LectureTest32010
Biology 315: Lecture Test 3, Spring 2010: TEST A, TUESDAY
Directions: This multiple-choice test has one correct answer per
question. Fill in the best answers on your answer sheets. Please
write your lab time at the top of the answer sheet.
(B) 1. What is the function of a neutrophil?
A. stop bleeding from torn blood vessels
B. kill bacteria
C. make antibodies
D. signal inflammation (late stages)
E. become a macrophage
(D) 2. Which of these is NOT a leukocyte?
A. monocyte
B. eosinophil
C. neutrophil
D. platelet
E. lymphocyte
(E) 3. What is the least abundant kind of white blood cell in the
blood of a normal, healthy person?
A. platelet
B. eosinophil
C. neutrophil
D. lymphocyte
E. basophil
(E) 4. What kind of blood cell functions like a mast cell, in
signalling inflammation?
A. platelet
B. eosinophil
C. erythrocyte
D. neutrophil
E. basophil
(A) 5. An artery, vein, and lymph vessel run side by side. Compare
these vessels and choose the FALSE statement.
A. The vein contains the most elastin in its walls.
B. The artery has no valves.
C. The artery has the thickest tunica media.
D. The vein has a wider lumen than the artery.
E. The lymph vessel has the thinnest wall.
(B) 6. Where in the body are fenestrated capillaries located?
A. brain
B. villi of small intestine
C. gluteus maximus muscle
D. dermis of skin
E. osteons of bone
(A) 7. Where is endothelium located?
A. tunica intima
B. tunica media
C. epicardium
D. tunica adventitia
E. tunica externa
(D) 8. What is a true difference between a typical capillary and a
postcapillary venule?
A. Only the capillary allows exchange of small molecules across its
wall.
B. Only the capillary allows a lot of fluid to leak out in
inflammation.
C. Diapedesis only occurs at the venule.
D. The venule has a wider lumen (wider than several erythrocytes).
E. The capillary has a thicker tunica media than the venule does.
(A) 9. Bone marrow: Which of these is NOT a typical part of the bone
marrow in bones?
A. periosteum membrane
B. reticular fibers in a network, like cave walls
C. fat cells
D. blood stem cells
E. megakaryocytes
(D) 10. An artery is defined as a blood vessel that carries blood away
from the heart, and a vein carries blood toward the heart. Not all
arteries carry oxygen-rich blood, nor do all veins carry oxygen-poor
blood. Choose a vein that carries oxygen-rich blood.
A. renal vein
B. great cardiac vein
C. common iliac vein in fetus
D. pulmonary vein
E. hepatic portal vein
(C) 11. Hepatic portal system: Choose the path of blood flowing into,
through, and out of, the hepatic portal system.
A. Starts with hepatic artery (in portal triad), then to liver
sinusoids, to central vein, to hepatic vein.
B. Right ventricle to pulmonary trunk to pulmonary arteries to lung
capillaries to pulmonary veins to left atrium.
C. Superior mesenteric artery to intestinal capillaries, to
tributaries of hepatic portal vein, to hepatic portal vein, to liver
sinusoids, to central vein to hepatic vein.
D. Hepatic vein to central vein to liver sinusoids to red pulp of
spleen to hepatic portal vein to inferior vena cava.
E. Inferior mesenteric artery to intestinal capillaries to inferior
mesenteric vein then directly to inferior vena cava.
(B) 12. In an adult, trace the flow of blood around the cardiovascular
circuits and through the heart, in the correct order.
A. left ventricle to pulmonary circuit to right atrium to right
ventricle to systemic circuit to left atrium, and back to left
ventricle.
B. pulmonary circuit to left atrium to left ventricle to systemic
circuit to right atrium to right ventricle, and back to pulmonary
circuit.
C. pulmonary circuit to systemic circuit to right atrium to right
ventricle to left ventricle to right atrium, and back to pulmonary
circuit.
