History 101(11): Military History Seminar
Military History to the 1860s
C. Thomas Long
Class: Phillips Hall 110, Tues & Thurs 9:35 - 10:50,
CRN 56204
Please use e-mail to contact me at tomlong@gwu.edu
or tomlong@erols.com
Office Hours:
Phillips Hall 303:
Tues: 2:15 – 3:15
Thurs. 11:00 – 12:00
And by appointment
War is one of the fundamental forces that have shaped western civilization. However
destructive and lamentable, war has evoked the best and worst in mankind. States and individuals
achieve the most extraordinary good and deplorable evil under the greatest stress – there is none
greater than war. Heroes and villains have emerged. Many of the most famous individuals of our
society were military leaders: Alexander, the Great; Hannibal; Julius Caesar; Frederick, the Great;
Napoleon; Horatio, Lord Nelson; Benedict Arnold; and George Washington, to name but a few.
The valiant have been set up as ideals and memorialized in some of the western world’s
greatest art. Shakespeare, writing about 1600, noted that from that day “to the ending of the
world,” the men who won the great English victory at Agincourt in 1415 “shall be remembered.” 1
The Arc de Triomphe honors the victories of Napoleon and the French Army. War has inspired
all of the arts. Think about Homer’s Iliad; Tchaikovsky’s Festival Overture 1812;
Michelangelo’s “David,” depicting the young warrior before his battle; Tolstoy’s War and Peace
and Tennyson’s “Charge of the Light Brigade.” It has shaped our societies (think about the role of
the “citizen-soldier, constitutional limitations on the “standing army,” the power to declare war,
the observance of holidays, like Memorial Day). War has dominated political economy of the
west (from the creation of the nation-state to fund military expenditures to the construction of the
Panama Canal). It has fostered the spread of ideologies, religions, and disease.
Achilles Slays Hector (sketch by Peter Paul
Rubens for tapestry, c. 1630, The Prado,
Madrid)
1
The First Consul Crossing the Alps at
the
Grand-Saint-Bernard
Pass
(Jacques Louis David, 1801, Musée
National du Château de Malmaison)
William Shakespeare, Henry V (Act iv, Sc. iii, L. 35), first published in 1600 with respect to the
great English victory in the Battle of Agincourt 185 years earlier.
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War has fashioned the modern map. In the words of Carl von Clausewitz, “War is simply a
continuation of political intercourse, with the addition of other means."2 Whether one of the
apocalyptic evils or mere statecraft, warfare has drawn national borders, shaped cultures, and altered
lives.
The harsh fact is that the state structure of the international system as it exists today
is not the result of peaceful, teleological growth, the evolution of nations whose seeds
have germinated in the womb of time and have come to a natural fruition. It is the
result of conflicts that might, in very many cases, have been resolved differently.3
While statesmen may urge that “there never was a good war, or a bad peace,” they also assert
that it is a necessary element in modern life.4 Jefferson, for example asserted that “the tree of liberty
must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants.”5 We must try to
understand the phenomenon that is warfare, its causes and effects, and the factors that determine its
outcome. The only way to do that is to study the development of the phenomenon carefully.
Course Description
History 101 (11) is a seminar that will consider the causes, conduct, and impact of some of
the major wars, battles, leaders, and developments in western history from the 1479 B.C. Battle of
Megiddo to the 1860s. The scope of the material is enormous, so we are only able to address a few of
the many fascinating issues presented by the evolution of warfare and mankind’s analysis and
application of war in human affairs. Each segment of the course will be introduced by a lecture
outlining the chronology and identifying some of the key issues.
The course involves extensive readings. We will consider specific materials to establish the
chronology as well as broader works, including primary sources, to evaluate the events.
There will be a take-home final examination, discussed below. In addition, each student will
write a short briefing paper and conduct a ten-minute briefing on the subject of a significant strategic
decision that confronted a military or political leader from one of the conflicts we will consider. Each
student will also write a short analysis or review of each of three major works and be prepared to
present them to the class for discussion. An active classroom discussion addressing the topics
addressed is the heart of the course.
Goals
Each student should acquire a mastery of the historical facts (chronology, geography, people
involved, and terminology) concerning the major western wars to the 1860s. He or she should also
develop an understanding of the factors which lead to (or inhibit the initiation of) hostility, the
considerations which determine the way wars are conducted, the impact wars have had on societies
and forms of government and vice versa, the elements which contribute to success in warfare, and
what constitutes a satisfactory termination to a conflict. Each member of the class should acquire a
sense of the complexity of making decisions in military matters by analyzing an assigned situation
from the period under study from the perspective of a participant.
The literature of military history is broad and rich. The student should become familiar with a
broad range of the writing on early military history. While we will rely largely on secondary
2
Carl Von Clausewitz, On War, ed. Michael Howard and Peter Paret, trans. Michael Howard and Peter
Paret, First Princeton Paperback ed. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1976), 605.
3
Michael Howard, The Lessons of History (New London, CT: Yale University Press, 1991), 41.
4
Benjamin Franklin to Josiah Quincy, 11 Sept. 1783, in Darwin, ed., The Oxford Dictionary of
Quotations, 211, line 8.
5
Thomas Jefferson to W.S. Smith, 13 Nov. 1787, in Julian P. Boyd et al., eds., The Papers of Thomas
Jefferson, 20 vols. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1950), 12:, 356 (1955).
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materials, we will also make use of primary sources. The course will be arranged chronologically and,
in the context of an operational history, will consider some of the fundamental issues affecting
military policy making, such as the relative importance of leadership, technology, industrial capacity,
the human factor (individual skill, morale, etc.), strategy, tactics, environment (demography,
geography, etc.), and the military system (logistics, training, etc.) in securing a military victory; the
reasons men are willing to fight, individually and collectively; the relationship between forms of
government and war-making; the ways warfare affects society (and vice-versa); the validity and
utility of “theories of war;” and whether there is a distinctive “American way of war.”
Requirements and Grading
Weekly Reading and Class Discussion
The class will meet Tuesday and Thursday from 9:35 until 10:50 in Phillips Hall, room 110.
Reading and Discussion. The primary texts, Warfare in the Western World, Military
Operations from 1600 to 1871 (Robert A. Doughty, et al), The Age of Battles: The Quest for
Decisive Warfare from Breitenfeld to Waterloo (Russell Weigley), and For the Common Defense:
A Military History of the United States of America (Millett and Maslowski). will provide the
chronological structure for most of the course. We will generally study one conflict or period each
week (except that the American Revolution and Napoleonic Wars will consume more time). Our
study of each conflict will involve at least three components: one or more introductory lectures, a
discussion of the readings, and beginning in the fourth week of the semester, we will discuss major
strategic decisions confronted by leaders during the period. (The Weigley and Millett books are on
two-hour reserve in Gelman.)
Each week we will consider one or more short readings that provide a general contextual
basis for our discussion. In addition, the syllabus identifies one or more major works relating to each
period. Class members are strongly encouraged to try to read the all of the major books. However,
recognizing the reality of that work load, that is not required. Each class member will write three-tofive page reviews of three of those works. You will select your three works in the first class,
including one of the selections for the final week. You should be prepared to present the book to the
class (i.e., describe the author’s approach, outline the key events and chronology, and spell out the
author’s main points) and lead the discussion of the topic. Because of the number of students in the
course and the number of major works, more than one student will be responsible for each major
work.
On most topics, one or more important books, and other related works are also listed. They
address an aspect of the issue – or may take a different approach – from the major work. While we
will not be reading those works in the class, they are recommended for your consideration.
Please come to class prepared to discuss the basic reading, and, whenever possible, the
assigned major work, and the events or issues addressed. The success of the course depends on your
active, informed participation. I will call on people at random to present a document (i.e., explain,
who wrote the document, why, its meaning, and its importance) or discuss an assignment. If you are
not prepared to make a brief presentation concerning the assigned reading during class, please give
me a note (i.e., written) before class, asking to be exempted from that day’s discussion. You are
entitled to three such “opt-outs” during the semester without adversely affecting your discussion
grade. Your discussion grade will otherwise depend on your active participation in and substantive
contribution (i.e., exhibiting an understanding of and insight into the material) to the discussion.
You are encouraged, indeed challenged, to think broadly about the topics. Ask yourself
questions about the reading. What provoked the conflict under study? Could it have been avoided?
What social, political, cultural, economic, or ideological factors influenced the conduct of the war? In
what way? What impact did the war (and its outcome, to the extent they may be different) have on the
peoples involved? What factors were most important in producing (or preventing) a successful
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outcome? How and why did people do the things that the author described? What effect did their
conduct have on the outcome of the conflict? What lessons can we draw from their conduct? What
were the most critical events? How did they affect the development of warfare, or our method of
thinking about it? What type of evidence did the historians use? Are you persuaded of the validity of
their analysis? Are there hidden biases? How do they affect the author’s credibility? What arguments
are the most effective? Why do you think so?
Prepared Book Commentaries
The students responsible for a given major book should submit a short (three - five doublespaced pages) commentary on the primary reading. It should contain a succinct summary of the
book’s major arguments and an appraisal of the writer’s persuasiveness. (Send a copy to each
member of the class through the Blackboard e-mail facility at least 24 hours before class, to allow
people to have a chance to look it over. Recipients are responsible for reading and considering the
points made in the review before class. The responsible students should be prepared to make a very
brief (5 minute) talk, outlining the key points in the book, the “lessons” we can draw from the book
and the events it describes, and the presenter’s evaluation of the book. (Do not be afraid to take issue
with the authors – but be able to support your positions.) On books that include compiled materials
(such as a collection of essays), describe the range of the materials, and then focus on a few that raise
issues you want to discuss. Similarly, on a unitary volume, describe it generally and then identify
some specific questions or topics of interest. They should be prepared to take the lead in discussing
the work, even if not called upon to make a presentation.
Be sure to provide footnote citations (not in-text citations) to acknowledge your sources. You
do not need to include a bibliography. The notes should be in the traditional form specified for
historical writing by the Chicago Manual of Style in chapters 16 and 17. A set of paper guideline with
examples of how to cite different kinds of authority will be posted on the Syllabus page of
Blackboard. If you have questions about citation format, please contact me at any time.
Command Decision Briefings and Papers
Beginning in the fourth week of the course, one (or more) students per class will present a ten
-minute briefing on an important strategic decision made by a leader from the past. The subject
decision will be roughly related to the period being studied. Each person will learn the specific topic
of their briefing three weeks before presenting it. The briefing will be accompanied by a briefing
paper analyzing three options and recommending a course of action (and a one-page executive
summary of the analysis and recommendation, which should be sent to each member of the class by
Blackboard e-mail at least 24 hours before the class in which the briefing will be conducted).
The briefing should be made from the perspective of an aide to the decision-maker, relying
only on information available at the time the decision was taken – the outcome, which we know,
should not be determinative of your conclusions. The briefing should present the issue clearly and
succinctly (i.e., lay out the strategic situation), describe three alternative courses of action, and make a
recommendation. You should indicate the advantages and drawbacks of each course of action. You
must make a recommendation (which need not be the course followed by the leader) and be prepared
to defend it.
You may (but are not required to) use PowerPoint, overhead slides, handouts, or other aids in
presenting your briefing. Let me know at least 24 hours before your presentation of any technology
requirements so I can be sure the appropriate equipment is available.
The briefing paper is not to be more than eight pages long (double-spaced) (not counting a
one page “Executive Summary” of your argument). Lay out the situation, including as much data as
you consider necessary for an informed decision, describe each option, and come to a conclusion.
Obviously, you will have to be very succinct in your presentation, so there is a premium on
economizing on words. Often the executive summary is the only page a modern decision-maker will
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review, so it must encapsulate the entire presentation. You should write (and speak) as though you
were living at the time indicated. (You do not have to adopt dialect or periodic usage, but do present
your material as though you were at a meeting with the decision maker (the class). You should
address your oral briefing to the class, as though they were to evaluate and act on your
recommendation.
To prepare your briefing, you should begin by reading at least one good general survey about
the war or other situation in which your decision arises. Then explore sources that deal with the
specific problem. Please consult with me early in your research process and as often as you believe
helpful thereafter.
Your paper must be typed (1” margins, except 1.5” left, 12 pt Times New Roman or Courier
type). Even though it is a simulated operational document, your briefing paper should contain
footnotes (not in-text citations) identifying your sources, using the procedures described above and in
the Paper Guidelines posted on Blackboard. Be sure to keep a copy of your paper. Submit a hard
copy, not an electronic version. While the substance and the analysis is most important, your writing,
grammar, spelling, and style will be considered in evaluating all written work. I have posted a sample
briefing paper from an earlier class (done by committee, due to class size) in the Syllabus section of
Blackboard. It is not a perfect paper, but does indicate the idea and the basic structure.
Final Exam due: 5 pm Friday, 12 December 2008
In a well-written essay of no more than ten double-spaced pages, draw on assigned readings
and lectures to answer one of the following questions. Please clearly indicate which question you are
answering. Your exam is due in my mailbox in the History Department Office no later than 5 pm on
Friday, 12 December.
The exam should be printed double-spaced in twelve point Times New Roman font with a
one-and-one-half inch margin on the left and one inch margins on the other sides. Each page (after the
first) should be numbered and the paper should be stapled before submission. Put your name and the
title of the paper in a header that appears on every page after the first. (You may print your exam twosided to save paper – each side is one page for purposes of length.)
