Questions
Q1.
The graphs show the effect of three different antibiotics on bacterial growth.
(i) Which of these is most effective at reducing the number of bacteria?
Put a cross (
) in the box next to your answer.
(1)
A antibiotic A
B antibiotic B
C antibiotic C
D no antibiotic
(ii) Explain how chemical defence mechanisms in the body reduce the chance of infection.
(3)
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Q2.
Athlete's foot fungus is a pathogen.
(i) Describe how athlete's foot fungus is spread.
(1)
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(ii) State the type of medication that can be used to treat this pathogen.
(1)
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Q3.
Controlling infections
(a) Athlete's foot fungus is a pathogen.
(i) Describe how athlete's foot fungus is spread.
(1)
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(ii) State the type of medication that can be used to treat this pathogen.
(1)
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(b) The graphs show the effect of three different antibiotics on bacterial growth.
(i) Which of these is most effective at reducing the number of bacteria?
Put a cross (
) in the box next to your answer.
(1)
A antibiotic A
B antibiotic B
C antibiotic C
D no antibiotic
(ii) Explain how chemical defence mechanisms in the body reduce the chance of infection.
(3)
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*(c) MRSA is a bacterial infection.
The graph shows the number of cases of hospital patients with MRSA infections from 1993 to
2005.
Explain the trend in the graph, even though the patients were treated with antibiotics.
(6)
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Q4.
* Describe how different pathogens are spread within human populations.
(6)
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Q5.
The spread of disease
Pathogens are microorganisms that cause disease.
(a) Draw one straight line from each disease to the type of pathogen that causes the disease.
(2)
(b) Some diseases can be treated with antibacterial drugs.
Explain how an antibacterial drug may become ineffective over time.
(3)
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(c) Complete the sentence by putting a cross (img) in the box next to your answer.
Chemicals may prevent the entry of pathogens.
One chemical that prevents the entry of pathogens is
(1)
A cilia
B lysozyme
C mucus
D skin
*(d) Describe how different pathogens are spread within human populations.
(6)
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Mark Scheme
Q1.
Answer
(i)
(ii)
C antibiotic C
An explanation
including 3 of the
following points:
 lysozymes /
enzymes (1)
 found in tears (1)
 hydrochloric acid
(1)
 in the stomach
(1)
 (chemical
defence) destroy
bacteria / pathogens
(1)
Acceptable
answers
Mark
(1)
accept
lungs/saliva for tears
stomach acid (1)
accept viruses for
pathogens Ignore
references to mucus
(3)
Q2.
Answer
(i)
(ii)
(direct) contact (with
fungus) / touch /
through the skin
/surfaces
antifungal
Acceptable
answers
Mark
(1)
fungicide /
antibiotics/ nystatin /
terbinafine /
itraconazole
(1)
Q3.
Answer
(a)(i)
(a)(ii)
(b)(i)
(b)(ii)
QWC
Acceptable
answers
(direct) contact (with
fungus) / touch /
through the skin
/surfaces
antifungal
C antibiotic C
An explanation
including 3 of the
following points:
 lysozymes /
enzymes (1)
 found in tears (1)
 hydrochloric acid
(1)
 in the stomach
(1)
 (chemical
defence) destroy
bacteria / pathogens
(1)
* (c)
Mark
(1)
fungicide /
antibiotics/ nystatin /
terbinafine /
itraconazole
(1)
(1)
accept
lungs/saliva for tears
stomach acid (1)
accept viruses for
pathogens Ignore
references to mucus
(3)
Indicative Content
An explanation of
how MRSA has
increased since
1993 also using the
evaluation of data
from the graph
 the number of
patients suffering
from MRSA has
increased / more
cases of MRSA
 by over 366 000
since 1993
 data quoted from
the graph
 ref to poor
hygiene in hospitals
 MRSA is a
bacterium that is
resistant to
antibiotics
 individual
bacteria show
variation
 when a bacterial
infection is treated
with antibiotics those
bacteria with low
resistance are
Mark
(6)
Level
1
0
1-2
destroyed first
 the more
resistant bacteria
survive
 if a patient stops
taking the antibiotics
then the resistant
bacteria will live to
reproduce
 the new bacteria
will also be resistant
to antibiotics
 these bacteria
will not be able to be
treated with
antibiotics so the
number of cases
continue to rise
No rewardable content
 a limited description of the graph only or
the increase in bacteria only
 the answer communicates ideas using
simple language and uses limited scientific
terminology
 spelling, punctuation and grammar are
used with limited accuracy
2
3-4
 a simple description of the graph with a
limited explanation of how bacteria
continued to increase
 the answer communicates ideas
showing some evidence of clarity and
organisation and uses scientific terminology
appropriately
 spelling, punctuation and grammar are
used with some accuracy
3
5-6
 a detailed explanation (with data) using
the graph of the emergence of resistant
bacteria which then reproduce, linked to
antibiotic treatment
 most of the steps are identified and are
in a logical order
 the answer communicates ideas clearly
and coherently uses a range of scientific
terminology accurately
 spelling, punctuation and grammar are
used with few errors
Q4.
