Biology 190 – Fall 2012
Review Sheet - Final Exam
I. Speciation
A. Tempo of speciation: Gradualism vs. punctuated equilibrium
II. Macroevolution
A. Exaptation, allometric growth
B. Paedomorphosis
C. Heterochrony
III. Phylogeny and Systematics
A. Domain and kingdom classification
B. Phylogenetic relationships among taxa - Monophyletic, paraphyletic, polyphyletic, clade
 Use of traits in classification - Homology, homoplasy, plesiomorphy, symplesiomorphy, apomorphy,
synapomorphy, cladogram, outgroup
IV. Ecology
 Organismal, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Landscape
A. Biotic Factors – Competition, Predation, Disease, Parasitism
B. Abiotic Factors – Temperature, Water, Sunlight, Wind, Rocks & Soil
V. Population Ecology
 Aspects
A. Density and Dispersion
1. Density – Census methods
2. Dispersion – Clumped/Aggregated/Patchy, Uniform, Random
B. Demography – Natality, Mortality, Immigration, Emigration, Life Tables, Survivorship Curves
C. Life History – Semelparity, Iteroparity, Parental Care
D. Population Dynamics – Terminology
1. Exponential population growth – Intrinsic growth rate
2. Logistic population growth – Carrying capacity
3. Life history strategies – r-selection, K-selection
4. Factors affecting population size – Density-independent, density-dependent (competition,
territoriality, health, predation, wastes, other factors)
E. Population Stability – Environmental factors (resources, recruitment), immigration, combined factors
VI. Community Ecology
A. Competition – Competitive Exclusion, Ecological Niche (Fundamental vs. Realized), Resource
Partitioning, Character Displacement
B. Predation – Coevolution
1. Strategies – Pursuit predation, ambush predation, aggressive mimicry
2. Predator avoidance – Escape, mechanical defenses, social behavior, chemical defenses, defensive
coloration (cryptic, aposematic, Batesian mimicry, Müllerian mimicry)
C. Herbivory – Herbivore Characteristics, Anti-Herbivore Defenses
D. Parasitism – Endoparasites, Ectoparasites, Parasitoids, Life Cycles
E. Disease – Effects on communities
F. Mutualism – Definition, Examples
G. Commensalism
H. Community Structure
1. Species diversity – Species richness, relative abundance
Biology 190 – Fall 2012
Review Sheet - Final Exam
2. Trophic structure – Trophic levels, food chain, food web
3. Influential species – Dominant species, keystone species, foundation species (engineers, facilitators)
4. Control of community structure – Bottom-up, top-down
Review Session: Friday, December 14, 6:00-8:00 pm, ST232
Final Exam: Tuesday, December 18, 11:00 am – 1:00 pm, ST175