Cave and Karst Resources of the Muskwa-Kechika
Management Area
Photo L.S. Lane, Geological Survey of Canada,
Crown Copyright, printed with permission
Prepared for:
Muskwa-Kechika Advisory Board
Fort St. John, B.C.
Project M-K 2000-01-31
Prepared by:
Kirk Safford, B.Sc.
Madrone Consultants Ltd.
#2053 Ogilvie Street South, Prince George, B.C., V2N 1X1
t 250.564-5495 f 250.564-2019 email madrone@madecology.com
March 31, 2001
Cave and Karst Resources of the Muskwa-Kechika Management Area
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to thank the Muskwa-Kechika Advisory Board for supporting this project.
This project was made possible by funding through the Muskwa-Kechika Trust Fund in
the 2000/2001 fiscal year.
Thanks also goes to the people listed in Appendix I who provided valuable knowledge
and discussion that allowed the development of this project. Particular thanks to Pat
Shaw for providing reports on previous exploration in the Rocky Mountains; to Bryan
Webster and Brian Churchill for sharing their knowledge of the area; and to Larry Lane
for the photograph of the resurgence. Thanks also to the staff at Madrone: Julie Cowie
for preparing figures and maps, Tania Tripp for collecting local knowledge, Gillian
Radcliffe for collecting local knowledge and providing comments and edits to this report.
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Cave and Karst Resources of the Muskwa-Kechika Management Area
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................... I
TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................... II
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................. IV
1.0 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 1
2.0 RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVE ................................................................. 2
2.1
MKMA Objectives ............................................................................................... 2
2.2 Provincial Objectives ........................................................................................... 2
2.2.1 B.C. Parks Objectives ..................................................................................... 2
2.3 Project Rationale and Objective ........................................................................ 3
3.0 METHODS ............................................................................................... 3
3.1
Background Review ............................................................................................. 3
3.2
Study areas ........................................................................................................... 3
3.3
Inventory Methods .............................................................................................. 4
3.4
Collaborative Interest.......................................................................................... 4
4.0 BACKGROUND REVIEW .......................................................................... 4
4.1 Wilderness Values of Caves ................................................................................ 4
4.1.1 Wildlife Use .................................................................................................... 4
4.1.2 Karst Ecology.................................................................................................. 5
4.1.3 Potential Archaeological Values ..................................................................... 6
4.1.4 Palaeological Values ....................................................................................... 6
4.2 Recreational Values ............................................................................................. 7
4.3 Industrial Resource Values of Carbonates in the MKMA .............................. 8
4.3.1 Mineral and Petroleum Carbonate Resources ................................................. 8
5.0 RESULTS ................................................................................................. 9
5.1
Source of Carbonate Rock in the Rocky Mountains ........................................ 9
5.2
Carbonates of the Muskwa-Kechika.................................................................. 9
5.3 The Formation of Caves and Karst.................................................................. 11
5.3.1 Caves and Karst in the Rocky Mountains ..................................................... 11
5.4 Cave And Karst Resources in the MKMA ...................................................... 12
5.4.1 Previous Exploration..................................................................................... 12
5.4.2 Potential for Cave and Karst Resources in the MKMA ................................ 13
5.4.3 Interviews and Review of Maps ................................................................... 15
6.0 DISCUSSION .......................................................................................... 15
7.0 FUTURE DIRECTIONS ........................................................................... 16
8.0 INVENTORY PROJECT DEVELOPMENT ................................................ 17
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8.1 Inventory Methods ............................................................................................ 17
8.1.1 Office Procedures.......................................................................................... 17
8.1.2 Field Procedures............................................................................................ 17
8.2 Study Areas ........................................................................................................ 18
8.2.1 Besa/Prophet and Redfern Keily Creek Protected Area ............................... 18
8.2.2 Alternate Study Areas ................................................................................... 18
8.3 Collaborative Interest........................................................................................ 18
9.0 REFERENCES ........................................................................................ 21
Appendix I List of Contacts ........................................................................................ 24
List of Figures:
Figure 1: Carbonate Formations Within the Muskwa-Kechika Management Area .........25
Figure 2: Cave and Karst Areas Identifies in Background Research................................26
Figure 3: Besa-Prophet and Redfern-Keily Study Area ...................................................27
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
In 2000 Madrone Consultants received seed proposal support from the Muskwa-Kechika
Trust Fund to conduct a background review of carbonate resources in the MuskwaKechika Management Area (MKMA), with a focus on the known and potential cave and
karst resources. Further development of a cave and karst inventory project was to be
explored.
The cave and karst landscape in northern regions is a unique feature that has been
receiving increased attention in recent years as having wildlife values, potential
archaeological and cultural values, and as a resource for determining past and present
ecosystems, climates and wildlife distribution. Caves are also a recreational resource
with opportunities for ecotourism in northern British Columbia.
High potential cave and karst forming carbonate rock occurs throughout the MKMA, and
local knowledge indicates that caves are found scattered throughout the northern Rocky
Mountains. These caves have high potential for archaeological, palaeontological,
recreational, biological and ecological values. However documentation of caves and
karst in the MKMA is absent, and the associated values of these caves is poorly
understood.
This project proposes to address the lack of information by identifying and documenting
cave resources and associated values in the MKMA, and review the potential impacts of
recreational and industrial activities on cave and karst resources. This information will
allow the development of management tools to predict, and mitigate, the impacts of both
industrial development, and recreational activities on caves and karst resources. Such
work is vital for the sustainability of cave and karst resources.
An inventory of cave and karst resources would also provide baseline information for the
possible development of research projects into the biological, palaeontological, and
archaeological features of caves and karst. Building a knowledge base around this
resource will promote a better understanding of the past and present ecosystems, climate,
and wildlife distribution within the MKMA.
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1.0
INTRODUCTION
The cave and karst landscape is a unique feature worldwide, demonstrating complex
hydrological processes, and has been a source of fascination for explorers, biologists,
archaeologists, and palaeontologists around the world for close to a century. In northern
regions, caves have been receiving increasing attention as habitat for wildlife, and as a
resource for determining past and present ecosystems, climates and wildlife distribution
(Baichtal et al. 1995, MacHutchon 1998, Nagorsen et al.1996, Nagorsen 1995, White et
al.; 1995). The recent bones and artifacts discovered in limestone caves in the Yukon
(Gotthardt 1997 from MacHutchon 1998); Alaska (Baichtal 1995); and British Columbia
(Nagorsen 1996; Rollins 1997), have highlighted the ecological and cultural significance
of many northern caves.
In British Columbia cave and karst landscapes are primarily found on Vancouver Island
and the Rocky Mountains, where Canada’s longest cave, and North America’s deepest
cave north of Mexico are found. Due to geomorphological and ecological processes
unique to Vancouver Island and the Rocky Mountains, these features are considered of
global significance (Ministry of Forests, 1997). The caves of the Rocky Mountains have
attracted visitors and exploration groups from around the world, and have been the
subject of research projects over the years (Worthington and Ford 1995, Worthington
1991, Ford 1983, Harmon et al. 1977, Drake and Ford 1974, among others).
The carbonate rock in which these caves form is found throughout the Rocky Mountains,
including extensive reserves in the Muskwa-Kechika Management Area (MKMA).
Carbonate rock supports a number of industrial uses, harbouring mineral and petroleum
resources, as well as providing a substrate for forest growth. In British Columbia, and
throughout North America, surface activities related directly or indirectly to carbonate
rock resources, have resulted in the damage of cave features and associated values.
Quarrying and road development, as well as increased access to caves provided by roads,
has resulted in damage of cave features and artifacts, alteration of the cave environment,
and contamination of ground water systems (Rollins 1997, Huntoon 1995, Stokes 1996).
In 2000 Madrone Consultants received seed proposal support from the Muskwa-Kechika
Trust Fund to conduct a background review of carbonate resources in the MuskwaKechika Management Area (MKMA), with a focus on the known and potential cave and
karst resources. Exploration into potential collaboration with other interested parties, and
defining potential study areas and methods for development of an inventory project on
cave and karst resources in the MKMA was to be conducted.
