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Citing and referencing
Table of Contents
A.
What is citing and
What is citing and referencing
Introduction
referencing
B.
Tips for collecting references
During your studies you will come across many
as you study
ideas, thoughts and statements from other
C.
writers, either from material on your reading
An Introduction to the
Harvard Citation System
list, or while carrying out your own research.
D.
Advantages of Harvard
It's important to learn how to properly
E.
Quoting
acknowledge the work of other writers, while
F.
Dealing with multiple works
presenting it alongside your own thoughts and
by the same author
ideas. However, when using other people's
G.
Bibliographic styles
ideas you want to ensure you don't
H.
Referencing books
inadvertently plagiarise by suggesting that
I.
Referencing journal articles
their ideas are your own. For this reason,
J.
Referencing electronic
learning how to cite and reference properly is
sources including websites
K.
Referencing a chapter from a
Definition
book
L.
sources
very important.
Referencing other types of
When you have used an idea from a book,
journal article etc, you must acknowledge this
in your text. We refer to this as 'citing' which
you do by including a 'reference' at the end of
your text to the original author.
Why do we need to cite and reference?
Citing and referencing is an extremely
important part of writing academic work. Citing
allows you to acknowledge the thoughts and
opinion of other writers; for example to quote
without plagiarising.
When writing any piece of academic work you
want to be able to demonstrate the body of
knowledge on which you have based your
work. Citing also helps other students,
researchers or your tutors to trace your
sources and lead them on to further
information. A standard system of citing has
been developed to ensure it is simple to trace
knowledge efficiently.
(c) LSE 2009
Citing and referencing
Table of Contents
A.
What is citing and referencing
B.
Tips for collecting
Tips for collecting references
as you study
While you are studying you will start to read
references as you study
lots of different materials and may well collect
C.
numerous references. The final section of this
An Introduction to the
Harvard Citation System
course will help you manage the information
D.
Advantages of Harvard
that you find. However, it's important to start
E.
Quoting
thinking about this early on and to devise a
F.
Dealing with multiple works
way of managing your information that allows
by the same author
ease of sorting and retrieving. Some keys
G.
Bibliographic styles
things to remember include:
H.
Referencing books
I.
Referencing journal articles

Organise your references electronically.
J.
Referencing electronic

Note the relevant referencing
sources including websites
information you need from the start - it
K.
will save time in the long run! For
Referencing a chapter from a
example, if you think you might use a
book
L.
quote from a book, make a note of
Referencing other types of
what page it appears on!
sources
Don't forget ...

When paraphrasing (putting another
author's ideas/words into your own)
you must remember to reference the
original source.

If you quote text, indicate what is
quoted and the source of the quote.