You are not to rely on sources other than those assigned on this syllabus (specifically
including materials from the web), without express permission from the instructor. You do not have
to use footnotes in the exams, but you must provide citations to all sources on which you rely (either
by parenthetically identifying the work and page or by footnoting). Please consult the Paper
Guidelines for suggestions on writing history papers - the same principles apply to the exams.
1. It has been said that war has had a dramatic effect on the political, economic, ideological,
social, and cultural fabric of the west. Based on the examples we have considered, what was
the most important impact of warfare on the civilization of the west by 1860? Use as many
specific examples, from the broadest range of periods, as you can to support your argument.
Discuss briefly the impact on other aspects of the civilization and indicate, in some detail,
why you consider the impact on your choice to have been more important than others.
2. Wars seem to originate for a variety of reasons, political (including dynastic), economic
(including seeking resources and land), ideological (including religious), historical (e.g.,
retribution), and cultural (e.g., race). Based on the examples we have considered what, in
your view, was the most important (considering persistence, pervasiveness, and seriousness)
cause of conflict in the west prior to 1860? Use as many specific examples as you can to
support your position. Be sure to identify and distinguish other causes and the hostilities that
resulted from them.
3. Ronald H. Spector has observed that military leaders and some historians are “obsessed with
technology.” Even so, he points out that a force “with inferior technology can sometimes be
successful against one with superior technology.” He suggests that “human factors” may
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account for the difference. Other historians have suggested that different factors may be the
key factor in determining the outcome of a conflict. Which one or two of those factors
(technology, human factors (morale, skill of soldier, etc.), leadership, logistics, ideology,
economic resources, environment (including geography and demography), intelligence (or
deception) and strategy) was generally the most important in determining the outcome of
wars in the west prior to 1860. Give as many specific illustrations as you can, from as many
periods as possible, to support your position.
Grades
Regular, informed class participation:
Three prepared book reviews (10% each):
Briefing paper and presentation (half each):
Take home essay exam:
20%
30%
20%
30%
The grades in the course will be on a scale in which 80-82 is a B-, 83-86 is a B, and 87-89 is a
B+, with corresponding numerical equivalents in other letter grades. All written work (and your
briefing) will be graded on the basis of (i) how well you answered the question or performed the
assigned task, (ii) how well you substantiate your answer by reference to specific facts and quotations
(particularly from primary documents, where possible and from the assigned materials), (iii) the
sophistication of your analysis, (iv) the thoroughness of your research (briefing paper only), (v) how
well the paper is organized and written (including spelling, grammar, and syntax), and (iv) how
closely you have observe the proper method (Chicago Manual, footnote form) citation procedure,
unless the assignment otherwise provides.
Administrative Matters
Academic Integrity and Citation Procedure
While the success of this class ultimately depends on an effective interaction among students,
all written work is to be done individually.
Academic integrity is essential to the success of this educational experience, as indeed to any
academic enterprise. All students should read and understand the provisions on Academic Misconduct
in the Student Handbook. Pay special attention to those provisions regarding plagiarism. All work
submitted for the course must be done in accordance with the college policy.
Be sure to use proper citations for all your authority. Use the Chicago Manual format that is
used in historical writing. You can rely on either:
 Turabian, Kate. A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations 6th ed.
Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1996.
 The Chicago Manual of Style: The Essential Guide for Writers, Editors, and Publishers. 15th
ed. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 2003.
A set of Paper Guidelines is also available on Blackboard. It is quite simple, but may help
with simple citation questions.
Disabilities
Any student who believes that he or she will be unable to perform the assigned work because
of a disability should contact me as soon as possible. To receive an accommodation on the basis of
disability, a student must provide notice and proper documentation to the Office of Disability Support
Services, Marvin Center 242 (994-8250). Accommodations will be made solely on the basis of
recommendations from the DSS Office.
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Pagers and Cell Phones (and other objects that go “ring” in the night)
Please turn them off during class, except in the case of a genuine emergency. Notify me
before class if you are expecting such an emergency call.
Office Hours – Phillips Hall 330
My office hours are Tuesday from 2:15 to 3:15 pm and Thursday from 11:00 to 12:00 noon.
I am happy to meet with you at other times to discuss any questions related to the course material.
Please see me after class or send me an e-mail to arrange an appointment.
Individual Class Descriptions and Assignments
The material for each of the class sessions is set forth in the folder for that meeting in the
Outline segment of Blackboard. Readings other than those in the required books are also posted in
those folders. Other useful material may be posted from time to time.
Class Schedule (Subject to Change at any time at the Discretion of the Instructor)
Class 1, Tuesday 2 September 2008: Introduction, Course Structure, A very brief review of the earliest
military history – Megiddo, Kadesh, Assyria, and Persia
We will make introductions, discuss the syllabus, and assign book commentaries and briefing
dates. We will also discuss some fundamental issues, such as the nature of war and the concept of
strategy.
Warfare in the Ancient World
Class 2, Thursday, 4 September: Warfare in Ancient Greece, the Near East, and Rome – The
Role of the Military Leader and The Elephant v. The Whale (Round I)
Basic Reading
Chapters 1-3 (War; Strategy, Tactics, and Military Techniques; Fire and Movement-the
Evolution of Military Theory), in R. Ernest Dupuy, Trevor Nevitt Dupuy, and Paul F. Briam. Military
Heritage of America. 2 vols. 3rd ed. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt, 1992. (pages 1-71, Posted on
Blackboard)
Ch. 1 (Alexander) in John Keegan. The Mask of Command. New York: Viking Penguin, Inc.,
1987. (Posted on Blackboard)
Major Book
None assigned for this week.
Important Books
Bradford, Ernle. Thermopylae: The Battle for the West. 1st Da Capo Press pbk. ed. New
York: Da Capo Press, 2004. ISBN: 0306813602 (pbk.) National Library: 006953129, 254.
Carey, Brian Todd, Joshua B. Allfree, and John Cairns. Warfare in the Ancient World.
Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military, 2005. ISBN: 1844151735 (hbk.) National Library: 013221350, 224.
Cartledge, Paul. Thermopylae: The Battle That Changed the World. Woodstock, NY:
Overlook Press, 2006.
Cline, Eric H. The Battles of Armageddon: Megiddo and the Jezreel Valley from the Bronze
Age to the Nuclear Age. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 2000.
Daly, Gregory. Cannae: The Experience of Battle in the Second Punic War. London:
Routledge, 2004. ISBN: 0415327431, 252.
Delbrück, Hans. Warfare in Antiquity History of the Art of War; Vol. I;. Lincoln: University
of Nebraska Press, 1990. ISBN: 080329199X, 604.
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Fuller, J. F. C. A Military History of the Western World: From the Earliest Times to the Battle
of Lepanto. Vol. 1. 3 vols. New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1954. LCCN: 54-9733, xiii, 602. (Chapters
1-8 deal with warfare in the Ancient World, addressing the Greco-Persian Wars, Peloponnesian Wars,
Alexander’s career, and the rise and fall of the Western Roman Empire, pages 1-260)
Hanson, Victor Davis. A War Like No Other: How the Athenians and Spartans Fought the
Peloponnesian War. New York: Random House, 2005. ISBN: 1400060958 (hardcover : acid-free
paper).
Rodgers, William Ledyard. Greek and Roman Naval Warfare: A Study of Strategy, Tactics,
and Ship Design from Salamis (480 B.C.) to Actium (31 B.C.). Annapolis: Md. United States Naval
Institute, 1964.
Starr, Chester G. The Influence of Sea Power on Ancient History. New York: Oxford
University Press, 1989.
Strauss, Barry S. The Battle of Salamis: The Naval Encounter That Saved Greece--and
Western Civilization. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004. ISBN: 0743244508; Other:
9780743244503; LCCN: 2004-45341, xxi, 294.
Discussion Topics
Was leadership the most critical factor in achieving victory during the earliest days of
recorded warfare? What other factors might have been decisive? (For example, factors that are cited
as determining the outcome of wars include: morale of the troops, government stability, environment
(geography, demography, disease, etc.), strategy, tactics, logistics, “firepower” (i.e., long-range
weaponry), C3 (command, control, and communication), mobility, technology, economic power, and
intelligence (and deception).) This is a question to which we will return throughout the semester.
Which of these (or other) factors seems most important in any given conflict - recognizing that all
would be likely to have some effect?
What is the most effective way for a naval power to confront a land power, or vice-versa?
Was Salamis really “decisive”?
Other Books of Related Interest
You should also consult the listing of general works at the end of the syllabus for other books
that might be of interest.
Caesar, Julius, Gallico De bello, English, Latin, and civili De bello. The Gallic War; the Civil
Wars; Alexandrian, African, and Spanish Wars. 3 Volumes [v. 1 The Gallic war / with an English
translation by H.J. Edwards -- v. 2 The civil wars / with an English translation by A.G. Peskett -- v. 3
Alexandrian, African and Spanish wars / with an English translation by A.G. Way. vols. The Loeb
Classical Library; Nr. 72, 39, 402.;. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1978. ISBN:
0674990803 (v. 1),
Cartledge, Paul. Alexander the Great: The Hunt for a New Past. Woodstock, NY: Overlook
Press, 2004. ISBN: 1585675652 (alk. paper) Stock no: 1235631 LCCN: 2004-54747, 368.
Hackett, John Winthrop, and Sir. Warfare in the Ancient World. New York: Facts on File,
1989. ISBN: 0816024596 (alk. paper) : LCCN: 90-31106, 256.
Herodotus, Donald Lateiner, and G. C. Macaulay. The Histories Barnes & Noble Classics;.
New York: Barnes & Noble Classics, 2004. ISBN: 1593081022 (pbk.), xxxvi, 584.
Homer, Robert Fagles, and Bernard MacGregor Walker Knox. The Iliad. New York, N.Y.,
U.S.A.: Viking, 1990. ISBN: 0670835102 : Other: 9780670835102 LCCN: 89-70695, xvi, 683 or
Homer, and Stanley Lombardo. Iliad. Indianapolis: Hackett Pub. Co., 1997. ISBN: 0872203530
(cloth) 0872203522 (pbk.) LCCN: 96-53368, lvii, 516.
Gabriel, Richard A. The Military History of Ancient Israel. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2003.
ISBN: 0275977986 (alk. paper) LCCN: 2003-53022, xix, 334.
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Gabriel, Richard A. Empires at War: A Chronological Encyclopedia from Sumer to the
Ottoman Empire. 3 vols. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 2004. ISBN: 0313332150 (set)
0313332169 (v. 1) 0313332177 (v. 2) 0313334110 (v. 3) LCCN: 20-41742, 1136.
Sidebottom, Harry. Ancient Warfare: A Very Short Introduction Very Short Introductions;
117. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. ISBN: 0192804707 (alk. paper); National Library:
012929485; LCCN: 2004-24151, 165.
Thucydides, Robert B. Strassler, and Richard Crawley. The Landmark Thucydides: A
Comprehensive Guide to the Peloponnesian War. New York: Free Press, 1996. ISBN: 0684828154
LCCN: 96-24555, xxxiii, 711.
Week Two: Warfare in the Middle Ages and Early Renaissance (200 – 1500)
Class 3, Tuesday, 9 September: Warfare in Medieval Europe (200 – 1200) – The Causes of
War
Basic Reading
Ch. 2 (“The Diversity of the Medieval Ways of War, 200 – 1200) in Archer Jones. The Art of
War in the Western World. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 2001, 1987. (ISBN:
0252069668, xix, 740.) (pages 92-147, posted on Blackboard)
Book II, Chs. IX and X ("The Norman Invasion" and "William the Conqueror") in Sir
Winston Churchill. The Birth of Britain. Vol. 1. Four (The History of the English Speaking Peoples)
vols. New York: Bantam, 1956. 388. (pages 112-130, posted on Blackboard)
Major Book
Oman, Charles William Chadwick Sir Corp Author Beeler John H. The Art of War in the
Middle Ages: A.D. 378-1515 Cornell Paperbacks;. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1968. ISBN:
0801490626, xvi, 176.
Important Books
Carey, Brian Todd, Joshua B. Alfree, and John Cairns. Warfare in the Medieval World.
Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military, 2006. ISBN: 1844153398 (hbk.) National Library: 013349232, 344.
Rodgers, William Ledyard. Naval Warfare under Oars, 4th to 16th Centuries: A Study of
Strategy, Tactics and Ship Design. Annapolis: U.S. Naval Institute, 1937. Reprint, 1967.
Discussion Topic
What were the causes of most of the fighting of this period, religion, territory, politics, etc.?
How did warfare change during this time? What seems to have caused most of the changes? How did
the tactics of Europe’s defenders differ from those invading the area? How would Europe be different
if the Battles of Tours, Chalons, or Hastings had turned out differently? Why were the Crusades not
more successful?
Other Books of Related Interest
Churchill, Winston Sir. The Birth of Britain. Vol. 1. Four (The History of the English
Speaking Peoples) vols. New York: Bantam, 1956. 388.
Humble, Richard. Warfare in the Middle Ages. United States: Mallard Press, 1989. ISBN:
0792450892 , 192.
