Highcliffe School
Geography Department
GCSE Geography
Revision Book
Unit 1: Climate the Environment & People – Weather & Climate
1. Give a definition for weather and for climate.
2. How does the latitude of a place affect its climate?
3. What happens to temperature and rainfall as altitude increases?
4. Describe what is meant by continentality and how it affects climate?
5. What are prevailing winds? How do they influence climate?
6. What is meant by the term precipitation? How does it occur?
7. With the aid of a labelled diagram explain relief rainfall.
8. How does convectional rainfall occur (include a diagram)?
9. What is frontal rainfall linked with? How is it different at cold and warm fronts?
10. What are isobars? What do they measure?
11. Draw simple diagrams of the isobar pattern for a low and a high.
12. Draw a weather station symbol with this information: wind speed 10 knots,
wind direction southwest, cloud cover 4 oktas.
13. How do satellite images help weather forecasting?
14. Describe the sequence of weather events that are linked to a depression?
15. Describe the sequence of weather events associated to a high pressure in a)
summer and b) winter.
16. Give four different names for an area of intense low pressure.
17. Where do hurricanes tend to occur and what time of year are they common?
18. Suggest how a hurricane could be formed (use a diagram to help).
19. Describe the sequence of weather events that you would expect in an area
that had a hurricane passing over it. Mention wind speed, direction, rain etc.
20. In which three ways can a hurricane cause damage?
21. List three precautions that you would take if you were expecting a hurricane
in the next few hours.
22. Describe three ways in which the climate of urban areas can be different
from that of the surrounding countryside.
23. Write briefly how the following factors can affect microclimates: a) the colour
and cover of surfaces; b) an area of water; c) the aspect.
24. What instruments are used to measure the following: a) temperature; b)
rainfall; c) pressure; d) humidity; e) sunlight; f) wind direction; g) wind speed?
Unit 1: Climate the Environment & People – Ecosystems
1. What is an ecosystem? What is the name given to the largest ecosystem
unit?
2. What four factors influence world vegetation distribution?
3. Name two areas that have tropical rainforest vegetation.
4. Describe the main layers and plant species found there. Include a diagram.
5. How does the equatorial location affect the vegetation characteristics?
6. Name two areas where tropical grasslands are found.
7. What kind of rainfall pattern are tropical grasslands associated with?
8. How does this climate influence the vegetation characteristics?
9. Describe four adaptations of the vegetation of a desert to the lack of rainfall.
10. Draw an example of a food chain in the tropical rainforest.
11. Draw an example of a food web for the New Forest.
12. Draw a diagram for the nitrogen cycle.
13. Explain how shifting cultivation works in the tropical rainforest.
14. Explain how slash and burn damages the tropical rainforest.
15. Give five main reasons for why tropical rainforest is being removed in Brazil.
16. What does ‘sustainable development’ mean?
17. How can MEDCs help to discourage deforestation?
18. What are the affects of tropical rainforest removal on: a) local scale; b) global
scale?
19. How might the tropical rainforests be managed sustainably?
Unit 2: Water, Landforms and People - Rivers
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6.
What are the three types of vertical transfer within the hydrological cycle?
What are the four means of horizontal transfer?
How can water be stored: a) above the ground?, b) below the ground?
How is water returned to the atmosphere?
Draw a fully labelled diagram of the hydrological (water) cycle.
Describe what each of these means: Drainage Basin; Catchment Area;
Watershed.
7. Draw a diagram of the River Basin as a system. Mark 1 input, 6 flows and the
3 outputs.
8. Where does the energy come from in a river system?
9. Name the following features: a) where a river starts, b) a branch of a main
river, c) where the river flows into the sea, d) the place where two rivers join
each other.
10. What do the following terms mean when referring to rivers? Load, discharge,
bed, velocity, banks, channel.
11. Draw cross- and long-profiles for the upper, middle and lower stages of a
river. Add labels to show the differences between them.
12. What are four ways a river erodes? Describe briefly.
13. What is meant by lateral erosion, headward erosion and vertical erosion?
14. Name and describe the four ways a river transports its load.
15. When does a river deposit its load?
16. What are interlocking spurs? At which stage of a river are they found?
17. Draw diagrams to show how a waterfall is formed.
18. How can rapids form?
19. Draw a cross-section of a river meander. Add these labels: river cliff, point
bar, strong current, weaker current, deep channel, shallow channel.