D. right and left atria, to pulmonary circuit, to right and left
ventricles, to systemic circuit, and back to the atria.
E. pulmonary circuit to left atrium to left ventricle to right
ventricle to right atrium to systemic circuit.
(D) 13. The most common of all birth defects is
A. cleft palate
B. spina bifida
C. patent foramen ovale
D. interventricular septum is incomplete
E. club foot (but heart defects are second-most common)
(E) 14. Aortic semilunar valve: Choose the correct statement.
A. It is also named the bicuspid valve.
B. It contributes to the “lub” part of the “lub-dup” sounds of the
heartbeat, but not to the “dup” part.
C. It closes to keep blood from flowing backward from the pulmonary
trunk to the right ventricle.
D. The best place to hear it closing is the fifth intercostal space
about 5 cm to the left of the sternum in the mid-clavicular line.
E. The best place to hear it closing is at the third-rib costal
cartilage at the right border of the sternum.
(D) 15. Choose the correct statement about the heart’s conducting
system.
A. Impulses travel superiorly from the crura (bundle branches) to the
atrioventricular bundle (of His) and then up to the AV node.
B. It consists of nerves.
C. In signalling heart contraction, it sends impulses from the AV node
to the atria, which then spread to the ventricles, and then to the SA
node, to end the heartbeat.
D. It sets the basic rate of the heartbeat, and is influenced by
autonomic nerves from the cardiac plexus.
E. It consists entirely of Purkinje fibers.
(C) 16. What is the cause of heart attacks?
A. The aorta rips away from the heart, or the base of the aorta
balloons and bursts, due to high blood pressure.
B. An overworked heart explodes.
C. Blockage of a coronary artery or its branches by plaque and/or
associated clots, which leads to oxygen starvation of the myocardium.
D. The heart gets too weak or tired and stops working (therefore,
heart attack is also called heart failure)
E. The endocardium lining the heart fills the heart’s lumen with fatty
plaque, so the heart cannot hold or pump enough blood.
(E) 17. Why does a lymphatic collecting vessel have so many bulges, so
that it resembles a string of beads?
A. Smooth muscle (tunica media) is thickened in each of the bulges in
the wall.
B. The muscle is not thickened but the bulges are caused by the muscle
contracting between the bulges.
C. The frequent backflow of lymph pools and then forms the bulges, as
in varicose veins.
D. The bulges are segments of myelin.
E. The bulges reflect the pockets of valves inside the lymph vessel.
(A) 18. The efferent collecting vessels that come from the
tracheobronchial lymph nodes drain into the _______________ lymph
trunk.
A. bronchomediastinal
B. jugular
C. subclavian
D. lumbar
E. intestinal
(C) 19. Where does lymph come from?
A. saliva
B. the constantly forming cerebrospinal fluid
C. tissue fluid of loose connective tissue
D. lymph is just blood whose red blood cells have been removed by the
spleen
E. the constantly forming endolymph in the ear
(C) 20. In humans, where do B lymphocytes (B cells) gain
immunocompetency (the ability to recognize antigens)?
A. thymus
B. bloodstream
C. bone marrow
D. in the lymph
E. Bursa of Fabricius
(D) 21. Choose the FALSE statement about an antigen-presenting cell of
the immune system.
A. It is a macrophage.
B. It is often a dendritic cell.
C. It helps lymphocytes to activate.
D. It only presents to T lymphocytes, not to B lymphocytes.
E. It takes up antigens and microorganisms before presenting them.
(E) 22. What is the main reason why we build up immunity to disease as
we mature from the fetal stage to the adult stage and beyond?
A. We gain more macrophages from monocytes.
B. We develop more and more lymphoid tissue.
C. We improve our innate immune system (more than we strengthen our
adaptive immune system).
D. The liver produces more and more enzymes over time.
E. We produce more memory lymphocytes.
(B) 23. Of all the immune organs, only one does NOT directly fight
infection or contain lymphoid nodules. Which is that?
