Table S1. Taxonomic list of zooplankton taxa identified
in pond mesocosms all over the experimental platform.
Taxa identified in pond mesocosms
Copepods
Cyclopoidae
Calanidae
Copepodites
Nauplii type 1
Nauplii type 2
Cladocerans
Sida cristallina
Simocephalus sp.
Daphnia sp.
Scapholeberis sp.
Chydoridae
Graptoleberis testudinario
Rotifers
Brachionus sp.
Polyarthra sp.
Keratella sp.
Asplanchna sp.
Testudinella sp.
Mytilina sp.
Gastropus sp.
Hexarthra sp.
Trichocerca sp.
Tricotria sp.
Lecane sp.
Pompholyx sp.
Euchlanis sp.
Lepadella sp.
Squatinella sp.
Anuraeopsis sp.
Synchaeta sp.
Cephalobdella sp.
Other Rotifera
Ostracods
Herpetocypris sp.
Ostracoda type 2
Cypridopsis sp.
Materials and methods: Mathematical equations used to estimate zooplankton biomass
and secondary production
Biomass calculation
Biomass was estimated using various body-length measures and specific published
allometric length-dry mass relations as described by equations (1) and (2) for microcrustaceans and rotifers, respectively.
wij  eln a b ln Lij
(1)
where wij is the individual dry mass in µg and Lij the individual size in mm of taxon i in the sieve j for microcrustaceans, a and b are constants of the equation [1].
wij  ( FF  Lij3  FF  %BV  Lij 3 )  106  WW : DW
(2)
where wij is the individual dry mass in µg and Lij the total body length in µm of taxon i in sieve j for rotifera, FF
is the specific form factor, %BV is the volume of appendices in percentage of body volume and WW : DW the
fresh to dry mass conversion factor (= 0.039 for Asplanchna sp. and 0.1 for other taxa ; [1]).
Specific allometric relations (3) based on body-length and body-width were used to
estimate biomass of some rotifer taxa (Filinia sp. and Trochocerca sp.) according to [1].
wij  ( FF  Laij  Lbij 2  FF  %BV  Lij 3 ) 106  WW : DW
(3)
where : wij is the individual dry mass in µg, Laij the total body length and Lbij the maximum body width in µm of
taxon i in sieve j for Filinia and Trichocerca, FF is the specific form factor, %BV is the volume of appendices in
percentage of body volume and WW : DW the fresh to dry mass conversion factor (= 0.1).
Total biomass of each taxon in each sieve (bij) was calculated as the product of mean
individual dry mass values (wij) of each taxon by their abundance in the corresponding sieve
(nij) using equation (4).
bij  wij  nij
(4)
where bij is the total biomass in µg, wij the individual dry mass in µg and nij the abundance of taxon i in sieve j.
The community biomass (B) was finally estimated as the sum of bij values of all taxa in all
sieves of a single sample.
Secondary production estimate
For cladocerans, copepods and rotifers, chlorophyll a concentration was included
(equations (6) (7) and (8)).
gij( wij, T ) 
e1.181 0.372 ln wij  0.063T
100
(5)
where gij is the daily growth rate in d-1 and wij the individual dry mass in µg of taxon i in sieve j for ostracoda, T
the mean water temperature in °C during the 24h preceding sampling (from [2]).
Ca

 0.09T  0.06
gij( wcij, T , Ca )  0.33
e
wcij
(6)
 0.125T 
C
a

205
e


where gij is the daily growth rate in d-1 and wcij the individual dry mass in mg of carbon of taxon i in sieve j for
zooplankton (copepoda, cladocera and rotifera), the mean water temperature in °C during the 24 hrs preceding
sampling and Ca the chlorophyll a concentration in water in µg of carbon per litre [3].