20. What is an ox-bow lake? How is it formed? Draw diagrams to show this.
21. What are alluvial deposits, flood plains, and levees?
22. What is a delta?
23. Name five uses of the land in a Drainage Basin.
24. Draw a storm hydrograph. Label: base flow, rising limb, falling limb, rainfall,
lag time.
25. List seven factors that affect the tendency of a river to flood.
26. Name an example of a flood in an MEDC.
27. Name an example of a flood in an LEDC and explain why floods in LEDCs
often cause bigger problems.
28. Name four hard engineering methods used to try to control flooding.
29. Describe the disadvantages of these methods.
30. Describe five soft engineering methods of flood management.
31. How can you tell the direction a river flows from a map?
32. What would you look for on a map to see if the river is in the: a) upper stage,
b) lower stage?
Unit 2: Water, Landforms and People - Coasts
1. What are waves caused by? a) the wind b) the moon c) big pebbles
2. What two factors determine the energy of a wave?
3. Draw a labelled diagram to show a wave’s crest, trough, length and height.
4. What is meant by the term ‘fetch’ when applied to waves?
5. Explain the difference between constructive and destructive waves.
6. What are swash and backwash?
7. Name five main types of coastal erosion. Briefly describe each.
8. Describe with the aid of a diagram the term longshore drift.
9. Draw diagrams to show the formation of cliffs and a wave-cut platform.
10. How does a headland and bay coastline form?
11. Describe how a crack in a headland can turn into a stack. (Use diagrams)
12. Name an example of: a) a series of stacks b) an arch
13. Describe how: a) beaches b) spits c) barrier beaches are formed. Use
diagrams and include an example of each.
14. What is a tombolo? Give an example.
15. Name five hard engineering methods used to control coastal erosion.
16. Give four disadvantages of hard engineering techniques.
17. What is the difference between soft engineering and hard engineering?
18. Give five soft engineering examples of coastal management.
19. Describe three main conflicts that may exist between various groups of
people in coastal areas.
20. What will happen to sea levels if global warming continues?
Unit 3: Settlement and People
1. What is the difference between settlement site and settlement situation?
2. What six factors led to the growth of different settlement types?
3. What is a nucleated settlement?
4. What factors lead to the development of dispersed settlement patterns?
5. Draw a diagram to show settlement hierarchy.
6. What is an area’s sphere of influence?
7. Give examples of low and high order goods.
8. What is a hinterland? Explain central place theory.
9. Name six functions used to classify settlements.
10. What three factors lead to the change in function of a settlement over time?
Explain each and give an example.
11. Draw the diagrams to show the concentric ring model (Burgess), the sector
model (Hoyt) and the multiple nuclei model (Ullman and Harris) of urban land
use.
12. Define these terms: CBD; Zone of Transition; Gentrification; Dormitory
Village; Brown Field Site.
13. What are the characteristics of the CBD?
14. What is a definition of urbanisation?
15. Give three causes of urbanisation in LEDCs?
16. What are millionaire cities? Give an MEDC and LEDC example.
17. What are the problems of urbanisation in a) the countryside b) the city?
18. What is counter-urbanisation? Is it happening in mainly MEDCs or LEDCs?
19. Give six reasons for counter-urbanisation.
20. Describe the six stage process by which counter-urbanisation changes the
character of villages.
21. What strategies are being adopted to solve the problem of traffic congestion
in MEDC cities?
22. How can the closure of traditional manufacturing industries lead to inner city
problems?
23. What is the doughnut effect? Use a diagram to explain and give an example.
24. Give two other names for shanty towns.
25. What are two negative consequences of overcrowding in LEDC cities?
26. What is a conurbation?
27. Explain why a) Greenbelts and b) New Towns are necessary.
28. What is the Rural Urban Fringe, and what are its characteristics?
Unit 4: People, Work and Development – Industry
1. Write an exact definition of the four types of industry, and give two examples
of each.