A. appendix
B. thymus
C. spleen
D. lymph node
E. tonsil
(C) 24. Lymphoid tissue performs many different but related functions.
Which of these is NOT a function of lymphoid tissue?
A. Site of activation of lymphocytes.
B. Destination site for most dendritic cells seeking lymphocytes.
C. Site where lymphocytes are made from blood stem cells.
D. Site where bacteria and pathogens are destroyed by lymphocytes.
E. Site where most memory lymphocytes are formed.
(D) 25. Choose the WRONG statement about immune organs.
A. Tonsils are in the lamina propria of pharynx mucosa.
B. Spleen has red and white pulp.
C. Lymph node has tadpole- or tear-drop shaped masses of lymphoid
tissue between its lymph sinusoids.
D. The appendix has a lower concentration of lymphoid tissue in its
wall than does the colon and the rest of the large intestine.
E. Spleen filters pathogens from the blood in its white pulp.
(D) 26. Layers of the gut wall. Choose the correct association.
A. Muscularis mucosae: is the innermost part of the mucous membrane,
closest to the lumen of the digestive tube.
B. Muscularis externa: has an outer circular and an inner longitudinal
layer.
C. Submucosa: is an epithelium layer.
D. Serosa (peritoneum): has a mesothelium.
E. Lamina propria: is an outer layer, near the exterior of the
digestive-tube wall.
(E) 27. In the wall of the intestine, where is the myenteric nerve
plexus located?
A. lamina propria
B. within muscularis mucosae
C. in the serous membrane
D. in the submucosa
E. in the muscularis externa
(A) 28. Which of these parts of the digestive tube is retroperitoneal?
A. duodenum
B. stomach
C. jejeunum
D. ileum
E. sigmoid colon
(D) 29. During development, gut rotation re-orients the stomach so
that its original right surface becomes its final ___________ surface.
A.left
B.right
C.cranial
D.dorsal
E.ventral
(B) 30. In a root canal procedure, what is removed from the tooth?
A. just the root canal
B. all of the pulp
C. the dentine and the root canal
D. the entire root
E. the cementum around the root
(B) 31. Which type of papilla on the tongue is the largest, has taste
buds, and is surrounded by a ring-like ridge?
A. filiform papilla
B. vallate papilla
C. foliate papilla
D. fauces papilla
E. fungiform papilla
(D) 32. The pharynx: Choose the WRONG association.
A. Nasopharynx has the adenoids.
B. Nasopharynx has the tubal tonsils.
C. Oropharynx has the fauces.
D. Nasopharynx has the palatine tonsils.
E. Laryngopharynx opens into both the esophagus and the superior
opening of the larynx.
(C) 33. Choose the correct match between the lining epithelium and the
hollow structure.
A. nasal cavity: stratified squamous
B.
C.
D.
E.
small duct in the pancreas: simple squamous
trachea: pseudostratified columnar
artery: simple columnar
esophagus: simple columnar
(A) 34. The salivary glands. Choose the WRONG statement.
A. The parotid gland is located in the floor of the mouth below the
tongue.
B. Lots of salivary glands occur in the mucous membrane lining the
whole mouth.
C. The duct of the submandibular gland opens anterior to the base of
the tongue on the floor of the mouth.
D. The big salivary gland that has mostly mucous cells (and fewer
serous cells) is the sublingual gland.
E. Serous cells secrete digestive enzymes and bacteria-destroying
enzymes into the saliva.
(C) 35. In one lecture a student asked how Helicobacter pylori
bacteria, which cause stomach ulcers, are spread. Dr. Mallatt looked
it up and told the class in the next lecture that it spreads from
person to person . . .
A. in the exhaled air
B. by sexual intercourse
C. in saliva
D. in blood
E. in urine
(B) 36. What structure is being described? It increases the nutrientabsorbing area of the small intestine, its core contains many
capillaries, it moves, and it is covered by a columnar epithelium.