Question
Number
QWC
Indicative Content
*
Level
1
0
1-2
2
3-4
3
5-6
Mark
A description of how
pathogens are
spread and how they
enter the human
body in a logical
order • cholera
bacteria ingested
through the drinking
of ‘dirty’ water
• Salmonella
bacteria ingested
through
contaminated food
products / spread by
direct contact
• influenza virus
spread through
droplet
inhalation/airborne
process • athlete’s
foot fungus spread
by contact with
fungal spores • HIV
spread by exchange
of contaminated
body fluids
• dysentery
infection / bacteria
spread through
housefly vector
• malaria protozoa
spread by the
Anopheles mosquito (6)
No rewardable content
• few examples of pathogens are given
and/or wrongly linked to their sources of
infection or method of transmission • the
answer communicates ideas using simple
language and uses limited scientific
terminology • spelling, punctuation and
grammar are used with limited accuracy
• there are several examples of pathogens
mentioned linked to their source of infection
• there is a link to the method of
transmission for each of the pathogen • the
answer communicates ideas showing some
evidence of clarity and organisation and
uses scientific terminology appropriately
• spelling, punctuation and grammar are
used with some accuracy
• the majority of the pathogens are
mentioned and linked to their source of
infection • the method of transmission is
described accurately for each of the
pathogens • the answer communicates
ideas clearly and coherently uses a range of
scientific terminology accurately • spelling,
punctuation and grammar are used with few
errors
Q5.
Question
Number
(a)
Question
Number
(b)
Answer
both lines needed for 2
(2)
marks
Answer
Acceptable answers
Mark
An explanation
linking three of the
following points • to
treat bacterial
infection, antibiotics /
antibacterial drug are
used (1)
• antibacterial drug /
antibiotics may be
overused / misused
(1) • some bacteria
resistant to the
antibacterial drug
may survive (1)
• these resistant
bacteria will produce
resistant offspring (1)
(3)
Question
Number
(c)
QWC
Mark
Answer
Acceptable answers
(1)
B
Question
Number
*(d)
Mark
Indicative Content
A description of how
pathogens are
spread and how they
enter the human
body in a logical
order • cholera
bacteria ingested
through the drinking
of ‘dirty’ water
• Salmonella
bacteria ingested
through
contaminated food
products / spread by
direct contact
• influenza virus
spread through
Mark
(6)
Level
1
0
1-2
2
3-4
3
5-6
droplet
inhalation/airborne
process • athlete’s
foot fungus spread
by contact with
fungal spores • HIV
spread by exchange
of contaminated
body fluids
• dysentery
infection / bacteria
spread through
housefly vector
• malaria protozoa
spread by the
Anopheles mosquito
No rewardable content
• few examples of pathogens are given
and/or wrongly linked to their sources of
infection or method of transmission • the
answer communicates ideas using simple
language and uses limited scientific
terminology • spelling, punctuation and
grammar are used with limited accuracy
• there are several examples of pathogens
mentioned linked to their source of infection
• there is a link to the method of
transmission for each of the pathogen • the
answer communicates ideas showing some
evidence of clarity and organisation and
uses scientific terminology appropriately
• spelling, punctuation and grammar are
used with some accuracy
• the majority of the pathogens are
mentioned and linked to their source of
infection • the method of transmission is
described accurately for each of the
pathogens • the answer communicates
ideas clearly and coherently uses a range of
scientific terminology accurately • spelling,
punctuation and grammar are used with few
errors