Please do not make any marks on the test copy.
Please write all of your answers on the answer sheet provided by your teacher.
Multiple Choice - Choose the best and most complete answer.
1. A human with the genotype XX is
A. an example of the failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis.
B. a female.
C. a male.
D. a dwarf.
2. In humans brown eyes are dominant to blue eyes. A cross between a heterozygous brown eyed individual and a recessive blue eyed individual would result in a phenotypic ratio of
A. 9:3:3:1.
B. 1:2:1.
C. 3:1.
D. 1:1.
3. In humans, normal color vision is dominant over color blindness. A color blind male marries a female who is a carrier for color blindness. What is the probability that a color blind boy,
X n Y, would be born to these parents?
A. 0%
B. 25%
C. 50%
D. 75%
4. The scientist who first described the principles of dominance, segregation, and independent assortment was
A. Charles Darwin.
B. Albert Einstein.
C. Louis Pasteur.
D. Gregor Mendel.
5. The results of crossing a red flowered Japanese four o’clock plant with a white flowered
Japanese four o’clock are all pink offspring. This demonstrates the principle of
A. incomplete dominance.
B. multiple alleles.
C. mutation.
D. crossing over.
6. A trait that is carried on the X chromosome and has no allele on the Y chromosome is considered
A. an exception to the principle of codominance.
B. normal sex-linked inheritance.
C. lethal in females.
D. normal autosomal inheritance.
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7. A heterozygous individual would have the genotype
A. Hh.
B. hh.
C. HH.
D. hornless.
8. Which of the following is a sex-linked trait in humans?
A. red blood cell shape
B. eye color
C. blood type
D. color vision
9. If a mother has blood type A and a father has blood type B, their children’s blood types can be
A. A, B, or O only.
B. A, B, O, or AB only.
C. A or B only.
D. O only.
10. A change in the DNA of a gene is called a
A. gamete.
B. trait.
C. translation.
D. mutation.
11. The phenotype of an organism
A. is due to its genotype.
B. is represented with letters.
C. occurs only in homozygous dominant organisms.
D. is also called the organism’s genetic makeup.
12. A few human traits are believed to be carried by genes on the Y chromosome. A man with a gene that is carried on the Y chromosome will transmit this gene to
A. half of his male offspring.
B. half of his female offspring.
C. all of his male offspring.
D. all of his female offspring.
13. Autosomes are
A. special sex chromosomes.
B. found only in vertebrates.
C. mutated genes.
D. all the chromosomes except the sex chromosomes.
14. A woman is heterozygous for widow’s peak, and she has a child with a man who is homozygous recessive for widow’s peak. What is the probability of having a child with an even hairline?
A. 75%
B. 50%
C. 25%
D. 0%
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15. The male organs which produce the sperm cells are the
A. testes.
B. lungs.
C. kidneys.
D. ovaries.
16. Cells with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell are formed by
A. mitosis only.
B. meiosis only.
C. both mitosis and meiosis.
D. neither mitosis nor meiosis.
17. The _?_ has a “tail” for locomotion.
A. polar body
B. egg
C. sperm
18. What is formed by meiosis?
A. sperm only
B. egg only
C. gametes
D. muscle cells
19. Each body cell of a chimpanzee contains 48 chromosomes. How many chromosomes would normally be present in a gamete produced by this chimpanzee?
A. 6
B. 12
C. 24
D. 48
20. The joining of the egg and sperm cells is called
A. meiosis.
B. a dihybrid cross.
C. fertilization.
D. diffusion.
21. The female organ which produces the egg is the
A. stomach.
B. ovary.
C. heart.
D. polar body.
22. The human kind has 23 chromosomes. This statement describes
A. the human sperm only.
B. the human egg only.
C. both the human egg and sperm.
D. the human skin cell.
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23. Which diagram illustrates fertilization that would most likely lead to the development of a normal human male?
A.
B.
C.
D.
24. A cell produced by meiosis has the _?_ number of chromosomes.
A. diploid
B. haploid
C. triploid
D. double
25. In plants, meiosis occurs within the special reproductive structures called
A. flowers.
B. gonads.
C. hospitals.
D. Punnett squares.
26. Complex organisms produce sex cells that unite during fertilization, which forms a single cell known as
A. a gonad.
B. a zygote.
C. an embryo.
D. a gamete.
27. An individual with the genotype BBTt could produce the gametes
A. BB and Tt only.
B. BT and Bt only.
C. BB, Tt, Bt, and BT only.
D. B, T, and t only.
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The pedigree below shows the pattern of inheritance for a sex-linked trait. Use this pedigree to answer questions 28 and 29.