A. ruga
B. villus
C. plica circularis
D. intestinal crypt
E. microvillus
(A) 37. What structure is being described? It is a long, straight,
simple tubular gland with parietal and chief cells in its wall.
A. gastric gland
B. intestinal gland (crypt) in small intestine
C. esophageal gland
D. gastric pit
E. exocrine gland of the pancreas
(B) 38. Large intestine (LI) versus small intestine (SI):
correct statement.
A. LI is narrower, SI is wider.
B. The SI is longer than the LI.
C. The appendix is part of the SI, not of the LI.
D. Both LI and SI contain villi.
E. The walls of both secrete many digestive enzymes.
Choose the
(E) 39. Choose the correct statement about the appendix.
A. Dr. Mallatt believes (and he taught you) the common idea that it
has no function in humans.
B. Recent evidence shows that the true cause of death from
appendicitis is slow blood poisoning from the infection, not
peritonitis as used to be believed.
C. McBurney’s spinoumbilical point, the surface landmark directly in
front of the base of the appendix, is at the right costal margin,
ninth rib’s costal cartilage.
D. Recent evidence shows that appendicitis is caused by really bad,
highly infectious, bacteria taking over our normal intestinal flora,
not by blockage of the entrance into the appendix, as was formerly
believed.
E. Appendicitis can cause different symptoms in different people and
is difficult for the non-expert to diagnose, so you should not try to
self-evaluate it but get an expert’s opinion fast if you suspect you
(or a friend) might have it.
(C) 40. The porta hepatis: Choose the FALSE statement.
A. The caudate lobe lies superior to the porta hepatis.
B. Until recently, the porta hepatis was said to be in the liver’s
right lobe, but now it is said to be in the left lobe.
C. At the porta hepatis, the right and left branches of the portal
vein carry blood away from (= out of) the liver.
D. The right and left branches of the hepatic artery carry blood into
the liver through the porta hepatis.
E. Here, the portal-vein blood is nutrient-rich and oxygen-poor.
(C) 41. Which of these structures is deepest (lies farthest
internally) in a classic liver lobule?
A. bile canaliculi
B. sinusoids
C. central vein
D. bile ductule
E. all hepatocytes
(A) 42. In a hepatocyte, what is the special function of its abundant
rough endoplasmic reticulum?
A. makes blood proteins
B. detoxifies poisons (alcohol, for example)
C. makes the sugar, glucose, into glycogen
D. makes the many digestive enzymes that are secreted by the liver
E. digests phagocytized bacteria
(E) 43. What type of cell in the pancreas secretes the digestive
enzymes?
A. alpha cell
B.
C.
D.
E.
duct cell
beta cell
delta cell
acinar cell
(D) 44. What is the function of the soft palate?
A. Helps to swirl inhaled air so it is more effectively warmed and
moistened.
B. To support the uvula, which is that heavy knob that hangs down, and
thus it minimizes snoring.
C. To close over the entrance to the larynx during swallowing.
D. To seal the passage between the oropharynx and nasopharynx during
swallowing.
E. To increase the respiratory surface of the nasal cavity and
pharynx, so more oxygen is absorbed into the blood there.
(A) 45. What nasal-cavity structure is responsible for filtering dust
from inhaled air?
A. sheets of mucus on the mucosa surface.
B. dust gets trapped between the cilia on the lining epithelium.
C. the veins in the lamina propria are so thin-walled and abundant
that they let the dust enter the bloodstream.
D. the choanae act as screens.
E. the collagen in the lamina propria of the mucosa forms a filter
net.
(B) 46. In one lecture, Dr. Mallatt used the analogy of a long hallway
in a college dormitory, with dorm rooms opening into this hallway.
What did this represent?