Ca  Cchloa  50
(7)
where Ca is the chlorophyll a concentration in µg of carbon per litre and Cchlo a the chlorophyll a concentration in
µg of chlorophyll a per litre [3].
wcij 
log wij   0.46
1.14
(8)
where wcij is the individual mass in mg of carbon and wij the individual dry mass in mg of taxon i in sieve j for
copepoda, cladocera or rotifera [4].
The theoretical daily production (p) of each taxon [5] was calculated using equation (9).
pij  gij  bij
(9)
where pij is the daily secondary production in µg of dry matter/day, gij the daily growth rate in d-1 and bij the total
biomass in µg of taxon i in the sieve j.
On each sampling date, the instantaneous turnover rate (Pi/Bi) of each taxon was
computed based upon the ratio between the estimates of its biomass and of its daily secondary
production.
References
[1] US Environmental Protection Agency. 2003. Standard operation procedure for zooplankton analysis,
revision 03. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
[2] Anderson DH, Darring S & Benke AC. 1998. Growth of crustacean meiofauna in a forested floodplain
swamp: implications for biomass turnover. J N Am Benthol Soc 17:21-36.
[3] Zhou M, Carlotti F & Zhu Y. 2010. A size spectrum zooplankton closure model for ecosystem modelling. J
Plankton Res 32:1147-1165.
[4] Schram MD, Schmitz EH. 1983. Correlation of total organic carbon and dry weight data as indices of freshwater zooplankton biomass. Hydrobiologia 106:283-284.
[5] Benke AC. 1993. Concepts and patterns of invertebrate production in running waters. Verh Int Ver Limnol
25:15-38.
Table S2. Zooplankton community descriptors, expressed as mean ± S.E. (Min.; Max.), on the basis of taxa abundance (A), biomass (B),
production (C) and P/B ratio (D) estimated in the control mesocosm and in mesocosms treated with thiram and hydrocarbon water
accommodated fraction (HWAF).
A. Abundance
Thiram
Descriptors
HWAF
Control
35 µg/L
170 µg/L
0.01 mg/L
0.4 mg/L
2 mg/L
20 mg/L
Total abundance
2657.8 ± 276.7
(640;6923)
2111.9 ± 354.9
(217;5477)
1414.9 ± 386.6
(65;7904)
2587.1 ± 221.5
(933;5381)
2051.1 ± 420.1
(547;8026)
2177.0 ± 196.4
(857;3789)
4905.1 ± 1971.9
(147;35679)
Richness α
17.2 ± 0.56
(10;23)
17.5 ± 0.64
(11;24)
15.5 ± 0.64
(10;21)
17.3 ± 0.64
(10;22)
16.2 ± 0.53