2. Place the following jobs under the correct heading: primary, secondary,
tertiary or quaternary. Nurse, electrician, farmer, research scientist,
fisherman, violin maker, double glazing salesperson, car factory worker, coal
miner, librarian, forestry worker, solicitor, taxi driver.
3. What are: a) arable farms; b) pastoral farms; c) mixed farms?
4. Explain what is meant by the following: a) intensive farms; b) extensive farms;
c) subsistence farms; c) commercial farms.
5. Draw a sketch map of the UK and mark on the main areas of hill sheep
farming, mixed farming, dairying, and intensive cereal farming.
6. What is diversification? Give examples of farm diversification.
7. How does intensive farming destroy habitats and pollute rivers?
8. Explain how organic and sustainable farming projects help to protect the
environment.
9. Explain why the North of England and South Wales experienced the most
development during the Industrial Revolution.
10. Why do ports have an important influence on industrial location?
11. How can labour supply influence industrial location?
12. List advantages and disadvantages of road transport.
13. Write down reasons why traditional manufacturing has declined in MEDCs.
14. Describe how the pattern of employment has changed since 1945, refer to
primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary sectors.
15. What is a ‘footloose’ industry?
16. What are the formal and informal industrial sectors in LEDCs?
17. Give reasons why many LEDCs have problems developing their industrial
base.
18. What are NICs? Why have the countries of the Pacific Rim become so
important to world industry?
19. What are the advantages to TNCs (Trans National Corporations) of having
operations in different parts of the world?
20. Draw up a table of advantages and disadvantages of TNCs to the host
country.
21. Why is congestion a problem for MEDCs?
22. Why is shortage of transport networks a problem for many LEDCs?
23. How might ‘fair trade’ help people in LEDCs?
Unit 4: People, Work and Development – Tourism and Conflict
1. Explain with examples what ‘recycling’ means.
2. Why are conservation and recycling so important?
3. Give two reasons why managing resources is difficult.
4. What is the difference between renewable and non-renewable resources?
5. Name six ways we can use renewable resources to make electricity.
6. What are the pros and cons of nuclear power?
7. Explain how acid rain is caused.
8. List three damaging effects of acid rain.
9. Give three ways in which the production of acid rain can be reduced.
10. What evidence has there been that global warming has taken place over the
last 100 years?
11. What causes the ‘Greenhouse Effect’? (Include a diagram of it).
12. Give three effects of global warming.
13. Explain with an example why pollution is considered a global problem.
14. What are the major causes of: a) atmospheric and b) river pollution?
15. Name the National Parks of England and Wales.
16. List three features of a National Park.
17. Which bodies are responsible for looking after the National Park?
18. What is a ‘honey-pot’ site? What problems arise in them?
19. Explain why conflicts often arise in National Parks.
20. Suggest how conflicts may be resolved.
21. Why are there many people who take more than one holiday a year?
22. What development has enabled people to take holidays abroad on a regular
basis?
23. Give reasons why specialist holidays have developed.
24. Give three advantages that tourism brings to LEDCs.
25. What does ‘ecotourism’ mean?
26. Explain how ecostourism limits the impact of tourists on the environment.
27. List three ways in which the attitudes of tourists from MEDCs are different to
those of people in LEDCSs.
Unit 4: People, Work and Development – Development
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5.
What does LEDC and MEDC stand for?
Why are international debts an increasing problem for LEDCs?
Explain how tropical climates cause development problems in LEDCs?
What three other natural problems affect the development of LEDCs?
Define the following terms: imports, exports, primary products, manufactured
goods.
6. List disadvantages for LEDCs who rely on primary products.
7. Give reasons why it is better to rely on manufactured goods as exports.
Support your answer with a graph.
8. What is a trade bloc? Give three examples.
9. Write a paragraph to explain how MEDCs have the advantage in world trade.
10. Draw a table to show the advantages and disadvantages of giving aid.
11. What are the differences between short and long term aid?
12. Give examples of short and long term aid.
13. What is ‘fair trade’?
14. Give examples of ‘fair trade’ products.
15. What are the problems that ‘fair trade’ is trying to solve? How is it going
about doing this?