Madden, Thomas F. The New Concise History of the Crusades. Updated ed. Critical Issues in
History;. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005. ISBN: 0742538222 (alk. paper); 0742538230
(pbk. : alk. paper); LCCN: 2005-27720, xiii, 257 or Madden, Thomas F., and Peter Bently. Crusades:
The Illustrated History. London: Duncan Baird, 2004. ISBN: 1844830403 National Library:
012976683, 224.
Rodger, Nicholas A. M. The Safeguard of the Sea: A Naval History of Britain 660 - 1649.
First American ed. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1997. 0-393-04579-X, 691.
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Schama, Simon. A History of Britain. Vol. 1, at the Edge of the World?: 3000 BC-AD 1603.
Vol. 1. 3 vols. New York: Hyperion, 2000. ISBN: 0563384972, 416.
Class 4, Thursday, 11 September: Early Renaissance Warfare (1200 – 1500) – Great Battles
and Siege Warfare in the Hundred Years’ War
Basic Reading
Ch. 2 (“Agincourt, October 25th, 1415”) in Keegan, John. The Face of Battle. New York: The
Viking Press, 1976. 0-670-30432-8, 336 (plus Bibliography and Index 354). (pages 79-116, posted
on Blackboard)
Major Book
None assigned
Important Books
Machiavelli, Niccolo. Art of War. Translated by Christopher Lynch. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 2003. ISBN: 0226500403 (cloth : alk. paper); 0226500462 (pbk.); National Library:
007143560; LCCN: 2002-45578, xlv, 262.
Hibbert, Christopher. Agincourt. London: Batsford, 2000. ISBN 0815410530, 192.
Allmand, C. T. The Hundred Years War: England and France at War, C. 1300-C. 1450
Cambridge Medieval Textbooks;. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. ISBN:
0521264995; 0521319234 (pbk.); LCCN: 87-13251, x, 207.
Shakespeare, William. Henry V.
Discussion Topic
How did it happen that the English won virtually all the major battles of the Hundred Years’
War, but lost the war? What were the major changes in warfare during the Hundred Years’ War?
Other Books of Related Interest
Churchill, Winston Sir. The Birth of Britain. Vol. 1. Four (The History of the English
Speaking Peoples) vols. New York: Bantam, 1956. 388.
Keen, Maurice Hugh. Medieval Warfare: A History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
ISBN: 0198206399; LCCN: 00-507334, viii, 340.
Oman, Charles William Chadwick Sir. A History of the Art of War in the Middle Ages. 2 (v.
1. 378-1278 A.D. -- v. 2. 1278-1485 A.D.) vols. Greenhill Military Paperbacks;. London and
Mechanicsburg, PA: Greenhill Books, 1998. ISBN: 1853673315 (v. 1) 1853673323 (v. 2) LCCN: 984145, xv, 526, 459.
Rodgers, William Ledyard. Naval Warfare under Oars, 4th to 16th Centuries; a Study of
Strategy, Tactics and Ship Design. Annapolis: U.S. Naval Institute, 1967.
Rose, Susan. Medieval Naval Warfare, 1000-1500, Warfare and History;. London:
Routledge, 2002.
Week Three: War in the Early Modern World (1500 – 1688)
Class 5, Tuesday, 16 September: Gunpowder, Gustavus Adolphus, and the Age of
Reconnaissance
Basic Reading
Chs. 1 and 2 ("Gustavus Adolphus and the Military Revolution" and “Toward Limited War,”
first two sections, pages 1-41) in Doughty, Robert A., and Ira D. Gruber. Warfare in the Western
World: Military Operations from 1600 to 1871. Vol. 1. 2 vols. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath and
Company, 1996. 0-669-20939-2, xxiv, 492. (Hereafter referred to as “Doughty.”)
Chs. 1-4 (part) and 7 (“The Return of the Legions: Gustavus Adolphus and Breitenfeld,”
“The Limits of the New Legions: Lützen and After,” Under the Lily Banners: Rocroi,” “The Army of
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the Sun King,” (to page 64), and “The Rise of Naval Power.” Pages 3-64 and 131-163) in Weigley,
Russell. The Age of Battles: The Quest for Decisive Warfare from Breitenfeld to Waterloo.
Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1991. 0-253-36380-2, xiii, 543 plus Bibliographical
Notes (545-548) and Index to 579. (Hereafter “Age of Battles.”
Ch. 2 (Ronald G. Asch, “Warfare in the Age of the Thirty Years War, 1598-1648,” pages 4568) in Black, Jeremy, ed. European Warfare, 1453-1815. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999. ISBN:
0312221177 (cloth) 0312221185 (pbk.) (Posted on Blackboard)
Review the Treaties of Westphalia (24 October 1648 (Swedish treaty signed at Hamburg
and French Treaty signed at Munster)), particularly the first 10 articles. Observe the status of political
entities (See, e.g., Switzerland at Article 63), the practice of religion, and the treatment of individuals
and their property. (The French treaty is available in the Avalon Project at
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/westphal.htm and on Blackboard.)
Class 6, Thursday, 18 September: Why Europe Emerged: Military Revolutions, Rivalries,
and Mercantilism
Major Books
Parker, Geoffrey. The Military Revolution, Military Innovation and the Rise of the West 1500
- 1800. 2d ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. 0 521 47958 4, 265.
Mattingly, Garrett. The Armada The American Heritage Library. Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin, Co., 1959. 0-395-08366-4, xvi 402, General Note on Sources (405-409), Notes (410-427),
Index.
Important Books
Guilmartin, John Francis, Jr. Gunpowder and Galleys: Changing Technology and
Mediterranean Warfare at Sea in the Sixteenth Century. London: Cambridge University Press, 1974.
0521202728, 304 or Guilmartin, John Francis, Jr. Galleons and Galleys. London: Sterling
Publications, 2002. 0304352632, 224.
Discussion Topics
Was there a “military revolution” during the sixteenth century? More than one? What were
the primary components of the events that historians describe as a military revolution? (I.e., what
caused them, technology, tactics, training, etc.?
How did the introduction of gunpowder weapons change the nature of warfare in Europe?
Was the introduction of gunpowder, mobile artillery, the Swedish organizational and tactical
developments, or the broadside-warship more important? Why?
What was the greatest long-term consequence of the Military Revolution of the Italian Wars?
Of the introduction of broadside warships?
Other Books of Related Interest
Armitage, David, and M. J. Braddick. The British Atlantic World, 1500-1800. Houndmills,
Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002. ISBN: 0333963407; 0333963415 (pbk.); LCCN:
2002-25837, xx, 324.
Bawlf, R. Samuel. The Secret Voyage of Sir Francis Drake, 1577-1580. New York: Walker,
2003. ISBN: 0802714056 (alk. paper) LCCN: 2002-193383, xii, 400.
Burne, Alfred Higgins, and Peter Young. The Great Civil War: A Military History of the First
Civil War, 1642-1646. Moreton-in-Marsh, Gloucestershire: Windrush Press, 1998. ISBN:
1900624222, xiii, 258.
Childs, John, and John Keegan. Warfare in the Seventeenth Century Cassell History of
Warfare;. London: Cassell, 2001. ISBN: 0304352896 LCCN: 2001-431472, 224 p.
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Crosby, Alfred W., Jr. Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492.
Paperback ed. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1972. 0-8371-7228-4, 221, plus Bibliography (222260), and index.
Cust, Richard, and Ann Hughes, eds. The English Civil War. London: Arnold, 1997. 0 340
63173 2, 369.
Diamond, Jared. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. Norton Paperback
ed. London: W.W. Norton & Co., 1999. 0393038912; LCCN: 96-37068, 430.
Grotius, Hugo, and Francis W. Kelsey. The Law of War and Peace: De Jure Belli Ac Pacis
Libri Tres Essay and Monograph Series of the Liberal Arts Press;. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1962.
LCCN: 62-20420, xlvi, 946.
Kamen, Henry Arthur Francis. Empire: How Spain Became a World Power, 1492-1763. 1st
American ed. New York: HarperCollins, 2003. ISBN: 0060194766, xxviii, 608, (16 p. of plates).
Kennedy, Paul M. The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers : Economic Change and Military
Conflict from 1500 to 2000. New York: Random House, 1987. 0394546741; LCCN: 87-9690, xxv,
677.
Loades, David. The Tudor Navy, an Administrative, Political, and Military History Studies in
Naval History, ed. N.A.M. Rodger. Aldershot, Hants: Scolar Press, 1992. 0-85967-922-5, 317.
Parker, Geoffrey. Success Is Never Final : Empire, War, and Faith in Early Modern Europe.
New York: Basic Books, 2002. 0465054773, xiv, 411.
Parker, Geoffrey. The Army of Flanders and the Spanish Road, 1567-1659: The Logistics of
Spanish Victory and Defeat in the Low Countries' Wars. 2nd ed. Cambridge Studies in Early Modern
History;. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. ISBN: 052183600X; 0521543924 (pbk.);
National Library: 012937388; LCCN: 2005-279821, xxix, 291.
Parker, Geoffrey. The Grand Strategy of Philip Ii. New Haven Conn.: Yale University Press,
1998. ISBN: 0300075405 LCCN: 98-7352, xx, 446.
Parry, J. H. Age of Reconaissance. California 1981 ed. Berkeley: University of California
Press, 1963. 0-520-04235-2, 327, plus notes, maps, notes for further reading, and index.
Phillips, Carla Rahn. Six Galleons for the King of Spain: Imperial Defense in the Early
Seventeenth Century. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. 0-8018-3092-3, xiv,
222 plus Appendices, Notes, Bibliography, and Index.
Watkins, Ronald. Unknown Seas: How Vasco Da Gama Opened the East. London: John
Murray, 2003. ISBN: 0719564166, xi, 336.
Williams, Glyndwr. The Prize of All the Oceans: The Dramatic True Story of Commodore
Anson's Voyage Round the World and How He Seized the Spanish Treasure Galleon. 1st American
ed. New York: Viking, 2000. ISBN: 0670891975 (acid-free paper) LCCN: 00-38168, xxi, 264.
Week Four: Royal Wars of the Early Eighteenth Century (1688 – 1754) – The Age of Battles in
Europe
Class 7, Tuesday, 23 September: The Wars of Louis XIV, King William III, Queen Anne,
and the Austrian Succession – War Termination Issues and Logistics
Basic Reading
Chs. 2 (Cont.) and 3 in Doughty (“Limited War in Western Europe” to the Seven Years’ War,
pages 64-89)
Chs. 4 (Cont.) through 6 and 8 in Age of Battles (“Armies of the Sun King,” “Marlborough’s
Battles,” “Emergence of the Great Powers of Eastern Europe,” and “The Battles of Frederick the
Great”, pages 64-130 and 167-176)
Consider adding Chs. 4 (“The Ascension of France”) through 6 (“The Battles of Rossbach
and Leuthen, 1757”) in Fuller, J.F.C. Military History of the Western World: From the Defeat of the
Spanish Armada to the Battle of Waterloo. Vol. 2. 3 vols. (pages 118-215, posted on Blackboard).
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Review the Treaties of Utrecht (1713) (Posted on Blackboard), particularly Article IV
(confirming William and Mary as British monarchs and establishing the Hanoverian line of rulers)
and Article VI (separating permanently the Bourbon and Habsburg houses by renouncing respectively
the crowns of Spain and France and explicitly establishing a “balance of power” in Europe.)
Class 8, Thursday, 25 September: The Balance of Power (Treaties of Utrecht) and Shock
Tactics
Major Book
Black, Jeremy, and John Keegan. Warfare in the Eighteenth Century. Edited by John Keegan,
The Cassell History of Warfare. London: Cassell, 1999. For this class, please concentrate on the
Introduction and Ch. 6 (“Warfare in the Eighteenth Century” and “War within Europe”) (Black
provides an interesting global overview that is lacking in most military histories.)
Important Book
Chandler, David G. The Art of Warfare in the Age of Marlborough. 2nd ed. New York:
Sarpedon, 1995. ISBN: 1885119143, 317.
Discussion Topics
What was the goal of the wars of Louis XIV? How did William of Orange, from the much
smaller Low Countries, frustrate the powerful French monarch?
Between 1689 and 1815, England and France were so frequently at war that the extended
century has been referred to as the “Second Hundred Years’ War.” What factors produced this
extended conflict? Why was it not resolved by King Williams’ War or Queen Anne’s War? What do
the Treaties of Utrecht tell us about one of the causes?
What were the most significant impacts of Frederick the Great’s military policies? Why were
his armies so successful?
Other Books of Related Interest
Black, Jeremy, ed. European Warfare, 1453-1815. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999.
ISBN: 0312221177 (cloth) 0312221185 (pbk.) LCCN: 98-46680, vii, 287.
Duffy, Christopher. The Military Experience in the Age of Reason Wordsworth Military
Library;. Herts: Wordsworth Editions Ltd, 1998. ISBN: 1853266906, 368.
Duffy, Christopher. The Army of Frederick the Great. 2nd ed. Chicago, Ill.: Emperor's Press,
1996. ISBN: 188347602X LCCN: 00-709572, 359 p.
Kennedy, Paul M. The Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery. Amherst, NY: Humanity
Books, 1998. 1-57392-278-1, 349, plus Notes (350-379), Select Bibliography (381-393), and index.
Black, Jeremy. Historical Atlas of Britain, the End of the Middle Ages to the Georgian Era.
Phoenix Mill, Thrup, UK: Sutton Publishing Ltd, 2000. 0-7509-2128-5, xii + 204.