(12;23)
15.8 ± 0.59
(11;21)
15.4 ± 0.66
(10;24)
Richness β
2.18 ± 0.09
(1.57;3.6)
2.12 ± 0.08
(1.5;3.27)
2.43 ± 0.12
(1.71;3.6)
2.15 ± 0.1
(1.64;3.6)
2.27 ± 0.07
(1.57;3)
2.34 ± 0.09
(1.71;3.27)
2.43 ± 0.1
(1.5;3.6)
27.7 ± 0.3
(24;31)
Richness γ
Shannon α
1.58 ± 0.07
(0.89;2.18)
1.74 ± 0.11
(0.8;2.43)
1.74 ± 0.09
(0.91;2.23)
1.53 ± 0.11
(0.58;2.29)
1.58 ± 0.09
(0.75;2.41)
1.67 ± 0.06
(1.17;2.1)
1.34 ± 0.12
(0.24;2.21)
Shannon β
1.37 ± 0.06
(0.85;2.28)
1.29 ± 0.08
(0.77;2.35)
1.25 ± 0.07
(0.74;1.77)
1.5 ± 0.11
(0.93;2.7)
1.4 ± 0.1
(0.87;3.11)
1.27 ± 0.06
(0.89;1.9)
2.06 ± 0.36
(0.83;8.68)
2.08 ± 0.05
(1.56;2.42)
Shannon γ
Simpson α
0.33 ± 0.02
(0.14;0.61)
0.3 ± 0.04
(0.12;0.71)
0.28 ± 0.03
(0.14;0.52)
0.34 ± 0.04
(0.12;0.74)
0.32 ± 0.03
(0.12;0.68)
0.27 ± 0.02
(0.16;0.49)
0.43 ± 0.05
(0.14;0.92)
Simpson β
0.66 ± 0.05
(0.24;1.34)
0.82 ± 0.09
(0.27;2.27)
0.82 ± 0.09
(0.32;1.72)
0.66 ± 0.05
(0.24;1.25)
0.69 ± 0.07
(0.22;1.32)
0.78 ± 0.07
(0.37;1.46)
0.57 ± 0.06
(0.2;1.36)
Simpson γ
0.2 ± 0.01
(0.13;0.32)
B. Biomass (µg/L)
Thiram
Descriptors
HWAF
Control
35 µg/L
170 µg/L
0.01 mg/L
0.4 mg/L
2 mg/L
20 mg/L
Total biomass
92.5 ± 9.2
(8.5;232.0)
72.6 ± 6.8
(19.5;135.1)
61.1 ± 10.0
(3.7;167.7)
68.3 ± 9.9
(9.3;168.7)
69.4 ± 9.2
(9.2;165.7)
70.6 ± 14.6
(10.7;312.3)
44.9 ± 8.6
(2.77;119.3)
Richness α
17.2 ± 0.6
(10;23)
17.4 ± 0.6
(11;23)
15.4 ± 0.6
(10;21)
17.2 ± 0.6
(10;22)
16.1 ± 0.6
(11;23)
15.7 ± 0.59
(11;20)
15.1 ± 0.7
(10;24)
Richness β
2.06 ± 0.08
(1.48;3.4)
2.01 ± 0.08
(1.48;3.09)
2.3 ± 0.11
(1.62;3.4)
2.04 ± 0.09
(1.55;3.4)
2.17 ± 0.08
(1.48;3.09)
2.23 ± 0.08
(1.7;3.09)
2.35 ± 0.1
(1.42;3.4)
27.7 ± 0.3
(24;31)
Richness γ
Shannon α
1.83 ± 0.07
(0.63;2.37)
1.93 ± 0.05
(1.36;2.28)
1.66 ± 0.07
(0.98;2.16)
1.96 ± 0.06
(1.44;2.55)
1.83 ± 0.07
(1.19;2.31)
1.89 ± 0.07
(1.12;2.17)
1.52 ± 0.08
(0.65;2.37)
Shannon β
1.43 ± 0.09
(1.02;3.64)
1.28 ± 0.04
(1.02;1.72)
1.53 ± 0.09
(1.15;2.59)
1.26 ± 0.04
(0.86;1.75)
1.36 ± 0.05
(1.08;2.06)
1.33 ± 0.06
(1.09;2.15)
1.74 ± 0.13
(1.05;3.86)
2.43 ± 0.02
(2.19;2.57)
Shannon γ
Simpson α
0.25 ± 0.03
(0.11;0.74)
0.21 ± 0.02
(0.12;0.44)
0.28 ± 0.03
(0.14;0.57)
0.21 ± 0.02
(0.1;0.39)
0.23 ± 0.02
(0.12;0.52)
0.22 ± 0.02
(0.14;0.55)
0.33 ± 0.03
(0.13;0.75)
Simpson β
0.56 ± 0.04
(0.15;1.01)