Unit 1: Weather and Climate GCSE Exam Questions
1. Name the type of weather system shown in the figure below. (1 mark)
2. Label features A, B and C on the figure above. (3 marks)
3. Describe the type of weather experienced by the UK during a winter
anticyclone. (4 marks)
4. What type of rainfall is occurring over town A? (1 mark)
5. Explain why town B receives less rainfall than town A. (4 marks)
6. Explain why it is hotter at the equator than at the North Pole. (4 marks)
7. Describe a typical equatorial climate. (2 marks)
8. Describe how a tropical storm might affect peoples’ lives. (6 marks)
Unit 1: Ecosystems and Global Environmental Concerns GCSE
Exam Questions
1. What is an ecosystem? (1 mark)
2. Describe the location of coniferous forests shown in the figure below. (2
marks)
3. Name an area of tropical rainforest you have studied. (1 mark)
4. Describe three reasons why tropical rainforests are being cut down. (6
marks)
5. Describe the climate of tropical grassland. (3 marks)
6. Explain tree adaptation in tropical grasslands. (5 marks)
7. Complete the following to give the causes of global warming and acid rain.
(4 marks)
8. Evaluate the evidence for and against global warming. (6 marks)
9. What can governments do to reduce pollution from acid rain? (4 marks)
10. Explain why improvements in living standards have increased the
demands for fresh water. (2 marks)
Unit 2: Rivers GCSE Exam Questions
1. Label features A, B and C on figure 1. (3 marks)
2. Describe how a river transports material. (4 marks)
3. Name two features formed by river deposition. (2 marks)
4. Describe how a river valley cross-section changes downstream. (3 marks)
5. Give three reasons why rivers flood. (3 marks)
6. Describe the human uses of an upland river basin. (4 marks)
7. Explain the formation of ox-bow lakes. (6 marks)
Unit 2: Coasts GCSE Exam Questions
1. What type of waves are formed by light winds? (1 mark)
2. Label features A, B, and C on figure 2. (3 marks)
3. How do waves erode the coastline? (4 marks)
4. Explain how feature B on figure 2 was formed. (6 marks)
5. Name two coastal features formed by coastal deposition. (2 marks)
6. Name two methods of coastal protection. (2 marks)
7. Explain the process of longshore drift. (3 marks)
8. Describe how people use coasts. (4 marks)
Unit 3: Settlement GCSE Exam Questions
1. What is meant by the term urbanization? (1 mark)
2. Draw and label Hoyt’s sector model of urban land use. (3 marks)
3. What are shanty towns? (2 marks)
4. Using an example you have studied, describe how shanty towns can be
improved. (4 marks)
5. How are land use zones in LEDCs different from MEDCs? (2 marks)
6. Describe the characteristics of a CBD in an MEDC. (3 marks)
7. Describe the problems caused by the decline of inner cities in MEDCs. (4
marks)
8. Using an example you have studied, explain how inner city areas may be
improved. (6 marks)
Unit 4: Industry GCSE Exam Questions
1. What is primary industry? (1 mark)
2. How are primary and secondary industries linked? (2 marks)
3. Give two reasons why employment structures change. (2 marks)
4. For an industry you have studied, explain how raw materials, labour and
markets have influenced its location. (6 marks)
5. What is a transnational corporation? (1 mark)
6. How do governments of LEDCs influence the location of transnational
corporations? (4 marks)
7. Using an example you have studied, explain the advantages and
disadvantages of transnational corporations to LEDCs. (6 marks)
8. What can countries do to manage increasing demands for energy? (6
marks)
9. What is ecotourism? (1 mark)
10. How can tourism be developed, while protecting the environment? (5
marks)
Unit 4: Development GCSE Exam Questions
1. What is the meaning of Gross National Product (GNP) per capita? (1
mark)
2. Why is GNP on its own not an accurate way to measure levels of
development? (2 marks)
3. Give two ways that the level of development of a country can be
measured. (2 marks)
4. Using an example you have studied, explain how a poor water supply can
make it difficult for a country to develop. (4 marks)
5. Name and describe two different types of overseas aid. (4 marks)
6. Give three disadvantages of aid to the receiving country. (3 marks)
7. How does international trade benefit MEDCs more than LEDCs? (5
marks)
GCSE Case Study Example Questions
Unit 1: Climate the environment and people
Case Study: A type of climate.
a) Name a type of climate you have studied.
b) Name a place where this type of climate can be found.
c) Describe the main features of this type of climate. Refer to the
whole year.
d) Explain how plants and wildlife OR different groups of people
are affected by this type of climate.