If the facts are common knowledge
there is no need to provide a citation
but if you are in any doubt it is better
to be safe and cite the source!
(c) LSE 2009
Citing and referencing
Table of Contents
A.
What is citing and referencing
B.
Tips for collecting references
An Introduction to the Harvard
Citation System
There are several different styles of citation
as you study
but one of the most popular is the Harvard
C.
Citation System. When citing material in the
An Introduction to the
Harvard Citation System
Harvard style you must list the author's
D.
Advantages of Harvard
surname and the publication year, into the
E.
Quoting
main body of your work, every time you refer
F.
Dealing with multiple works
to a quote or an idea or concept from your
by the same author
G.
Bibliographic styles
H.
Referencing books
I.
Referencing journal articles
J.
Referencing electronic
source. For example:
The work of some authors (Patton, 1995)
has emphasised the importance of
evaluation in qualitative research.
sources including websites
If there are two authors you should use both
K.
names in the citation e.g. (Secker & Smith,
Referencing a chapter from a
1999). If there are more than two authors use
book
L.
sources
Referencing other types of
first author and et al. e.g. (Secker et al,
1999).
If you have drawn on the ideas of several
writers you can also include multiple
references to different works in one citation,
for example (Secker, 1999; Patton, 2006;
Smith 2007).
The more detailed information, such as the
publication title and publisher are reserved for
the bibliographical references at the end of
your work and listed in the following way:
References
Patton, S. (1995). Evaluation in qualitative
research. London: Macmillian.
Following the Harvard style, the bibliographical
references are listed in alphabetical order by
author.
An alternative way of referencing is to use
footnotes with footnote references and a
bibliography at the end of your work. We will
concentrate on the Harvard Citation System as
this is the simplest way to reference and has
several key advantages.
(c) LSE 2009
Citing and referencing
Table of Contents
Quoting
A.
What is citing and referencing
If you use a direct quotation from an author
B.
Tips for collecting references
you should make this clear with quotation
as you study
C.
marks.
An Introduction to the
Harvard Citation System
You should include the page number/s from
D.
Advantages of Harvard
where the quote originated.
E.
Quoting
F.
Dealing with multiple works
by the same author
Example of short quotation:
Patton (1995, p.6) believes that "...evaluation
G.
Bibliographic styles
is an essential part of qualitative research" and
H.
Referencing books
this could be argued to form the basis of his
I.
Referencing journal articles
work.
J.
Referencing electronic
sources including websites
If a quote is more than two lines of text indent
K.
the quote.
Referencing a chapter from a
book
L.
Several studies have been written in this
field of research methodology and it has
been argued that:
Referencing other types of
sources
"...evaluation is an essential part of qualitative
research and should be considered before the
researcher begins to undertaken their
fieldwork. Moreover, it is a crucial stage in the
process". (Patton, 1995, p. 6)
Use three full stops to indicate any omitted
text in a quote but be careful not to change
the meaning if you remove any words in the
middle of prose.
(c) LSE 2009
Citing and referencing
Table of Contents
A.
What is citing and referencing
B.
Tips for collecting references
Dealing with multiple works
by the same author
It is fairly common in certain subjects to find
as you study
that one author may have written several
C.
publications and sometimes these appeared in
An Introduction to the
Harvard Citation System
the same year. To avoid confusion, lower-case
D.
Advantages of Harvard
letters are used when this is the case.
E.
Quoting
F.
Dealing with multiple
For example where Patton published two
works by the same author
papers in 1995 they would be cited accordingly
G.
Bibliographic styles
in the text:
H.
Referencing books
I.
Referencing journal articles
Evaluation is recognised as being
J.
important (Patton, 1995a, p.345) and an
essential part of the qualitative approach
to research (Patton ,1995b, p.24)
Referencing electronic
sources including websites
K.
Referencing a chapter from a
These two papers would then be listed in the
book
L.
bibliography accordingly:
Referencing other types of
sources
Patton, Michael (1995a) Evaluation as a
tool. Journal of Social Science. 18 (3)
345-356.
Patton, Michael (1995b) Doing qualitative
research. Journal of Social Research. 6 (1) 2328.
(c) LSE 2009
Citing and referencing
Table of Contents
Bibliographic styles
A.
What is citing and referencing
There can be considerable variation in how a
B.
Tips for collecting references
citation is laid out, in terms of the order the
as you study
pieces of information appear, the punctuation
C.
that is used and any formatting (such as
An Introduction to the
Harvard Citation System
italics) that is used. This is usually governed
D.
Advantages of Harvard
by something called a bibliographic style.
E.
Quoting
F.
Dealing with multiple works
There are lots of bibliographic styles available,
by the same author
and you can even create your own. Different
G.
Bibliographic styles
publishers often have what is called a 'house
H.
Referencing books
style' and if you go on to publish your own
I.
Referencing journal articles
work you might be expected to layout your
J.
Referencing electronic
references in accordance with this style.
sources including websites
K.
Referencing a chapter from a
precedents in your subject area and it is
book
L.
sources
However, when studying it is usual to follow
Referencing other types of
important to be consistent! So pick a style and
stick to it! The examples that are provided in
the rest of this section broadly follow the
American Psychological Association (APA)
style. It is used commonly in the social
sciences, and you can find out more about it
from the APA website.
Did you know?
There are over 1000 bibliographic styles
supported by the reference management
software Endnote! The most well known
include:

American Psychological
Association(APA) : Commonly used
in psychology and the social sciences

Chicago (known also as Turabian) :
Commonly used in history and the
natural sciences