Black, Jeremy. Cambridge Illustrated Atlas, Warfare: Renaissance to Revolution, 1492-1792.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. 0521470331 (hardcover) LCCN: 95-36852, 192.
Edmonds, Jane, ed. Oxford Atlas of Exploration. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
0-19-521353-X, 248.
Week Five: Early American Wars (1492 – 1754) – An American Way of War?
Class 9, Tuesday, 30 September: A Dangerous New World
Basic Reading
Ch. 4 in Doughty (“Anglo-American Warfare, 1607-1763”, to the Seven Years’ War, pages
103-115)
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Ch. 1 ("A Dangerous New World, 1607-1689") in Millett, Allan Reed, and Peter Maslowski.
For the Common Defense: A Military History of the United States of America. Rev. and expand ed.
New York Free Press: Toronto, 1994. ISBN: 0029215811 (cloth) 0029215978 (paper) LCCN: 945199, xiv, 701. (pages 1-19).
Class 10, Thursday, 2 October: An American Way of War: Colonists as Proxies and
Imperialists
Major Book
Ferling, John E. Struggle for a Continent: The Wars of Early America The American History
Series; Variation: American History Series (Arlington Heights, Ill.). Arlington Heights, Ill.: Harlan
Davidson, 1993. ISBN: 0882958968 LCCN: 92-32469, xiv, 240.
Important Books
Hancock, David. Citizens of the World: London Merchants and the Integration of the British
Atlantic Community, 1735-1785. Paperback ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
052162942X, 503, plus bibliography and Index. (This is not a military history, but provides an
excellent anecdotal account of the practice and significance of mercantilism.)
Leach, Douglas Edward. Roots of Conflict: British Armed Forces and Colonial Americans,
1677-1763. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1986. ISBN: 0807816884 National
Library: 890114838 LCCN: 85-24492, xi, 232.
Discussion Topic
Were the primary causes of warfare involving the British Colonies local or continental? What
were the objectives of the colonists in the early American Wars? Were they different from London's?
Historians have come to refer to an “American Way of War,” in part because of Russell
Weigley’s landmark book of that title. Was warfare in America different from that in Europe during
the colonial era? Why/Why not? If different, how so?
Other Books of Related Interest
Bawlf, R. Samuel. The Secret Voyage of Sir Francis Drake, 1577-1580. New York: Walker,
2003. ISBN: 0802714056 (alk. paper) LCCN: 2002-193383, xii, 400.
Crosby, Alfred W., Jr. Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492.
Paperback ed. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1972. 0-8371-7228-4, 221, plus Bibliography (222260), and index.
Ferling, John E. A Wilderness of Miseries: War and Warriors in Early America. Westport,
CT: Greenwood Press, 1980. ISBN: 031322093X Series ISSN: 0084-9251 LCCN: 79-8951, xiv, 227.
Gilmour, Ian Hedworth John Little. Riot, Risings, and Revolution: Governance and Violence
in Eighteenth-Century England. Pimlico ed. London: Pimlico, 1993. ISBN: 0712655107 : LCCN: 93217109, viii, 504.
Leach, Douglas Edward. Arms for Empire: A Military History of the British Colonies in
North America, 1607-1763. New York: Macmillan, 1973. LCCN: 72-81078, xiii, 566.
Leach, Douglas Edward. Flintlock and Tomahawk: New England in King Philip's War. 2nd
ed. Hyannis, MA: Parnassus Imprints, 1995. ISBN: 0940160552, x, 304.
Mann, Charles C. 1491: New Revelations of the Americas before Columbus. New York:
Knopf, 2005. ISBN: 140004006X (alk. paper) Other: 9781400040063 LCCN: 2004-61547, xii, 465.
Morgan, Edmund S. American Slavery . . . American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial
Virginia. Paperback, 1995 ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1975. 0-393-31288-7, 387, plus
extensive appendices on population growth (395-432), bibloigraphical note on sources, 433-441, and
index.
Morison, Samuel Eliot. Admiral of the Ocean Sea: A Life of Christopher Columbus. 1970 ed.
Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1970. 0-316-58478-9, 671 (index).
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Morison, Samuel Eliot. European Discovery of America, the Northern Voyages A.D. 500 1600. New York: Oxford University Press, 1971. 684, plus list of illustrations and index.
Morison, Samuel Eliot. European Discovery of America, the Southern Voyages A.D. 14921616. New York: Oxford University Press, 1974. 738, plus list of illustrations and index.
Shea, William L. The Virginia Militia in the Seventeenth Century. Baton Rouge, LA:
Louisiana State University Press, 1983. 0807111066 : LCCN: 83-770, xi, 152.
Stone, Lawrence, ed. An Imperial State at War: Britain from 1689 to 1815. New York:
Routeledge, 1994. 0-415061-423, 372, plus Notes and index.
Weber, David J. The Spanish Frontier in North America. New Haven, CT: Yale University
Press, 1992. 0-300-05917-5, 360, Abbreviations, Notes (127), Select Bibliography (63), Index.
Wood, Peter H. Black Majority: Negroes in Colonial South Carolina from 1670 through the
Stono Rebellion. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1974. Reprint, Paperback edition, 1975. 0-39331482-0, 327 pages, Appendices consisting of letter re labor in SC, an inventory and statistics about
population, and a description of South Carolina in 1772, Bibliographical Note,and Index.
Week Six: The Seven Years’ War (1754 – 1763 – lasted nine years in America)
Class 11, Tuesday, 7 October: Which Europe? Clash of Empires in Europe and the
Borderlands
Basic Reading
Ch. 4 (Cont) in Doughty (pages 115-128)
Chs. 8 (Cont) and 9 in Age of Battles (“Frederick the Great” and “French and British Armed
Forces from the Rhine to the St. Lawrence,” pages 174-231)
Ch. 2 ("The Colonial Wars, 1689-1763," pages 22-46), in Millett and Maslowski, For the
Common Defense.
Class 12, Thursday, 9 October: Pitt’s Peripheral Strategy and the Power of Britain’s Purse
Major Books
Brewer, John. Sinews of Power: War, Money, and the English State, 1688-1783. Paperback
reprint ed. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989. 0674809300, 290.
Chs. 1-3 (“War without Europeans,” “Europeans versus Non-Europeans,” and “Transoceanic
Conflict between Europeans”) in Black, Warfare in the Eighteenth Century (pages 20-109)
Important Book
Anderson, Fred. Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British
North America 1754-1766. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2000. 0-375-40642-5, xxv, 8 maps, 746.
Discussion Topic
What was the most important factor in the British victory in America?
(Strategy/leadership/logistics/ demography, navy) Why was Wolfe's victory so critical?
How was the Seven Years’ War different from earlier European wars? What were the major
causes of the war (in North America and in Europe)?
Other Books of Related Interest
Anderson, Fred. A People's Army: Massachusetts Soldiers and Society in the Seven Years'
War. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1984. 0-393-95520-6, 274.
Calloway, Colin G. The Scratch of a Pen: 1763 and the Transformation of North America
Pivotal Moments in American History;. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. ISBN: 0195300718
(alk. paper); Other: 9780195300710; LCCN: 2005-20201, xvii, 219.
Calloway, Colin G. The Scratch of a Pen: 1763 and the Transformation of North America
Pivotal Moments in American History;. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. ISBN: 0195300718
(alk. paper); Other: 9780195300710; LCCN: 2005-20201, xvii, 219.
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Hibbert, Christopher. Wolfe at Quebec: The Man Who Won the French and Indian War. First
Cooper Square Press Edition 1999 ed. New York: Cooper Square Press, 1959. 0-8154-1016-6, 194.
Titus, James. The Old Dominion at War: Society, Politics, and Warfare in Late Colonial
Virginia American Military History; Variation: American Military History (Columbia, S.C.).
Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press, 1991. 0872497240 (hard : alk. paper) LCCN: 9020880, xii, 213.
Cappon, Lester J., Barbara Bartz Petchenik, and John Hamilton Long, eds. Atlas of Early
American History: The Revolutionary Era 1760 - 1790. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press for
The Newberry Library and the Institute of Early American History and Culture, 1976. 157.
Bradford, James C. Atlas of American Military History. New York: Oxford University Press,
2003. ISBN: 019521661X LCCN: 2002-37907, 248.
Week Seven: The American Revolution
Class 13, Tuesday, 14 October: The American Revolution in the North (1775-1777)
Basic Reading
Ch. 5 in Doughty (“The War for American Independence, 1775-1783” to page 155; pages
131-155)
Ch. 3 in Millett and Maslowski, For the Common Defense (“The American Revolution, 17631783,” Pages 51-87)
Ch. 1 (“A Strategy of Attrition: George Washington”) in Weigley, Russell. The American
Way of War: A History of United States Military Strategy and Policy. Bloomington, IN: Indiana
University Press, 1973. 0-253-28029-X, xxiii, 476 plus notes, Select Bibliography of American
Writings on Military Strategy, Theoretical and Historical, and indes (584). (Pages 3-17) (Posted on
Blackboard.)
Other Books of Related Interest
General
Bakeless, John. Turncoats, Traitors, and Heroes, Espionage in the American Revolution.
First Da Capo Press Edition ed. New York: Da Capo Press, 1998. 0-306-80843-9, 365 (406).
Black, Jeremy. War for America, the Fight for Independence 1775 - 1783. Stroud,
Gloustershire, England: Sutton Publishing Limited, 1991. Reprint, 1998. 0905-778-154, 249,
bibliography (5), Notes and Index.
Boatner, Mark Mayo. Encyclopedia of the American Revolution. New York: D. McKay Co.,
1966. LCCN: 64-23489, xviii, 1287.
Bobrick, Benson. Angel in the Whirlwind, the Triumph of the American Revolution. New
York: Simon & Schuster, 1997. 0-684-81060-3, 553.
Calloway, Colin G. American Revolution in Indian Country, Crisis and Diversity in Native
American Communities Cambridge Studies in North American Indian History, ed. Frederick Hoxie
and Neal Salisbury. Cambridge, UK: The Cambridge University Press, 1995. 0 521 47569 4, xxiii,
301, Index.
Commager, Henry Steele, and Richard B. Morris, eds. The Spirit of 'Seventy-Six: The Story of
the American Revolution as Told by Participants. 2 Vols. Indianapolis and New York: Bobbs-Merrill
Company Inc., 1958. 1296.
Cook, Don. The Long Fuse: How England Lost the American Colonies, 1760 - 1785. New
York: The Atlantic Monthly Press, 1995. 0-87113-661-9, 387 pages, source notes and index.
Countryman, Edward, and Eric Foner. The American Revolution American Century Series.
New York: Hill and Wang, 1985. 0809025639 : 0809001624 (pbk.) : LCCN: 85-2762, vi, 280.
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Dupuy, Trevor N., and Gay M. Hammerman, eds. People and Events of the American
Revolution. New York and Dunn Loring, Va: R.R. Bowker Company and T.N. DuPuy Associates,
1974. 0 8352 0777 3, xi, 470.
Fleming, Thomas. Liberty! The American Revolution. New York: Penguin Group, 1997. 0670-87021-8, 394.
Greene, Jack P. Understanding the American Revolution: Issues and Actors. Charlottesville,
VA: University of Virginia Press, 1995. 0-8139-1609-7, 401.
Lengel, Edward G. General George Washington: A Military Life. New York: Random House,
2005. ISBN: 1400060818, xlii, 450.
Middlekauff, Robert. A Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763 - 1789. Vol. 2.
Oxford University Press Paperback, 1985 ed. The Oxford History of the United States, ed. C. Vann
Woodward. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982. Reprint, 1985. 0-19-5055785-5, 664 pages,
plus bibliography and index.
Nash, Gary B. The Unknown American Revolution: The Unruly Birth of Democracy and the
Struggle to Create America. New York: Viking, 2005. ISBN: 0670034207 LCCN: 2004-61199, xxix,
512.
Neimeyer, Charles Patrick. America Goes to War: A Social History of the Continental Army
The American Social Experience, ed. James Kirby Martin. New York: New York University Press,
1996. 0-8147-5780-4, 165 pages, plus notes (54),selected bibliography (17), and index.
Raphael, Ray. A People's History of the American Revolution: How Common People Shaped
the Fight for Independence. 1st Perennial ed. New York: Perennial/HarperCollins Publishers, 2002.
0060004401 LCCN: 2002-16992, xiv, 506.
Royster, Charles. A Revolutionary People at War: The Continental Army & American
Character, 1775 - 1783. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press for the Institute of Early
American History and Culture, 1979. 0-8078-4606-6, 368 pages, plus appendices, notes, and index.
Scheer, George F., and Hugh F. Rankin. Rebels and Redcoats. Cleveland, OH: The World
Publishing Company, 1957. 0-306-80307-0, 572.
Symonds, Craig L., and Cartography by William J. Clipson. Battlefield Atlas of the American
Revolution: The Nautical and Aviation Publishing Company of America, Inc., 1986. 0-9338852-53-3,
110.
Taylor, Alan. The Divided Ground: Indians, Settlers and the Northern Borderland of the
American Revolution. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2006. ISBN: 0679454713 National Library:
2006007969X LCCN: 2005-43582, 542.
Wood, William J. Battles of the Revolutionary War, 1775 - 1781. Chapel Hill, NC:
Algonquin, 1990. 0-306-80617-7, xxxii + 315.