(8 marks)
Case Study: A weather event caused by a high OR low-pressure weather
system.
a) Name a location where you have studied a weather event.
b) State whether the weather event was caused by a high OR low
pressure weather system.
c) Describe how the weather event affected people and the
environment.
d) Explain what caused the weather event. Use diagrams if you wish.
(8 marks)
Case Study: An ecosystem that is being used in an unsustainable way.
a) Name a place where you have studied an ecosystem that is being
used in an unsustainable way by people or organizations.
b) Name the type of ecosystem you have studied.
c) Describe how people or organizations are using this ecosystem.
d) Explain why this makes the ecosystem unsustainable.
(8 marks)
Case Study: The effects of people on an ecosystem.
a) Name and locate an ecosystem you have studied.
b) Describe the structure of the ecosystem. Refer to plant and
animals. Draw diagrams if you wish.
c) Explain how and why people are changing (or have changed) the
ecosystem structure.
(8 marks)
GCSE Case Study Example Questions
Unit 2: Water, landforms and people
Case Study: A scheme to change the supply of water.
a) Name a place where the supply of water has been, or is being,
changed by people.
b) Describe how the supply of water was, or is being, changed.
c) Explain how the changing water supply is affecting, or will affect,
different groups of people or organisations.
(8 marks)
Case Study: A place where a serious flood OR a serious drought has affected
people and the environment.
a) Name a place where you have studied a serious flood OR drought.
b) Describe how the flood or drought affected people and the
environment.
c) Explain what people could do OR have done to prevent the flood
or drought affecting them in the future.
(8 marks)
Case Study: A river landform.
a) Name a place where you have studied a river landform. Name the
type of landform and state whether it was created by erosion or
deposition.
b) Describe how the river landform was created.
c) Explain how the river landform has been OR is being used by
people and / or organisations.
(8 marks)
(The above case study could also appear as a coastal question; replace ‘A river
landform’ with ‘A coastal landform’.)
GCSE Case Study Example Questions
Unit 3: People and place:
Case Study: Different types of housing in a town or city.
For a named town or city in an MEDC or an LEDC:
a) Name the town or city.
b) Describe the distribution of different types of housing. (Draw
diagrams or sketch maps if you wish).
c) Explain why different groups of people live in these housing areas.
(8 marks)
Case Study: Improving services.
a) Name a place where services have been improved.
b) State whether this place is in an urban (town or city) or rural (village
or countryside) area.
c) Describe how these services have been improved.
d) Explain how these improvements affected different groups of people.
(8 marks)
Case Study: A place that people have migrated away from.
a) Name a place that people have migrated away from.
b) State whether this place is urban (town or city) or rural (village or
countryside).
c) Describe the factors that caused people to migrate. Refer to push and
pull factors.
d) Explain how the area they migrated away from was affected.
e) place is in an urban (town or city) or rural (village or countryside)
area.
(8 marks)
GCSE Case Study Example Questions
Unit 4: People, work and industry:
Case Study: A country or region of a country that has received or is receiving aid.
a) Name a country or region of a country you have studied that is
receiving or has received aid.
b) Describe the aid that has been given to the country or region.
c) Explain the impact of the aid on the country or region.
(8 marks)
Case Study: The location of a primary OR tertiary economic activity.
a) Name a place where you have studied a primary or tertiary
economic activity. State whether you are writing about a primary or
tertiary activity.
b) Draw a labeled sketch map to show the location of the economic
activity.
c) Explain the advantages and disadvantages of this location now.
(8 marks)
Case Study: The effect of overseas investment on a country or region.
For a named country or region you have studied:
a) Describe how overseas investment has affected employment
opportunities.
b) Explain any social and environmental impacts that the overseas
investment has had on the country or region.