Modern Languages
Association(MLA) : Commonly used
in the humanities - especially the fields
of literature and languages
(c) LSE 2009
Citing and referencing
Table of Contents
Referencing books
A.
What is citing and referencing
The main thing to remember when referencing
B.
Tips for collecting references
any source is to be consistent, so it is
as you study
important for example that all your book
C.
references look as similar as possible. Use the
An Introduction to the
Harvard Citation System
title page rather than the book cover as your
D.
Advantages of Harvard
source of information about the book. Library
E.
Quoting
catalogues can also be useful to look up details
F.
Dealing with multiple works
about a book you might not have in front of
by the same author
you.
G.
Bibliographic styles
H.
Referencing books
I.
Referencing journal articles
You should remember to include the following
J.
Referencing electronic
information:
sources including websites
K.
1. Author(s), editor(s) or the institution
Referencing a chapter from a
responsible for writing the book
book
L.
2. Date of publication (in brackets)
Referencing other types of
3. Title and subtitle (if any) underlined or
sources
in italics but be consistent throughout
the bibliography
4. Series and individual volume number
(if any)
5. Edition if not the first
6. Place of publication if known
7. Publisher
Therefore, a typical book reference will
look as follows:
Secker, Jane. (2004) Electronic Resources in
the Virtual Learning Environment. London:
Chandos Publishing.
(c) LSE 2009
Citing and referencing
Table of Contents
Referencing journal articles
A.
What is citing and referencing
Journal articles are another important source
B.
Tips for collecting references
you are likely to wish to reference. It is
as you study
C.
important to collect the following information:
An Introduction to the
Harvard Citation System
1. Author of the article
D.
Advantages of Harvard
2. Year of the publication in brackets
E.
Quoting
3. Title of the article
F.
Dealing with multiple works
4. Title of the journal, Underlined or in
by the same author
Italics but be consistent throughout the
G.
Bibliographic styles
H.
Referencing books
I.
Referencing journal
Referencing electronic
sources including websites
K.
season of the year
A typical journal article reference would
look as follows:
Referencing a chapter from a
Secker, Jane. (1997). The digital library: a
book
L.
5. Volume and part number, month or
6. Page numbers of article
articles
J.
bibliography
Referencing other types of
new perspective. Journal of Documentation 13
(2): 53-65.
sources
(c) LSE 2009
Citing and referencing
Table of
Contents
A.
hat is
citing
and
Referencing electronic sources including
websites
W
Conventions are available for referencing websites, CD-ROMs and other
types of electronic information. In the case of citing websites the key
information you need is as follows:
referenc
1. Author (might be an organisation not a person)
ing
B.
2. Title of page
T
3. Date (may have no date)
ips for
4. Date accessed
collectin
5. URL
g
referenc An
es as
you
study
C.
example of citing a website or organisation's home page is
as follows:
London School of Economics and Political Science. (2005) Home page.
http://www.lse.ac.uk (accessed 9 June 2008).
A
n
If you wish to cite a page or document on this website you should do
Introdu
this as follows:
ction to
the
Harvard
London School of Economics and Political Science. (2005) The
Identity Card Bill debate: what model might work?
Citation
System
D.
http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/pressAndInformationOffice/
newsAndEvents/archives/2005/ID_Card_update.htm (accessed
9 June 2008).
A
dvantag
es of
Harvard
E.
Q
uoting
F.
D
ealing
with
multiple
works
by the
same
author
G.
B
ibliogra
phic
styles
H.
R
eferenci
ng
books
I.
R
eferenci
ng
journal
articles
J.
R
eferen
cing
electro
nic
source
s
includi
ng
websit
es
K.
R
eferenci
ng a
chapter
from a
book
L.
R
eferenci
ng
other
types of
sources
(c) LSE 2009
Citing and referencing
Table of Contents
A.
What is citing and referencing
B.
Tips for collecting references
Referencing a chapter from a
book
Occasionally you may only read one chapter
as you study
from a book, and so rather than reference the
C.
whole book you might want to reference a
An Introduction to the
Harvard Citation System
specific chapter. You may also see chapters
D.
Advantages of Harvard
from books referenced on your reading list.
E.
Quoting
Note that the title of the book, rather than the
F.
Dealing with multiple works
title of the chapter should be in italics.
by the same author
Here's an example of how to reference a
chapter from a book:
G.
Bibliographic styles
H.
Referencing books
I.
Referencing journal articles
Ullestad, N. (1992). Diverse rock rebellions
J.
Referencing electronic
subvert mass media hegemony. In R. Garofalo
sources including websites
(Ed.), Rockin' the boat: mass music and mass
K.
movements (pp.23-45). Boston: South End
Referencing a chapter
from a book
L.
sources
Referencing other types of
Press
(c) LSE 2009
Citing and referencing
Referencing other types of
sources
Table of Contents
A.
What is citing and referencing
B.
Tips for collecting references
There are many other types of materials you
as you study
may wish to reference as your studies
C.
progress, such as reports or conference papers
An Introduction to the
Harvard Citation System
for example. We have produced a quick
D.
Advantages of Harvard
reference Guide to Citing available to download
E.
Quoting
as a PDF. In many instances you can follow the
F.
Dealing with multiple works
example in this guide to ensure you are
by the same author
referencing new sources correctly. There is
G.
Bibliographic styles
also a Citing and Referencing podcast available
H.
Referencing books
and training classes throughout the term.
I.
Referencing journal articles
Booking and further information is available
J.
Referencing electronic
from the Library website.
sources including websites
K.
The main thing to remember when citing is try
Referencing a chapter from a
to be consistent and include as much
book
L.
sources
Referencing other types of
information as possible to help your readers
locate the source you used.
(c) LSE 2009