28. The female in the second generation must be
A. normal because her daughter is normal.
B. normal because the majority of her children are normal.
C. colorblind because her mother was a carrier.
D. a carrier because one of her sons is color blind.
29. If the couple in the second generation has another son, what is the probability that he will show this sex-linked trait?
A. 100%
B. 50%
C. 25%
D. 0%
30. In holly trees, red fruit (R) are dominant to white fruit (r), and spiny leaves (L) are dominant to smooth leaves (l). According to this Punnett square, how many of the new holly trees from this cross would be expected to have white fruit and smooth leaves?
RL Rl rL rl
RL
Rl rL rl
A. none
B. 1 out of 16
C. 3 out of 16
D. 9 out of 16
RRLL
RRLl
RrLL
RrLl
RRLl
RRll
RrLl
Rrll
RrLL
RrLl rrLL rrLl
RrLl
Rrll rrLl rrll
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31. The allele of a trait that always shows up in the F
1
generation is said to be
A. recessive.
B. sex linked.
C. dominant.
D. homozygous.
32. Somatic cells with the normal number of chromosomes are called
A. diploid or n.
B. diploid or 2n.
C. haploid or n.
D. haploid or 2n.
33. The phenotype of a heterozygous brown rabbit is
A. brown.
B. BB.
C. bb.
D. Bb.
34. Genetic information is shown in the diagram below.
This type of diagram is called
A. a Punnett square.
B. a karyotype.
C. a pedigree.
D. a blood sample.
35. DNA is replicated
A. before meiosis begins.
B. during meiosis.
C. at the end of meiosis.
D. during cytokinesis.
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Use the following diagram to answer the questions 36 and 37.
36. What would be the sex of the individual with the above genetic information?
A. female
B. male
C. male and female
D. There is not enough information available to determine the sex of the individual.
37. Which of the following statements is true?
A. The individual’s diploid number is 46.
B. The individual would be expected to be normal.
C. The individual would be expected to have a genetic disorder.
D. The individual’s haploid number is 46.
38. To visualize Mendel’s experiments, or any cross in genetics, a simple diagram called a
__?__ may be used.
A. graphing calculator
B. Punnett square
C. probability circle
D. genotype
39. The division of the cytoplasm is called
A. crossing over.
B. mitosis.
C. meiosis.
D. cytokinesis.
40. A cross between an individual that is heterozygous for a trait and an individual that is homozygous recessive for the same trait will probably produce offspring with
A. all the same genotype.
B. two different genotypes.
C. three different genotypes.
D. all of the same characteristics.
41. The variations of the genes for a single trait are called
A. alleles.
B. gametes.
C. sex cells.
D. phenotypes.
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42. Recessive alleles are represented with a
A. capital letter.
B. small or lower case letter.
C. word.
D. number.
43. In a DNA molecule, guanine always pairs with
A. adenine.
B. cytosine.
C. guanine.
D. thymine.
E. uracil.
44. Which of the following is a nitrogen base that is found in RNA but not in DNA?
A. adenine.
B. cytosine.
C. guanine.
D. thymine.
E. uracil.
45. The genetic code of an organism is determined by the
A. number of amino acids in its cells.
B. sequence of DNA nucleotides.
C. shape of the ribosomes in its cells.
D. speed at which its proteins are produced.
46. Which of the following carries the codon?
A. DNA
B. mRNA
C. rRNA
D. tRNA
47. Which of the following carries the anticodon?
A. DNA
B. mRNA
C. rRNA
D. tRNA
48. The DNA molecule is an important component or part of the
A. vacuole.
B. chromosome.
C. ribosome.
D. endoplasmic reticulum.
49. Which of the following carries the amino acid to the site of protein synthesis?
A. DNA
B. mRNA
C. rRNA
D. tRNA
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50. If the nitrogen bases in one strand of a DNA molecule were A T C C G A , what would be the complementary messenger RNA strand?
