BIOLOGY 6
STUDY GUIDE
Chapter 5
Learning Objectives
Polymer Principles
1.
Explain how monomers are used to build polymers.
2.
Define macromolecule: (Use your glossary for a better definition than in the text! The glossary is
your FRIEND.)
3.
List the three major classes of macromolecules. Which of the four main classes of critically
important large molecules does not include true polymers and is not considered a macromolecule?
4.
Compare dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis.
5.
Good thinking question from the book: How many molecules of water are needed to completely
hydrolyze a polymer that is ten monomers long?
Carbohydrates: Fuel and Building Material
6.
Describe the distinguishing characteristics of carbohydrates and explain how they are classified.
7.
Distinguish between monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides.
8.
Identify a glycosidic linkage and describe how it is formed.
9.
Describe the structure and functions of polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen, chitin).
10.
Distinguish between the glycosidic linkages found in starch and cellulose and explain why the
difference is biologically important.
11.
Great thinking question from the book: A dehydration reaction joins two glucose molecules to form
maltose. The formula for glucose is C6H12O6. What is the formula for maltose?
Lipids: Diverse Hydrophobic Molecules
12.
Explain what distinguishes lipids from other major classes of macromolecules.
13.
Describe the unique properties, building-block molecules, function and biological importance of the
three important groups of lipids: fats, phospholipids, and steroids.
14.
Distinguish between a saturated and an unsaturated fat and list some unique emergent properties that
are a consequence of these structural differences.
Proteins: Many Structures, Many Functions
15.
Describe the characteristics that distinguish proteins from the other major classes of macromolecules
and explain the biologically important functions of this group.
16.
List and describe the four major components of an amino acid.
17.
Draw an amino acid.
18.
Explain how amino acids may be grouped according to the physical and chemical properties of the
side chains.
19.
Identify a peptide bond and explain how it is formed.
20.
Distinguish between a polypeptide and a protein.
21.
Explain what determines protein conformation and why it is important.
22.
Define primary structure and describe how it may be deduced in the laboratory.
23.
Describe the two types of secondary protein structure. Explain the role of hydrogen bonds in
maintaining the structure.
24.
Explain how weak interactions and disulfide bridges contribute to tertiary protein structure.
25.
Using collagen and hemoglobin as examples, describe quaternary protein structure.
26.
Define denaturation and explain how proteins may be denatured.
27.
Explain the role of chaperonins in the cell.
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Bio 6 Study Guide 5
Beavers
Nucleic Acids: Informational Polymers
28.
Describe the characteristics that distinguish nucleic acids from the other major groups of
macromolecules.
29.
Summarize the roles of nucleic acids.
30.
List the major components of a nucleotide and describe how these monomers are linked to form a
nucleic acid.
31.
Distinguish between a pyrimidine and a purine. Name the nucleotides in each group.
32.
Briefly describe the three-dimensional structure of DNA.
Key Terms
polymer
monomer
condensation reaction
dehydration reaction
hydrolysis
carbohydrate
monosaccharide
disaccharide
glycosidic linkage
polysaccharide
starch
glycogen
double helix
adenine
Word Roots
con = together
di = two
glyco = sweet
hydro = water
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cellulose
chitin
lipid
fat
fatty acid
triacylglycerol
saturated fatty acid
unsaturated fatty acid
steroid
cholesterol
protein
conformation
ribose
guanine
polypeptide
amino acid
protein
quaternary structure
denaturation
chaperonins
gene
peptide bond
nucleic acid
primary structure
deoxyribonucleic acid
secondary structure ribonucleic acid
alpha helix
nucleotide
pleated sheet
pyrimidine
tertiary structure
purine
disulfide bridges
polynucleotide
hydrophobic interaction
deoxyribose
cytosine
thymine
-lyse = break
macro = large
meros = part
mono = single
Bio 6 Study Guide 5
-sacchar = sugar
-poly = many
tri = three
Beavers