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2.0
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVE
2.1
MKMA Objectives
The Muskwa-Kechika Management Area (MKMA) is a vast, minimally developed area
that supports a wide diversity of wildlife and has high scenic, recreational, and wilderness
values. The MKMA is also rich in natural resources, particularly minerals and
petroleum, which play a significant role in developing northern economies. Maintaining
the ecological integrity of the MKMA requires sound integrated management strategies
that incorporate a wide variety of interests and resources. Baseline information on the
resources and ecosystems within the MKMA is essential for assessing impacts and
changes over time, and for facilitating the conservation and protection of sensitive
features.
2.2
Provincial Objectives
Under the Forest Practices Code, caves are recognized as a unique, non-renewable
resource that has significant recreational, geological, scenic, educational, cultural,
biological, hydrological and palaeontological values (Cave Management Guidebook
1995). In the code, cave and karst resources are identified as sensitive areas that require
treatment that protects or conserves these resource values. Cave and karst landscape
inventories have taken place in the Prince George region, Queen Charlotte Islands and on
Vancouver Island. This work has been an important step in the development of
management plans towards the conservation of caves.
2.2.1 B.C. Parks Objectives
The B.C. Parks legacy project is presently developing measures to ensure the ecological
integrity of B.C. Parks is maintained in perpetuity. Present goals include the
strengthening of ecological stewardship, providing more recreation opportunities for
locals and tourists, developing closer bonds between communities and their protected
areas, and creating ecotourism opportunities to help diversify rural communities
(Ministry of Environment Lands and Parks 1999).
Many of the new protected areas in the northern Rocky Mountains and eastern slopes
(both outside of the MKMA and within) contain cave and karst regions, or have high
potential for caves and karst. An understanding of the palaeontological, biological and
archaeological values of caves in the north would provide an educational tool for
communities to develop an appreciation of their protected areas. An understanding of
cave systems will also allow the development of ecotourism opportunities while still
conserving the sensitive resource values of caves.
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2.3
Project Rationale and Objective
With the variety of resource values of carbonate rock, the potential for conflict between
different resource interests is high. In the future, resource extraction and recreational use
of the MKMA can be expected to increase. A lack of information greatly reduces the
ability to monitor cave and karst resources and mitigate the impact of increased
anthropogenic disturbance. Absence of adequate baseline information on cave and karst
resources also represents a great impediment to a complete understanding of the unique
ecosystems, and wilderness areas within the MKMA. The biological, archaeological and
palaeontological values of caves can provide a better understanding of past and present
ecosystems, climate, and wildlife distribution within the study area. Potential
archaeological values of caves would also provide an understanding of the cultural
history of areas in the MKMA.
The primary objective of this project is to address these issues by reducing the knowledge
gap of cave and karst resources and associated values within the MKMA.
3.0
METHODS
3.1
Background Review
A background review of the carbonate rock in the northern Rocky Mountains, and the
potential for cave and karst resources and associated values in the Muskwa-Kechika was
conducted through interviews and literature research. Geological maps, geological
reports, and the Ministry of Energy and Mines Mineral Inventory Database (Minfile)
provided baseline information on the carbonate geology of the MKMA. A review of
literature, and discussions with karst researchers and members of cave exploration groups
provided baseline information on past cave exploration in the Rocky Mountains, and the
potential for cave and karst development in the MKMA. Interviews with locals and
individuals working in the MKMA provided locations of karst areas, and caves within the
MKMA. A review of 1:50,000 scale maps also provided clues to locations of karst.
Discussions with scientists, cave exploration groups, and academics provided background
knowledge into the wilderness values of caves, and the potential role caves may play in
developing a better understanding of the ecosystems at work in the MKMA and northern
regions.
3.2
Study areas
A trip to Fort St John was conducted in order to obtain local knowledge and refine
potential study areas. Potential study areas were identified through:
1) Cave and karst areas identified through local knowledge;
2) High potential karst forming bedrock units,
3) Resource management zones where the planning process has been initiated.
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Areas where cave and karst resources were described during interviews, substantiated by
comparison with geological maps, and within areas of present management interest were
given high priority.
3.3
Inventory Methods
Options for cave and karst resource inventory methods were identified through a
literature review of methods used in other regions of the province, and through
discussions with members of cave explorations groups who frequently explore the Rocky
Mountains for caves.
3.4
Collaborative Interest
Collaborative interest in a cave/karst project was explored through discussions with the
various stakeholder parties interested in carbonate rock, and cave and karst resources.
Interviews with geologists, Ministry of Forests personnel, and other interested local
parties provided information on the industrial resource interests in carbonate rock.
4.0
BACKGROUND REVIEW
4.1
Wilderness Values of Caves
4.1.1 Wildlife Use
Security and thermal values are considered life requisites for mammalian species.
Habitat that provides hiding cover from predators and reduces energy expenditures for
thermoregulation, are important for increased survival. Baichtal et al. (1995) reports cave
entrances being used by a number of wildlife species for shelter, thermal habitat, nesting,
denning, and roosting. Species recorded using cave entrances include deer, bears,
wolves, river otters, and small furbearers (Baichtal et al, 1995). American dippers,
thrushes and swallows have been noted to use caves for nesting and feeding (Baitchtal,
1995). Grizzly bears have been documented to use limestone caves as denning sites in
southeastern Alaska, and the Yukon (Baichtal pers. comm., MacHutchon 1998). On
Vancouver Island, high elevation caves are used for hibernating by bats, including the
red-listed Myotis keenii (Davis et al 1998).
With limited forest cover in the MKMA, terrain features, such as caves, may play an
important role in security and thermal values of many mammals. Thermal values are
found at the entrance to cave where temperatures remain relatively consistent. The
temperatures of deep caves in the Rocky Mountains vary slightly from 3-5 degrees
Celsius year round regardless of outside temperature (Rollins 1997). Thus, during winter
months, the air emitting from caves is much warmer, whereas during summer months, the
air is much cooler. Cave entrances also can provide hiding cover from predators, and
shelter from the elements.
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Anecdotal observations of wildlife use of caves in the northern Rocky Mountains
suggests that wildlife values of caves in the MKMA may be similar to those documented
in other areas of western North America. In the MKMA Stone sheep and mountain goats
have been seen to use caves (B.Webster pers. comm). A newly discovered cave by
members of the Northern B.C. Caving Club near Tsakay Dene had extensive sign of
mountain goat use, including tracks, scat, and beds (B. Rutherford pers. comm.). Bones
of goats were also noted, including a skull covered in calcite, a process that takes
hundreds if not thousands of years to occur. Observations have also been made of several
large cave sites where deep deposits of mountain sheep droppings indicate prolonged and
regular use of these sites (D. Drinkall, B. Webster, pers. comms.) – presumably for
security habitat and/or for thermal regulation (in winter and summer).
Bats are known to roost and hibernate in caves in the Rocky Mountains (Rollins 1997),
and roosting has been found in caves as far north as the Grayling River (Grundy 1986).
Although recent exploration of a few shallow caves in the Liard River area found no
hibernating bat use (L. Wilkinson pers. comm.), there is still significant potential for bat
hibernaculum in caves in the MKMA. Bats range as far north as the border with the
Yukon and deep caves are good candidates for providing the stable conditions necessary
for successful hibernation. Deep caves with stable environments of 3-4 degrees Celsius
and 100 percent relative humidity have been found to be preferred for hibernating (Davis
et al 1998).
Other wildlife observed to use cave and karst features in northern interior climates
include, bushy tailed woodrats, swallows, ermine, porcupines and numerous insects
(several species are common including harvestman spiders, springtails, and crickets) (L.
Wilkinson, B. Richards, and B. Rutherford, pers. comms., Rollins 1997). Despite
important anecdotal observations of wildlife use of caves, cave and karst features as
habitat is poorly understood in northern regions.
