1
Effect of open shoes and frog support bar shoes
on hind feet in six show jumping horses.
(focused of hind foot at the midstance phase)
Juergen Gotthardt
FdSc & AWCF, APF Farrier
2
List of Contents
Title
Effect of open shoes and frog support bar shoes on hind fee
in six show jumping horses.
Achnowledgements
Abstract
Page 3/4
Page 5
1.0 Introduction
Page 6
2.0 Materials and Methods
Page 27
3.0 Results
Page 37
4.0 Discussion
Page 48
5.0 Conclusion
Page 50
6.0 References
Page 51
7.0 Appendices
Page 53
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This Work is done
For “Willi”
My dead Father what was a great horseman. He introduces me best in my life.
Acknowledgements
The author would like to thank at first his lovely wife “Gabi”.
She gave the support to do this long journey.
Next word of thanks goes to those following people for their help and inspiration during this big
study. Mark Nathan Caldwell, John Reilly, Neil Madden, Peter and Carole Hampson, David Gulley,
Angus Wiseman, Mark Johnson, and all other from Myerscough College.
Special thanks made to
Leonard Ziegler from Optronis for video recording
Björn Noreik from Additive for the statistics,
Marus Wenz &, Andreas Eisenmenger for the horses
James Hines & Johannes Schmidt ,Helping Farriers
and Denise Manns with horse Lybero
4
Juergen Gotthardt FdSc & AWCF, APF Farrier
2010/2011/2012
Science and Research Report to Athletic Equine Sport
Fig 1 Test horse Lybero with Open Hind Sport Frog Support Hind Sport Shoe at the moment
the maximum takeoff power development. In a jumping horse the impulsion is used in an
upwards- forward movement. It shifts the bodyweight from the front to the hind. The
hindquarters works as a energy store or spring before it release the energy quick. At an
upright fence of 1 m high it needs to go clear an angle from 45 ° (Prütting and Paalman 1983)
5
Abstract
Show Jumpers are mainly shod with the same types of shoes as other leisure riding
horse. This review summaries current knowledge in farriery and focused the aim to
measure and compare the Angle of Orientation at the Midstance Phase. The study
runs under realistic conditions with six show jumpers on a sport arena surface. High
Tec tools was used to identify results from the moment of Impact during high-speed
locomotion. Measurement results and Statistic identify differences in the Horse
Sample Size. Regards to the Mann-Whitney Statistic Test the average angle of
orientation from open hind shoe (5,1°) change to (11,3°) frog support bar hind shoe.
That highlights the importance of the interaction horse and shoe type for sport
abilities such as show jumping.
The findings can be used to develop farriery science, reduce injury and benefit the
athlete horse.
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1. Introduction
The reason for this research is because show jumping horses are mainly shod with
the same types of shoes as other leisure riding horses and yet in other sports where
ground interaction is important (such as running or motorsports) the shoes or tires
are changed frequently. Therefore, to see if there is an effect of shoe type on
jumping performance this study investigated the effects of a frog support bar sports
shoe for a horse compared to a more usual open hind shoe.
Some studies describe that Show jumpers and each other horse has a minimum of
one injury per year. Some injuries are known, others are unknown by the owner,
trainer or farrier etc.
Approximately 80 % of all injuries are directly linked to the horse’s foot. Many of
them are linked to poor hoof management and unbalanced feet. Performance horses
have also very often wrong shoes for the specific sport disciplines. Optimum
biomechanics function of the limb and well shod feet will be the best prophylaxes on
every single horse/ sport horse, because the speed in the limb by any moving horse
creates greater forces. Have a look at racehorses.
Farriers are in the unique position to see the horse from time to time, some horses
every week, some every day. They can observe every horse, which trimming and
shoeing technique will be good and helpful, what happens and finally what will be
poor and wrong. It is up to each farrier’s knowledge to change the shoeing plan in
order so that the horse is sound and performs well.
If the horse shows any lameness the horse owner will ask his vet for any treatment.
But usually the reason for lameness is linked to mechanical forces. And the important
job on horse’s feet will be done by a surgical and remedial farrier.
Any vet diagnostic image or report will be helpful and complete the farrier’s clinical
observations.
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Fig.2 function of hind limb in sand arena; Author put in text from Clayton (2012)
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1.1 Reason for performing study
You may not think that football has much to do with a horse, but why is that a
human goes to a sports arena in one type of shoe and then changes into a another
type of shoe for performance? The horse doesn´t do this. However, the benefit of
good shoes and the technique to assess the performance is now being used to
analyze horse’s movements on hind limb and hind footage.
Each horse is captured in a way that enables us to re-screen the horse movements.
All data, images and videos are stored on the laptop and accompanied by a portfolio
that is kept with the horse’s name.
The aim of this study was to compare the most used open hind shoe and a new frog
support bar sport shoe via High Speed recording and analyze some findings with
equine software and statistic test’s, such as different footings, deceleration,
acceleration, velocity and other information what may be effect daily farriery work
such as foot and limb function, soundness and optimum performance of the horse
or educating other horse care professionals.
Optimum hind foot shoeing and dynamically assessing the horse in motion is a long
standing problem and be also tricky communicating this assessment to clients, vets,
farriers and other experienced practioners.
The show jumpers hind foot at the moment of impact during high-speed locomotion
is known to be performance
Any abnormal dynamical movement or forces can and will increase in the risk to
injury to the equine athlete.
Fig. 3 Show jumper shod with
handmade concave open hind shoes
Fig. 4 Show jumper shod with
Frog Support Shoe
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1.2
Relationship? Potential Energy (PE) during jumping
The horse’s hind foot together with the shoe as a basic platform for all forces, GRF,
forces from the Horse down the column bones.
Is this platform level on the ground surface or sinking deeper on the front or hind,
aspect? The complete hind limb extends and stored elastic energy by suspensory
ligament and flexor tendons. The gastrocnemius muscle lengthens to control the
flexion of the hock.
This potential energy is due to deformation /position of the inner struction of the
limb and foot, like laminar forces, tendons, etc. And optimize loading energy and
minimize stress.
Whatever the horse purpose its feet and legs
form its complete dynamic foundation functions.
Competition and sport horses should be shod with optimum foot balance and
proactive Sport shoes in mind, so their natural movement and paces are showcased.
Whilst farrier cannot produce a Grand Prix jumping horse, the correct selection and
application of shoes can minimize or optimize a horse’s physical ability, soundness
and Performance.
Shoeing the competition horse, it is therefore essential to shoe the horse to ensure it
is able to perform to its most ergonomic potential, to ensure maximum performance
and to minimize the risk of injury during the horse’s training regime.
The hind limb and footing play an important role in the athletic sport horse and the
power for all of a horse’s forward and upward movements and performance.
Quantitative analysis of movement is becoming an important tool in the optimization
of sports performance, both in human and in equestrian sports. Most studies in
horses have focused on the cyclic movement patterns: walk, trot, canter and gallop
(Leach and Dagg 1983) the kinematics of jumping have studied less detail and
concentrated on the spatial and temporal variables describing hoof placement, which
were recently quantified extensively (Clayton and Barlow 1991; Deul and Park 1991).
The ground reaction forces (GRF) during take-off and landing were studied by
Schamhardt et al. (1993), providing detailed information about the function of the
limbs during jumping.
Equine locomotion involves the distal limb being subjected to repeated impulsive
loadings. Musculoskeletal tissues have the ability to adapt to moderate amounts of
exercise and the associated stress (limb impact), although repetitive and strenuous
10
exercise (especially footings the hind limb of jumping horses hind feet) has the
potential to exceed the safety threshold of the tissues, leading to acute and chronic
injuries (Clayton, 2002)
Effects of impact loading over years of training and competition lead to degenerative
joint disease, which is primary reason for premature retirement of sport horses such
as a jumper. (Clayton, 2002)
It is important to realize that the damage is initiated long before the effects become
obvious to the trainer or veterinarian.
Footing has a huge effect on impact, and the horse’s athletic career can be prolonged
by living and working on good shoes.
Recent research was focused in the equine industry on hoof- surface interaction and
how different types of surface have affect the locomotion of the horse (Thomason
and Peterson, 2008), but in a real practical situation the hoses is not a set of perfect
rigid body segments and so it is up to the Farrier to select the shoe and helping so to
alleviate all the positive effects of sport shoes due to the performance horses career
longevity.
Unfortunately no much data is public about effects on different hind shoes and
there effects in jumping horses. The present work aimed at studying the effects of 2
different shoes. Differences how the foot with the shoe digs in, how those have
effects or not on deceleration, acceleration, push off, angles.