(8 marks)
GCSE Exam Answers
Unit 1: Weather and Climate
1. Depression
2. A = warm front B = cold front C = warm sector
3. Sunny / clear skies, cold, gentle winds, foggy.
4. Relief rainfall
5. Air cools as it rises over high land (1), water vapour condenses, forms clouds and rain
(1), air warms as it sinks to lower land (1), remaining clouds evaporate and there is little
rain (1).
6. The sun is directly above the equator (1), solar energy at the equator has less distance to
travel (1), solar energy at the equator is more concentrated (1), solar energy at the
equator has less atmosphere to pass through (1).
7. High temperatures all year (1), average 27oC (1), high humidity (1), resulting in daily
convectional rainfall (1).
8. Injury or death (1), loss of homes (1), loss of possessions (1), loss of crops (1),
psychological damage (1), some people benefit e.g. builders (1).
Unit 1: Ecosystems and Global Environmental Concerns
1. A community of trees, plants, animals and insects living in a particular environment (1).
2. A wide band between 50ON and the Arctic Circle (1), northern Europe, Siberia, USA and
Canada (1).
3. Amazon (1), West Africa (1), South-East Asia (1).
4. Agriculture (1), forest cleared for farmland (1), settlement (1), land is needed to provide
homes (1), ranching (1), forest cleared to graze cattle (1), logging (1), timber for building
and export (1), mining (1), for minerals such as gold, iron ore and bauxite (1), roads (1),
to improve communications (1).
5. Temperatures of 25oC (1), throughout the year (1), wet and dry seasons (1).
6. Thick bark (1), to protect from fire (1), small waxy leaves (1), leaves dropped in dry
season (1), to reduce water loss (1), extra long roots (1), to reach water table (1).
7. A = carbon dioxide, B = methane, C = sulphur dioxide, D = nitrogen oxide
8. For = average global temperature has increased (1), some glaciers and ice sheets are
becoming smaller (1), extreme weather events have increased (1), ice cores from
Antarctica show that amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased (1).
Against = Earth’s climate has always varied between hot and cold (1), Antarctic ice sheet
has not become smaller (1).
9. Introduce anti-pollution laws (1), make power stations increase the height of their
chimneys (1), and to filter out chemicals like sulphur dioxide (1), catalytic converters can
be fitted to cars (1), people can be persuaded to use less energy (1).
10. Climate change (1), many years of drought (1), possibly caused by global warming (1),
population increase (1), means fragile areas are being farmed (1), overgrazing by sheep,
goats and cattle (1), has removed vegetation (1), irrigation by pumping water from
underground has lowered the water table (1), deforestation for timber (1), lack of
vegetation means soil is no longer held together by roots (1), soil is blown away by wind
(1), and washed away by rainfall (1).
GCSE Exam Answers
Unit 2: Rivers
1. A = mouth, B = watershed, C = confluence (1)
2. Traction (1), saltation (1), suspension (1), solution (1)
3. Flood plain (1), delta (1), levee (1), point bar (1)
4. Upper course = narrow V-shaped valley (1), middle course = wider U-shaped valley (1),
lower course = wide flat valley (1)
5. Heavy rainfall (1), melting snow (1), deforestation (1), urbanisation (1)
6. Forestry (1), sheep farming (1), hydro-electric power (1), tourism (1), settlement (1)
7. Begins with a large meander (1), narrow neck of land is eroded (1), especially during a
flood (1), river takes shortest course through new channel (1), deposition occurs (1),
meander is cut-off (1), to form an oxbow lake (1), over time the lake will silt up (1).
Unit 2: Coasts
1. Constructive waves (1)
2. A = headland, B = stack, C = arch
3. Hydraulic action (1), corrasion / abrasion (1), attrition (1), corrosion (1)
4. Erosion of headland (1), fault in rock eroded by waves (1), fault widens to form a crack
(1), crack is eroded to form a cave (1), caves break through headland to form arch (1),
arch collapses to form a stack (1), stack is eroded to form a stump (1).
5. Beach (1), spit (1), bar (1), tombolo (1)
6. Groynes (1), sea walls (1), rock armour (1), cliff stabilisation (1), beach nourishment (1),
gabions (1).