4.1.2 Karst Ecology
4.1.2.1 Terrestrial Ecosystems
The karst landscape has been found to influence surface plant communities through
effects on soil attributes. The chemical process that results in the formation of karst also
influences the chemistry of soils. Soil acidity is reduced in the chemical process through
the removal of carbonic acid, and nutrients are rapidly introduced as the limestone
dissolves. Increased productivity has been linked to the nutrient rich soils that develop
on limestone, which has well developed subsurface drainage, and a fragmented bedrock
surface which allows for more wind firm rooting (Baichtal 1995, Ford and Harding
1993). In Alaska and Vancouver Island, forests on karst landscapes are recognized as
having greater diversity and abundance of plants (Baitchtal 1995; Ford 1991). Cave
entrances also affect plant communities, due to the more stable annual and diurnal
temperature and humidity of entrances compared to the surrounding landscape, which
results in differing growing conditions (Ministry of Forests 1997). The site productivity
and influence on plant communities has been suggested as an important factor in wildlife
use of karst areas (Baitchtal 1995).
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In the Rocky Mountains, Cannings and Cannings (1999) note that grass communities
tend to form on limestone substrates. The impact of karst forming, or potential karst
forming limestones on plant communities in the Rocky Mountains, and the impact this
may have on wildlife use, is poorly understood.
4.1.2.2 Aquatic Ecosystems
Karst has also been noted to influence aquatic environments. In Alaska, streams
associated with karst areas had greater biodiversity and productivity, resulting in greater
salmonid productivity in streams exiting karst landscapes (Baitchtal 1995). Water from
karst systems is buffered by the carbonates, and is of a more consistent temperature
resulting in an increased invertebrate diversity and abundance (Baitchtal 1995).
Increased productivity associated with karst landscapes has also been noted in the
northern Yukon (MacHutchon 1998).
4.1.3 Potential Archaeological Values
There is high archaeological potential throughout most of the MKMA area (Fort Nelson
LRMP 2000, Fort St John LRMP 2000). Archaeologists with a background in the
northern Rocky Mountains have indicated that caves are of particular interest in the
MKMA (K. Walde and R. Farvacque, pers. comms.). Horizontal cave entrances may
have been used as places of habitation, and or had symbolic interest to past human
residents (J. Driver, pers. comm.).
It has been previously assumed that caves at higher elevations and latitudes were less
likely to be used by past human residents due to the colder conditions found in these
caves (J. Driver, pers. comm.). However, recent work has suggested otherwise. In the
Fishing Branch Region of northern Yukon, the caves of Bear Cave Mountain provided
shelter and cache sites for past human residents (Gotthardt 1997, cited in MacHutchon
1998). In four sub-alpine caves in Strathcona and Clayoquot Plateau Provincial Parks,
cut marks on bones dated 830-2630 years old indicate seasonal hunting in the vicinity of
the caves (Nagorsen et al., 1996).
In Alaska archaeological and palaeontological studies completed in caves have provided
support for theories on human migration into North America (Baichtal 1995). Artifacts
have been found in several shelter caves in the Rocky Mountains (Rollins 1997), and
Charlie Lake Cave near Fort St. John has been the source of numerous studies (J. Driver
pers. comm.). On Vancouver Island, littoral caves were used as burial sites by aboriginal
peoples (Stokes 1996).
4.1.4 Palaeological Values
Deposits in limestone caves within the MKMA can provide vital information on past and
present wildlife distribution, ecosystems, and climate. Such information provides an
historical context that is vital for an understanding of the ecological processes and
changes in habitat presently at work in the MKMA today.
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In northern regions, bone and organic deposits in caves have provided vital historical data
invaluable to researchers and managers alike. Limestone caves provide a cool, stable,
basic environment that allows excellent preservation of bone and organic material (Aley
et al 1993 in Baitchtal 1995). In southeastern Alaska, bone deposits as old as over 40,000
years have been found, and have provided clues to the composition of historic wildlife
communities (Baichtal 1995). Lauriol et al (1997), studied cave speleothems in the
Yukon, and found clues to the time periods of past glaciations for the last 300 thousand
years before present. Pollen collected from the speleothems gave an indication of the
plant communities during interglacial periods.
In British Columbia, examples of important discoveries include Vancouver Island, where
marmot bones, several thousand years old, found in caves throughout the island have
indicated the historic range, and habitat, of the endangered Vancouver Island Marmot.
The recent discovery of 12, 000 year old mountain goat bones in two caves on Vancouver
Island is the first evidence of goats every existing on the island (Nagorsen pers. comm.).
Using today’s knowledge about mountain goat habitat, this information provides clues to
the ecosystems, and habitat available, during the end of the last glaciation on Vancouver
Island. Pollen analysis from sediment on three 10,000-year-old black bear skeletons
found in caves on Vancouver Island indicated the climate and forest type that these bears
lived in (Nagorsen et al. 1995).
Similar studies on the organic deposits in caves have been conducted in the northwest,
including Alaska, the southern half of the Rocky Mountains, and in the Fort St. John area
(Charlie Lake cave) (Baichtal 1995, Rollins 1997, Driver et al 1995).
4.2
Recreational Values
Karst landscapes and caves of the Rocky Mountains and Vancouver Island have provided
exceptional recreational opportunities for caving enthusiasts from B.C., Alberta and
around the world. For over 30 years the British Columbia Speleological Federation, and
the Alberta Speleological Society have been exploring and documenting caves, and
providing support for management initiatives regarding caves. A small but growing
industry in adventure tourism is developing in cave tours in western Canada, particularly
the Rocky Mountains (e.g. Canmore Caverns, Canmore) (C. Yonge pers. comm.).
Presently there is no organized caving group(s) in Ft. St. John and Ft. Nelson (the closest
being two clubs in the Prince George area), however locals explore caves as an
occasional interest (K. Knight pers. comm.). As recreational interest in the MKMA
increases, there is greater potential for cave exploration and adventure tourism to occur.
Ecotourism of caves is already active in the Rocky Mountains and on Vancouver Island,
providing alternate economies for small communities. In the MKMA, shallow caves are
already part of the tour at the Nevis Lake Ranch, and on rafting trips along the Liard
corridor (Kathy Donally, K. Knight pers. comms).
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4.3
Industrial Resource Values of Carbonates in the MKMA
In British Columbia limestones and dolomites are used in the production of cement,
manufacturing of lime, pulp and paper industry, agricultural industry, mining industry,
production of fillers (whiting), production of stucco, and used as architectural material,
fill and road material (quarrying). In the northern Rocky Mountains, several limestone
quarries were opened in an attempt to supply the agricultural market in Alberta during the
early 1980’s (Fischl, 1992). In a review of limestone and dolomite resources in British
Columbia, Fischl (1992) reports that consumption of limestone and dolomite resources in
B.C. are going to increase in the future, particularly in the mining industry (to control
acid rock drainage) and the pulp and paper industry.
4.3.1 Mineral and Petroleum Carbonate Resources
Paleokarst is of interest for mineral and petroleum resources. During Paleozoic times, the
carbonates of the Rocky Mountains developed karst landscapes, and extensive cave
systems beneath the earth surface. Today, remnants of these cave and karst landscapes,
now collapsed and buried beneath more recent sedimentary layers, are found as
paleokarst in the Devonian limestones and dolomites of the MKMA (D. Morrow, D.
Rhodes pers. comms., Nelson et al 1998).
Paleokarst is noted for being highly permeable, a characteristic that allows mineral
deposition and pooling of hydrocarbons. Some of the more significant mineral deposits
in the MKMA include the lead/zinc barite deposits in the Muncho-McConnell, Stone and
Dunedin formations (e.g. Robb Lake deposit) (Nelson et al. 1998, Minfile 2000). The
ancient reef complexes from Devonian times have been the source of success for the
petroleum industry in western Alberta. Remnants of the Devonian Pres’quile Barrier
Reef are found in the Devonian carbonates in the MKMA. The paleokarst within the
Devonian formations, specifically the Dunedin formation, have high potential for oil and
gas reserves (D. Morrow pers. comm.).