STIMULI AFFECTING THE HORSE DURING JUMPING
Joint torques
External
Visual
Horses information
pain
Audible
Type and
design
(modification)
of horseshoes
Weater
conditions
Surface type
Rider, Seat,
Legs, hands,
weight, etc
Horse Response to jump
Fig. 5 factors for the horse to response the jump
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1.3 Keywords:
Video recording, High Speed Camera, Frog Support Bar Sport Shoe,
open hind Shoe, takeoff, jump,
1.4 Literature Review History
The first documentation on animal locomotion was produced by the Greek
philosopher Aristotle (384-322BC), who in one of his books accurately describes
quadrepedal locomotion.
After him was a little documented study done from the Italian Giovanni Alphonso
Borelli.
He calculated the force of muscle and recognized that muscles were working under
nervous control. In his book De motu Animalium he describes the centre of gravity
and makes observations on limb placement in various gaits (Borelli 1681)
In 1779 the first modern work was focused on equine gait and locomotion and
published by two Frenchmen, Goiffon and Vincent. They represented the horse’s gait
in a graph form using a schematic stick diagram. Edward Muybridge together with
Etienne Jules Marey presented in the 19th century their experiment” Equine
locomotion”, in 1877 used a set of 24 still cameras along the length of the animal’s
path.
Rooney (1974), Back and Clayton (2001) and others have studied and described how
the horse touches the ground with his foot and how the forces travel up the limb,
kinematic energy, and how different footing change the forces in the horses limb,
joints, tendons and muscle. That has effects on the performance and sooner or later
on the horses soundness.
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1.5
Equine Locomotion
The horse presents a variety of different gaits and each gait is identified by differences in
sequence and timing of footfalls also horses present a variety of different jumps. A stride
length can be defined as the displacement of center of mass during a complete stride.
(Clayton 2004).
Show jumping today is very popular and round the world a lot of money involved.
In the current study, stride length was not measured because it is not relevant when a horse
has stored energy in his hind limb and then has release when jumping over a 1 m jump. The
study are focused some measurements on the right hind foot with the open hind shoe
compare to a frog support bar sport shoe.
Fig. 6 The movement of Hind Limb on a flat ground.
Fig. 7 The Curve of Potential Energy and kinetic energy
However, show jumping today is very popular and around the world a lot of money is
involved.
In the current study, stride length was not measured because it is not relevant when a
horse has stored energy in his hind limb and then has release when jumping over a 1
m plain jump. The measurements in this study are focused on the movement of the
distal hind foot and how the foot with the open hind shoe interacts with the ground
and how it then pushes off compared to a frog support sport bar shoe.
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Fig 8
limb as energy stored/release system in jumping
Fig 9 the simulate curve of potential energy and
kinetic energy as spring mechanism
1.6
Gait definition during jumping
Phase
Definition
Approach
stride
This is the last complete stride before take-off, and represents the
period from impact of the trailing hind limb until the impact of the
trailing hind limb at take-off
Take-off
This represents the period from impact of the hind limb
until lift-off of the hind limb in the jump stride
Jump flight
This is the period from lift-off of the leading hind limb at take-off
until impact of the trailing fore limb at landing
Landing
This represents the period from impact of the trailing forelimb after
the jump flight until the succeeding impact of the trailing hind limb
Table 1 definitions of phases of jumping stride.
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1.7
Impact
Footing has an important effect on impact. The career of sport horses can be prolonged by
living and working with good shoes and surfaces and by being well ridden. Manage and
other ground surfaces are directly linked to some and injuries (Olympic Games Athens).
The farrier is in the unique position to change the horse’s shoes for comfort and to
compensate for some poor conditions quicker than anyone could change the surface or
weather conditions. This farriery procedure can aim to reduce soft tissue damage and
catastrophic fractures and also help the performance of the horse. In human sports and
formula one racing the shoes and the tires has a key role and are usually quickly changed.
By horses Impact primary is when the hoof collision with the ground surface, usually this
impact force is very high, secondary Impact represents the commencement of the next
collision, the bodyweight of the horse with the limb.
Since these characteristics are potentially damaging to the bones and joints, the
musculoskeletal system has several mechanisms for attenuating impact forces. The soft
tissues inside the hoof, such as the laminae, digital cushion, and blood circulation, attenuate
the impact vibrations (Lanovaz, 1989).
1.8
Support Phase
Support phase (second phase of Impact) this represents when the full energy rapidly travels
up the limb as a shock wave and the full bodyweight is acting downwards to the foot. We
term this shock wave as concussion. This rapid vibration frequency has a high magnitude and
is potentially damaging to bones and joints.
The dissipation of concussion (in milliseconds) is due to flexion of the hind limb joints, and is
absorbed by tissues such as cartilage and joint fluids tendons and hoof and by absorbing by
footings.
In the study project the concussion will be lower on the jumping horses than racehorses, but
the athletic career will be longer and it is well know that the modern show jumper is
associated with development of arthritis, joint disease, tendonitis, Some factors affecting
Concussion such as – Surface – speed – and shoes.
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1.9 Locomotion of a take Off Canter Stride
Particular mobility of the jumper can be spoken, if the mobility of relevant for jumping joints
is larger than is required by the general mobility. This is clearly generating the thrust from
the hindquarters.
Prütting (1983) states that the take off the limb is closed, and like a spring” Sloothaak brings
his horse to the appropriate jumping off point, Argonaut jumps well below the hindquarters
and developed a powerful thrust that propels him formally to the oxer. The take off canter
stride as a dynamic movement of a mass system subject to a number of mathematical and
physical laws. The air resistance is not taken into account. Some calculations and
investigations revealed that a horse in the jump phase, briefly, a force must develop four
times the size of the body weight from the rear. Thus, all forces in the hoof are four times as
large.
The "take-off" begins when the forelegs leave the ground and is completed when the hind
legs leave the ground. Once the horse leaves the ground, he is unable to influence the
trajectory that his center of mass follows through the air, which makes take-off the most
critical phase of the jumping process. Most of the energy required to clear an obstacle is
produced by the hind leg. The longer the hind legs are in contact with the ground, the
greater their capacity for producing power. The further forward the hind legs are placed
under the body, closer to the obstacle, the longer this stance phase. Power is produced by
the compression of the hind leg, which flexes at the hip, stifle, hock, and fetlock, and then
releases energy like a spring.
1.10 Function of the Distal Limb as a Spring
(Mechanism)
The Horses hind limb as a spring mechanics (Mechanical energy is conserved by storage and
release of elastic energy) is quite well known (Clayton, 2004). It is an elastic energy in the
hind limb that pushes the horse over the jump. The tendons elastic tissues are stretched and
this process stores this mechanical energy and also releases it to provide propulsion. This
limb function is like a spring. The flexor tendons and suspensory ligament store elastic
energy as the fetlock joint extends in early stance, than releases it as the fetlock flexes later
in the early swing (Clayton, 2004).
The vertical force plays a key role by the jumping horse and it is well known that this force is
much higher in the take off stride when hind feet touch the ground at last canter stride. Very
high impact force must change to high potential energy quickly so that the horse can lift off.
In the Gallop an additional energy –saving mechanism involves flexion and extension of the
trunk as the hind limbs are protracted and retracted (Clayton, 2004).
AIM.
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Null Hypothesis:
a) Null Hypothesis H°1
A sport frog support bar shoe will not increase the angle of orientation at
Midstance Phase !
b) Null Hypothesis H°2
The horse itself has no effect on the angle of
orientation at Midstance Phase !
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1.11 Tendons
Fig. 10 from equine Locomotion Back, Willem, 237
Fig. 11 from facebook, Robinho Ferrador, anatonia
The different tendon types
•
Positional Tendons (movement Tendons)
-
DDFT = Deep Digital Flexor Tendon (low strain tendon)
-
Distal Accessory Ligament (low strain tendon)
-
ET = Extensor Tendon (Common Digital Extensor Tendon) &
(Lateral Digital Extensor Tendon)
•
Elastic Tendons (these are high Energy storage Tendons)
-
SDFT = Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon (high strain tendon)
-
SL = Suspensory Ligament (high strain tendon)
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High strain tendons generate energy for fast locomotion; low strain tendons ensure stability
and are less likely to become injured. (Wilson and Goodship, 1994) In vivo force transducers
have been used to show that levels of tensile forces rise rapidly in the early part of the
stance phase in both the superficial flexor tendon and suspensory ligament. That rise in
forces in the deep flexor tendon occurs more slowly and peaks at a lower level later in the
stance phase (Platt et.al., 1994 (Fig.9.9) The role of tendons, as with other biological
structures, is related to structural morphology. Thus with exercise, and particularly elite
athletic performance, the different functional requirements will result in the need for
changes in composition and structure of the tendons.
