Adverb
Preposition conjunction interjection
A. The 8 Parts of Speech (Introduction)
Noun
Ch. 1
Pronoun
Adjective
Verb article
Ch. 1/ Ch. 6
Ch. 1
Ch. 1/Ch. 13
Ch. 9
Ch. 1
1.
a word that is a person, place, thing or idea [EXAMPLES: fireman, school, window, peace]
2.
nouns have special endings in Latin divided into fixed patterns or
“declensions”
1.
a word that replaces a person or thing
[EXAMPLES: I, you, he, she, it, we, they, me, him, her, us, them, etc.
1.
a word that describes/modifies a noun in terms of quality or quantity
[EXAMPLES: tall, funny, new, loud, scary, many, few, 2, 11 th , several]
2.
adjectives use virtually the same
Latin endings as nouns
(“declensions”), with few exceptions
1.
an action word [run, swim, laugh] or a word denoting existence or state of being [be]
2.
verbs have special endings in Latin, divided into fixed patterns or
“conjugations”
1.
a word that describes an adjective or verb. Usually they end in –ly in
English [loudly, quickly, fast, slowly, then, often, seldom, also, together]
2.
Often used to show
or
an action is done
1.
a word that usually indicates direction or location [
]
2.
In English and Latin, we have prepositional phrases [
]
1. connecting words [
]
1. words that are used in exclamations to indicate emotion [Yippee! Hurray! Alas!
Woops! Uh-oh!]
1.
words like “the” (definite article) or
“a” / “an” (indefinite article)
2.
Latin does NOT have articles

Ch. 1 and Ch. 2 Noun Grammar Info
What are the 3 ways to translate a verb in the present tense?
Example: ambulant
Ch. 1
Nouns have Gender
Ch.1/ Ch. 6
(“a” system)
Ch. 2
EXAMPLE: est/sunt
Complement
(used only with linking verbs)
Ch. 2
Number
Ch. 2
Ch. 2
Ch. 2
Ch. 2
1. There are 3 ways to translate the Latin present into English: ambulant = (1) they walk, (2) they are walking, (3) they do walk
2. Note: in the “they are walking” translation, it is incorrect to use
“sunt” because helping verbs are not expressed in Latin
1.
Nouns can be feminine (F), masculine
(M), or neuter (N). When learning the vocabulary for a noun, also learn its gender.
2.
Gender should be considered for nouns and adjectives
1.
The subject is the noun that performs the action of the verb: Ryan breaks the window. (Ryan is the subject)
2.
In the “a” pattern, the singular subject ends in –a; the plural subject ending is – ae. (puella  puellae)
1.
The verbs est and sunt are called “linking verbs” because they link the subject with a complement.
2.
The verbs est and sunt are NOT action verbs
1.
The noun or adjective linked to the subject with est/sunt (linking verb): a. Ryan is a Phillie . ( Phillie is the noun complement) b. The Phillies are happy . ( happy is the adjective complement))
Number = either Singular or PLURAL o # applies to nouns, adjectives & verbs o Singular = one (person) o Plural = 2 or more o The ending –t on a verb is SINGULAR; if there is no other noun as subject, translate the –t as “he”, “she” or “it” o Puella legit. = The girl is reading. o Legit. = He/She/(It) is reading o The ending –nt on a verb is PLURAL; if there is no other noun as subject, translate the –nt as “they” o Puellae legunt. = The girls are reading. o Legunt. = They are reading.

Declension
Ch. 7
Case
Subject
Direct object
Indirect Object
Object of Motion Towards
WFBI = “with, from, by, in”
Ch. 2
Ch. 4
Ch. 11
Ch. 4
1.
a system or pattern of noun (and adjective) endings
2.
there are 5 declensions in Latin
3.
a noun belongs to one (and only one) declension

CASE is a category of endings for
 regular uses for nouns/adjectives. for example, the nominative case ending is used for the subject of a sentence
1.
The noun that performs the action of the verb: Ryan breaks the window.
(Ryan is the subject)
2.
Nominative Case endings [Singular:
-a, -us, -er, -or, -x / Plural:-ae, -ī, -ēs]
1.
The noun that receives the action of the verb: Ryan breaks the
.
(window is the direct object)
2.
Accusative Case endings [-am, -um, em / -ās, -ōs, -ēs] o The indirect object is the noun, usually a person, that receives the direct object of a verb of
o In English, translate the I.O. with “to” and sometimes with “for” o Note the 2 possible English translations:
. = (1) The master gives the money to Davus, or (2) The master gives Davus the money. o Davus is the indirect object because he is the person receiving the money
1.
The noun object in a prepositional phrase after an idea of motion towards [
]
2.
this object uses same endings as direct object (accusative) [-am, -um, -em / ās, -ōs, -ēs]
The noun object of the following prepostions
( “with, from, by, in” = WFBI ) requires an ablative case ending.

Possession/Ownership
Direct Address
(Vocative Case)
Ch. 4 and 8
1.
Any noun showing ownership or possession requires a genitive ending.
2.
The genitive case is used for the English
“of”,“’s”, “s’”: car’s, cars’, of the car
1. When you call out to a noun, almost always a person, and address them by name : “Hey,
Marcus , what are you doing?” Marcus , is being addressed by name.
2. The ending for direct address (vocative case) always equals the subject ending, except –us subject becomes an –e, and –ius subject becomes an – ī : Marcus

Marce; Julius

Juli