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5.0
RESULTS
5.1
Source of Carbonate Rock in the Rocky Mountains
In Paleozoic times a shallow sea on a continental shelf covered what is known today as
western Alberta and eastern British Columbia. It was during this period that the
precursors to carbonate rock were deposited on the ocean floor. This ocean floor was
then lifted above the sea level in a series of collisions between continental and oceanic
landmasses. Close to 200 million years ago the oceanic plate (known as the Intermontane
Superterrane) collided with the continental shelf. Large slices of the Superterrane slid up
on top of the continental shelf, forming the Cassiar Range and the western ranges of the
present day Rocky Mountains (Cannings and Cannings 1999). A series of subsequent
tectonic collisions developed the main ranges and foothills between, stacking thrust
sheets from west to east. After millions of years of tectonic collision and relaxation
between a series of continental and oceanic terranes, the ancient Paleozoic seafloor is
found today as the carbonate rock that dominates the Rocky Mountains today (Gadd
1995).
5.2
Carbonates of the Muskwa-Kechika
Carbonates (limestones and dolomites) in the MKMA outcrop in northwest, southeast
trending bands throughout the northern Rocky Mountains and eastern slopes, and Cassiar
Range (Figure 1: Carbonate Formations Within the Muskwa-Kechika Management
Area). The west to east stacking of thrust faults during tectonic collision resulted in the
older rocks outcropping in the main ranges, followed by progressively younger rocks
through the front ranges and into the eastern foothills. Limestones and dolomites of
varying purity are found in most geologic groups and formations from Triassic in age
(outcropping in the eastern slopes and foothills), through to the Devonian, Cambrian and
pre-Cambrian aged groups in the Rocky Mountain core, northern Rocky Mountain
Trench, and Cassiar Range (Table 1).
As one travels westward through the Rocky Mountain foothills, outcrops of Cretaceous
sandstones, shales, and conglomerate blend into Triassic sedimentary dolostones and
limestones of the Baldonnel and Pardonet Formations. Further west in the front ranges,
carbonates of the Carboniferous Prophet Formation and relatives are found, followed by
the Devonian ancient reef complexes (MacIntyre et al 1998). Within the Devonian strata,
the late Devonian Besa River shales are found lying over top of the mid-Devonian
Dunedin and Stone limestones and dolostones, which in turn overlie the early Devonian
Wokkpash and Munch-McConnell Formations (Taylor and MacKenzie 1970). Beneath
the Devonian strata, the Silurian Nonda formation is found, comprised of dolostones,
sandstones and minor limestone (MacIntyre et al 1998). In the core of the northern
Rocky Mountains, northern Rocky Mountain Trench and Cassiar Range, Devonian
through to Cambrian aged sedimentary rocks are found.
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Table 1 Formations Containing Carbonate Rock in the Muskwa-Kechika1
MESOZOIC
CENOZOIC
ERA PERIOD
QUATERNARY
TIME
(millions of NORTHERN ROCKY MOUNTAIN ROCKY MOUNTIANS AND
years ago) TRENCH AND CASSIAR RANGE FRONT RANGES
present
TERTIARY
60 mya
CRETACEOUS
140 mya
JURASSIC
200 mya
TRIASSIC
240 mya
INKLIN GROUP
PERMIAN
280 mya
HARPER RANCH GROUP
ASITKA GROUP
NEWMOUNT LAKE FORMATION PROPHET FORMATION
EARN GROUP
BESA RIVER SHALES
RUNDLE GROUP
DUNEDIN FORMATION
STONE FORMATION
MCDAME GROUP
WOKKPASH FORMATION
MUNCHO-MCCONNELL
FORMATION
NONDA FORMATION
ROAD RIVER GROUP
ROAD RIVER GROUP
KECHIKA GROUP
KECHIKA GROUP
SKOKI FORMATION
GOG GROUP
ATAN GROUP
ATAN GROUP
ROSELLA FORMATION
MISICHINKA GROUP (Stelkuz
formation, Espee Formation,
MISICHINKA GROUP (Stelkuz
Tsadydiz Formation, Tuchodi
Formation, Tsadydiz Formation,
Formation)
Tuchodi Formation)
MUSKWA ASSEMBLAGE (Aida
MUSKWA ASSEMBLAGE (Aida
Formation, Tuchodi Formation,
Formation, Tuchodi Formation,
Goerge Formation, Chischa
George Formation, Chischa
Formation)
Formation)
PALEOZOIC
CARBONIFEROUS 360 mya
PROTEROZOIC
BALDONNEL AND PARDONET
FORMATIONS
LUDINGTON FORMATION
LIARD FORMATION
CHARLIE LAKE FORMATION
DEVONIAN
400 mya
SILURIAN
440 mya
ORDIVICIAN
500 mya
CAMBRIAN
540 mya
HADRYNIAN
HELIKIAN
2500 mya
1
Adapted from Gadd 1995, MacIntyre et al. 1998, and Journeay et al. 2000. Does not
include unnamed units.
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5.3
The Formation of Caves and Karst
Processes of erosion unique to carbonate rock form the karst landscape. Features such as
sinkholes, sinking streams, solutional gullies, vertical shafts, and cave entrances, among
others, characterize the karst landscape. These features are the result of the chemical
erosion, as opposed to mechanical erosion (wind, rain, glacial scour), of carbonate rock
by water. Carbonates2 with a high calcium carbonate content are susceptible to chemical
erosion through the dissolving action of acids. Carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and
soil is one source of acid, as it mixes with water to form a weak solution of carbonic acid.
Surface karst is the result of this acidic solution exploiting cracks in the carbonate
bedrock, and gradually increasing the size of fissures. As more water passes
underground, an increasingly complex drainage system develops, and cave systems are
the eventual result, forming at, or below, the water table.
In the Rocky Mountains, the process of cave formation is unique, although there is still
debate between academics over the details of how this process works. The majority of
caves in the world are formed in conditions of well-developed soil and high precipitation,
resulting in a high level of carbonic acid that drives the formation of karst. In the Rocky
Mountains, carbonic acid is limited by under developed soils and long winters where
precipitation falls as snow. Recent research has highlighted the importance of acid
forming compounds, such as sulphur, within the bedrock as important for cave
development in the Rocky Mountains (Worthington 1995). As water passes through the
bedrock, these acids are collected and transported into the water table, and frequently into
the geothermal zone where the water is heated. Recent research has found that some
caves of the Rocky Mountains formed beneath the water table in the geothermal zone
(Smart pers. comm.) Many of the hot and cold water springs of the Rocky Mountains
may be water resurfacing from long underground cave systems beneath the water table.
5.3.1 Caves and Karst in the Rocky Mountains
The caves of the Canadian Rocky Mountains are unique to the world. In his review of
caves in the Canadian Rocky Mountains and eastern foothills, Rollins (1997) describes
the discovery and history of exploration of 172 documented caves. The more significant
caves include:
 Castleguard Cave, which stretches for over 20 km. in length beneath the Columbia
Icefield, as Canada’s longest cave.
 Arctomys Cave, which at a depth of 536 m. is the deepest cave north of Mexico.
 Yorkshire Pot at 386 metres deep and close to 13 km in length; and
 Close to the Edge Cave, which is east of Prince George, has a 244 m. deep entrance
shaft, the deepest in North America outside of Mexico.
2
Includes both limestone and dolomites, however limestone is of particular interest for
karst development, as it has the potential to form karst a magnitude of several times over
that of dolomite
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The Bastille and Dezaiko Plateaus, also near Prince George, each encompass 175 square
kilometers of karst with potential for kilometer deep caves.