In the sport horses the flexor tendon stored Energy and controls the fetlock together with
the suspensory ligament what will be greater extension by faster speeds. Some research
study show the rate a tendon can be stretched and back to his original length. That will be
21% before the tendon fails and is damaged. That means that 100millimetre tendon is able
to stretch up to 121 millimeters before the tendon fibres break. When you consider that the
flexor tendon in the average performance horses undergoes a strain rate of 17% how little
margin for error there is “The objective measurements of lameness and changes in
locomotion are missing pieces of critical information needed to make key decisions related
to equine health and performance” ( Mc Ewan 2012), cited at www.angliaequine.co.uk )
1.12 Hoof deformity
In this study the horse travels in a fast gait and bring at the take off both limb/foot together
or near together with a high speed. That creates high forces on the joints, cartilage and
Digital cushion. We know that the cushion could change itself under load because it is there
role and it is very elastic so when the force release it comes back to his original shape. We
term this as elastic energy store process. The foot expands lateral and medial at the wall and
heel whilst the dorsal wall of the foot flattens as the proximal dorsal wall rotates
caudoventrally about the distal border (Douglas et al., 1996)
The underlying theory is that the flexible hoof function is to much when a open hind shoe is
on the foot. Meaning that this shoe cannot provide the best weight bearing platform.
Concussion and torque forces are not dissipated adequately, sooner or later it damage the
hoof, soft tissue, tendons and other structures up the limb. (Wrangel .,1877)
19
Fig.12
Diagram from Reilly (2006) Chapter 20 in Corrective farriery,
Edited by Simon Curtis,
(Reilly acknowledges adapted from Anton Lungwitz, Dresden, Germany, 1891)
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1.13 Hind Limb Function
(jumping) Fetlock, Hock and Knee
In contrast to the forelimb, the diffraction behavior of the joints in the hind limb. If the leg is
brought forward, knees, ankles and ankle are bent together. For the musculus peroneus
tertius tendon-like is (third leg calf muscle) responsible and the Achilles tendon, the knee,
hock and pastern together. The raise of the hind limb is done mainly by the gut including
lumbar muscle (Musculus iliopsoas), he pulls himself together and thus the leg forward. A
portion of the femoral biceps muscle (biceps femoris) angled at the knee joint. The ankle is
the interaction of the muscles on the front and back of the tibia flexed automatically,
because (musculus peroneus tertius), the third leg calf muscle and the superficial flexors
almost entirely (such as the suspensory ligament) consists of tendon tissue. They bend and
stretch at the same time when the foot leaves the ground. The return of the hoof and hind
leg is done by the mighty (medius muscle gluetaeus). His tension causes the entire rear leg
lead (retraction). The contraction of the rear jaw muscles supporting the gluetaeus muscle
here in this swing-back of the hind limb. At the same stretches of the trek of four knee joint
(quadriceps femoris musculus), the knee joint. From this aspect of the knee joint naturally
results in an extension of the jump and fetlock joint. Now the horse is based on and the cycle
begins again. While the hind leg is recycled and thus the horse is pushed forward, increases
the angle formed by the hip joint. The knee joint flexes slightly, while the ankle bends first
and then stretched so that opens the angle. This finds out his ankle stability, while the
mighty gluetaeus lead back muscles and back muscles, the rear leg. The bend of the knee
joint and the stretching of the ankle thus allows the lifting of the ankle in the final phase of
the step. This reduces the tension of the superficial flexor. The same applies for the hoof, it
is possible to rotate into the surface. If the foot not rotate into surface, there is more
extension of the fetlock, pastern and coffin joints associated with high forces on distal check
ligaments and navicular region as well and the muscle must work harder (Rooney , 1979)
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1.14 Energy / Input
(or PE = potential Energy)
In physics, potential energy is the energy stored in a body or in a system due to its position in
a force field or due to its configuration The SI unit of measure for energy and work is the
Joule (symbol J). The term "potential energy" was coined by the 19th century Scottish
engineer and physicist William Rankine. Potential energy exists when a force acts upon an
object that tends to restore it to a lower energy configuration. This force is often called a
restoring force. For example, when a spring is stretched to the left, it exerts a force to the
right so as to return to its original, unstretched position (Wikipedia)
In this Study the energy input comes from the horse’s hind limb when it touches the ground
with body mass and speed. Scientifically the individually skeleton have also a role in which
angle the foot touch the ground, in this study we was not focused on the energy lost. But
may be the different shoes have an effect on energy lost, by the individual style of footing.
Like a rubber ball.
1.15 Energy /Lost
It is well know that the horse lost energy depend on the different surface as well his Foot.
The elastic and plastic deformation from foot and surface together will be Handle in this
study as a sum of energy lost. The energy lost of the whole system (test subjects & surface)
should be low in the same way as a spring mechanics.
Because we are not focused on them no foot was trimmed by changing the shoes. All trails
where done under same day condition (weather, surface, same fence)
1.16 Energy / Return
( spring mechanics Energy)
If the spring is released or the mass is dropped, this stored energy will be converted into
kinetic energy by the restoring force, which is elasticity in the case of the spring, and gravity
in the case of the mass (Wikipedia)
Energy return, have an influence to athletic performance (Baroud et al., 1999)
In this study the energy return will be affected from the individual shoe bearing platform.
The horse should be recoil in the same way as a spring.
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1.17 Surface as a Risk Factor for Injury
The equine athlete is placed under ever increasing demands; the interaction between
genetic and environmental factors will have an effect on the horse’s health and performance
(Back and Clayton, 2001).
In surface the horse foot tends to sink in the surface with the heels or toe when the foot
touches the ground. In the second phase of Impact when the foot stop to move forward and
massive force travels down the limb bones (Weight Bearing phase) the foot move back and
downwards (digs in/change the angle to level) . This movement, plus the strain on flexor
tendons and suspensory ligament have damaged effects with time. Joints and cartilage at
this stage are hyperextend and may be they touch the ground. Some fracture at the joint
end could be also a result.
In hard surface the horses foot could not digs in (so much) and Energy lost is smaller. But the
shock wave to bones, cartilage and joints travel upwards the hind limb. Consequently that
has more a high risk to fractures. (Clayton, 2004)
1.18 Hoof Surface Interaction
The Horses Foot is not designed by nature for jumping, whereas cloven-footed animals are
natural jumpers on a account of their type of hooves, which give them that extra spring and
shock absorbing support. In general, the heel of the foot takes the greatest pressure,
especially for a show jumper. Often the pastern bone touch the ground, it then forms an
angle of slope nearly 90° to its normal position. Therefore, if the heel is cut too low, the
stress upon the tendons and the internal structure of the hoof is even more severe.
(Paalman, 1978)
The surface has a direct physical impact on the equine athlete; track material characteristics
can also have implications for injury as well performance (Reiser et al, 2000)
1.19 Break Over
(Definition of break over): At about 85 percent of stance (phase), peak force in the deep
digital flexor tendon is reached. This causes the heels to lift and as the animal moves
forward, the foot rolls over the toe, eventually lifting away from the ground.
23
1.20
Hoof Slip
Occurs within the first 20-30 Milliseconds of the stance phase (Wilson and Pardoe (2001)
showed that a shod hoof slipped for an average of 35+- 7mm on concrete during trot. His
study results demonstrated clearly that there was no difference between the speeds of the
horse in the 3 different types of shoes. The horse slid for a similar time after impact in steel,
plastic and rubber shoes.
In the study the ground surface is different to Wilson and Pardoe’s study and is used in
many show jumping arenas.
1.21
Hoof landing velocity
The force that acts when two bodies collide is a function of the masses of the bodies, the
materials from which they are made and their relative velocity at collision. During horse
locomotion, the foot collides with the ground at the beginning of stance phase and impact
force acts to decelerate the foot relative to the ground. In this context, collision velocity is
the landing velocity of the hoof and the materials relevant to the collision are those
comprising the track surface, the foot of the horse and the shoe; however it is
(Jeremy, 2004).
The measurements in this present study may be influence by hoof landing velocity
(frames/second), Hoof landing angle and some other variables. On the opposite side when
the foot leaves the ground (acceleration) will may be effected by some variables like
different shoes, that will effected or not the velocity in frames /second, the angle of
acceleration , horizontal and vertical measurements.
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1.22 Kinetic

kinematics is the study of movement

kinetics is the study of the forces involved in movement
Is the Study of motion in relation to forces causing it. The relation to farriery includes muscle
Function and symmetry of horse, gait assessment, foot flight and foot fall, lameness
identification,
Foot displacement, foot and limb impact or loading, shoe wear, hoof capsule distortion and
break over.