A. an alveolar duct with alveoli opening into it.
B. how the paranasal sinuses relate to the nasal cavity.
C. successive glands opening into the long, main duct of the pancreas.
D. anal sinuses pocketing in the wall of the anal canal.
E. how the splenic cords relate to the blood sinusoids in the spleen.
(E) 47. When one chokes on a piece of food, the food item is most
likely to be trapped . . .
A. in the oropharynx, which it fills.
B. in the uppermost opening (inlet) of the larynx.
C. in the lower trachea, where the trachea branches into the two main
bronchi.
D. in the right main bronchus, which is more vertical than the left.
E. between the vocal cords in the larynx.
(E) 48. What parts of the respiratory system contain alveoli?
A. bronchioles, alveolar sacs, and bronchi
B. alveolar sacs, segmental bronchi, and paranasal sinuses
C. larynx, trachea, and nasopharynx
D. bronchioles, tertiary bronchi, and lobar bronchus
E. alveolar ducts, respiratory bronchioles, and alveolar sacs
(A) 49. Choose the correct statement about surfactant in the lung.
A. It decreases the surface tension of water, making inhalation
easier.
B. It functions to increase the rate of diffusion of oxygen and carbon
dioxide molecules.
C. Babies who are born prematurely secrete too much surfactant, and
this thickens their blood/air barrier so these babies cannot get
enough oxygen.
D. It is secreted by alveolar type I cells.
E. Surfactant is secreted by dust cells to kill bacteria.
(C) 50. Which kind of bronchus (exclusively and completely) supplies
the air to a bronchopulmonary segment?
A. primary (main)
B. secondary (lobar)
C. tertiary (third-order)
D. bronchiole
E. respiratory bronchiole
(E) 51. In one lecture, Dr. Mallatt showed the class a book called
“Hamburger America” and pointed out the butter burger, in which the
burger in its bun is floating in a soup bowl of melted butter. What
point was he making by this story?
A. Don’t eat too much cholesterol or it will cause you to get
gallstones.
B. Animal fat like this causes you to gain weight and form too much of
the “bad fat” that builds up in your serous membranes and mesenteries,
rather than adding to your subcutaneous fat, which is your “good fat”.
C. The crystal in the middle of each granule in an eosinophil
resembles the meat patty in a hamburger bun, and it all is in a liquid
environment, thus the butter.
D. A new type of taste cell has been discovered in the taste buds, and
it allows you to taste fats.
E. When you eat too many big hamburgers, the stomach stretches as it
fills, then the elastin in the submucosa helps the stomach to snap
back to shape after the meal has moved on to the small intestine.
LectureTest32010
Biology 315: Lecture Test 3, Spring 2010: TEST B, THURSDAY
Directions: This multiple-choice test has one correct answer per
question. Fill in the best answers on your answer sheets. Please
write your lab time at the top of the answer sheet.
(C) 1. What kind of granulocyte has the smallest granules?
A. basophil
B. platelet
C. neutrophil
D. lymphocyte
E. eosinophil
(A) 2. Which of these is NOT a leukocyte?
A. erythrocyte
B. eosinophil
C. monocyte
D. basophil
E. lymphocyte
(E) 3. What is the most abundant kind of white blood cell in the blood
of a normal, healthy person?
A. monocyte
B. eosinophil
C. erythrocyte
D. basophil
E. neutrophil
(A) 4. What kind of blood cell has granules with each granule
containing a big protein crystal made of enzymes that digest worms?
A. eosinophil
B. platelet
C. erythrocyte
D. neutrophil
E. basophil
(E) 5. An artery, vein, and lymph vessel run side by side.
these vessels and choose the FALSE statement.
A. The artery has the thickest wall.
B. Each of the vessels has a tunica intima.
C. The vein has a thicker tunica externa than the artery.
D. The artery has the most smooth muscle in its wall.
E. The artery has a wider lumen than the vein.
Compare
(D) 6. Where in the body are continuous (non-fenestrated) capillaries
located?