Wright, Robert K., Jr. The Continental Army Army Lineage Series, ed. David F. Trask.
Washington, DC: Government Printing Office for the Center of Military History, United States Army,
1983. Reprint, 1989. 0-16-001931-1, xvii, 354 (plus Bibliography, Appendices, Glossary, and Index:
451).
From the British Perspective
Balderston, Marion, and David Syrett. The Lost War: Letters from British Officers During the
American Revolution. New York: Horizon Press, 1975. 0-8180-0813-X, 237.
Clinton, Henry Sir, and William B. Willcox. The American Rebellion; Sir Henry Clinton's
Narrative of His Campaigns, 1775-1782, with an Appendix of Original Documents Yale Historical
Publications.; Manuscripts and Edited Texts, 21. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1954. LCCN:
54-5094, li, 658.
Collier, Commodore Sir George, and G. J. Rainier. "A Detail of Some Particular Services
Performed in America During the Years 1776, 1777, 1778, & 1779 by Commodore Sir George
Collier, Compilation from journals and other original papers. National Maritime Museum, London.
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Conway, Stephen. The British Isles and the War of American Independence. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2000. 0-19-820659-3, 407.
Fortescue, J. W. Sir. The War of Independence: The British Army in North America, 17751783. London: Greenhill Books, 2001. ISBN: 1853674524 LCCN: 00-66091, xix, 263.
Hibbert, Christopher. Redcoats and Rebels, the American Revolution through British Eyes.
New York: Avon Books, 1990. 0-380-71544-9, xx + 338 (375).
Holmes, Richard. Redcoat: The British Soldier in the Age of Horse and Musket. New York:
W.W. Norton, 2002. 0393052117 LCCN: 2002-75206, xxx, 466 (32p. of plates).
Mackesy, Piers. The War for America, 1775 - 1783. Translated by Bison Book Edition. 1993,
Bison Book Edition ed. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1964. 0-8032-8192-7, xxvi, 522
(Appendix, Bibliography, Map, and Index; 565).
O'Shaughnessy, Andrew Jackson. An Empire Divided Early American Studies, ed. Richard S.
Dunn. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000. 0-8122-3558-4, 250 (plus Notes 251 315, Select Bibliography 317 - 341, acknowledgements and Index 345 - 357).
Simcoe, Lt. Col. John Graves. A Journal of the Operations of the Queen's Rangers. New
York: William Van Norden, 1968. xvii, 328.
War in the North
Berger, Carl Jan. Broadsides & Bayonets: The Propaganda War of the American Revolution.
Rev. ed. San Rafael, CA: Presidio Press, 1976. ISBN: 0891410066 : LCCN: 76-27182, 226.
Brooks, Victor. The Boston Campaign: April 1775 - March 1776 Great Campaigns.
Pennsylvania: Combined Publishing, 1999. 1-58097-007-9, 253.
Fischer, David Hackett. Washington's Crossing Pivotal Moments in American History;.
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. 0195172342, x, 564.
Hamilton, Edward Pierce. Fort Ticonderoga: Key to a Continent. 2nd ed. Ticonderoga, N.Y.:
Fort Ticonderoga, 1995. ISBN: 1567150535, xxx, 241.
Ketchum, Richard M. Divided Loyalties: How the American Revolution Came to New York.
New York: Henry Holt, 2002. ISBN: 0805061193 LCCN: 2002-22814, xiv, 447.
Ketchum, Richard M. Saratoga: Turning Point of America's Revolutionary War. New York:
Henry Holt and Co. 0-8050-6123-1, 545.
McCullough, David G. 1776. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005. ISBN: 0743226712
LCCN: 2005-42505, 386.
Young, Alfred F. The Shoemaker and the Tea Party, Memory and the American Revolution.
Boston: Beacon Press, 1999. 0-8070-7140-4, 262.
Class 14, Thursday, 16 October: The War in the North (Continued)
Major Book
Mackesy, Piers. The War for America, 1775 - 1783. 1993, Bison Book Edition ed. Lincoln,
NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1964.
Week Eight: The American Revolution in the South
Class 15, Tuesday, 21 October: The Southern Campaigns (1778-1783)
Basic Reading
Ch. 5 in Doughty (cont., pages 155-169)
Ch. 2 (“A Strategy of Partisan War, Nathanael Greene”) in Weigley, American Way of War
(pages 18-39, Posted on Blackboard)
Class 16, Thursday, 23 October: Strategies – Fabian, Guerilla, Peripheral, and Regional and
Leaders to Execute Them
Major Books
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Shy, John. A People Numerous and Armed, Reflections on the Military Struggle for American
Independence. Revised, 1990 ed. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1976. 0-472-064312, x, 298.
Pancake, John S. This Destructive War: The British Campaign in the Carolinas, 1780 - 1782.
Birmingham, ALA: University of Alabama Press, 1985. 293.
Discussion Topic
Washington is often described as a "great general," comparable to Napoleon, Lee, or Grant.
Do you agree? What was Washington's strongest attribute? His weakest? From what you know of
Napoleon, Lee, and Grant how does Washington compare?
What was the most decisive factor in the American victory (militia, Regulars, logistics,
popular support, strategy, leadership, etc.)? Evaluate Washington's generals (Arnold, Lee, Knox,
Gates, Greene). Who was the most valuable?
Would it have been possible for the British to have won the war? If so, when did there
chances become very remote? What other strategies might they have pursued?
Other Books of Related Interest
War in the South
Babits, Lawrence E. Devil of a Whipping: The Battle of Cowpens. Chapel Hill, NC: The
University of North Carolina Press, 1998. 0-8078-4926-x, xxi, 231 (maps, notes, bibliography,
index).
Buchanan, John. The Road to Guilford Courthouse: The American Revolution in the
Carolinas. New York: Wiley, 1997. ISBN: 047116402X (cloth : alk. paper) LCCN: 96-9575, xii,
452.
Crow, Jeffrey J., and Larry E. Tise, eds. The Southern Experience in the American
Revolution. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1978. 0-8078-1313-3, 310.
Eckenrode, H. J. The Revolution in Virginia. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1916.
311.
Greene, Jerome A. The Guns of Independence: The Siege of Yorktown, 1781. New York:
Savas Beatie, 2005. ISBN: 1932714057, xix, 507.
Hammon, Neal O., and Richard Taylor. Virginia's Western War : 1775-1786. Mechanicsburg,
PA: Stackpole Books, 2002. 081171389X LCCN: 2002-20592, xl, 279.
Hoffman, Ronald, Thad W. Tate, and Peter J. Albert, eds. An Uncivil War: The Southern
Backcountry During the American Revolution. Edited by Ronald Hoffman and Peter J. Albert,
Perspectives on the American Revolution. Charlottesville, VA: United States Capital Historical
Society by the University of Virginia Press, 1985. 0-8139-1051-X, 331.
Johnston, Henry P. The Yorktown Campaign and the Surrender of Cornwallis 1781. New
York: Harper & Brothers, 1881. Reprint, 1997. 0-915992-19-1, 206.
Morrill, Dan L. Southern Campaigns of the American Revolution. Baltimore, MD: The
Nautical and Aviation Publishing Company of America, 1993. 1-877553-21-6, 184 pages, plus notes
(15), Chronology (15), and index.
Selby, John E. Dunmore, ed. Edward M. Riley. Williamsburg, VA: Virginia Independence
Bicentennial Commission, 1977. 76, plus Bibliography (4).
Selby, John E. The Revolution in Virginia: 1775-1783. Williamsburg, VA: The Colonial
Williamsburg Foundation, 1988. Reprint, 1989. 0-87935-075-X, 324, Notes (325-408),
Bibliographical Essay ( 409-420), Index.
Selby, John. The Road to Yorktown. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1976. 214 (Incl.
Appendices (Order of Battle, The Purple Heart), Select Bibliography, Index.
Tarleton, Lt. Col. Banastre. A History of the Campaigns of 1780 and 1781 in the Southern
Provinces of North America. New York: Arno Press, 1968. Reprint, 1968. 519.
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Some Biographies
Chernow, Ron. Alexander Hamilton. New York: Penguin Press, 2004. ISBN: 1594200092
(alk. paper) Other: 9781594200090 LCCN: 2003-65641, 818.
Ellis, Joseph J. American Sphinx: The Character of Thomas Jefferson. New York: Alfred A.
Knopf, 1996. 0-679-44490-4, 365.
Ellis, Joseph J. Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation. New York: Alfred A.
Knopf, 2000. 0375405445, 288.
Ellis, Joseph J. His Excellency: George Washington. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2004.
ISBN: 1400040310 LCCN: 2004-46576, xiv, 320.
Foner, Eric. Tom Paine and Revolutionary America. New York: Oxford University Press,
1976. ISBN: 0195019865 : LCCN: 75-25456, xx, 326.
Golway, Terry. Washington's General: Nathanael Greene and the Triumph of the American
Revolution. 1st ed. New York: H. Holt, 2005. ISBN: 0805070664; LCCN: 2004-52259, x, 355.
Higginbotham, Don. Daniel Morgan, Revolutionary Rifleman. Paperbook ed. Chapel Hill,
NC: University of North Carolina Press for the Omohundro Institute of Early American History and
Culture, 1979. Reprint, 1979. 0-8078-1386-9, 239.
Isaacson, Walter. Benjamin Franklin: An American Life. New York: Simon & Schuster,
2003. ISBN: 0684807610 LCCN: 2003-50463, x, 590 p., [16] p. of plates.
Martin, James Kirby. Benedict Arnold, Revolutionary Hero: An American Warrior
Reconsidered. New York: New York University Press, 1997. 0814755607, xvii, 535.
McCullough, David G. John Adams. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. ISBN:
0684813637 LCCN: 2001-27010, 751.
Shelton, Hal T. General Richard Montgomery and the American Revolution: From Redcoat
to Rebel. New York: New York University Press, 1994. 0-84147-7975-1, 245.
Week Nine: The Maritime American Revolution (1775 – 1783)
Class 17, Tuesday, 28 October: The Revolutionary War on the Waters Naval and Coalition
Warfare – The Elephant v. The Whale (Round 2)
Basic Reading
Chs 4-5 and 7-Conclusion in Black, Warfare in the Eighteenth Century (pages 110-153 and
190-213)
Ch. 10 in Age of Battles (“Toward Wars of Nations: The War of American Independence,”
pages 232-255)
Chs. 1 and 2 in Love, Robert W. , Jr. History of the U.S. Navy, 1775-1941. Vol. 1. 2 vols.
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books, 1992. 0-8117-1862-X, 731. (“The American Revolution,
1775-1778” and “To Yorktown and Independence,” pages 1-41, posted on Blackboard)
Major Books
Hearn, Chester G. George Washington's Schooners: The First American Navy. Annapolis,
MD: Naval Institute Press, 1995. 1-55750-258-3, 239.
The following articles are posted on Blackboard (you can also get them through JSTOR)
They constitute a single major book:
Willcox, William B. "British Strategy in America, 1778." Journal of Modern History 19, no.
2 (1947): 97-121.
Willcox, William B. "Rhode Island in British Strategy, 1780-1781." Journal of Modern
History 17, no. 4 (1945): 304-331.
Willcox, William B. "The British Road to Yorktown: A Study in Divided Command." The
American Historical Review 52, no. 1 (1946): 1-35.
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Brown, Gerald S. "The Anglo-French Naval Crisis, 1778: A Study of Conflict in the North
Cabinet." The William and Mary Quarterly 3rd. Ser., Vol. 13, no. No. 1 (Jan., 1956) (1956): 3-25.
Conway, Stephen. "To Subdue America: British Army Officers and the Conduct of the
Revolutionary War." The William and Mary Quarterly 3rd Ser., Vol. 43, no. No. 3 (Jul.,1967) (1986):
381-407.
Important Books
Miller, Nathan. Sea of Glory. First ed. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1974. 155750-577-2, 520.
Mackesy, Piers. The War for America, 1775 - 1783. Translated by Bison Book Edition. 1993,
Bison Book Edition ed. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1964. 0-8032-8192-7, xxvi, 522
(Appendix, Bibliography, Map, and Index; 565).
Morison, Samuel Eliot. John Paul Jones: A Sailor's Biography. Naval Institute Press Edition
of 1989 ed. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1959. 0-87021-323-7, 534 or Thomas, Evan. John
Paul Jones Sailor, Hero, Father of the American Navy. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2003.
0743205839 LCCN: 2003-42411, 383 p., [16] p. of plates.
Discussion Topic
I have argued that the Revolution was really a naval war, do you agree? Why or why not?
Were the naval forces essential to the American victory? Could naval forces have won the war
without the involvement of significant land forces?
Why was the Royal Navy not able to put down the Revolution in its earliest days? How
important was the participation of the French on the American side? Were they consistently helpful?
Other Books of Related Interest
Allard, Dean C. "The Potomac Navy of 1776." The Virginia Magazine of History and
Biography 84, no. No. 4, October 1976 (1976): 411-430.
Allen, Gardner W. A Naval History of the American Revolution. 2 vols. Williamstown, MA:
Corner House Publishers, 1913. Reprint, 1970. 365.
Black, Jeremy, and Philip Woodfine, eds. The British Navy and the Use of Naval Power in
the Eighteenth Century. Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1988. 0-7185-1308-8, 258 pp, plus
Select Bibliography (259-265), and index.