Force= mass x speed or term as concussion ca 4 times higher than normal foot touch
 Kinematic
Is the study of motion. This is related to the overall movement and co- ordination of
the horse. Gait assessment, Lameness identification, and kinematic break over, foot
flight, foot fall and in this study the take off on jumping
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1.23 Horseshoes
Open Hind Shoe (OHS)
The open hind shoe is the most used shoe to protect the hind foot, the shape cover the
shape of the outer hoof capsule, and is quite easy to change in any shape.
Frog Support Bar Shoe (FSBS)
Advantages and disadvantages Frog Support Bar Sport Hind Shoe is describe here
Fig. 13a Frog Support Bar Shoe
Fig. 13b Frog Support Bar Shoe Ground Side
“The FSBS provide a greater weight bearing platform, will stabilize any shearing forces,
limited hoof deformity by the frog plate plus the bar , usually used to stabilized any shearing
forces, reduce deep sinking, reduce soft tissue damage and physiological better blood flow
The New Hind Sports shoe with frog support, combines the benefits of an Egg bar and Heart
bar shoe. The extended heel surface gives extra support relieving hock problems and the
frog support alleviates sore suspensory ligament issues and a blood flow nearly the same as
barefooted.” (Personal Communication, Jim Blurton, 2011).
This shoe mimics the unshod foot and optimizes weight bearing throughout the foot. The
shoe not only provides superior support for the horse but also gives the farrier many added
benefits to make the fitting as simple and quick as possible.
The shoe incorporates a roll toe and is safe off at the heel. Side clips are standard and they
have the stud holes already sunk. Unique to these shoes they incorporate pitched nail holes
providing a different angle for each nail making it easier to nail on. (PR Flyer Jim Blurton)
In this Study we will focused at first to the point of Mid Stance on the right hind foot ( we call
them: Orientation at Mid Stance) that is when the cannon bone is straight vertical and the foot
have stopped any movement.
26
May be the toe digs in more than the heels .However; it will have some effects, same when
raising the heel to relax the limb / Flexor Tendon and suspensory ligament.
So less tension will be at the same time on DDFT, navicular bone and the accessory
ligament. A 6° wedge decreased the load on the navicular bone by 24% (Wilson A.M, 1994)
1.24 Equine jumping technique
(take off Phase)
A horse jumping is describe with reference to the approach strides, the jump stride is the
stride in which the horse jump the fence (take off) (Clayton, 1989; Leach, 1993). The trailing
hind limb contact with the foot the ground, slide millimeters in milliseconds, full impact
contact stance phase, break over the toe and finishes the contact of the trailing hind limb.
Powers and Harrison, (1999) and Moore et al (1995) concluded the jump suspension Phase
influences also horizontal velocity and angle of leg on landing for both forelimbs and that
horses landing with an increase velocity increased the impact timing interval between the
trailing and leading forelimb.
The "take-off" begins when the forelegs leave the ground and is completed when the hind
legs leave the ground. Once the horse leaves the ground, he is unable to influence the
trajectory that his center of mass follows through the air, which makes take-off the most
critical phase of the jumping process. Most of the energy required to clear an obstacle is
produced by the hind legs. The longer the hind legs are in contact with the ground, the
greater their capacity for producing power; the further forward the hind legs are placed
under the body, closer to the obstacle, the longer this stance phase. Power is produced by
the compression of the hind leg, which flexes at the hip, stifle, hock, and fetlock, and then
releases energy like a spring.
1.25 Fetlock Hyperextension
Fetlock hyperextension is a critical measurement as it largely relates to vertical ground
reaction forces that are exerted on either the left or right limb. A reduced fetlock
hyperextension indicates that the vertical forces for that limb are less when compared to the
unilateral limb. Fetlock hyperextension is measured at the point of maximum limb loading
(www.angliaequine.ac.u
27
2.0
Material and Methods
Each of the owners of the horses agreed to me fitting the shoes in any order to their horses
and to me measuring their jumping performance parameters. After the experiments the
owners were free to choose which types of shoes they wanted their horses to have for the
future.
2.1 Design of the experiment
A two-dimensional analysis System was to design the aim to analyze jumps.
OntrackEquine Software (see Appendix II.) for measure Video clips, a single High Speed
camcorder and tripod (see Appendix I.) was used for record the right lower hind limb / foot
of 6 jumping horses, by jumping over a 1 meter fence. The camera was at the height of
0.4meter and 90 degree horizontally leveled, 4 meters backwards from fence…… All horses
were given a short warm up (trotting and cantering) and were allowed a few practical jumps
before min. six jump trails recorded per subject.
All horses had the frame attached to the shoes on the right hind shoe.
All measurements will be show in millimeters and the angles in Grad.
The basic experimental protocol indicating the method procedure used in order for
comparing the open hind shoe and the frog support bar sport hind shoe
All Biomechanical data via equine analyses technique, digital video recording system, laptop
computer, High Speed Camcorder, used as a baseline and document any information and/
or comparing shoe type 1 with shoe type 2 or to other data information.
Every data from each single horse and hind shoe can be compare with data from other horse
and other hind shoe. Average can be built in both groups and statistics will be show
differences and same effects. The terminology of Clayton (1989) was used.
28
Samples Size n= 6
Jump trails recorded with
the open hind shoe
Jump trails recorded with the
frog support hind sport shoe
Data Digitale
Initial Hoof Impact Determined
Hoof measurenets used
Ontrackequine
Data Analyzed with Excel and mini tab 16
anova done by Additive /Germany
(see Appendix III.)
Fig.14 Illustration of Data Capture Procedure
29
2.2
Surface information
Hardness, penetration resistance and traction of the surface will be identifying by a Clegg
hammer, Proctor Penetrometer and Torque Wrench respectively. All these apparatus’s have
not been used in the study.
In this project the surface was OTTO-ArenaTex | "Kentucky 2010-Mischung"
The modern footing type, in order to prepare your riding arena for being in the spotlight!
OTTO-ArenaTex contains geotextiles and synthetic fibers’ as amendments in order to ensure
the appropriate surface consistency. Moreover, the geotextiles help maintaining correct
moisture levels of the footing - they save up to 10 litres of water per square metre. One of
the major advantages of OTTO-ArenaTex is its great durability.
All tests were carried out on the same arena surface (Otto Arenatex) on the same day. For
further details of the arena surface see:
2.3 Horses
The observation Data were carried on 6 young clinically sound riding jumping horses (n=6)
Age 7+/- 2 years, were collected in Germany near Montabaur in same yard. The horses were
German Warm bloods, 1 gelding and 5 mares. Height (168+/- 4 cm), but weight could be
not measured, due to the nature facilities. All horses were shod with Open Hind steel shoes
by an experienced farrier pre to the experiment.
Horse
name
Addeley
El Rex
Charity
Christa
Laila
Queen
Ida
Zodesa
Age
8
8
9
5
6
8
Sex
Gelding
Mare
Mare
Mare
Mare
Mare
Height
164 cm
172
168
163
167
168
Tab. 1 Horse used in trail
30
2.4 Rider
A professional component rider, compete since 8 years in high level and had the golden
certificate for winning show jumping more than 77 times. All horses were ridden and
trained by himself. Introduce clearly about the job, aim and risk.
2.5 Design and Development of Screw in Frame to the final Plate
The attachment what we have used first for a “Test” is similar in design to
that used by Ratzlaff et al (1993) see fig.
However, the first session with a test horse show also some specific Problems.
Fig.15a Prototype on test horse Lybero
Fig.15b Prototype on lateral left hind foot
The screw in frame was self made with three 2mm thick Plastic strips, a hinge in the centre
and four screws, two of them for optically identify with a big head in black color. This Screw
in frame was used and attached on the left side on both shoes (open hind and frog support
bar sport shoe) with 3mm screws. The frame is tested to ensure that it did not alter the
horse or had any effect to the limb flight paths. Both markers are visible upon impact with
both shoe types on the test horses in the arena. Safely for the horse and rider and will not
catch the fence.
31
The first Design of a
Screw in frame plate
Glue on stickers
Habituation
Validation
Decide on
which frame
to use
Final quick changeing
Fig.16
Frame Prototype
Fig.17a
The final frame what we have used ……
Fig.17b
Fig.17c
32
2.6 Equipment
All Horses were filmed during a regular jump (height 100cm) with a Optronis High Speed
Video Camcorder Type CR 450x2 incl. Time Bench 2.1.8 Software 8 Gb memory (see
Appendix I.) and a simple Tripod Stand, to save the capture and analyze and measure with
OntrackEquine software (see Appendix II.) on a Lenovo-Laptop. OntrackEquine is a
measurement/document and analyze tool software and does not diagnose or interpret
results, but is being able to quantify all aspects of a horse’s gait, posture, stride length and
landing pattern quick, easy and simple in the field with any Camcorder and computer.