Evidence suggests that many caves of the Rocky Mountains were formed before, and
during, the glaciation events which began 2 million years ago. Dating of speleothems
(stalagmites and stalagtites) in caves of the Rocky Mountains has shown that most caves
were fully formed at least 350,000 years ago. Pollen from passages in Canada’s longest
cave has been aged to be between 10-13 million years old (Gadd 1995). Unique to the
Canadian Rocky Mountains, are the ‘ice caves’ in which cave passages have been
plugged by glacial ice, providing a unique opportunity for scientists to study the
underbelly of glaciers.
There are a number of factors that influence the presence, or lack, of caves and karst in
the Rocky Mountains, however, perhaps none is more influential than glaciation. Over
the millennia, successive glaciations have scoured surface karst, and filled and collapsed
caves (Ford and Williams 1989). Glaciers have scoured out valley bottoms, leaving
many cave entrances high and dry, far above the valley floor on the faces of cliffs.
Nevertheless, glaciers have also been responsible for the promotion and preservation of
cave and karst features (Ford and Williams1989). The water source of several caves in
the Rocky Mountains has come from glacial runoff, and through the draining of glacial
lakes (Rollins 1997).
5.4
Cave And Karst Resources in the MKMA
5.4.1 Previous Exploration
Through the literature review and interviews with personnel from various ministries and
exploration groups, no research, inventory or documentation of cave and karst areas in
the MKMA could be found. Cave resources fall under the mandate of the Ministry of
Forests, and discussions with ministry personnel in the Ft. Nelson and Ft. St. John Forest
Districts indicate that no inventory of cave and karst areas has been completed in the
MKMA (M. Thorpe, R. Rutledge pers. comms.).
Much of the exploration, surveying and research into caves in the Rocky Mountains has
been completed by researchers from universities in eastern Canada (University of
Western Ontario, McMaster), and speleological groups in Alberta and British Columbia.
The closest areas of cave exploration to the MKMA, conducted by a joint
Canadian/British team in the mid-1980’s, took place in the vicinity of Mount Bocock,
and in the Grayling River/ Vizer Creek area (now the Grayling Hotsprings Protected
Area) (Rollins 1997,Grundy 1986) (Figure 1). Highly developed karst has also been
noted between Moulder and Teeter Creeks (Minfile 2000) (Figure 1). In his review of
caves of the Rocky Mountains, Rollins (1997) notes that the northern Rocky Mountains
are of particular interest to speleological groups, however the difficulty and cost of access
has deterred most individuals from exploration.
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5.4.2 Potential for Cave and Karst Resources in the MKMA
There are a number of factors that influence the potential for a particular limestone
outcrop to form karst. These include purity (the greater percentage of calcium carbonate,
the more pure the limestone), bedding, porosity, grain size and texture, and mechanical
strength of the limestone unit, and topography (Ford and Williams 1989). Generally
thick limestones of high calcium carbonate content in areas of low dip bedding, and high
topographic relief tend to form karst (Ford and Williams 1989). Other important factors
affecting cave and karst development are climate, and soil and vegetation development.
A recent karst potential model developed by the Ministry of Forests (2000), reviewed the
bedrock lithology, climate, and biological factors determining karst development in
British Columbia at the 1:250,000 scale. At this broad scale, northeastern B.C. (the
Rocky Mountain and Cassiar Ranges) was identified as having the greatest coverage of
high potential karst developing limestones in the province (Ministry of Forests 2000).
Within the MKMA there is significant potential for caves along the Cassiar Range, and
the core Rocky Mountain Range and front ranges (Ministry of Forests, 2000). The model
identifies less potential in the foothills and northern Rocky Mountain Trench. Potential
karst areas, as identified by the karst potential model, occur in all 1:250, 000 scale NTS
mapsheets on the MKMA. This model also formed the basis for Figure 1. It was noted
that there were substantial edgetie errors between the mapsheets (QKRP_bc.e00, dated
December 12, 2000). This should be taken in to consideration for future karst projects
developed on this map base.
5.4.2.1 Geological Formations of Interest for Cave & Karst Development in the MKMA
The formations that contain presently known cave and karst forming limestones are found
in the eastern front ranges and foothills of the northern Rocky Mountains (Table 2).
There are a far greater number of formations with the potential to form karst throughout
the MKMA (Table 2). The discrepancy is primarily due to the lack of research and
exploration in the northern Rocky Mountains to confirm the potential, or presence of
karst within these formations. Since no previous exploration or inventory work has been
completed in the northern Rocky Mountains, this is considered an incomplete list.
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Table 2 High Potential Karst Forming Limestones of the Muskwa-Kechika3
Formations of high potential
NORTHERN ROCKY
MOUNTIAN TRENCH AND
CASSIAR RANGE
ROCKY MOUNTIANS AND
FRONT RANGES
Ketchika Group limestones
Ludington Formation
Rundle Group limestones
Gog Group limestones
Earn Group limestones
Misinchinka Group limestones
Muskwa Assemblage limestones
Newmount Lake Formation
Skoki Formation
Road River Group limestones
Liard Formation
Charlie Lake Formation
Prophet Formation
Kechika Group limestones
Atan Group limestones
Misinchinka Group limestones
Muskwa Assemblage limestones
Formations presently known to
develop karst
Espee Formation
Baldonnel and Pardonnet
Formations
Dunedin Formation
The Devonian Dunedin formation is of particular interest for caves, as karst has been
noted in outcrops north of the Liard River (Grundy 1986, Minfile 2000). During the
exploration of the Grayling River/Vizer Creek areas by the British/Canadian expedition,
the highly developed karst that was discovered was in the Dunedin formation.
Significant outcrops of Dunedin formation are found in the Toad River/Muncho Lake
area (with a band extending south through the Tuchodi River area), and in the headwaters
of the Sikanne Chief/Besa River and Redfern Lake areas (Taylor 1970). Although the
Dunedin is more dolomitic to the south, limestone is found mixed within the dolostone
and solutional activity is evident where it outcrops (D. Morrow pers. comm.).
Triassic limestones are also of interest for karst development. Geological surveys
conducted in the western half of 94G NTS mapsheet (includes Besa and Prophet River
Resource Management Zones and Redfern Keily Protected Area) by members of the
Central Forelands Project (Geological Survey of Canada) noted karst features such as
sinkholes and resurgences (M. Cecile pers. comm.). Several features were noted in the
Baldonnel/ Pardonnet Formations. The caves of the Mt. Bocock area occur in the
Triassic Bocock Formation, which lies overtop of the Baldonnel/Pardonnet Formations.
A number of unnamed pre-Cambrian, Cambrian, and Ordovician carbonates in the
Cassiar Range and main Rocky Mountain ranges are of interest. Southeast of the
northern Rocky Mountains Trench, along the Gataga River, limestones of middle/upper
Cambrian strata up to 1 kilometre thick have potential for karst development (F. Ferri
pers. comm). Relatives of the Cambrian formations that contain caves and karst in the
3
High potential as identified by Ministry of Forests model 2000
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southern half of the Rocky Mountains (i.e., Lynx, Snake Indian, Cathedral Formations)
(Gadd 1995), are also found within the MKMA (MacIntyre et al. 1998).
5.4.3 Interviews and Review of Maps
Interviews and review of 1:50,000 scale maps provided a more detailed sense of cave and
karst resources in the MKMA, and allowed identification of potential study areas. A list
of individuals interviewed can be found in Appendix I. Sightings of caves are scattered
throughout the Rocky Mountain core, eastern slopes and along the northern Rocky
Mountains Trench. Figure 2: Cave and Karst Areas Identified in Background Research,
highlights core areas where caves have been noted.
In the Toad River area, caves along cliff faces have been noted near the community of
Toad River and along the Racing River (D. Clemments, and K. Knight pers comms.).
