Chemistry
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Diamond (carbon) = _________
Water (two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom)= _________
Sugar (6 carbon atoms, 12 hydrogen atoms, and 6 oxygen atoms)= _________
The combination of carbon and water contains the same _________ as sugar.
Elements: can’t be broken into _________ substances (atoms.) (Carbon is an element)
Sugar + water…would you drink this?
Ash + water…would you drink this?
Why? They contain the same elements don’t they? Why don’t you get sugar when you mix water
with the coal?
The elements (carbon in coal; hydrogen and oxygen in water) only combine as sugar when
_________bonds form
Sugar cannot be easily separated into its components.
So…Can you break gold down into a simpler substance??? NO…because it is an element
Atoms are the basic building blocks of all matter.
The structure of an atom
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The center of an atom is called the _________
All nuclei contain positively charged particles called _________ (p+).
Most contain particles that have no charge, called _________ (n0).
Example: Carbon has 6 protons so its _________ number is 6
The space surrounding the nucleus contains extremely small, _________ charged particles
called electrons (e-)
 This region of space is an electron cloud. Because opposites attract, the - electrons are held in
the electron _________ by the + nucleus.
 Atoms contain equal numbers of _________ and protons; therefore, they have no net charge.
Particle
Location
Charge
Symbol
Compounds and Bonding
 A _________is a substance that is composed of atoms of two or more different elements that
are chemically combined.
 Table salt (NaCl) is a compound composed of the _________ sodium and chlorine.
 A _________ bond holds the two hydrogen atoms together.
 A molecule is a group of atoms held together by covalent bonds. It has no_________charge.
 _________ electrons in the 1st shell, _________in the 2nd, and _________ in the 3rd
 An atom (or group of atoms) that gains or loses electrons has an electrical charge and is called
an ion. An ion is a charged _________ made of atoms.
 The attractive force between two ions of opposite charge is known as an _________ bond.
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In a chemical reaction, substances that undergo chemical reactions, are called _________.
Substances formed by chemical reactions, are called _________.
CO2 + H20-----yields----H2CO3 (carbonic acid) is a sample chemical reaction in _________ things
Reactants are on the left side of the equation, while products are on the _________ side
A _________ of table sugar can be represented by the formula: C12H22O11.
Atoms are neither created nor _________ in chemical reactions. They are simply rearranged.
A mixture is a combination of substances in which the individual components retain their own
_________.
Ex: sand + sugar
Neither component of the _________ changes.
Heterogeneous Mixtures
A mixture that is NOT mixed evenly throughout & each _________ keeps its own properties.
A solution is a mixture in which one or more
substances (_________) are distributed evenly in
another substance (_________).
Ex. Sugar + Water + Kool Aide
Can’t _________
Phases of Matter
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Solid:
Matter with definite shape & _________.
Tightly packed particles that mainly vibrate.
Liquid:
Matter with a definite volume but no definite _________.
Particles flow freely from one place to another.
Gas:
Matter that doesn’t have definite volume or shape.
_________ move at high speeds in all directions
Plasma:
State of _________ charged free moving particles.
Physical Changes
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The form or appearance of matter changes, but not its _________.
_________
Changing State/Phase
Absorption
Cutting/_________/Smashing
Chemical Changes
 Changing from one substance into a new substance.
 _________change
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Forming a gas or solid
Producing _________
Odors
Giving off _________
Absorbing heat
The Periodic Table
Classification of the Elements
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Metals
Most of the _________ are solid metals.
Metals are usually shiny, _________, good conductors of heat & electricity and ductile.
Metalloids
Elements that have some characteristics of both metals & _________.
- Examples: Boron, _________, Antimony, & Arsenic
Nonmetals
Most nonmetals are gases.
Solid nonmetals are brittle, poor conductors, & not easily shaped.
_________of your body is made of nonmetals
Elements
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Atomic Number
Shows the number of _________ in the nucleus.
Every atom of that element has only that _________ of protons.
Mass Number
Number of protons plus _________.
Isotopes: Atoms of the same element with different numbers of _________.
Examples: Hydrogen-1, Hydrogen-2, Hydrogen-3 Carbon-12, _________
Used to treat _________ & radioactive dating
Atomic Mass
The weighted _________ of the isotopes of an element.
Measured in mass units (u)
The Periodic Table
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* Arranged according to atomic number and similar properties.
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Periods
 A _________ of elements.
 The properties gradually change predictably across the period.
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Groups/Families
 Usually the _________ columns of elements that have similar physical & chemical properties.
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Alkali Metals
 Most reactive of the elements.
 Not naturally found by itself.
 Has a single _________ in its outermost shell.
Column #1
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Alkaline Earth Metals
Commonly used in _________ for the colors.
Has 2 electrons in the outermost shell.
Column #2
Transition Elements
Wide variety of metals such as _________ & structural metals.
_________ of the periodic table.
Examples: Gold, Silver, Mercury, Lead, & Copper
Halogens
Bond with Alkali Metals to form _________.
Have 7 electrons in outermost _________.
_________electrons from other atoms.
Column #17
Noble Gases
Only naturally stable elements.
Have a full outermost _________ of electrons (8)
Found in small amounts in the atmosphere.
Heated to produce colorful _________
Column #18
Carbon Compounds
Foundation for life
Carbohydrates, Lipids/Fats, _________, & Amino Acids.
__________________ - long chains of Hydrogen & Carbon atoms :Alcohols & Fuels
Law of Conservation of Mass: The mass of the _________ will equal the mass of the products.
 Energy in Reactions
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1. Endothermic – reaction where energy is _________.
 2H2O + energy
2H2 + O2
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2. Exothermic – reaction where energy is _________.
 C6H12O6 + O2
H2O + CO2 + energy
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Rates of Reaction (things that affect the rate)
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1. Temperature
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2. __________________
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3. Pressure
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4. Catalyst – a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction. (_________)
Water
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Water resists changes in _________
Water is one of the few substances that expands when it _________
Ice is less dense than liquid water so it floats as it forms in a body of water.
Water is attracted to other water. This is called _________
Water can also be attracted to other materials. This is called _________