0.59 ± 0.05
(0.28;1.1)
0.45 ± 0.03
(0.17;0.7)
0.6 ± 0.07
(0.24;1.93)
0.54 ± 0.04
(0.21;0.82)
0.57 ± 0.04
(0.19;1.02)
0.41 ± 0.04
(0.13;1.01)
Simpson γ
0.11 ± 0.01
(0.09;0.19)
C. Production (µg/d)
Thiram
Descriptors
HWAF
Control
35 µg/L
170 µg/L
0.01 mg/L
0.4 mg/L
2 mg/L
20 mg/L
Total production
126.1 ± 19.5
(2.6;478.9)
89.3 ± 12.6
(4.7;252.3)
75.5 ± 15.1
(2.27;243.0)
95.6 ± 16.6
(2.4;272.7)
96.0 ± 15.9
(2.5;242.4)
109.5 ± 27.1
(8.5;487.7)
75.2 ± 17.7
(2.9;280.6)
Richness α
17.2 ± 0.56
(10;23)
17.4 ± 0.6
(11;23)
15.4 ± 0.64
(10;21)
17.2 ± 0.62
(10;22)
16.1 ± 0.56
(11;23)
15.7 ± 0.59
(11;20)
15.1 ± 0.7
(10;24)
Richness β
2.06 ± 0.08
(1.48;3.4)
2.01 ± 0.08
(1.48;3.09)
2.3 ± 0.11
(1.62;3.4)
2.04 ± 0.09
(1.55;3.4)
2.17 ± 0.08
(1.48;3.09)
2.23 ± 0.08
(1.7;3.09)
2.35 ± 0.1
(1.42;3.4)
27.7 ± 0.3
(24;31)
Richness γ
Shannon α
1.83 ± 0.07
(0.71;2.32)
1.95 ± 0.05
(1.25;2.28)
1.69 ± 0.07
(1.05;2.29)
1.95 ± 0.06
(1.36;2.48)
1.83 ± 0.07
(1.11;2.38)
1.9 ± 0.07
(0.97;2.45)
1.51 ± 0.09
(0.55;2.36)
Shannon β
1.39 ± 0.08
(1.03;3.22)
1.25 ± 0.04
(1.03;1.81)
1.46 ± 0.07
(1.06;2.38)
1.25 ± 0.04
(0.85;1.82)
1.35 ± 0.06
(0.98;2.28)
1.31 ± 0.07
(0.99;2.39)
1.75 ± 0.16
(1.05;4.43)
2.38 ± 0.02
(2.11;2.52)
Shannon γ
Simpson α
0.25 ± 0.02
(0.12;0.7)
0.21 ± 0.02
(0.12;0.5)
0.27 ± 0.03
(0.12;0.53)
0.22 ± 0.02
(0.1;0.46)
0.23 ± 0.02
(0.11;0.56)
0.22 ± 0.03
(0.1;0.59)
0.33 ± 0.04
(0.13;0.78)
Simpson β
0.58 ± 0.04
(0.16;1.1)
0.64 ± 0.05
(0.27;1.12)
0.5 ± 0.04
(0.19;0.98)
0.63 ± 0.07
(0.23;2.01)
0.6 ± 0.05
(0.2;1.28)
0.64 ± 0.06
(0.2;1.37)
0.44 ± 0.05
(0.13;1.09)
Simpson γ
0.12 ± 0.01
(0.1;0.21)
D. P/B ratio
Thiram
Descriptors
HWAF
Control
35 µg/L
170 µg/L
0.01 mg/L
0.4 mg/L
2 mg/L
20 mg/L
Total P/B ratio
24.8 ± 2.1
(2.2;43.0)
26.3 ± 3.0
(2.8;56.4)
21.6 ± 2.43
(2.47;41.4)
25.7 ± 2.67
(3.11;45.22)
24.0 ± 2.37
(3.42;40.72)
26.4 ± 2.96
(3.46;47.37)
26.0 ± 2.88
(3.54;52.18)
Richness α
17.2 ± 0.6
(10;23)
17.4 ± 0.6
(11;23)
15.4 ± 0.6
(10;21)
17.2 ± 0.62
(10;22)
16.1 ± 0.56
(11;23)
15.7 ± 0.59
(11;20)
15.1 ± 0.68
(10;24)
Richness β
2.06 ± 0.08
(1.48;3.4)
2.01 ± 0.08
(1.48;3.09)
2.3 ± 0.11
(1.62;3.4)
2.04 ± 0.09
(1.55;3.4)
2.17 ± 0.08
(1.48;3.09)
2.23 ± 0.08
(1.7;3.09)
2.35 ± 0.1
(1.42;3.4)
27.7 ± 0.3
(24;31)
Richness γ
Shannon α
2.78 ± 0.03
(2.29;3.08)