Several individuals noted cave entrances in the Through Creek area along the Gataga
River (B. Webster, and D. Wagner pers comms). An area of particular interest is the
Liard River corridor and surrounding terrain. As the Liard River crosses the Rocky
Mountains, it gains an estimated 20 cubic metres per second of water from subsurface
springs, indicating the potential for significant fossil passages above the river
(Worthington pers comm.). In the nearby headwaters of Sulphur Creek, caves entrances
have been noted (D. Drinkall, Dan Clemments pers comms.). In the Redfern Lake area,
review of 1:50,000 scale maps identified a number of large sinking streams and
depressions. Karst features and cave entrances have also been noted along Sidenius
Creek, and a sizable entrance noted within the Redfern-Keily Creek Protected Area (see
front cover). Along the Chowade River, a kilometer wide depression, 40 metres deep,
consuming several stream was noted on the 1:50,000 scale maps. A total of six large
depressions are in this area. Scattered sightings of caves have been made along the
trench and eastern side of the Cassiar Range (B. Webster, R. Woods pers comms.).
This review of known cave and karst features is not anticipated to be complete. The
1:50,000 scale maps reviewed are a limited resource in identifying cave and karst areas,
as caves are rarely identified and only large karst features are identified (as depressions)
with any consistency. Furthermore, the interviews collected here are not a complete
review of individuals who may have knowledge of caves or karst in the MKMA. In
addition, interview information does not provide a complete review of cave resources, as
it is limited by where individuals work or explore, and their interest in caves and karst.
6.0
DISCUSSION
The presence of caves in the landscape of the MKMA is expected to be similar to that of
the southern Rocky Mountains. As Gadd (1995) notes, the carbonate rock throughout the
Rocky Mountains is surprisingly similar, with some geologic groups occurring
throughout the Rocky Mountains (e.g. Rundle Group). The majority of caves in the
southern half of the Rocky Mountains have been found at high elevations, on plateaus,
and in locations bordering the major east-west gaps through the Rocky Mountain range
(Rollins 1997). There are, however, no hard and fast rules regarding the locations of
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caves in the Rocky Mountains. Caves have been found in a variety of topographical
landscape positions from the valley bottoms to ridge tops and cliff faces, as indicated
through discussions with locals, similar caves have been noted in the MKMA isolated,
with little evidence of surface karst, or grouped on high elevation karst plateaus.
The present level of karst potential mapping provides only a broad scale estimate of
where potential karst forming limestone rock may occur. The bands of limestone rock in
which caves and karst can potentially form are expected to be a subset of this area.
Clearly there are caves in the MKMA, as noted by the observations of geologists working
in the area, and locals familiar with the MKMA. However documentation of caves and
karst in the MKMA is absent, and the associated values of these caves is poorly
understood. If the southern half of the Rocky Mountains is any indication of cave
resources in the northern half, there is the potential for a number of very large subsurface
cave systems. Furthermore, there is potential for important wildlife use, bone deposits,
artifacts, and a multitude of cave speleothems and features unique to each cave.
7.0
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
The carbonate resources of the MKMA support a multitude of resource values, from
industrial mineral and petroleum resource potential, to potentially significant cave and
karst systems and associated values. There is potential for conflict between these
resource interests. In order to better manage cave and karst resources in the MKMA, the
following is needed:
• Inventory of known cave areas, and refinement of potential cave and karst areas in the
MKMA. The broad scale high potential mapping provides only a general idea of
where high potential karst forming carbonates may occur, and is limited by baseline
information on the geology of the area, and the databases used.
• Preliminary assessment of archaeological, recreational, biological, and
palaeontological associated values of caves located in the inventory. This can assist
in determining appropriate management strategies for caves ( i.e. promoting
recreational values, or protection of sensitive features within caves)
• Review potential impacts of industrial activities (petroleum and mineral exploration
and development) on caves and karst in the MKMA.
• Review the potential impacts of recreation and ecotourism. Recreation and
ecotourism in caves can be valuable means with which to educate and develop
appreciation of the wilderness values of the MKMA in local communities and
tourists. However, increased access and overuse of caves can result in damage of
cave features, bone deposits and artifacts.
An inventory of cave and karst resources in the MKMA will allow the development of
management tools to predict, and mitigate, the impacts of both industrial development,
and recreational activities on caves and karst resources. An inventory would also provide
baseline information for the potential development of research projects into the
biological, palaeontological, and cultural features of caves and karst. Building a
knowledge base around this resource will provide a better understanding of the past and
present ecosystems, climate, and wildlife distribution within the MKMA. Such work is
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Cave and Karst Resources of the Muskwa-Kechika Management Area
vital for the sustainability of cave and karst resources, and the further understanding of
the ecosystems at work in the MKMA.
8.0
INVENTORY PROJECT DEVELOPMENT
8.1
Inventory Methods
8.1.1 Office Procedures
Preliminary work will involve the review of recent airphotos and maps to confirm karst
areas in high potential limestones, and then to stratify study areas. Surface landscape
features, such as sinkholes, sinking streams, karren (solutional runnels, or gullies), and
cave entrances in the carbonate bedrock characterize the karst landscape. These features
can frequently be found on airphotos and small-scale maps as depressions, which indicate
the potential for caves. Air photos can be a means of identifying important landscape
features (such as plateaus) that may have karst, and refine site study areas worth
exploring.
In addition to a review of air photos, continuation of interviews with locals and those
familiar with the MKMA will be conducted to determine sites worth further assessment.
8.1.2 Field Procedures
Fieldwork will be conducted to define the boundaries of karst areas, identify the level of
karstification and the potential for caves, and to locate individual caves and assess
biological, archaeological, and recreational values. Stokes and Griffiths (2000) have
reviewed methods used in karst inventories throughout the world, including B.C. and
other areas of Canada. A preliminary aerial reconnoiter of karst areas allows the
boundaries of the karst area(s) to be determined, and the discovery of larger karst
features (caves entrances, sinkholes, resurgences). If significant karst features are noted,
then the second step, a ground reconnoiter, is warranted. The flights should be conducted
in the spring to take advantage of higher water tables when resurgences will be flowing
and more easily identified (C. Keen pers. comm.).
Three ground search methods, as documented by Stokes and Griffiths (2000), may be
used, depending on the intensity of karstification and the potential for caves. These are, a
low intensity reconnaissance walkabout, a moderately intensive grid pattern or
judgmental search, and finally, a high intensity total search grid (Stokes and Griffiths
2000). The judgmental search involves only surveying areas that are suspected of having
significant karst features or caves (these features will first be identified during the aerial
survey).
Once caves are located a preliminary assessment of recreational,
palaeontological, recreational and wildlife values will than be completed. Subsurface
inspection of caves can occur either concurrently, or after, the completion of the ground
search.
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8.2
Study Areas
8.2.1 Besa/Prophet and Redfern Keily Creek Protected Area
Of management interest are the Prophet River, and Besa-Halfway-Chowade Resource
Management Zones (RMZ’s). The Redfern Keily Creek Protected Area is adjacent to the
above-mentioned RMZ’s, and identification of karst landscapes and caves in this area
would fulfill the park’s mandate to identify unique and sensitive features within the park.
A review of karst features within the park also would provide baseline information to
monitor impacts of use.
Within the above mentioned RMZ’s, the Dunedin Formation outcrops in a northwest,
southeast trending band through the west central portion of both RMZ’s, and the Redfern
Keily Creek Protected Area. The Dunedin is up to 500 metres thick in some areas (e.g.
Mt. Bertha area). Potential study sites include Mt Bertha, Colledge Lake and a 14 square
kilometer plateau of Dunedin formation northwest of Redfern Lake. These sites occur in
the southern portion of the MKMA where recent airphotos and geological information
(Geological Survey of Canada, Central Forelands Project) is available in the 94G NTS
mapsheet (Figure 3: Besa-Prophet and Redfern-Keily Study Area).
