
a.
Richter scale used for transform fault earthquakes in California, MM scale used for all types of
earthquakes everywhere
b. Richter measures damage caused, MM measures energy released
Section 8.3:
1. How do seismic vibrations cause damage? The shaking of the ground is a result of the energy that is
released during an earthquake. This shaking causes damage to the buildings and other structure on
Earth’s surface
2. What determines the amount of damage that can occur as a result of an earthquake? The amount of
shaking mostly caused by surface waves (amount of energy released)
3. Describe additional dangers that are triggered or result from vibrations of an earthquake.
a.
Fires
d. Liquifactions
b. Mass Movements
e.
Buildings/Roads Collapse
c.
f.
Deaths
Tsunamis
4. Is it possible for scientists to forecast earthquakes? No
Earth & Environmental Science
Unit 4 Introduction - Spanish
Plate Tectonics, Earthquakes, Volcanoes
Name _________________________
Period 1 2 3 4
October 4, 2012
The Continental Drift
Section 9.1:
1. ¿Quién la hipótesis de la idea de la Continental Drift, y lo que él llama el
supercontinente único que una vez unió hoy siete masas terrestres?
Grade _________%
Score _______/38
2. ¿Qué pruebas se utilizó para apoyar la hipótesis de la continental drift? (pista: hay cuatro áreas relevantes
de la prueba)
3. ¿Qué nueva teoría surge como resultado de la nueva tecnología que siguió al rechazo de la original
"continental drift" idea?
Plate Tectonics
Sections 9.2 & 9.3:
Defina lo siguiente: (Use otra hoja de papel para las definiciones.)
Plates
Oceanic ridge
Rift valleys
Subduction zone
Volcanic Island Arc
Lithosphere
1. Nombrar y describir los tres tipos de límites de placas, donde las interacciones más importantes se
producen.
2. Consulte el mapa en las páginas 256 y 257 a nombrar dos ejemplos de cada uno: divergent,
convergent y transform fault boundaries.
3. ¿Cómo se forman rifts?
4. ¿Qué tipos de límites de placas tienen subduction zones?
Section 9.4:
1. Una colección de nuevas pruebas para respaldar la Plate Tectonics Theory. En sus propias
palabras, explique estas cuatro áreas de pruebas.
2. Mira la figura 18 en la página 267. ¿Por qué cree usted que Corea tiene earthquakes son
relativamente pocos en comparación con Japón?
Section 9.5:
1. ¿Qué causa el movimiento de las placas? Dé un ejemplo del mecanismo de slab-pull y push-ridge.
2. ¿Qué es la convection?
Earthquakes
Section 8.1:
1. ¿Qué es un earthquake?
Defina lo siguiente: (Use otra hoja de papel para las definiciones.)
Focus
Epicenter
Faults
2. Describir la elastic rebound hypothesis.
3. ¿Qué hace que las aftershocks y foreshocks?
Section 8.2:
1. ¿Cómo los científicos miden los earthquakes?
2. Lista, describir e ilustrar (dibujar), los dos tipos seismic waves producidas por los earthquakes.
3. ¿Cómo intervalos de onda se refieren a la distancia y dirección de un earthquakes?
4. Explicar los dos tipos diferentes de mediciones utilizadas para describir el tamaño de un
earthquakes.
5. Comparar y contrastar la anticuada Richter scale y moment magnitude más preciso que se utilizan
para medir los earthquakes.
Section 8.3:
1. ¿Cómo seismic vibrations causan daño?
2. Lo que determina la cantidad de daño que puede producirse como resultado de un earthquake?
3. Describir los peligros adicionales que se activan o como resultado de las vibraciones de un
earthquake.
4. ¿Es posible para los científicos a los earthquakes pronóstico? Si es así, ¿cómo se hace?
The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions
1. ¿Qué factores determinan la fuerza y la velocidad de una volcanic eruption?
2. Describir los tres tipos de material volcanic.
3. Enumerar y definir los diferentes tipos de volcanoes.
4. ¿Qué es una caldera?
5. ¿Qué es una lahar?
6. Nombre del cuerpo de agua en Oregon que se creó como resultado de una caldera.
7. ¿Cómo se alimenta a través de magma de un volcano?