7. Waves approach beach at oblique angles (1), backwash returns to sea at right angles (1),
material is transported along the beach (1).
8. Fishing (1), tourism (1), settlement (1), industry (1).
Unit 3: Settlement
1. Increase in the percentage of people living in cities (1).
2. Hoyt’s sector model – should have CBD at centre, light industrial, lower, middle and
upper class housing.
3. Low quality housing in LEDCs (1), built by migrants from waste materials (1), may later
be improved by using permanent building materials (1).
4. Named example (1), self help schemes (1), are when residents are sold cheap building
materials by the government (1), site and service schemes (2), are when people are
provided with plots of land (1), with basic services such as water and electricity (1), and
are allowed to build their own homes (1).
5. In MEDCs high quality housing is found on the outskirts (1), in LEDCs high quality
housing is found in the inner city (1), MEDC settlements do not have shanty towns (1).
6. A CBD contains shops (1), offices (1), buildings are high rise (1).
7. Problems include unemployment (1), crime (1), transport problems (1), lack of services
(1), deteriorating housing (1), falling house prices (1).
GCSE Exam Answers
Unit 4: Industry and Tourism
1. Extraction or production of raw materials (1).
2. Primary products are processed or manufactured into secondary goods (1), secondary
goods are sold by tertiary industry, shops (1).
3. Development of new industries (1), such as manufacturing or tourism (1).
4. Named example (1), industries with heavy raw materials locate close to them (1),
because of the transport costs (1), technical jobs require a skilled workforce (1),
assembly jobs require a cheap workforce (1), location of market (1), concentrated or
dispersed market (1).
5. Very large companies with offices and factories all over the world (1).
6. Low tax rates (1), minimise bureaucracy – red tape (1), relax planning laws (1), relax
health and safety laws (1), relax environmental laws (1), devalue their currency to make
labour cheaper (1), provide a well educated workforce (1).
7. Named example (1), Advantages = provides jobs (1), increases wealth (1), taxes are paid
to government (1), people learn skills (1), infrastructure and services may be improved
(1), Disadvantages = TNCs are powerful and may influence government decisions (1),
profits are transferred to headquarters in MEDCs (1), jobs may be low skill (1), and
dangerous (1), wages are low (1), may cause damage to the environment (1).
8. Increase energy supply (1), by increased electricity production (1), using alternative
energy such as solar (1), reduce demand (1), by recycling (1), persuading people to use
less energy (1)
9. Sustainable tourism that has minimal impact on the environment (1).
10. Eco-tourism / green tourism (1), mass tourism is discouraged (1), small groups of wealthy
tourists are encouraged (1), tourists stay with local people (1), rather than building new
hotels (1), new hotels must be built below tree height (1), tourists educated about local
culture and customs (1), tourist tax is used to protect, conserve and repair environment
(1).
Unit 4: Development
1. The total value of all goods and services produced by a country in one year, divided by all
the population to give an average per person (1).
2. Cost of living varies between different countries (1), development is about quality of life,
not just money (1).
3. Birth rate (1), death rate (1), life expectancy (1), infant mortality (1), population per doctor
(1), literacy (1), years in education (1), Human Development Index (1).
4. Contaminated water causes illness and disease (1), such as cholera, dysentery and
diarrhoea (1), sick people are unable to work (1), this places a strain on healthcare
services (1), also hours are wasted collecting water from long distances (1).
5. Emergency aid (1), short term disaster relief (1), long term aid (1), e.g. education or
training (1), multilateral aid (1), arranged by international organisations such as banks (1),
bilateral aid (1), arranged by individual governments (1), tied aid (1), money must be
spent on goods from donor country (1), NGO aid (1), aid from charities (1).
6. Aid may be a loan and cause more debt (1), food aid may cause prices to fall (1), and put
farmers out of business (1), aid might include inappropriate high technology items (1), the
rich may benefit most (1), aid money may be stolen by corrupt officials (1).
7. MEDCs export mainly manufactured goods (1), which are high value (1), LEDCs export
mainly primary goods (1), which are low value (1), the price of manufactured goods is
increasing faster than the price of primary goods (1).