A. T U C C G T
B. T A G G C T
C. U A G G C U
D. A T C C G A
51. Which of the following serves as the site of protein synthesis?
A. amino acid
B. nucleus
C. DNA
D. ribosome
52. The process of making mRNA using DNA as a template is called
A. protein synthesis.
B. transcription.
C. translation.
D. replication.
53. The process of “reading” mRNA to produce a protein is called
A. protein synthesis.
B. transcription.
C. translation.
D. replication.
54. The process of copying DNA is called
A. protein synthesis.
B. transcription.
C. translation.
D. replication.
55. Where in the cell does the process of translation occur?
A. nucleus
B. ribosome
C. tRNA
D. mitochondrion
56. Where in the cell does the process of transcription occur?
A. nucleus
B. ribosome
C. tRNA
D. mitochondrion
57. Which of the following is usually double stranded but can be easily separated during replication or transcription?
A. DNA
B. mRNA
C. rRNA
D. tRNA
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58. A nucleotide consists of
A. a nitrogen base, a sugar, and a phosphate group.
B. a sugar, a protein, and an amino acid.
C. ribose, deoxyribose, and a phosphate group.
D. a nitrogen base, an amino acid, and ribose.
59. Which of the following is not a difference between DNA and RNA?
A. deoxyribose / ribose
B. phosphate group
C. thymine / uracil
D. number of strands
60. Where does the DNA molecule separate during replication?
A. between the sugar and the phosphate group
B. between the sugar and the nitrogen base
C. between two sugar molecules
D. between two nitrogen bases
61. Which of the following is a structural component of the ribosome?
A. DNA
B. mRNA
C. rRNA
D. tRNA
62. The monomers of nucleic acids are
A. polypeptides.
B. amino acids.
C. fatty acids.
D. nucleotides.
63. All of the following are pyrimidines except
A. adenine.
B. uracil.
C. thymine.
D. cytosine.
64. Which of the following carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosome in the cytoplasm?
A. DNA
B. mRNA
C. rRNA
D. tRNA
65. If the nitrogen bases on one strand of a DNA molecule were A T C C G A , what would be the complementary DNA strand?
A. A T C C G A
B. T U G G C T
C. T A G G C T
D. U A G G C U
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Use the following diagram of a nucleic acid to answer questions 66 through 69.
66. In the nucleic acid above, the structure labeled “X” represents
A. a nitrogen base.
B. a deoxyribose molecule.
C. an amino acid.
D. a phosphate group.
67. Which type of bond will form at point “Y”?
A. peptide bond
B. ionic bond
C. hydrogen bond
D. nitrogen bond
68. In the nucleic acid above, the structure labeled “Z” represents
A. a nitrogen base.
B. a deoxyribose molecule.
C. an amino acid.
D. a phosphate group.
69. In the nucleic acid above, the circle represents
A. a nitrogen base.
B. a deoxyribose molecule.
C. an amino acid.
D. a phosphate group.
70. Amino acids are linked to each other by
A. peptide bonds.
B. ionic bonds.
C. hydrogen bonds.
D. nitrogen bonds.
71. The term “double helix” is used to describe
A. mRNA.
B. tRNA.
C. DNA.
D. ribosomes.
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72. The sugar found in the nucleotides of an RNA molecule is
A. glucose.
B. sucrose.
C. deoxyribose.
D. ribose.
73. During transcription, which enzyme moves along the exposed strands and adds complementary nucleotides?
A. helicase
B. DNA polymerase
C. RNA polymerase
D. ligase
74. Which of the following is not an example of a protein?
A. enzyme
B. hair
C. muscle
D. DNA
Use the structure below to answer questions 75 through 79.
75. The diagram below represents the process of
A. transcription.
B. translation.
C. replication.
D. mitosis.
76. The structure numbered 4 represents the
A. codon.
B. mRNA.
C. rRNA.
D. anticodon.
77. The structure numbered 5 represents the
A. codon.
B. mRNA.
C. rRNA.
D. anticodon.
78. The structure numbered 2 represents the
A. protein.
B. peptide.
C. amino acid.
D. polypeptide.
79. The structure numbered 1 represents the
A. tRNA
B. mRNA
C. rRNA
D. DNA
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Base your answers to questions 80 through 82 on the diagram below which represents parts of two nucleic acid molecules.
80. At which location does the DNA molecule separate during replication?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
81. Molecules represented by strand Z move from the ? of a cell to the ? of a cell.
A. cytoplasm; ribosome
B. nucleus; mitochondrion
C. ribosome; nucleus
D. nucleus; ribosome
82. If strand X serves as a template for the synthesis of strand Z, the base sequence of that fragment of strand Z shown is
A. T-G-A-C.
B. U-G-A-C.
C. A-C-T-G.
D. A-C-U-G.
83. Mr. Sandival has blood type B and Mrs. Sandival has blood type O. They have three children of their own and one adopted child. Owen has blood type AB, Mary has blood type O,
Susie has blood type B, and Carl has blood type B. Which child is adopted?
A. Carl
B. Mary
C. Owen
D. Susie
84. A organism with the genotype TtRr could produce which of the following gametes?
A. TR, Tt, Rr, tr
B. TR, Tr, tR, tr
C. TR, tr only
D. Tr, tR only
85. If the sense strand of DNA is C C G A G A A C T, what would be the complementary mRNA? Write the answer on your answer sheet.