A. glomerulus in kidney (hint: these capillaries are very leaky)
B. liver sinusoids (hint: these capillaries are very leaky)
C. villus in small intestine
D. brain
E. synovial membrane of a joint
(B) 7. Choose the correct statement about an endothelium.
A. It is the epithelium of a mucous membrane.
B. It lines the heart, arteries, and veins.
C. It is a simple columnar epithelium.
D. It is a layer of connective tissue.
E. It is the epithelium of a serous membrane.
(A) 8. What is a true difference between a typical capillary and a
sinusoid?
A. Sinusoid is a leakier vessel, so larger substances pass through its
wall.
B. Capillary is wider (wider lumen).
C. Capillary twists and bulges more.
D. Sinusoid is just a cleft in the tissue, not even a real blood
vessel.
E. Sinusoid is a small vein, not a capillary.
(E) 9. Circle the FALSE statement about bone marrow.
A. Blood cells are made here.
B. Contains loose reticular connective tissue.
C. Contains many macrophages that help clean the blood.
D. Occurs between the bone spicules of spongy bone.
E. Yellow marrow is active, red marrow is inactive.
(E) 10. An artery is defined as a blood vessel that carries blood away
from the heart, and a vein carries blood toward the heart. Not all
arteries carry oxygen-rich blood, nor do all veins carry oxygen-poor
blood. Choose an artery that carries incompletely oxygenated blood to
capillaries to get oxygenated.
A. pulmonary artery of fetus
B. aorta
C. right coronary artery
D. inferior mesenteric artery
E. umbilical artery of fetus
(D) 11. A portal system has two capillary beds. In the hepatic portal
system, the second capillary bed is . . .
A. the blood capillaries in the intestines and stomach.
B. vasa vasorum capillaries in the wall of the hepatic portal vein.
C. lacteals in the small intestine.
D. the liver sinusoids.
E. between the hepatic veins and the inferior vena cava, in the
posterior part of the liver.
(B) 12. In an adult, trace the flow of blood around the cardiovascular
circuits, and through the heart, in the correct order.
A. Systemic circuit to right ventricle to left ventricle to pulmonary
circuit to right atrium to left atrium to systemic circuit again.
B. Systemic capillaries to systemic veins, to right atrium, to right
ventricle, to pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, and lung
capillaries, to pulmonary veins, to left atrium, to left ventricle, to
aorta to systemic arteries, back to systemic capillaries.
C. Left atrium to left ventricle to pulmonary trunk, pulmonary
arteries, and lung capillaries, to pulmonary veins, to right atrium,
to right ventricle, to aorta and systemic arteries, to systemic
capillaries, to systemic veins, back to left atrium.
D. Right atrium to left atrium to pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries,
and lung capillaries, to pulmonary veins, to right ventricle, to left
ventricle, to aorta and systemic arteries, to systemic capillaries, to
systemic veins, back to right atrium.
E. Left atrium to right ventricle to aorta and systemic arteries to
systemic capillaries, to systemic veins, to right atrium, to left
ventricle to pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, and lung
capillaries, to pulmonary veins, back to left atrium.
(C) 13. Which organ experiences the most birth defects?
A. spinal cord
B. brain (anencephaly)
C. heart
D. various reproductive organs
E. lungs
(D) 14. Right atrioventricular valve: Choose the correct statement.
A. It is also named the mitral valve.
B. The best place to hear it closing is the fifth intercostal space
about 5 cm to the left of the sternum in the mid-clavicular line.
C. The best place to hear it closing is at the third-rib costal
cartilage at the right border of the sternum.
D. It contributes to the “lub” part of the “lub-dup” sounds of the
heartbeat, but not to the “dup” part.
E. It closes to keep blood from flowing backward from the pulmonary
trunk to the right ventricle.
(D) 15. Choose the correct statement about the heart’s innervation.