Buel, Richard, Jr. In Irons: Britain's Naval Supremacy and the American Revolutionary
Economy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998. 0-300-07388-7, 397.
Chapelle, Howard I. The History of the American Sailing Navy. New York: Konecky &
Konecky, 1949. 1-56852-222-3, 478; Plus Appendix of data on ships and terms (479-529) and Index.
Eller, Ernest McNeill, ed. Chesapeake Bay in the American Revolution. Centerville, MD:
Tidewater Publishers, 1981. 0-87033-255-4, Preface and Chronology xxxv, 523, Notes (525-549),
Bibliography (551-567), Index.
Fowler, Jr., William M. Rebels under Sail: The American Navy During the Revolution. New
York: Scribner's, 1976. 0-684-14583-9, xi + 304 (356).
Gardiner, Robert. Navies and the American Revolution: 1775 - 1783. London: Chatham
Publishing, 1996. 1 86176 017 5, 186, Sources (187-188), Notes on Artists, Printmakers, and their
techniques (188-190), index.
Gruber, Ira D. The Howe Brothers and the American Revolution. New York: Atheneum for
the Institute of Early American History and Culture, 1972. 3-1540-00077-9924, 396.
Jackson, John W. The Pennsylvania Navy 1775 - 1781: Defense of the Delaware. New
Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1974. 0-8135-0766-9, 514.
James, W. M. The British Navy in Adversity: A Study of the War of American Independence.
Scholar's Bookshelf ed. Cranbury, NJ: Scholar's Bookshelf, 1926. Reprint, 2005. 0945726295, xvi p.,
2 l., 459.
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Lewis, James A. Neptune's Militia: The Frigate South Carolina During the American
Revolution. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1999. 235.
Mahan, Captain Alfred Thayer. The Influence of Sea Power Upon History 1660 - 1783.
Dover Paperback ed. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, Inc., 1987 slightly altered reproduction of the
fifth (1894) edition. 0-486-25509-3, 555.
Mahan, Alfred Thayer. The Major Operations of the Navies in the War of American
Independence. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Company, Limited, 1913. xxiii, 280.
Mahan, Alfred Thayer. The Major Operations of the Navies in the War of American
Independence. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Company, Limited, 1913. xxiii, 280.
Paulin, Charles Oscar. "The Administration of the Massachusetts and Virginia Navies of the
American Revolution." Naval Institute Proceedings 32 (1906): 131-164.
Sands, John O. Yorktown's Captive Fleet. Newport News, VA: University Press of Virginia,
1983. 0-917376-38-2, Preface xii, 178, Catalogue of Ships at Yorktown (181-223), Notes227-246),
Bibliographical Essay and Bibliography (247-261), Index.
Syrett, David. Shipping and the American War, 1775 - 83: A Study of British Transport
Organization University of London Historical Studies. London: The Athlone Press, 1970. 0-48513127-7, 274.
Syrett, David. The Royal Navy in American Waters, 1775-1783. Aldershot, Hants, England:
Scolar Press, 1989. 0 85967 806 7, 250.
Syrett, David. The Royal Navy in European Waters During the American Revolutionary War
Studies in Maritime History, ed. Jr. William N. Still. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina
Press, 1998. 1-57003-238-6, 213.
Tilley, John A. The British Navy and the American Revolution Studies in Maritime History,
ed. Jr. William N. Still. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1987. 0-87249-517-5, 281
(plus notes 282 - 307, Glossary, Bibliographical Essay, and Index - 332).
Tracy, Nicholas. Navies, Deterrence, and American Independence: Britain and Seapower in
the 1760's and 1770's. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia Press, 1988. 0-7748-0298-7,
158, Notes (159-185), Bibliography (187-198), and index.
Clark, William Bell, William James Morgan, and Michael J. Crawford, eds. Naval
Documents of the American Revolution. 11 Volumes. Edited by Naval Historical Center. Washington,
D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1965-2005. (This ten volume set contains edited
reproductions of vast numbers of primary documents dealing with the naval side of the Revolutionary
War. It is, by far, the most useful primary source on the Revolution on the waters. The eleventh
volume, published in 2005, includes material from 1778. Future volumes will continue the series.)
Class 18, Thursday, 30 October: National Wars of the United States (1783 – 1815): The
Unintended Emergence of a United States Military and a Government to Manage It
Basic Reading
Ch. 10 in Doughty (“American Military Policy, 1783-1860: The Beginnings of
Professionalism,” Pages 297-311)
Ch. 4 in Millett and Maslowski, For the Common Defense (“Preserving the New Republic’s
Independence,” pages 88-122)
Major Books
Roosevelt, Theodore. The Naval War of 1812. Annapolis, MD: United States Naval Institute,
1987. 0-7-87021-445-4, xxxii, 435.
Kohn, Richard H. Eagle and the Sword: The Federalists and the Creation of the Military
Establishment in America, 1783 - 1802. First ed. New York: The Free Press, a Division of Macmillan
Publishing Co., 866 Third Ave, 1975. 0-02-917551-8, 443.
Discussion Topic
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How effective was the militia as a defense system before the Revolution? Afterwards?
What lasting effects did the Quasi War and the Barbary Wars have on the American defense
establishment? What effect did the Indian Wars on the frontier have?
The English have had an aversion to the “standing army” since the English Civil Wars of the
1640s. The American governmental structure formally reflects the same concern (See U.S.
Constitution, Article I, Section 8: Congress shall have power “To raise and support Armies, but no
Appropriation of Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years.” See also, the
provision that grants Congress the power to declare war.) Have those provisions been effective in
limiting the existence of the army or in preventing its commitment to combat?
Other Books of Related Interest
Crawford, Michael J., and William S. Dudley. The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary
History. Vol. III, 1814-1815, Chesapeake Bay, Northern Lakes, and Pacific Ocean. III vols. Naval
War of 1812, ed. Naval History Division. Washington D.C.: Naval Historical Center, 2002. ISBN:
0160512247, xlvi, 874.
Duffy, Stephen W. H. Captain Blakeley and the Wasp: The Cruise of 1814. Annapolis, Md.:
Naval Institute Press, 2001. ISBN: 1557501769 (alk. paper) LCCN: 99-26571, xiv, 348.
Leiner, Frederick C. Millions for Defense: The Subscription Warships of 1798. Annapolis,
Md.: Naval Institute Press, 2000. ISBN: 155750508X (alk. paper) LCCN: 99-15206, viii, 262.
McKee, Christopher. A Gentlemanly and Honorable Profession: The Creation of the U.S.
Naval Officer Corps, 1794-1815. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1991. 0-87021-283-4, 471,
Appendices (tabular data: 473-500), Bibliographic Essay: Discovering the Navy's Officers (501-514),
Notes (515-579), Index.
Padfield, Peter. Broke and the Shannon. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1968. ISBN:
0340025115 LCCN: 68-101499, x, 246.
Palmer, Michael A. Stoddert's War: Naval Operations During the Quasi-War with France,
1798-1801. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1987. 1-55750-664-7, 239.
Pitch, Anthony S. The Burning of Washington: The British Invasion of 1814. Annapolis, MD:
Naval Institute Press, 1998. 1-55750-692-2, 298.
Skaggs, David Curtis, and Gerard T. Altoff. A Signal Victory: The Lake Erie Campaign,
1812-1813 Bluejacket Books;. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 2000. ISBN: 1557508925
(pbk.), x, 244.
Skaggs, David Curtis. Thomas Macdonough, Master of Command in the Early U.S. Navy.
Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2003. 1-55750-839-9, xix, 257.
Smith, Philip Chadwick Foster. The Frigate Essex Papers: Building the Salem Frigate,
1798-1799. Salem Mass.: Peabody Museum of Salem, 1974. ISBN: 0875770444 LCCN: 74-80146,
xx, 334.
Tucker, Spencer C., and Frank T Reuter. Injured Honor, the Chesapeake- Leopard Affair,
June 22, 1807. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1996. 1-55750-824-0, 211 (Notes,
Bibliography, and Index; 268).
See also, for primary documents: Navy, Secretary of the. Naval Documents Related to the
Quasi-War between the United States and France: Naval Operations . . . February 1797-December
1801. 7 vols. Washington: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1935-1938.
Navy, Secretary of the. Naval Documents Related to the United States Wars with the Barbary
Powers: Naval Operations Including Diplomatic Background. 6 vols. Washington: U.S. Govt. Print.
Off., 1939-1944.
Week Ten: France in the Age of Revolution (1789 – 1805)
Class 19, Tuesday, 4 November: Revolution in France: The Nation at War – A Popular War
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and a Popular Leader
Basic Reading
Chs. 6 and 7 in Dougthty (“Revolutionary Warfare During the Age of the French Revolution”
and “The Rise of Napoleonic Warfare: Increasing the Scale, Speed, and Decisiveness of Warfare”- to
1806) (pages 171-226)
Chs. 11, 12, and 14 in The Age of Battles (“Prelude to Revolution,” “The French Revolution,”
and The Climax of Napoleonic Warfare: To Austerlitz and Jena-Auerstadt,” pages 256-312 and 354398).
Class 20, Thursday, 6 November: The Political Leader as the Military Leader in Another
Military Revolution?
Major Book
Connelly, Owen. Blundering to Glory: Napoleon's Military Campaigns. Wilmington, DE:
Scholarly Resources Books, 1999. 0-8420-2779-3, 254.
Discussion Topic
How was war different during and after the French Revolution from under Gustavus or
Frederick the Great?
What were the most significant changes in warfare introduced by Napoleon? What were
Napoleon's greatest strengths? Weaknesses?
Other Books of Related Interest
Chandler, David G. The Campaigns of Napoleon. (2 in 1) vols. New York: Scribner, 1966.
Reprint, 1995. ISBN: 0025236601 : LCCN: 66-12970, xliii, 1172.
Esdaile, Charles J. The Wars of Napoleon. London: Longman, 1995. 0-582-05955-0, 318
(Plus Chronology (319-342), Abbreviations, Bibliographical Essay (344-375), Maps (378-393), and
Index).
Esposito, Vincent J., and John Robert Elting. A Military History and Atlas of the Napoleonic
Wars. Rev. ed. London: Greenhill Books, 1999. ISBN: 1853673463 LCCN: 98-49192, 398.
Flayhart, William H. Counterpoint to Trafalgar: The Anglo-Russian Invasion of Naples,
1805-1806 New Perspectives on Maritime History and Nautical Archaeology;. Gainesville:
University Press of Florida, 2004. ISBN: 0813027950 (pbk. : alk. paper) LCCN: 2004-52619, xvi,
198.
Goetz, Robert Paul. 1805, Austerlitz: Napoleon and the Destruction of the Third Coalition.
London: Greenhill, 2005. ISBN: 1853676446 (hbk.) National Library: 013195490, 368.
Muir, Rory. Tactics and the Experience of Battle in the Age of Napoleon. New Haven, Conn.:
Yale University Press, 1998. ISBN: 0300073852 (cloth) LCCN: 97-44386, x, 342.
Schama, Simon. Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution. 1st Vintage Books ed. New
York: Vintage Books, 1990. ISBN: 0679726101 : LCCN: 89-40127, xx, 948.
Schom, Alan. Napoleon Bonaparte. New York, NY: HarperCollins, 1997. ISBN:
0060172142 LCCN: 97-5805, xxii, 888.
Week Eleven: The Anglo-French War at Sea – the Age of Nelson (1793 – 1815)
Class 21, Tuesday, 11 November: Nelson v. Napoleon – Naval Warfare in the Age of Sail
Basic Reading
Ch. 8 in Doughty (“The Limits of Napoleonic Warfare,” pages 237-144)
Ch. 13 in Age of Battles (“Sea Power and Empire,” pages 313-353)
Class 22, Thursday, 13 November: The Elephant v. The Whale (Round 3) – The “decisive
action”?
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Major Books
Adkins, Roy. Nelson's Trafalgar: The Battle That Changed the World. New York: Viking,
2005. ISBN: 0670034487 LCCN: 2005-42264, xxiii, 392.
Schom, Alan. Trafalgar: Countdown to Battle, 1803-1805. New York: Oxford University
Press, 1990. 0-689-12055-9 (Hbk) & 0-19-507518-8 xv, 370.
Important Books
Kennedy, Paul M. The Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery. Amherst, NY: Humanity
Books, 1998. 1-57392-278-1, 349, plus Notes (350-379), Select Bibliography (381-393), and index.
Rodger, N. A. M. The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain, 1649-1815.
London: Allen Lane, 2004. ISBN: 0713994118 (hbk.) National Library: 012954701, lxv, 907.
Discussion Topic
Were the Nile, Copenhagen, and Trafalgar "decisive battles," i.e., did they result in the defeat
of the French national effort? Was Austerlitz decisive, in the sense that it ended opposition to
Napoleon?
Why was the British Royal Navy seemingly so superior to the French (which arguably had
better ships)?
How do the Napoleonic Wars compare to earlier, elephant-whale conflicts, such as the
Peloponesian War and the American Revolution? What are the similarities and differences?
How can a naval power fight a land power? Vice versa?
Other Books of Related Interest
Battles and the Royal Navy
Callo, Joseph F. Nelson in the Caribbean: The Hero Emerges, 1784-1787. Annapolis: Naval
Institute Press, 2002. 1557502064 (acid-free paper) LCCN: 2002-9788, xvi, 230.