86. Using the following codon chart and the mRNA you got as your answer to question 85, what would be the sequence of amino acids? Write the answer on your answer sheet.
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The following pedigree shows the inheritance of the sex-linked trait of color vision. Use the pedigree to answer question 87 and 88.
54. What is the genotype of individual 10 in the above pedigree?
A. X N X n
B. X N Y
C. X n Y
D. X n Y n
55. What is the genotype of individual 2?
A. X N X n
B. X N Y
C. X n Y
D. X N X N
47. The molecule on which the enzyme acts is called the
A. catalyst.
B. pigment.
C. substrate.
D. photon.
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49. The following diagram represents the steps in an enzyme catalyzed reaction.
What is represented by letter A?
A. product
B. substrate
C. enzyme
Base your answers for questions 53 and 54 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
An experiment was conducted using two groups of 15 plants of the same species.
During the experiment, the plants were placed in identical environmental conditions.
The plants in the experimental group were given a growth solution every 3 days. The plants in the control group were given water every 3 days. The heights of the plants in both groups were recorded at the beginning of the study and at the end of a 3 week period. The data showed that the plants given the growth solution grew faster than those given the water.
53. What is the dependent variable in this experiment?
A. the species of the plants
B. the height of the plants
C. the amount of water
D. the growth solution
54. Which of the following is a constant in this experiment?
A. the height of the plants
B. the growth solution
C. the amount of water
D. the species of the plants
55. The separation of daughter chromosomes and division of a cell nucleus to form two nuclei, each with a full set of chromosomes, is called
A. cell division.
B. specialization.
C. mitosis.
D. cytokinesis.
56. The process by which water moves into and out of a cell is called
A. active transport.
B. the proton pump.
C. endocytosis.
D. osmosis.
57. The nucleus of a cell has 46 chromosomes before mitosis. After mitosis, each new cell nucleus
A. will have 46 chromosomes.
B. will have 23 chromosomes.
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C. will have 92 chromosomes.
D. will have an unknown number of chromosomes.
58. A light microscope has an ocular of 10X, a scanning objective of 5X, a low power objective of
15X, and a high power objective of 30X. What is the total magnification when the high power objective is in position?
A. 30X
B. 40X
C. 150X
D. 300X
59. The diagram below represents the fluid mosaic model of a cell membrane.
Which parts of the cell membrane do arrows X and Y indicate respectively?
A. protein and carbohydrate
B. phospholipid and protein
C. carbohydrate and phospholipid
D. protein and phospholipid
60. Which is the correct sequence for the stages of mitotic cell division represented by the diagrams below?
A. A C D B
B. A B C D
C. B A D C
D. B C D A
61. A complex cell with a membrane bound nucleus is called
A. a eukaryote.
B. a prokaryote.
C. a bacterium.
D. a mitochondrion.
1. Which of the following is the monomer of proteins?
A. ribosome
B. DNA
C. amino acid
D. nucleotide
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SOL Review
The diagram below represents a chemical reaction catalyzed by an enzyme.
49. Which letter in the above diagram represents the substrate?
A. A
B. B
C. A and B
D. C and D
Use the following diagram of a cell process to answer questions 50 and 51.
50. What kinds of cells are represented at G?
A. body cells
B. gametes
C. protists
D. prokaryotes
51. What is the diploid number of chromosomes?
A. 2
B. 4
C. 6
D. 8
Use the following drawings of cells to answer questions 52 and 53.
52. Which of the following represents the nucleus of the cells?
A. 2
B. 4
C. 6
D. 7
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53. Cell II is a plant cell. Structures 1 and 8 respectively are
A. the chloroplast and the vacuole.
B. the cytoplasm and the cell wall.
C. the cell wall and the chloroplast.
D. the vacuole and the cell wall.
Use the following graphs to answer questions 56 and 57. The graphs show activity of the same enzyme at different temperatures and pH values.
56. The enzyme is most active at
A. a temperature of 10  to 20  C and a pH of 2.
B. a temperature of 40  to 50  C and a pH of 8.
C. a temperature of 10  to 20  C and a pH of 8.
D. a temperature of 40  to 50  C and a pH of 2.
57. What is the dependent variable in the above experiment?
A. rate of enzyme activity
B. pH
C. temperature  C
D. pH and temperature  C
1. Which process is illustrated in the diagram below?
A. diffusion
B. replication
C. mitosis
D. crossing over
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