A. It is all motor, with no sensory part.
B. It includes the heart’s Purkinje fibers, which themselves are
nerves.
C. Parasympathetic part speeds up the rate of our heartbeat.
D. Sympathetic part makes the heart contract stronger.
E. It does not include the Purkinje fibers, but does include the SA
node (pacemaker), which is a concentration of small neurons.
(B) 16. A patient died from a heart attack that killed the anterior
musculature of both ventricles on each side of the anterior
interventricular septum, more so in the left ventricle. At autopsy,
where was the plaque and an occluding clot found?
A. in the lumen of both ventricles, more in the left one.
B. in the left coronary artery
C. in the right coronary artery
D. in the arch of the aorta
E. in the coronary sinus
(E) 17. What moves lymph through the collecting vessels and lymph
trunks, so that the lymph can reach the great veins at the root of the
neck?
A. lymph hearts
B. random and normal movements of the body
C. valves help
D. contraction of nearby muscles squeezes the lymph vessels
E. all except A
(A) 18. The efferent collecting vessels that come from the iliac lymph
nodes drain into the _______________ lymph trunk.
A. lumbar
B. bronchomediastinal
C. jugular
D. subclavian
E. intestinal
(A) 19. Which of these things does NOT enter and travel in lymph
vessels?
A. platelets
B. tissue fluid
C. proteins that have leaked out of blood capillaries
D. lipid nutrients that enter lacteals
E. spreading bacteria and cancer cells
(A) 20. In humans, where do T lymphocytes (T cells) gain
immunocompetency (the ability to recognize antigens)?
A. thymus
B. bloodstream
C. bone marrow
D. in the lymph
E. Bursa of Fabricius
(A) 21. Clonal selection means:
A. Each family of lymphocytes can recognize and attack only one kind
of antigen (and we have many families).
B. In the medulla of the thymus, families (clones) of lymphocytes are
selected and killed, so that they do not attack our own cells.
C. In the cortex of the thymus, families of lymphocytes are selected
for so they can recognize and attack our own cells that become
infected (by viruses, for example).
D. In the germinal centers of lymphoid nodules, only those B cells
that best recognize the antigen are allowed to survive.
E. The evolution of clowns by natural selection: survival of the
funniest.
(B) 22. We learned that lymphocyte activation generates both effector
and memory lymphocytes. Choose the FALSE statement about an effector
lymphocyte.
A. It fights infection soon after it forms.
B. If it is a T cell, then it is the same as a helper T cell and not a
killer T cell.
C. If it is a B cell, it soon becomes a plasma cell.
D. If it is a B cell, it can be in a lymphoid nodule.
E. It only lives for a few weeks.
(D) 23. Of all the immune organs, only one does NOT contain lymphoid
tissue. That organ is:
A. appendix
B. spleen
C. lymph nodes
D. thymus
E. tonsil
(A) 24. The reticular connective tissue of bone marrow is similar to
the reticular connective tissue of the immune system that is called
lymphoid tissue. However, an important difference between the two
tissues is . . .
A. Only the lymphoid tissue contains many mature blood cells (mature
lymphocytes in this case).
B. Only the bone-marrow tissue has a “cave” network formed by its
reticular fibers.
C. Only the lymphoid tissue has macrophages on its reticular fibers.
D. Only the bone-marrow tissue has fibroblasts (“reticular cells”) on
its reticular fibers.
E. Only the lymphoid tissue has blood cells migrating in or out of the
tissue.
(C) 25. Spleen: Choose the FALSE statement.
A. Its white pulp contains lymphoid tissue.
B. Its red pulp contains the splenic cords.
C. The red pulp cleanses the blood of antigens and microorganisms, and
the white pulp destroys our worn blood cells.
D. It usually is not essential for life, especially for adults,
because other organs can take over its functions.
E. It is protected under the rib cage but it can rupture if the
abdomen is hit hard, because its capsule is rather thin.