Cordingly, David. The Billy Ruffian: The Bellerophon and the Downfall of Napoleon: The
Biography of a Ship of the Line, 1782-1836. 1st U.S. ed. New York: Bloomsbury, 2003. ISBN:
1582341931 LCCN: 2003-45132, xii, 355.
Gardiner, Robert. Nelson against Napoleon: From the Nile to Copenhagen, 1798-1801
Chatham Pictorial Histories;. Annapolis, Md. Naval Institute Press Greenwich? In association with
the National Maritime Museum: London, 1997. ISBN: 1557506426 LCCN: 97-68138, 192.
Lavery, Brian. Nelson's Navy: The Ships, Men, and Organisation, 1793-1815. Annapolis,
Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1989. ISBN: 0870212583 LCCN: 89-62380, 352.
Lewis, Michael Arthur. A Social History of the Navy, 1793-1815. London: Allen & Unwin,
1960. 467.
Lewis, Michael. Spithead; an Informal History. London: Allen & Unwin, 1972. ISBN:
0049420968 LCCN: 73-156394, 208.
Lloyd, Christopher. The British Seaman 1200 - 1860. First American Edition ed. Rutherford,
NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1968. 0-8386-7708-8,
Lyon, David. Sea Battles Close Up: The Age of Nelson. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute
Press, 1996. 1-55750-746-5, 192.
Lyon, David. The Sailing Navy List: All the Ships of the Royal Navy - Built, Purchased, and
Captured - 1688 - 1860. London: Conway Maritime Press, 1993. 0-85177--864-X, 367.
Mahan, Captain Alfred Thayer. The Influence of Sea Power Upon History 1660 - 1783.
Dover Paperback ed. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, Inc., 1987 slightly altered reproduction of the
fifth (1894) edition. 0-486-25509-3, 555.
Nicolson, Adam. Seize the Fire: Heroism, Duty, and the Battle of Trafalgar. New York:
HarperCollins, 2005. ISBN: 0060753617, xxiv, 341.
Pocock, Tom. The Terror before Trafalgar: Nelson, Napoleon, and the Secret War. 1st
American ed. New York: W.W. Norton, 2003. 0393057763 LCCN: 2003-1969, xiii, 255.
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Pope, Dudley. Life in Nelson's Navy. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1981. ISBN:
0870213466 : LCCN: 80-82726, ix, 279.
Pope, Dudley. The Great Gamble: Nelson at Copenhagen. New York: Simon and Schuster,
1972. ISBN: 0671214047 LCCN: 72-82202, 579 p. illus. 25 cm.
Price, Anthony. The Eyes of the Fleet: A Popular History of Frigates and Frigate Captains,
1793-1815. New York: W.W. Norton, 1996. ISBN: 0393038467 LCCN: 95-50261, 298.
Tracy, Nicholas. Nelson's Battles: The Art of Victory in the Age of Sail. Annapolis, Md.:
Naval Institute Press, 1996. ISBN: 1557506213 LCCN: 96-69150, 224.
Tunstall, Brian, and Nicholas Tracy. Naval Warfare in the Age of Sail: The Evolution of
Fighting Tactics, 1650-1815. 2001 ed. Edison, NJ: Wellfleet Press, 2001. 0-7858-1426-4, 278.
Wareham, Tom. The Star Captains: Frigate Command in the Napoleonic Wars. Annapolis,
Md.: Naval Institute Press, 2001. ISBN: 1557508712 LCCN: 2001-89746, 256 p., [16] p. of plates.
Woodman, Richard. The Victory of Seapower: Winning the Napoleonic War, 1806-1814
Chatham Pictorial Histories;. London: Chatham Pub. In association with the National Maritime
Museum, 1998. ISBN: 1861760388 LCCN: 98-208449, 192.
Biographies
Callo, Joseph F., and Horatio Nelson Nelson. Nelson Speaks: Admiral Lord Nelson in His
Own Words. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 2001. ISBN: 1557501998 (acid-free paper)
LCCN: 00-50020, xxxiii, 216.
Coleman, Terry. The Nelson Touch: The Life and Legend of Horatio Nelson. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2002. 0195147413 (acid-free paper) LCCN: 2002-70635, xix, 424.
Hibbert, Christopher. Nelson: A Personal History. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1994.
ISBN: 0201624575 : LCCN: 94-39545, xvii, 472.
Knight, R. J. B. The Pursuit of Victory: The Life and Achievement of Horatio Nelson. New
York: Basic books, 2005. ISBN: 046503764X : Other: 9780465037643, xxxv, 873.
Le Fevre, Peter, and Richard Harding. Precursors of Nelson: British Admirals of the
Eighteenth Century. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2000. ISBN: 081172901X, xii, 436.
Mahan, A. T. The Life of Nelson: The Embodiment of the Sea Power of Great Britain.
Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 2001. ISBN: 1557504849 (acid-free paper) LCCN: 200118335, xxii, 764.
Oman, Carola Lenanton. Nelson. Westport: Conn. Greenwood Press, 1970. ISBN:
0837139767 LCCN: 77-100166, xiv, 748.
Pocock, Tom. Horatio Nelson. New York: Knopf, 1988. ISBN: 0394570561 : LCCN: 8746188, xx, 367.
Southey, Robert. The Life of Nelson Classics of Naval Literature;. Annapolis, MD: Naval
Institute Press, 1990. ISBN: 0870213016 (alk. paper) LCCN: 90-6290, xxi, 306.
Vincent, Edgar. Nelson, Love & Fame. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003. 0-30009797-2, xii, 640.
Wareham, Tom. The Star Captains: Frigate Command in the Napoleonic Wars. Annapolis,
Md.: Naval Institute Press, 2001. ISBN: 1557508712 LCCN: 2001-89746, 256 p., [16] p. of plates.
Fiction
There have been many works of historical fiction written about the Royal Navy of the
Napoleonic War era. In my opinion, the best are the Aubrey-Maturin series written by Patrick
O’Brian. The first is Master and Commander, which is very different from the movie loosely based
on the book and others from the series. There are twenty-two in the set.
Week Twelve: The Culmination of Napoleonic Warfare (1805 – 1815)
Class 23, Tuesday, 18 November: Napoleon’s Final Campaigns – Russia and the Hundred
Days
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Basic Reading
Chs. 8 (Cont) and 9 in Doughty (“The Limits of Napoleonic Warfare” and “Breaking
Napoleon’s Power,” pages 244-294)
Chs. 15-19 in Age of Battles (“The Gradual Eclipse of the Battle of Annihilation: The Rise of
the War of Attrition,” Campaigns of Exhaustion and Attrition,” “The Resurgence of Military
Professionalism,” “The Downfall of Genius,” and “The End of an Age: Waterloo,” pages 399-535)
Class 24, Thursday, 20 November – Defeat of Napoleon
Major Book
Rothenburg, Gunther. The Art of Warfare in the Age of Napoleon. Bloomington, IN: Indiana
University Press, 1978. Reprint, 1980. 0-253-20260-4, 245, plus appendices re battles and sieges,
bibliography, and index.
Discussion Topic
Why was the campaign in Spain so difficult for Napoleon? How different was it from the
campaign in the American south in 1780-81?
Why did Napoleon attack Russia instead of invading England? What were his biggest
mistakes in the Russian campaign? Was there a way for him to have defeated the Russians? Which
factors were most significant in Napoleon’s defeat?
What was the primary cause for the allies’ success at Waterloo, leadership (on either side),
logistics, mobility, firepower, discipline and morale, or something else?
Other Books of Related Interest
Austin, Paul Britten. 1815: The Return of Napoleon. London Greenhill Books:
Mechanicsburg Pa., 2002. ISBN: 1853674761 LCCN: 2002-21215, 336.
Chandler, David G. The Campaigns of Napoleon. (2 in 1) vols. New York: Scribner, 1966.
Reprint, 1995. ISBN: 0025236601 : LCCN: 66-12970, xliii, 1172.
Horward, Donald D. Napoleon and Iberia: The Twin Sieges of Ciudad Rodrigo and Almeida,
1810 Napoleonic Library [27];. London: Greenhill Books, 1994. ISBN: 1853671835 LCCN: 9415172, xviii, 421.
Keegan, John. The Face of Battle. New York: The Viking Press, 1976. 0-670-30432-8, 336
(plus Bibliography and Index 354).
Keegan, John. The Mask of Command. New York: Viking Penguin, Inc., 1987. 0670459887;
LCCN: 87-40027, 351 (plus Select Bibliography and Index: 368).
Longford, Elizabeth Harman Pakenham Countess of. Wellington, the Years of the Sword.
New York: Harper & Row, 1969. LCCN: 75-95973, xxiii, 548.
Petre, F. Loraine. Napoleon's Conquest of Prussia, 1806 Napoleonic Library; [23];. London:
Greenhill Books, 1993. ISBN: 1853671452 LCCN: 92-41764, xxiii, 319.
Roberts, Andrew. Napoleon and Wellington. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2001. ISBN:
0297646079; LCCN: 2002-318198, 350.
Schom, Alan. Napoleon Bonaparte. New York, NY: HarperCollins, 1997. ISBN:
0060172142 LCCN: 97-5805, xxii, 888.
Week of 24 November - Thanksgiving – Enjoy!
Week Thirteen: Analyzing Warfare and the Industrial Age
Class 25, Tuesday 2 December: Carl von Clausewitz, Antoine-Henri Baron Jomini,
Napoleon, Sun-Tzu, and Alfred Thayer Mahan on Strategy
Basic Reading
Ch. 15 in Doughty (“The Transition from Napoleonic Methods to the Prussian Military
System, 1815-1871,” pages 461-466)
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Chs. 6 and 7 in Paret, Peter, ed. Makers of Modern Strategy from Machiavelli to the Nuclear
Age. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1986. 0-691-02764-1, 871. (“Jomini” and
“Clausewitz,” pages 143-213, posted on Blackboard)
Handel, Michael I. Who's Afraid of Carl Von Clausewitz? A Guide to the Perplexed. Word
Transcription from Internet http://www.clausewitz.com/CWZHOME/Handlart.htm ed. Newport, R.I.:
Naval War College, 1997. 13. (Posted on Blackboard)
Class 26, Thursday, 4 December: Is there a “science of warfare”?
Major Books
Clausewitz, Carl Von. On War. Translated by Michael Howard and Peter Paret. First Princeton
Paperback ed., ed. Michael Howard and Peter Paret. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1976.
0-691-01854-5, xii, 732. (Books One – Three, Six (only Ch 26, “The People in Arms,”) and Eight
(75-222, 479-483, and 577-637).
Jomini, Baron Antoine Henri de. The Art of War. Translated by Capt. G.H. Mendell and Lt.
W.P. Craighill (West Point). 1862. Lionel Leventhal Limited, Introduction by Charles Messenger ed.
London: Greenhill Books, 1992.
Important Books
Handel, Michael I. Sun Tzu and Clausewitz: The Art of War and on War Compared
Professional Readings in Military Strategy; No. 2;. Carlisle Barracks, Pa.: Strategic Studies Institute
U.S. Army War College, 1991. LCCN: 92-214454, v, 81. (Posted on Blackboard)
Mahan, A. T., and Antony Preston. The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1805. 1st
US ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1890. ISBN: 0134645375 : LCCN: 79-89594, 256.
Sun-Tzu. The Art of War. Translated by Ralph D. Sawyer. Boulder, CO: Westview Press,
1994. 0-8133-1951-X, 248+ Notes (249-336), Bibliography (337-349), Glossary (353-362), Index 375.
Lawrence, T. E. Seven Pillars of Wisdom: A Triumph. 1st Anchor Books ed. New York:
Anchor Books, 1991.
Discussion Topic
Clausewitz says war is not "something autonomous but always . . . an instrument of policy,"
and war is "a true political instrument, a continuation of political intercourse, carried on with other
means." Does he believe that all acts in war are controlled by policy?
Do Jomini and Clausewitz think war is an art or a science? What does Clausewitz say about
the role of politics and the extent of control by the political leader? (Note that Sun-Tzu argued that the
role of the political leader is to establish the national goal, select a good military leader, and then not
interfere. He believed that the leader should disobey political orders when the military situation
indicated. Would Clausewitz agree?)
Clausewitz says that war is composed of "a paradoxical trinity . . . primordial violence,
hatred, and enmity." Are these concepts useful to a commander? A political leader? Four concepts for
which Clausewitz is famous are "the culminating point of victory," the "center of gravity" of an
adversary, the effect of "friction," and concentration of forces at the decisive point. What do they
mean? Do they have continuing validity?
Clausewitz distinguishes between “true” or “absolute” war (in which the violence escalates
until each side has used all the weapons and resources available to it) and “real” war. How do the two
differ? Why do most wars not become “absolute”? Jomini is best known for his use of "lines" in
defining a battle, and particularly for the advantage of the "interior lines." What does that mean? Does
Clausewitz agree?
Does Clausewitz advocate the use of "intelligence” (spies) and deception? (Note that Sun-Tzu
asserted that one should rely heavily on intelligence, spying, and deception.) The phrase "fog of war"
does not appear in On War, but is ascribed to it. Why? What does it mean? Which of Clausewitz,
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Jomini, and Sun Tzu seems to best describe Napoleonic warfare? Which is most relevant today?