Films were digitalized and frames with the adequate limb position were selected for
measurements.
2.7 Calibration
For calibration, the frame plate measure 111 mm (for Calibration) between the two black
visible dots, the camera position was behind a 50by50 cm aluminum window. When the
right hind foot was visible in that window then we record this video. Recordings were made
at 1000 frames per second. All horses have been set up with the same frame attach plate.
33
2.8 Video Capture Procedure
A simple 1 meter jump was built in the arena; the aluminum window was placed 1, 3 meter in
front the jump and the High Speed camera 4 meter behind the window.
Picture. 18a from behind the HSC
Picture. 18b show the Data Capture Procedure
All horses walk and trot on the flat before warming up and jumped first over lower heights ,
then finish to collecting the comparative data. All horses were jumped on the left lead with
the same experienced international show jumping rider on right lead. This was to increase
the consistency of each horses jump (Powers and Harrison, 2004) and to reduce the cost to
the horse (Lewczuk et al., 2006). Films were digitalized and frames with the adequate limb
position were selected for measurements.
All horses have been set up with the same frame attach plate.
34
The order in which data was collected from each horse
Every horse jump firstly with the open hind shoes than with the Frog Support Bar Sport hind
shoes. All jumps where directly and continue recorded with the High Speed Cam, seen on
the lap top screen and selected by the author, his wife and Mr. Ziegler.
All in the project was introduced to the follow procedure order.
Starting the capture with Addeley El Rex for six Video Capt. In open hind shoes
The Videos was safe to: 1a, 2a, 3a, 4a, 5a, 6a
After finishing same horse was to shod in frog support Shoes for next six captures.
The Videos was safe to: 1b, 2b, 3b, 4b, 5b, 6b
Horse Charity for six Capt. In open hind shoes
Horse Charity again in Frog Support shoes
Horse Christa ……
And so on.
The individual Nr.go in this way to the videos and where safe into files and folders on lap
top, and memory stick.
2.9 Hoof Measuring Data collection
Two-dimensional analysis was used to analyze the following data from the recorded
jump clips
Two-dimensional Equine Software was used to analyze the following data from the
recorded jump clips. The data were select and analysis, by the author and controlled
by his wife via Ontrackequine
Following measurements are selected:
35
1.How the foot with the shoe digs in (Extension or flexion) at midstance.
Fig. 19a
Picture “Charity Trial 4b , to show reading for Midstance Phase: positive angle in
frog support bar shoe.”
Fig. 19b Picture “ Laila Trial 1a , show regarding for Midstance Phase: negative angle in
open hind shoe.”
Description for identify the measurement:
36
The foot of the horse touches the ground. (see fig 6 & 8) and (Tab.1) at a approach stride.
The limb impact forces. This is the sequence called Midstance. (Clayton). With the tools from
the Software the angle of Orientation is always taken when the cannon bone 90° to level.
Firstly every single video have to calibrate.
The dots from the attached plate should be to identify on the screen. The Software tools
and Simple Mathematical knowledge was to analyze the angle.
All positive angle measurements will be called as Extension at Orientation
All negative angle measurements will be called as Flexion at Orientation
Tab. 1 show these measurement
37
3.0
Result Overview
The six horses used in this study were all shod before by a competent Stud Farrier. On the
day two helping professional farriers done the practical farrier work by applying the plate
and changing the shoes.
3.1 Jump Results
All six horses, the test rider and the whole team completed the experiment successfully.
Notice of all jumps on the day was 156 included the warm up’s
Notice of all record jumps on the day was 112
86 records was in the window, so the Video Cap.Team has save them on Lap Top in
folder (77%)
71 records could be measure (Angle of Orientation at Midstance Phase (83%)
38
3.2 Measurement Results
Tab. 2 Angle of Orientation at Midstance for each shoe type for the 6 horses in the trial.
Right
Hind
Addeley El
Rex
Charity
Christa
Laila
Queen Ida
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5 Trial 6
OH Shoe -1°
+0,7°
-0,7°
+12,8° +8,4°
FS Shoe
+13,4
+14,2
+10,9
+10,8° +15,2° +12°
OH Shoe +3,9°
+2,9°
+1,1°
+11,2° +3,3°
FS Shoe
+7,5°
No Data
visible
+22,4° +19,6° +17,6°
+8,5°
+13,7°
+8,6°
OH Shoe +8,8°
+13,6° +10,4° +14,7° +11,5° +9,9°
FS Shoe
+18,2° +20,3° +17,0° +16,8° +16,4°
+7,4°
OH Shoe -8,6°
-5,9°
-7,9°
-4,8°
-0,6°
-4,4°
FS Shoe
-4,4°
+0,8°
0°
-5,8°
-1,4°
-1,2°
OH Shoe +1,4°
-6,5°
-2,9°
+2,9°
+6,4°
+1,9°
FS Shoe
+4,5°
+6,7°
+0,8°
+5,6°
+1,7°
+4,3°
39
3..3 Statistic Analysis Results and Interpretation
Graph and Anderson-Darling (AD) Normality Test
Fig. 20 Graph Open Hind Shoe
40
Fig. 21 Graph Frog Support Shoe
The Anderson – Darling Normality Test was used for a summery of the horseshoes an all horses
The Graph and measured values of the Anderson-Darling-normality Test show a standard bell shaped
curve and a p-value of 0.044 for open Hind Shoe, p-value for Frog Bar Support Sports Shoe of 0.058.
This indicates that the data for the open Hind Shoe, is not quite normally distributed.
It shows here the difference between the Angle of Orientation at Midstance Phase (4.73°) from
Open Hind Shoe Angle of Orientation at Midstance Phase and (10.08°) Frog Support Shoe clearly. In
both graphics there is some skewness (asymmetric distribution) to see. But by Frog support Bar
Sports shoe is a rise in kurtosis (curve for the frequency) clearly seen. The Data are from six horses
and six trials, each horse jump first with the open Shoe and changing to frog support bar shoe.
41
Fig.22 Boxplot each and all Horses; Open hind – Frog Support
Finding: Each horse has reached with the Frog Support shoe on average; a higher angle .A trend is
seen. The general look, to the angle of orientation allowed a classification of horses in two groups of
horses. Four of the horses “Addeley El Rex,Charity, Christa and Zodesa” had generally an positiv angle
range and increase of the average angle from open hind to frog support. Laila increase the average
angle from -5,35° to -1,3° ,Queen Ida from 1,65° to 3,1°. The procedure was: Every horse jump first
six times with the open hind and secondly six times with Frog Support shoes (on both hind limbs).
Start with Addeley El Rex, follow next Charity, Christa, Laila, Queen Ida, Zodesa.
Fig.23 Graph for both Median
The graphic for the six horses and the shoes show the general similarities and differences; compared
to the medians instead of averages. All horses have an increased median angle of the Frog Support
Hind.Four horses show a significant difference (the median angle increases).Two horses have only a
slight change in angle.
42
Tab. 3
Mann-Whitney Test and CI: Open Hind; Frog Support Hind
N
Median
Open Hind
36
5,100
Frog Support Hind
35
11,300
Point estimate for ETA1-ETA2 is -5,600
95,0 Percent CI for ETA1-ETA2 is (-9,097;-1,801)
W = 1059,0
Test of ETA1 = ETA2 vs ETA1 not = ETA2 is significant at 0,0065
The test is significant at 0,0065 (adjusted for ties)
Mood Median Test: Midstance orientation versus Horse N
Mood median test for Midstance orientation
Chi-Square = 42,09
DF = 5
P = 0,000
Individual 95,0% CIs
Horse N
N<=
N>
Median
Q3-Q1
Addeley El Rex
4
8
11,4
11,0
Charity
6
5
8,5
14,3
Christa
1
11
14,1
6,9
Laila
12
0
-4,4
5,1
Queen Ida
12
0
1,8
7,3
1
11
12,4
7,6
Zodesa
--------+---------+---------+-------(-----------*--)
(------*------------)
(-----*---)
(-*----)
(-----*----)
(-*--------)
--------+---------+---------+-------0,0
Overall median = 8,5
Tab.4
General Linear Model: Mid stance versus Horse, Shoe
7,0
14,0
43
Factor
Type
Levels
Horse
fixed
6
Values
Addeley El Rex, Charity, Christa, Laila, Queen Ida,
Zodesa
Shoe
fixed
2
FS Shoe, OH Shoe
Analysis of Variance for Mid stance, using Adjusted SS for Tests
Source
DF
Seq SS
Adj SS
Adj MS
F
P
Horse
5
2886.53
2899.52
579.90
35.86
0.000
Shoe
1
568.01
568.01
568.01
35.12
0.000
Error
64
1035.06
1035.06
16.17
Total
70
4489.60
S = 4.02155
R-Sq = 76.95%
R-Sq(adj) = 74.78%
Unusual Observations for Mid stance
Obs
Mid stance
Fit
SE Fit
Residual
St Resid
6
7.4000
16.5803
1.2553
-9.1803
-2.40 R
40
22.4000
12.7785
1.3197
9.6215
2.53 R
R denotes an observation with a large standardized residual.