2.8 ± 0.03
(2.39;3.07)
2.68 ± 0.04
(2.29;2.99)
2.79 ± 0.04
(2.29;3.02)
2.72 ± 0.03
(2.39;3.09)
2.71 ± 0.03
(2.39;2.96)
2.66 ± 0.04
(2.29;3.14)
Shannon β
1.1 ± 0.01
(1;1.31)
1.09 ± 0.01
(1.02;1.22)
1.14 ± 0.02
(1.02;1.37)
1.09 ± 0.01
(1.02;1.26)
1.12 ± 0.01
(1.01;1.31)
1.13 ± 0.01
(1.05;1.24)
1.15 ± 0.02
(1;1.29)
3.05 ± 0.01
(2.9;3.15)
Shannon γ
Simpson α
0.06 ± 0.002
(0.05;0.1)
0.06 ± 0.002
(0.05;0.09)
0.07 ± 0.003
(0.05;0.1)
0.06 ± 0.002
(0.05;0.1)
0.07 ± 0.002
(0.05;0.09)
0.07 ± 0.002
(0.05;0.09)
0.07 ± 0.003
(0.04;0.1)
Simpson β
0.85 ± 0.02
(0.55;1.1)
0.87 ± 0.02
(0.66;1.03)
0.78 ± 0.03
(0.48;1.07)
0.86 ± 0.02
(0.61;1.02)
0.81 ± 0.03
(0.53;1.06)
0.79 ± 0.02
(0.61;0.94)
0.76 ± 0.03
(0.55;1.1)
23.97 ± 2.37
(3.42;40.72)
26.37 ± 2.96
(3.46;47.37)
25.99 ± 2.88
(3.54;52.18)
0.05 ± 0.0008
(0.05;0.06)
Simpson γ
P/B
24.75 ± 2.1
(2.21;43.01)
26.34 ± 2.97
(2.77;56.41)
21.55 ± 2.43
(2.47;41.4)
25.72 ± 2.67
(3.11;45.22)
A. Rotifers
B.Cladocerans
C. Copepods
D. Ostracods
Figure S1. Cumulated mesh-size-class biomass (mg) of zooplankton taxa sampled in control
mesocosms and in mesocosms treated with thiram and the Hydrocarbon Water
Accommodated Fraction (HWAF). A, Rotifers; B, Cladocerans; C, Copepods; D, Ostracods.
Figure S2.
Distribution of biovolume (µm3) and maximal body length (µm) values of
phytoplankton taxa before and after exposure to 170 µg/L thiram nominal concentration.
Results are expressed as abundance and percent values.
Taxonomic identification and cell counts were performed according to the Utermöhl
method [1]. After 12 to 24 hrs aliquot sedimentation (10 or 25 ml of the sample), the subsamples were observed using a Leica DMI3000B inverted microscope (Leica Microsystems,
Germany; 400 magnification).
Diametral transects were made. The identification was
conducted at the lowest feasible taxonomic. The biovolume of algae was estimated according
to [2]. The algae length was the length of the greatest axis of colony or individuals.
References
[1] Utermöhl H. 1958. Zur Vervollkommung der quantitativen Phytoplankton-Methodik. Mitt. int. Verein.
Limnol. 2:1-38.
[2] Hillebrand H, Dürselen CD, Kirschtel D, Pollingher U, Zohary T. 1999. Biovolume calculation for pelagic
and benthic microalgae. Journal of Phycology 35:403-424.