Which would be most useful in asymmetric warfare? In major conflict conventional warfare between
superpowers?
Other Books of Related Interest
Chaliand, Gérard. The Art of War in World History: From Antiquity to the Nuclear Age.
Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994. 0520079639 (alk. paper) 0520079647 (pbk. : alk.
paper) LCCN: 92-20153, xxix, 1072.
Corbett, Sir Julian, and an introduction and notes by Eric Grove. Some Principles of Maritime
Strategy. 1988 ed. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute, 1988. 0-87021-880-8, 304, plus Appendix (The
"Green Pamphlet," The War Courses Strategical Terms and Notes on Strategy), and index.
Gat, Azar. A History of Military Thought: From the Enlightenment to the Cold War. Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 2001. 0199247625, xiii, 890 p.
Gray, Colin S. The Leverage of Sea Power: The Strategic Advantage of Navies in War. New
York Free Press: Toronto, 1992. ISBN: 0029126614 : LCCN: 92-22072, xii, 372.
Handel, Michael I. Masters of War: Classical Strategic Thought. 3rd rev. and expanded ed.
London, Portland, OR: F. Cass, 2001. 0714650919 0714681326 (pbk.) LCCN: 00-35874, xxvii, 482 .
Paret, Peter, ed. Makers of Modern Strategy from Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age. Princeton,
New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1986. 0-691-02764-1, 871 plus Contributors, Bibliographical
Notes, and Index.
Week Fourteen: Early Industrial Age Warfare: Pursuit of Empire and Suppression of Revolution
(1815 – 1860)
Class 27, Tuesday, 9 December: Revolution in Europe and Imperial Aspirations in Mexico
and the Crimea and Some Concluding Thoughts
Basic Reading
Ch. 10 in Doughty (Cont., “American Military Policy, 1783-1860: The Beginnings of
Professionalism,” pages 311-328) and Ch. 15 (Cont., “The Transition from Napoleonic Methods to
the Prussian Military System,” pages 466-476).
Ch. 5 in Millett and Maslowski (“The Armed Forces and National Expansion, 1815-1860,”
pages 123-159).
Ch. 20 in Age of Battles (“On the Future of War,” pages536-543)
Major Books
Everyone in the class is to read one of the following three books:
Black, Jeremy. War and the World: Military Power and the Fate of Continents, 1450-2000.
New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998.
Howard, Michael. War in European History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976. 0-19289095-6, 165.
Keegan, John. A History of Warfare. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993.
Discussion Topics
In what ways did the American military develop between the Revolution and 1860? What
role did it play in the formulation of national policy?
Why did England and France enter the Crimean War? What role did the military play in the
formulation of imperial policy?
How had warfare changed between the Revolution or the Napoleonic Wars and the Crimean
and Mexican Wars? Was technology the decisive factor in those conflicts? If not, what was?
What was the major cause of warfare in the period we have studied?
What factor was most important in producing victory?
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How did conflict affect the development of European Civilization during the period under
study? What other major forces had a comparable effect?
In what way has warfare remained the same over the periods we have studied? What have
been the most dramatic changes? Are there constants that suggest lessons that can be drawn from our
study?
Other Books of Related Interest
Grant, Ulysses Simpson. Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant. Da Capo Paperback edition ed.
New York: Da Capo Press, 1982. Reprint, 1952. 0-306-80172-8, 608.
Goerlitz, Walter. History of the German General Staff, 1657-1945. New York: Praeger, 1953.
LCCN: 52-13106, xviii, 508.
McPherson, James M. Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. New York: Oxford
University Press, 1988. 0-19-503863-0, 864 plus Bibliographical Note and Index.
Porter, David M., and Don E Feherenbacher. The Impending Crisis: 1848-1861. Harper
Colophon ed. New York: Harper Colophon, 1976. 0061319295, 638.
Royle, Trevor. Crimea: The Great Crimean War, 1854-1856. 1st Palgrave Macmillan
Paperback ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. ISBN: 1403964165 (pbk.), 564.
Required Books
The following are the core books we will use throughout the semester:
Doughty, Robert A., and Ira D. Gruber. Warfare in the Western World: Military Operations from
1600 to 1871. Vol. 1. 2 vols. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath and Company, 1996. 0-669-209392, xxiv, 492.
Millett, Allan Reed, and Peter Maslowski. For the Common Defense: A Military History of the United
States of America. Rev. and expand ed. New York Free Press: Toronto, 1994. ISBN:
0029215811 (cloth) 0029215978 (paper) LCCN: 94-5199, xiv, 701.
Weigley, Russell. The Age of Battles: The Quest for Decisive Warfare from Breitenfeld to Waterloo.
Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1991. 0-253-36380-2, xiii, 543.
Major Books
The following are major works of military history. Some are classics, others provide
particularly good insight into a period or conflict. Everyone will select three of these on which to
prepare a review to be distributed to the class (note that because of the class size, there will be some
overlap). You can obtain them from the library or purchase them. They have not been ordered
through the bookstore. Because many are substantial works, you should obtain your copy soon and
not wait until the last minute. The class is depending on you to read them and distribute your review
at least 24 hours before class.
Oman, Charles William Chadwick Sir Corp Author Beeler John H. The Art of War in the Middle
Ages: A.D. 378-1515 Cornell Paperbacks;. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1968. ISBN:
0801490626, xvi, 176 or, if Oman is unavailable,
Parker, Geoffrey. The Military Revolution, Military Innovation and the Rise of the West 1500 - 1800.
2d ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. 0 521 47958 4, 265.
Mattingly, Garrett. The Armada, The American Heritage Library. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1987.
Black, Jeremy, and John Keegan. Warfare in the Eighteenth Century The Cassell History of Warfare,
ed. John Keegan. London: Cassell, 1999. ISBN: 0304352454 LCCN: 2001-347080, 224.
Brewer, John. Sinews of Power: War, Money, and the English State, 1688-1783. Paperback
reprint ed. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989.
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Brewer, John. Sinews of Power: War, Money, and the English State, 1688-1783. Paperback
reprint ed. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989.
Ferling, John E. Struggle for a Continent: The Wars of Early America The American History Series;
Variation: American History Series (Arlington Heights, Ill.). Arlington Heights, Ill.: Harlan
Davidson, 1993. ISBN: 0882958968 LCCN: 92-32469, xiv, 240.
Shy, John. A People Numerous and Armed, Reflections on the Military Struggle for American
Independence. Revised, 1990 ed. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1976. 0-47206431-2, x, 298 (Notes 299-344, Index - 356).
Pancake, John S. This Destructive War: The British Campaign in the Carolinas, 1780 - 1782.
Birmingham, ALA: University of Alabama Press, 1985.
Hearn, Chester G. George Washington's Schooners: The First American Navy. Annapolis,
MD: Naval Institute Press, 1995.
Kohn, Richard H. Eagle and the Sword: The Federalists and the Creation of the Military
Establishment in America, 1783 - 1802. First ed. New York: The Free Press, a
Division of Macmillan Publishing Co., 866 Third Ave, 1975.
Roosevelt, Theodore. The Naval War of 1812. Annapolis, MD: United States Naval Institute, 1987. 07-87021-445-4, xxxii, 435, plus Appendices.
Connelly, Owen. Blundering to Glory: Napoleon's Military Campaigns. Wilmington, DE: Scholarly
Resources Books, 1999. 0-8420-2779-3, 254.
Adkins, Roy. Nelson's Trafalgar: The Battle That Changed the World. New York: Viking, 2005.
ISBN: 0670034487 LCCN: 2005-42264, xxiii, 392.
Schom, Alan. Trafalgar: Countdown to Battle, 1803-1805. New York: Oxford University
Press, 1990.
Rothenburg, Gunther. The Art of Warfare in the Age of Napoleon. Bloomington, IN: Indiana
University Press, 1978. Reprint, 1980. 0-253-20260-4, 245, plus appendices re battles and
sieges, bibliography, and index.
Clausewitz, Carl Von. On War. Translated by Michael Howard and Peter Paret. First Princeton
Paperback ed., ed. Michael Howard and Peter Paret. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University
Press, 1976. 0-691-01854-5, xii, 732.
Jomini, Baron Antoine Henri de. The Art of War. Translated by Capt. G.H. Mendell and Lt.
W.P. Craighill (West Point). 1862. Lionel Leventhal Limited, Introduction by Charles
Messenger ed. London: Greenhill Books, 1992.
Black, Jeremy. War and the World: Military Power and the Fate of Continents, 1450-2000.
New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998.
Howard, Michael. War in European History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976. 0-19-289095-6,
165.
Keegan, John. A History of Warfare. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993.
Additional Readings:
Other materials that are assigned will be on line in the folders for each class in the Course
Documents segment of Blackboard. I will also have a hard copy if you want to borrow it and make
your own copy.
For several of the classes, I have also listed “Important Books.” These are not assigned, but
are particularly useful for understanding the issues presented by the period under study.
Useful Reference Works for the Whole Course
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The following are not assigned. If there is an area in which you have a particular interest, you
should get an atlas that includes the region and the period. You might also want to obtain other books
to lend depth to your study. These are listed for your convenience.
Battle Compilations
Black, Jeremy. The Seventy Great Battles in History. London: Thames & Hudson, 2005. ISBN:
0500251258 (hbk.) Other: 9780500251256, 304.
Davis, Paul K. 100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present. New York: Oxford
University Press, 2001. ISBN: 0195143663 (alk. paper) LCCN: 00-49183, xii, 462.
Fuller, J. F. C. The Decisive Battles of the Western World, and Their Influence upon History. 3 vols.
London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1963. LCCN: 54-3329,
Fuller, J.F.C. Decisive Battles of the Western World, 480 B.C. To 1757. Vol. 1. 2 vols. Paladin ed.
The Decisive Battles of the Western World and Their Influence Upon History, 480 B.C. 1944. London: Granada Publishing Limited, 1970. 581.
Mitchell, Joseph B., Edward Shepherd Creasy, and Sir. Twenty Decisive Battles of the World. New
York: Macmillan, 1964. 1568524587, xvi, 365.
Surveys
Addington, Larry H. The Patterns of War through the Eighteenth Century. Bloomington: Indiana
University Press, 1990. ISBN: 0253301319 0253205514 (pbk.) LCCN: 89-45190, xii, 161.
Black, Jeremy, ed. European Warfare, 1453-1815. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999. ISBN:
0312221177 (cloth) 0312221185 (pbk.) LCCN: 98-46680, vii, 287.
Black, Jeremy, ed. War in the Early Modern World. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1999.
0813336120 (hc : alk. paper) 0813336112 (pbk. : alk. paper) LCCN: 98-39245, xi, 268.
Black, Jeremy. Natural and Necessary Enemies : Anglo-French Relations in the Eighteenth Century.
London: Duckworth, 1986. ISBN: 0715620940 : , [236] p.
Black, Jeremy. War and the World: Military Power and the Fate of Continents, 1450-2000. New
Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998. 0300072023 (cl); LCCN: 97-28169, 334.
Chaliand, Gérard. The Art of War in World History: From Antiquity to the Nuclear Age. Berkeley:
University of California Press, 1994.
Conn, Stetson, ed. American Military History. 1988 ed, Army Historical History. Washington: Center
of Military History, 1968.
Fuller, J. F. C. A Military History of the Western World: From the Earliest Times to the Battle of
Lepanto. 3 vols. New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1954. LCCN: 54-9733, xiii, 602 p. illus.,
maps. 24 cm.
Gat, Azar. A History of Military Thought: From the Enlightenment to the Cold War. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2001.
Howard, Michael. The Lessons of History. New London, CT: Yale University Press, 1991.
Howard, Michael. War in European History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976. 0-19-289095-6,
165.
Keegan, John. A History of Warfare. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993. 0-394-58801-0, xvi, 432.
Keegan, John. Intelligence in War: Knowledge of the Enemy from Napoleon to Al-Qaeda. New York:
Knopf, 2003. ISBN: 0375400532 LCCN: 2002-44828, xx, 387.
Keegan, John. The Face of Battle. New York: The Viking Press, 1976. 0-670-30432-8, 336 (plus
Bibliography and Index 354).
Keegan, John. The Mask of Command. New York: Viking Penguin, Inc., 1987. 0670459887; LCCN:
87-40027, 351 (plus Select Bibliography and Index: 368).
Keegan, John. War and Our World. 1st Vintage Books ed. New York: Vintage Books, 2001. ISBN:
0375705201 (pbk.) LCCN: 00-67410, xv, 87 p.
Kennedy, Paul M. The Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery. Amherst, NY: Humanity Books, 1998.
(Another British work, but it is relevant and a classic, if dated.)
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Matloff, Maurice. American Military History. Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Military
History, United States Army, 1969. 713.
Millis, Walter. Arms and Men: A Study of American Military History. New York: Mentor Book,
1956. 342.
Parker, Geoffrey. Success Is Never Final: Empire, War, and Faith in Early Modern Europe. New
York: Basic Books, 2002. 0465054773, xiv, 411.
Stephenson, Michael, ed. Battlegrounds: Geography and the History of Warfare. Washington, D.C.:
National Geographic, 2003. ISBN: 0792233743 (hc) LCCN: 2003-54069, 287
Townshend, Charles, ed. Oxford History of Modern War. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
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