Grouping Information Using Tukey Method and 95.0% Confidence
Horse
N
Mean
Grouping
Zodesa
12
13.933
A
Christa
12
13.750
A
Charity
11
9.948
A
44
Addeley El Rex
12
9.200
Queen Ida
12
2.233
Laila
12
-3.683
A
B
C
Means that do not share a letter are significantly different.
Tukey Simultaneous Tests
Response Variable Mid stance
All Pairwise Comparisons among Levels of Horse
Horse = Addeley El Rex
subtracted from:
Difference
SE of
of Means
Difference
T-Value
P-Value
Charity
0.75
1.679
0.446
0.9977
Christa
4.55
1.642
2.771
0.0754
-12.88
1.642
-7.847
0.0000
-6.97
1.642
-4.243
0.0010
Zodesa
4.73
1.642
2.883
0.0574
Horse = Charity
subtracted from:
Horse
Laila
Queen Ida
Adjusted
Difference
SE of
of Means
Difference
T-Value
P-Value
3.80
1.679
2.264
0.2241
-13.63
1.679
-8.118
0.0000
-7.71
1.679
-4.594
0.0003
Zodesa
3.99
1.679
2.373
0.1813
Horse = Christa
subtracted from:
Horse
Christa
Laila
Queen Ida
Difference
SE of
Adjusted
Adjusted
45
Horse
of Means
Difference
T-Value
P-Value
Laila
-17.43
1.642
-10.62
0.0000
Queen Ida
-11.52
1.642
-7.01
0.0000
0.18
1.642
0.11
1.0000
Zodesa
Horse = Laila
Horse
Queen Ida
Zodesa
subtracted from:
Difference
SE of
of Means
Difference
T-Value
P-Value
5.917
1.642
3.604
0.0078
17.617
1.642
10.730
0.0000
Horse = Queen Ida
Horse
Zodesa
Adjusted
subtracted from:
Difference
SE of
Adjusted
of Means
Difference
T-Value
P-Value
11.70
1.642
7.126
0.0000
The General Linear Model compares all horses here at the Midstance Phase.
The Test could be used with confidence to identify the differences between the Horses in the way to
interpreted standard error, p-values, or the mean.
46
Interval Plot of Mid stance
Bars are One Standard Error from the Mean
20
15
Mid stance
10
5
0
-5
-10
Shoe
Horse
oe oe
oe oe
oe oe
oe oe
oe oe
oe oe
Sh S h
Sh S h
Sh S h
Sh S h
Sh S h
Sh S h
FS O H
FS O H
FS O H
FS O H
FS O H
FS O H
x
a
a
ta
ity
ila
Id
es
Re
ar
ris
La
d
l
n
h
h
E
e
C
C
Zo
y
ue
le
Q
e
d
Ad
Fig.24 Anova Plot at Midstance
The Graph show the differences and the similarities in mean mid stance angles for each of the
horses and allows a comparison between them. This allowed to state that the six horse could select
them into groups.
Addeley El Rex, Charity, Christa and Zodesa had only positive angles and improve them to a higher
angle after changing to frog support shoes.
Queen Ida had generally to these four horses lower angles, with the open hind and also with the frog
support, but could improve after changing in the same direction.
Laila had with the open hind shoes a low average angle (means negative angle) but could not change
with the frog support shoes to an positive angle at Midstance Phase, just in same direction.
47
Probability Plot of Residual values from the ANOVA
Normal
99.9
Mean
StDev
N
AD
P-Value
99
Percent
95
90
-5.37911E-16
3.845
71
0.426
0.308
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
5
1
0.1
-10
-5
0
5
Residual value
10
15
Fig.25 Anova Probability Plot
This allow to argument and state that the project work was done with 71 measurements with an
Standard error 3.8. The p-value is represent by 0,3. That allow to state that there is Normality to see
The Anova Probability Plot Graph presents the overall Trial measurements what we got from i
(Tab. 2 Angle of Orientation at Midstance ) for both shoe type and horses.
3.5 Results of Main Findings
The study shows differences in measurements, Horses and shoes.
The shoe sport frog support has an increase in angle.
The Horse itself had the dominant influence the data such as the angle
The study shows differences between the horses (groups)
4/6 Horses develop (quick) to a greater caudal Extension angle on that day
2/6 Horses develop less to greater Angle of Orientation on that day
The findings by the project support the theory that the type of a shoe and the horse influenced the
results.
.
48
4.0 Discussion
The research project improve myself successful and the study show successful some findings, due to
the two Null Hypotesis, what is to be high lightening and have to discuss now, and in the whole
world of horse care professionals, unfortunately I could not found a similar scientific paper what
reflect the aim of this work in same way.
A simple and low cost method was used on a yard where usually the horses are trained for
athletic show jumping. The surface is one of the main sport horse surfaces and used at many
Equestrian Show grounds in Europe. A professional person filmed the horses with High Speed
Camcorder (1000 frames/sec), the software ontrack equine to analyze the videos and the statistic
with minitab and anova are the key tools in this study to find the results.
The video capture technique develop monthly, same the analyze technique or the measurement
software itself.
New techniques what are used today in formula one or humans sport will offer tracking anatomical
landmarks without any markers on the Horses leg for the safety and the best measurements, that
would improve this research project to best scientific findings. The Author is sure, a 3 Dimensional
analyze System compare to the used two dimensional analyze System will improve this study, but
how that effect significant the data?
A statistic Anderson-Darling was used for identify the Angle of Orientation (Fig.20 and Fig. 21) this
Test show the differences. The open Hind Shoe, is not quite normally distributed, the frog support
hind shoe is normal distributed.
The next Result show the differences between the two shoes on all the horse
(Fig.23 Graph for both Median) and on each single horse (Fig.22 Boxplot each and all Horses;
Open hind – Frog Support and Fig.24 Anova Plot at Midstance) in just a one day test . How these
results will be change in a long term observation? Is the angle of Orientation generally to highlighted
and the key factor at the take off and changes in jumping techniques? With regards of the Scientific
of Optimum function of the horse on flat ground and jumping, the results of the angle of Orientation
doesn’t tell what is Ideal, which state the Question: How is the Angle of Orientation linked to the
whole system of jumping and the horse?
Unfortunately the horse did not tell us the best angle and the study itself do not interpretate what
was the differences between the horses, but it show that the individual horse effected the results.
That allowed some questions about the samples compare to population of main Sport Show jumpers.
The used horses in this study are just a sample size of the local country in Germany .
How similar
or less that represent the Show jumper, and how different they each other?
The anova Plot at Midstance (Fig. 24) was used to show this clearly, and allow to select the horses
into three groups, but all study horses change to higher angle of Orientation (Fig. 23 Graph of both
Median and Fig.22 Boxplot each and all Horses).
49
As a view from statistic science can be assumed that the difference follows a normal distribution,
show by Fig. 25 the anova probability Plot with 71 measurements , because the error probability (pvalue) is greater than 0.05.
More research should be done with selected show jumpers in short and long term observations.
The Trial run procedure itself (horse and Shoe) will to discuss how did the run order influence the
data? The whole procedure was running in that way close to realistic normal day training or
competition conditions for show jumping, what means that after the final preparation (fence, surface
and position of capture equipment) nothing had change. So we did not harkening the ground surface
since the video recording start.
The Mann Whitney test was used too for the Null Hypothesis open hind shoe – frog support hind
shoe, and the result could find Horseshoes and horses differ in terms of significant medians but how
the individual horses come with the right hind foot into existing footprint is unknown. That could be
effected the angle of orientation and also simultaneous footing or non –simultaneous footing and is
there an influence from the track a cross both horseshoes and all variation of the horses?
The General linear model was to used for the Analysis significant impacts, statistic/scientific. The
result is to interpreted that the horseshoe and the horse have a significant influence on the average
angle (p <0.05).
The interaction can be neglected (p <0.05). The
p-value (the probability of error) is close to 0%. Thus, the horseshoe "Frog Support Bar Shoe" had
significantly a greater/steeper angle) as the horseshoe "open Hind".