Other areas of interest in the southern portion of the this areas include an area of
numerous sinkholes and sinking streams in the Chowade River area (as mentioned above)
and Sidenius Creek, a low elevation site where cave have been reported. The Sidenius
Creek area is of particular interest due to its relatively close proximity to the Amoco road,
which runs along the Sikanne Chief River. The relatively easy access to these caves may
attract a disproportionate number of users in the future, potentially impacting cave
features and values. Also of interest are the Loranger Creek and Minaker Creek areas
where karst features have been noted (L. Lane pers comm.)
8.2.2 Alternate Study Areas
Alternate study areas include:
• The Northern Rocky Mountains Protected Area where high potential limestones are
found throughout, and sightings of caves and karst have been made.
• The Liard River Corridor is of particular interest for the potential for fossil passages
above the Liard River. The surrounding area is of interest where sightings of caves
have been made (i.e. Sulphur Creek), and where the Dunedin Formation outcrops.
• Through Creek along the Gataga River where high potential limestone occurs and
sightings of caves have been made.
8.3
Collaborative Interest
Interest in a cave and karst inventory project, or other project related to caves and karst,
was explored with a number of private and government agencies, including the Royal
British Columbia Museum, British Columbia Speleological Federation, Alberta
Speleological Society, B.C. Parks in the Omineca Peace region, Archeologists, UNBC,
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Cave and Karst Resources of the Muskwa-Kechika Management Area
petroleum and mining industry (Husky Oil, PetroCanada, Anderson Oil, BP Amoco,
Cominco), and Ministry of Forests (Appendix 1).
The Royal B.C. museum is interested in a project exploring the biological, archaeological
and palaeontological values of caves in the MKMA. There is a knowledge gap in the
north regarding past faunal and floral communities and climate, and cave deposits would
be an important source of information on past ecosystems, and human and animal
dispersal (D. Nagorsen pers. comm.). The Royal British Columbia Museum’s Living
Landscapes program was initiated to improve the understanding of the various regions of
British Columbia through research and inventory projects in partnerships with local
communities. The goals of this program dovetails with the objectives of this project in
attempting to increase the knowledge of unique features in the north. The museum has
the expertise in the fields of archaeology, palaeontology and pollen analysis, and is
willing to provide support in these fields for a project assessing caves in the MKMA (D.
Nagorsen pers. comm.).
The B.C. Speleological Federation (BCSF) is interested in the exploration, research and
conservation of caves, and has members throughout the province. Presently the BCSF is
involved in developing a database of cave and karst resources for British Columbia, to be
shared with government ministries. Members of the BCSF have the technical expertise in
the exploration and surveying of caves, and have provided support for research efforts
into caves, and management of caves on Vancouver Island. The caving community on
Vancouver Island and the Royal B.C. Museum has had a fruitful relationship resulting in
many significant palaeontological and archaeological findings on Vancouver Island (D.
Nagorsen pers. comm.). Members of the Northern B.C. Caving Club (a member of the
BCSF) have experience in inventorying karst regions in the Rocky Mountains, and would
be interested in volunteering on a project documenting cave and karst regions in the
MKMA (B. Rutherford pers. comm.). Members from other regions of the province, and
from the Alberta Speleological Society, may also be interested in providing support for
this project.
B.C. Parks is interested in documenting the resources in the parks of the MKMA. An
inventory of cave and karst resources in the parks of the MKMA would allow better
stewardship of these resources and provide baseline information to allow assessment on
the impact of use of caves in the future. Discussions with Brian Webster (Resource
Officer, B.C. Parks) have provided valuable background information for this project.
Parks will be kept abreast of the results of all future work into cave and karst resources in
the parks of the MKMA. Permission to study cave and karst resources in the parks has
been agreed to in principle (B. Webster pers. comm.).
The University of Northern British Columbia is also interested in developing research
projects in the MKMA. Determining the features of limestone, and cave and karst
features that have an impact on the environment, and the wildlife use and effect of karst
development on vegetation are all areas that the university may be interested in
conducting further research (K. Parker pers. comm.).
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The petroleum industry and the mining industry are interested in paleokarst in carbonates.
A confirmed link between surface karst and paleokarst would be of interest for mining
and petroleum exploration.
Identification of important habitat features and
archaeological sites would be important for companies with development plans in the
MKMA. Companies must provide plans on wildlife and archaeological resources to
mitigate impacts of drilling. Discussions with oil and gas companies opened the
possibility of logistical support (helicopter access, camps) for fieldwork in the MKMA.
The most active times for these companies in the MKMA are in the winter, which may
limit the availability of these resources.
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9.0
REFERENCES
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Karst and Cave Resource Management. 1995 National cave Management Symposium
XII, October 25-28, 1995, Spring Mill State Park, Mitchell, Indiana. 18pp.
Baichtal J.F. Personal communication, Nov. 2000. Forest Geologist-Karst and Cave
Resource Management Specialist. Thorne Bay, Alaska.
Blackwell, B.A. 1995. Literature review of management of cave/karst resources in
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Cave Management Guidebook. 1995. Draft Publication. Forest Practices Code of British
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Cannings, S and R. Cannings. 1999. Geology of British Columbia: A Journey Through
Time. Greystone Books, Vancouver, B.C. 118 pp.
Cecile, M. Personal Communication. Central Forelands Project. Geological Survey of
Canada, Calgary, Alb.
Davis, M., A. Vanderberg, T. Chatwin, M. Mather. 1999. Bat usage of cave systems on
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Drake J.J., D.C. Ford. 1974. Hydrochemistry of the Athabasca and North Saskatchewan
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Drinkall, D. Personal communication Aug. 2000. Guide outfitter. Muncho Lake, B.C.
Driver J., Personal communication, Aug. 2000. Dean of Graduate Studies, Professor of
Archaeology, Simon Fraser University. Vancouver, B.C.
Driver j.C., M. Handly, K. R. Flad,ark, D. E. Nelson, G. M. Sullivan, and R. Preston.
1995. Stratigraphy, Radiocarbon Dating, and Culture History of Charlie Lake Cave,
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Ferri, Filippo, Chris Rees and JoAnne Nelson. 1996. Geology and Mineralization of the
Gataga Mountain Area, Northern Rocky Mountains (94L/10, 11, 14 and 15). British
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Fischl, P. 1992. Limestone and Dolomite Resources in British Columbia. British
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Ford, D.C. and P.W. Williams. 1989. Karst Geomorphology and /hydrology. Unwin
Hydman Ltd, London. 601 pp.
Ford, D.C., 1983 Castleguard Cave and Karst, Columbia Icefields area, Rocky Mountains
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Fort St. John Land and Resource Management Plan. 2000.
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Fort Nelson Land and Resource Management Plan. 2000.
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Gadd, B. 1995. Handbook of the Canadian Rockies. Corax Press, Jasper, Alberta,
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Gotthardt 1997 cited in MacHutchon 1998. Grizzly bear habitat assessment, Fishing
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Grundy S. 1986. Caribou Mountains Expedition. Canadian Caver. Vol. 18, No. 2. Pp. 2025.
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Harding, K.A., and Ford, D.C. 1993. Impacts of primary deforestation upon limestone
slopes in northern Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Environmental Geology 21:
137-143.
Harmon, R.S., D.C. Ford and H.P. Schwarcz. 1977. Interglacial Chronology of the Rocky
and MacKenzie Mountains based upon 230Th/234U dating of calcite speleothems.
Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 14: pp. 2543-2552.
Holsinger and Shaw. 1987. Stygobromus quatsinensis, a new amphipod crustacean
(Crangonyctidae) from caves on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, with remarks
on zoogeographic relationships. Can J. Zool. Vol. 65. Pp. 2202-2208.
Huntoon, P.W. 1995. Mountain Hydrology-peaks and valleys in research and
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Vancouver, B.C., May 16-19, 1995. 55-63 pp.
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scale 1:1 000 000.
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Bellefontaine, K. (compilers). 1998: Geology, Fort Nelson, British Columbia; Central
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1999.
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Madrone Consultants Ltd.