Approximately 75. % of the variation in the results can be described by horse and horseshoe
Both Null Hypothesis should be change: 1. The Frog Support Bar Shoe increase the Angle of
Orientation and the horse had an effect of the Angle of Orientation.
Further research with a bigger sample size of the population that represent the Athletic show jumper
selected in different specific groups of jumping techniques may be cross with the outcomes of this
project, or not.
50
5.0 Conclusion.
The focus in this research study was to show in which special position the farrier is today as a partner
in equine sport. Together with this bit scientific knowledge the farrier is in the position to select the
shoes for the benefit of the horse and could change the shoes on horse’s foot, much quicker than
anybody can change the surface. This unique role is similar than formular one sport, due to the
equine healthy such are catastrophic injuries they are very common in sport horses and provide
optimum performance such are specific sport shoes and sport ground surface interaction. That
highlight the scientific educated Farrier well and why it could be a major factor, which it is why to
have the right one. Shoeing the horse well maintained has many benefits, because we know from a
golden standard of farriery that the horse move over the toe (breakover, see 1.19).
This is may be the first study to compare the usually used open hind shoe with the Frog support sport
hind shoe with modern tools. Comparing the whole sample size with the main group of horses in the
study let me personally state that the shoes provide to help in physiological right way.
It is a fact for me that have not yet developed any horse care program such as the traditional farriery
or vet. Training programs with biomechanics and motion analysis as compared to humans. Sport and
healthy programs Scientific is rate and also the way to study this via University.
This project and the statistics could help me to understand by demonstrate the limitations by the
trade with or without the benefits of the Frog Support Bar Sport Hind Shoe by using and analyze via
High Speed Video Camera Recording and Equine Analyze Software.
Cross with many communications of high respective farriers round the world and there experience in
horseshoeing, unsound horses may be need more time to develop back to performance. The study
let me state that the relationship between both legs and simultaneous descent of the hind legs
influence the results of measurement data of the right hind foot. This can also be deduced the
suspicion that a certain bounce affects favorably or unfavorably regarding injury or performance.
Any injury makes it quite quickly noticeable. The performance of the athlete horse is long lasting and
positive influence in leaves.
Generally my conclusion is that more research with modern tools is to do to identify the movement
of the horse under realistic conditions.
51
6.0 References
Angeliaequine.com
(2009) The Study of Equine Kinematics
Back,W., and Clayton,H.,(2001). Equine Locomotion. WB Saunders. Harcourt Publishers Limited.
Baroud, G., Nigg, B.M., and Stefanyshyn,D.,(1999). Energy storage and return in sport Surface. Sports
engineering. 2: 173-180
Clanton,C., Kobluk,C., and Robinson,R.A., (1991). Monotoring surface conditions of a Thoroughbred
racetrack. Journal of the veterinary medicine association.
Clayton,HM.,(2004) The Dynamic Horse . Sport Horse Publications, USA Mason, MI 48854-1925
Clayton,HM., Barlow DA (1989) The effect of fence height and width on the limb placements of show
jumping horses Journal of Equine veterinary Science 9, 179-185
Clayton,HM., Barlow DA (1991) Stride characteristics four Grand Prix jumping horses Equine
Exercise Physiology 3 Eds Persson SGB , Lindholm A, Jeffcott LB, ICEEP Publications, Davis,California.
Pp 151-157
Clayton,HM.,(2012) Mov Lab Spring School, Campus of Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e
Tecnologias, Campo Grande, Lisboa, Portugal.
Douglas, J.E., Mittal,C., Thomason,J.J. and Jofriet,J.C., (1996). The modulus of elasticity of Equine hoof
wall: implications for the mechanical function of the Hoof . Journal of experimental Biology. 199: 8.
1829-1836
Jeremy, F.B., and Steven, J.U., (2004) Hoof landing velocity is related to track Surface properties in
trotting horses Equine and Comparative Exercise Physiology 2 (1); 37-41
Henderson, C., (2009). Veterinary Clinic: Maximum Impact. Horse and Hound. 22nd jan. 18-19
Lanovaz JL, Clayton HM, Watson LG. (1998) In vitro attenuation of impact shock In equine digits.
Equine Veterinary Journal Supplement 26, 96-102
Lewczuk,D., Stoniewski, K., and Reklewski,Z., (2006). Repeatability of the horse’s Jumping parameters
with and without rider. Livestock science. 99:125-130
Mc Ewan,J., (www.angliaequine.co.uk) Direktor of Equine Sports Science, British Equestrian
Federation
Moore, D.P.,Deuel, N.R.,Drevemo,S., and van den Boggert,A.J., (1995). Kinematic analysis of world
championship three day event horses jumping a Cross country drop fence. Journal of equine
veterinary science. 15: 527 - 531
Peterson, M.L., and McIIwraith, C.W., and Reiser, R.F., (2008). Development of a system for the insitu characterization of thoroughbred horse racing track surfaces. Biosystems Engineering. 101: 260269
Pardoe, C.H., McGuigan,M.P.,and Wilson,A.M.,(2001).The effect of shoe material on the kinetics and
kinematics of foot slip at impact using concrete topped forceplate. Equine veterinary journal
supplement. No.33.pp.70-71
Paalman, A., (1978) Training Showjumpers, 40,41
Place, Buckingham Palace Road, London SW1WoEL
J.A. Allen & Company LTD Lower Grosvenor
52
Platt et.al., (1994) published in Equine Locomotion, 237 from Wilhelm Back,Hilary Clayton
Prütting, G.G., (1983) Springsport Technik , 103,107 Buchheim Editions SA, Freiburg
Powers, P.N.R., and Harrison,A.J., (2004). Influence of a rider on the rotation of the horse Rider
system during jumping. Euine and comparative exercise physiology. 1:1.33-40
Reiser, R.F., Peterson,M.L. McIIwraith,C.W. and Woodward,B. (2000). Simulated effects on racetrack
materials properties on the vertical loading of the equine forelimb. Sports Engineering. Vol .3.pp. 111
Ratzlaff,M.H.,Wilson,P.D.,Hyde,M.L.,Balch,O.K. and grant,B.D.,(1993).
Relationship between
locomotor forces, hoof positions and joint motion during the support phase of stride of galloping
horses. Acta Anat. 146: 200-204.
Rooney,J., (1974). Lameness in Horses.
Schaer,B.L., Ryan,C.T.,Boston,R.C., and Nunamaker,D.M., (2006). The horsetrack interface : a
preliminary study on the effect of shoeing on impact trauma using a novel wireless data acquisition
system. Equine veterinary journal 38: 4.664-760
Thomason,J.J. and Peterson,M.L. (2008) Biomechanical and Mechanical Investigation of the HoofTrack Interface in Racing Horses. Veterinary Clinics of North Ameriaka: Equine Practice 24, (1) 5377
Vos, N.J, and riemersma, D.J., (2006). Determination of coefficient of fiction between the equine
foot and different ground surfaces: an in vitro study. Equine comparative and exercice physiology.
3:4.191-198
William, R.B., Harkins, L.S., Hammond, C.J., and Wood, J.L., (2001).Racehorse injuries, clinical
problems and fatalities recorded on British racecources from flat raceing and national hunt race
during 1996,1997 and 1998. Equine veterinary journal. 5:478-486
Wilson,A.M. and Goodship,A.E. (1994) Exercise – induced hyperthermia as a possible mechanism for
tendon degeneration. J.Biomech. 27, 899-905
Wilson (1994) cited by Payne (2006) FWCF Dissertation
Wrangel,G. (1877) schwedische Originalausgabe erschienen 1877, Das Buch vom Pferde, 1927,
Band II, S.93f (deutsche Übersetzung)
Zips S, Pelham C, Scheidl M, Licka T, Girtler D. (2001) Motion pattern of toelt of Icelandic horses at
different speeds. Equine Veterinary Journal Supplement 33,109-111.
53
7.0 Glossary
by Hilary M. Clayton, BVMS; PhD, MRCVS, The Dynamic Horse
Abduction :
Movement of a body part away from the midsagittal plane
Adduction :
Movement of a body part toward the midsagittal plane
Biomechanics:
Scientific study of living systems using physical principles or
Is the study of the structure and function of biological system
Using the methods of mechanics.
Data:
Numbers generated by making measurements
Displacement :
Length of straight line joining the initial and final positions of a body, and
Taking account of the direction the lines takes, a vector quantity.
Distal:
Away from the center of the body; is the opposite of proximal
Energy:
The capacity for doing work.
Kinetic energy :
energy due to movement
Rotational kinetic
Kinetic energy associated with rotation of a body around its
Energy:
Translation kinetic
center of mass.
energy associated with movement of the center of
Energy:
mass of a body.
Mechanical energy: Sum of kinetic energy and potential energy of a Body.
Potential energy:
Energy stored in the system in latent form.
Elastic potential
Potential energy due to deformation. Also know as strain energy.
Gravitational potential
Potential energy due to location in a gravitational field.
Equilibrium :
State that exist when all parts of a body are rest or
Moving with the same constant velocity.
Dynamic equilibrium:
State of equilibrium in which all parts of the body are moving with
the same constant velocity.
Stable equilibrium:
Equilibrium position from which a small displacement generate
forces that tend to return the system to its original position.
Static equilibrium:
state of equilibrium in which the body is at rest.
54
Unstable equilibrium:
Equilibrium position from which a small displacement generates
Forces that tend to move the system away from its org. position.
Neutral equilibrium :
Equilibrium position from which a small displacement does not
cause forces acting either toward or away from org. position
Footfall diagram:
Diagram showing sequence of footfalls in a gait.
Footfall sequence:
Order of footfalls in a gait.
Force :
A measure of the action of one body on another that tends to
change a body’s state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line.
A vetctor quantity defined by its magnitude, direction and point of
application.
Centrifugal force:
Outward force created by a body moving along a curved path.
Centripedal force :
inwardly directed force acting toward the center of rotation
that prevents a body that moving on a curved path flying off at a
tangent.
Eccentric force:
Force exerted on a body that does not pass through its Center of
mass. Tends to cause translation and rotation of the Body.
Internal force:
Force acting between body parts.
External force:
Force acting between body and environment.
Gait:
Characteristic limb coordination pattern recognized by the
sequence and timing of the footfalls and other kinematic
characteristics.
Gait analysis :
is the study of all aspects (kinematics, kinetics, statics,
dynamics and energetic) of gaits and movements.
Asymetrical gait :
gait in which movements of the front limb pair and /or the
hind limb pair are not symmetrical on the left and right sides.
Leaping gait :
Gait that has one or more aerial phases in each stride.
Also know as a running gait.
Stepping gait :
Gait in which there is always at least one limb in contact with
The ground throughout the stride. There is no aerial phase. Also know as a walking gait.
55
Symmetrical gait :
Gait in which movments of the front limb pair and the hind
limb pair show left right symmetry.
Ground reaction force : External force exterted by the ground against the hoof.
Longitudinal force:
Component of ground reaction force acting horizontally
Along the longitudinal axis of the horses’s body.
Braking force :
Longitudinal force acting opposite to the direction of
Progression
Propulsive force :
Longitudinal force acting in the direction of progression
Normal reaction force : Ground reaction force component acting perpendicular to the
surface.
Transverse force :
horse’s body.
Ground reaction force component acting horizontally across the
Vertical force :
Ground reaction force component acting vertically.
Impact :
Collision of two bodies during a very short interval of time.
Kinesiology :
is the science of movement.
Kinematics :
Branch of biomechanics the motion of bodies. Describes motion
without considering the forces that cause motion to occur.
Kinetics :
Branch of biomechanics describing the forces involved in creating
and changing motion .Describes the forces responsible for
producing
motion.
Locomotion :
Act of moving from place to place.
Mechanical energy :
Capacity to do work or the amount of work a body contains at an
instant in time.
Midstance :
Time in stance phase when cannot segment is vertical.
Plane :
Anatomically – based division of the body.
Dorsal Plane:
to
Divides the body into dorsal and ventral parts. Runs perpendicular
the median and transverse planes.
56
Median Plane:
Divides the head, body or limb longitudinally into equal
Right and left halves.
Sagital Plane:
Passes through the head, body or limb parallel to the median plane.
Transverse Plane:
Cuts across the head, body or limb perpendicular to its long axis.
Power :
Rate of working.
Pressure :
Force per unit area.
Protraction :
the action of extending part of the body
Proximal :
Toward the center of the body; the opposite of distal.
Retraction :
opposite effect of protraction, draw backwards
Rotation :
Type of motion in which the body follows a circular path with all parts
of the body traveling through the same angle, in the same direction,
in the same time.
Stance phase :
Part of the stride when the hoof is in contact with the ground.
Statics :
Study of bodies in equilibrium.
Strain :
Deformation expressed as a fraction of the orginal dimensions.
Stress :
Load per unit of cross- sectional area.
Stride :
Complete cycle of limb movements during a gait.
Suspension :
Period when none of the limbs is in contact with the ground.
Swing phase :
Part of the stride when the hoof has no contact with the ground.
Tempo :
Rate of repetition of the strides.
Tendon :
Fibrous band connecting muscle to bone.
Torque :
Turning effect produced by a couple. Also called moment of force.
Trajectory :
Path of a projectile.
Vector :
Quantity defined by its magnitude and direction.
Velocity :
Rate of movement determined as the displacement divided by the
time taken, a vector quantity.
Weight :
Force exerted on a body due to gravity.
57
Work :
Work is done when a force moves a body. Time must elapse and
movement must
accur for work to be done.
Negative work:
Work done by a force directed opposite direction of displacement.
A muscle does negative work when it acts eccentrically
to resist elongation.
Positive work :
Work done by a force directed towards the direction of displacement.
A muscle does positive work when it acts concentrically.
58
Appendix I.
Firma Optronis GmbH, High Speed Filming,
Kehl, Germany
CR450x2
The High Speed Cammera model
The CR450x2 is the base model in the product portfolio from Optronis.
The CR450x2 is very light sensitive and has a large image memory for long recording times. In combination with the pre- and posttrigger (ring
memory) unexpected events are captured easily. The free adjustable image trigger allows an automatic recording through movement detection
inside the image.
Typical applications
Configuration
Extremely light sensitive sensor
Resolution of 800 x 600 Pixel with a speed of 1000 fps
Extended trigger possibilities (intern, extern, automatic image trigger)
Very large ring memory for long recording times
Direct export of sequences into BMP, TIFF, AVI or MPEG
TimeBench Software
59
Appendix II.
Scott Lampert, ONTRACK Software, Minnesota, USA
Appendix III.
Minitab, Statistic Analyse Software
Additive GmbH,
Friedrichsdorf, Germany
Appendix IV.
Fa. Otto Reitplatzbau, Nürnberg, Germany
Tretschicht Inhaltsstoffe (TÜV)
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Appendix V
Information Sheet Horse Owner
Dear Sir/Madam,
I will be glad that you are willing as a part in my BSc Study “Title”
What have your horse to do?
Your horse as a part of six horses in a research study. We observe your horse in trot over
concrete and in the arena ridden by a competent rider and jumping over a 1 m fence. On the
laterally hoof wall from the right hind foot will be attach a plastic frame and on some
anatomical landmarks are removable self glue stickers for analysis and take angles and
measurements.
Fig. The plastic frame what we used
What will be the risk to your horses as a part in this Study?
Show your horse any signs of stress or become lame we will stop the procedure and remove
your horse back to the stable and out from the study.
What‘s happen with the data?
All data will be handling with numbers and anonym. The results will be a part of my BSc Study
and may be used and published by the University of Central Lancaresire Myerscough College
Farrier Science Department or some Journals or Conferences.
61
Appendix VI
Information’s Sheet Rider
Dear Sir/Madam,
I will be glad that you are willing as a part in my BSc Study “Title”
What have you do?
In this study your job is quite simple but also important. You have to present on
right rein six horses on flat concrete in trot up and down. Same horses in the
arena jumping after a warm up on a 1m high fence for 16 video recording with
two different hind shoes on foot.
What will be your risk?
Your main risk will be that you fall off the horse.
But as a competent competition Rider the Risk will be minimal.
What’s happen with your data?
All data will be handling with numbers and anonym. The results will be a part of
my BSc Study and may be used and published by the University of Central
Lancaresire Myerscough College Farrier Science Department or some Journals or
Conferences.
62
Appendix VII
Feedback Sheet Rider/Trainer
Dear Sir/Madam,
I will be glad that you are willing as a part in my BSc Study “Title”
What have you do?
In this study your job is quite simple but also important. You have to present on
right rein six horses on flat concrete in trot up and down. Same horses in the
arena jumping after a warm up on a 1m high fence for 16 video recording with
two different hind shoes on foot.
What will be your risk?
Your main risk will be that you fall off the horse.
But as a competent competition Rider the Risk will be minimal.
What’s happen with your data?
All data will be handling with numbers and anonym. The results will be a part of
my BSc Study and may be used and published by the University of Central
Lancaresire Myerscough College Farrier Science Department or some Journals or
Conferences.