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Cave and Karst Resources of the Muskwa-Kechika Management Area
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Rutledge, R. Personal communication. Aug. 2000. Planning Officer, Ministry of Forests,
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and Pricinples (KISP) for British Columbia. Res. Br., B.C. Min. For., Voctoria, B.C.
Work Pap. 51/2000.
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Thorpe, M. personal communication, June 2000. Operations Manager, Ministry of
Forests, Fort Nelson.
Walde, K. Personal communication. Heritage North Consulting Limited. Fort St. John,
B.C.
Webster, B. Personal communication. Resource Officer, Ministry of Environment Lands
and Parks, Fort St. John, B.C.
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Lands. American Scientist. Vol. 83. Pp. 450-459.
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Council. Vegreville, Alberta.
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Worthington S.R.H., D.C. Ford. 1995. High sulfate concentrations in limestone springs:
an important factor in conduit initiation? Environmental Geology. 25:9-15.
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Cave and Karst Resources of the Muskwa-Kechika Management Area
Appendix I List of Contacts
NAME
Andrew Legun
Barry Richards
Ben Gadd
Bob Ball
Bob Lane
Bob Rutherford
Brian Churchill
Brian Pate
Bruce Dolstrom
Bryan Webster
Colin Magee
Dale Drinkall
Dan Clements
Dan Walker
Darrell Wilkinson
Darren Wagner
Darwin Carey
Dave Morrow
Dave Richardson
Dave Stewart
David Nagorsen
Derek Rhodes
Don MacIntyre
Dr. Chas Yonge
Dr. Chris Smart
Dr. Derek Ford
Dr. Steve Worthington
Dr.Brian Pratt
Ed Beswick
Filippo Ferri
Gerry Still
Glen Stockmell
Greg Brady
Ian Drummond
Ian MacKenzie
J.C. Driver
James Gladdis
Jim Baichtal
Jim Goodbar
John Bellows
John Elliot
Jon Rollins
Karen Fallas
Kathy Donally
Kathy Parker
Keary Walde
Ken Long
Kevin Knight
Ksenia Barton
Larry Lane
Lisa Wilkinson
Marvin Eng
Mike Cecile
Mike Hammet
Miles Thorp
Murry Pow
Pat Shaw
Paul Gillis and Barb Coates
Paul Griffiths
Remi Farvacque
Rob Woods
Ron Rutledge
Ross Peck
Scott Fraser
Steve Amonson
Steve Chatwin
PHONE NUMBER/ E-MAIL
250-952-0046
403-292-7153
780-852-4012
403-233-1313
250-565-6125
250-562-4176
chillbor@ocol.com
250-788-2686
250-261-5700
250-787-3418
250-952-0360
250-232-5451
250-232-5465
250-952-0357 C
250-774-5511
604-467-7198
250-491-1885
403-292-7143
250-952-0359
C
403-296-3562
250-356-7226
derek.rhodes@cominco.com
250-952-0440
403-678-8819
519-661-3423
dford@mcmail.cis.mcmaster.ca
worth@interlynx.net
306-966-5683
250-565-6125
250-952-0377
250-387-6579
403-292-7173
403-232-7096
drummoni@enterprise.cybersurf.net
403-292-5565
driver@sfu.ca
250-261-5700
907-828-3304
james_goodbar@nm.blm.gov
403-233-1313
250-787-3269
403-678-3522
403-292-7004
contacted through Barb Coates
parker@unbc.com
250-785-0314
250-562-0192
250-563-3298
604-739-6667
403-292-7131
wilkinson@arc.ab.ca
250-387-2710
mcecile@nrcan.gc.ca
250-774-1068
250-774-5511
403-298-7203
dps@istar.ca
250-774-6457
250-923-1311
250-772-3015
250-787-3285
250-787-5600
250-787-21112
250-261-5700
250-787-5600
250-387-5887
Madrone Consultants Ltd.
AFFILIATION
Project Geologist, British Columbia Geological Survey Branch, B.C. Ministry of Energy and Mines
Research Geologist, Central Forelands Project, Geological Survey of Canada
Guide, Author, Jasper National Park
Geologist, BP Amoco, Calgary AB
Regional Geologist, Prince George, B.C. Ministry of Energy and Mines
President, Northern British Columbia Caving Club, Prince George
Chillborne Consultants, Ft. St. John
Chetwyn Forest Industries
Heritage Conservation Project Officer, Oil and Gas Commission, Ft. St. John
Resource Officer, Ministry of Environment Lands and Parks, Ft. St. John
Manager Petroleum Lands, Oil and Gas Commission, Victoria
Guide Outfitter-Muncho Lake
Resident, Toad River
Resevoir Geologist, Oil and Gas Commission, Ft. St. John
Protection/Compliance and Enforcement Technician, Ministry of Forests, Ft. Nelson
Geologist Consultant, Vancouver
Guide Outfitter-Scoop Lake
Carbonate Specialist, Geological Survey of Canada
Manager Geology Section, Oil and Gas Commission, Victoria
Canadian Ass. Of Petroleum Producers
Curator of Mammology, Natural History Section, Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria
Geologist-palaeokarst specialist, Cominco, Vancouver
Project Geologist, British Columbia Geological Survey Branch, B.C. Ministry of Energy and Mines
Cave guide, researcher, Alberta Speleological Society
Karst Researcher, Dept. of Geography, University of Western Ontario
Karst Researcher, Professor Emeritus, Dept. of Geography, McMaster University
Karst Hydrologist, Dept of Geography, McMaster University
Professor Dept of Geography, University of Saskatchewan
Regional Manager, Prince George, B.C. Ministry of Energy and Mines
Project Geologist, British Columbia Geological Survey Branch, B.C. Ministry of Energy and Mines
Manager of Ecology and Earth Sciences Section, Ministry of Forests, Victoria
Research Geologist, Central Forelands Project, Geological Survey of Canada
Geologist, Anderson Oil, Calgary AB
Alberta Speleological Society, Calgary
Alberta Speleological Society, Calgary
Dean of Graduate Studies, Professor of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University
Oil and Gas Commission Program Manager
Forest Geologist: Karst and Cave Management Specialist, Tongass National Forest, Alaska
Bureau of Land Management, Carlsbad, New Mexico
Project Manager for North-eastern B.C., B.P. Amoco
Head of Wilflife Section, Ministry of Environment Lands and Parks, Ft. St. John
Cave guide,Rresearcher, Alberta Speleological Society
Research Geologist, Central Forelands Project, Geological Survey of Canada
Nevis Lake Ranch, Muskwa-Kechika Management Area
Associate Professor Muskwa Kechika, University of Northern B.C.
Heritage North Consulting Limited, Ft. St. John
Consultant, Prince George, B.C.
Main Current Expeditions
R.P. Bio., Madrone
Research Geologist, Central Forelands Project, Geological Survey of Canada
Wildlife Ecologist, Alberta Research Council, Vegreville, AB
Landscape Ecologist, Research Branch, Ministry of Forests, Victoria
Research Geologist, Central Forelands Project, Geological Survey of Canada
Guide Outfitter-Sikanne Chief
Operations Manager, Ministry of Forests, Ft. Nelson
Project Manager, Husky Oil, Calgary AB
President, British Columbia Speleological Society, Vancouver
Guide Outfitter-Besa/Prophet
Cave Management Services, Campbell River
Big Pine Heritage Consulting, Fort St. John
Wildlife Technician, Ministry of Environment Lands and Parks, Ft. St. John
Planning Officer, Ministry of Forests, Fort St. John
Guide Outfitter-Tushodi Lakes
Land and Habitat Protection Officer, Oil and Gas Commission, Ft. St. John
Forest Recreation Officer, Fort St. John, Ministry of Forests
Research Branch, Ministry of Forests,Victoria
24
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Cave and Karst Resources of the Muskwa-Kechika Management Area
Fi gur e 3:
Besa- Pro ph et and Red fern -Keily Stu dy Area
Musk wa-Kechik a Management Area Boundary
High Potential Kars t-Form ing Limes tone
S tud y S ite s
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