(D) 26. Layers of the gut wall. Choose the correct association.
A. mucous membrane (mucosa): is a sheet of mucus (= slime).
B. muscularis externa: is smooth muscle in the wall of the pharynx and
upper esophagus.
C. inner epithelium: is stratified squamous in the small intestine.
D. submucosa: lies between muscularis mucosae and muscularis externa.
E. inner epithelium: contains most of GALT.
(B) 27. What are enteric neurons?
A. The nerve cells that slow the heart.
B. Neurons that lie in the wall of the digestive tube.
C. Neurons that innervate the mouth (enteric means entry to the
digestive tube); that is, they innervate the taste buds.
D. Spinal-cord interneurons (because enter- means inter).
E. Nerve cells that innervate mesentery (enter = mes-entery).
(B) 28. Which of these parts of the digestive tube is NOT
retroperitoneal but has a dorsal mesentery instead?
A. rectum
B. transverse colon
C. ascending colon
D. duodenum
E. descending colon
(C) 29. From what structure in the embryo do the jejunum and ileum
form?
A. caudal half of the primary intestinal loop
B. the hindgut
C. cranial half of the primary intestinal loop
D. a bud that forms the bile duct
E. the foregut
(E) 30. Choose the FALSE statement about the health of teeth.
A. Periodontal membrane disease is the main cause of tooth loss in
adults in North America.
B. Plaque build-up leads both to periodontal membrane disease and to
tooth decay.
C. In a survey in lecture, a big majority of the students said they
have had their wisdom teeth removed.
D. One reason that wisdom teeth are removed is that they are hard to
clean during the months it takes them to finish erupting, leading to a
lot of plaque build-up and the resulting problems.
E. In the past 30 years, more and more people in America have been
losing their teeth as they grow older, because we are eating more
sugary foods and obesity is becoming more common.
(A) 31. Which type of papilla on the tongue is the smallest, the most
abundant, and the sharpest?
A. filiform papilla
B. vallate papilla
C. foliate papilla
D. fauces papilla
E. fungiform papilla
(E) 32. Choose the correct order, from superior to inferior, of the
three parts of the pharynx.
A. laryngopharynx, nasopharynx, oropharynx
B. nasopharynx, laryngopharynx, oropharynx
C. oropharynx, nasopharynx, laryngopharynx
D. oropharynx, laryngopharynx, nasopharynx
E. nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
(D) 33. Epithelia: Choose the FALSE match between the organ and its
lining epithelium.
A. nasopharynx: pseudostratified columnar
B. small bronchioles: simple cuboidal
C. mouth: stratified squamous
D. colon: simple squamous
E. thoracic duct: simple squamous (hint: it is the same epithelium as
in the aorta)
(C) 34. Glands and gland cells: Choose the correct statement.
A. Parietal cells in the stomach secrete the enzyme, pepsin.
B. The submandibular gland contains only serous cells, no mucous
cells.
C. The parotid gland is the largest salivary gland.
D. All salivary glands are simple tubular glands.
E. The intestine contains goblet cells in its inner epithelium, but
the stomach does not.
(D) 35. In one lecture a student asked how Helicobacter pylori
bacteria, which cause stomach ulcers, are spread. Dr. Mallatt looked
it up and told the class in the next lecture that it spreads from
person to person . . .
A. in the exhaled air
B. by sexual intercourse
C. in blood
D. in feces and feces-exposed water
E. in urine
(E) 36. What structure is being described? They are on the surface of
absorptive cells in the small intestine, they are densely packed, and
it is across their plasma membranes that digested-nutrient molecules
enter the intestinal lining.
A. ruga
B. plica circulares
C. villus
D. intestinal crypt
E. microvillus
(C) 37. What structure is being described? It lies just external to
the oblique layer of the muscularis externa of the stomach and it also
forms the pyloric sphincter.
A. peritoneal layer of the stomach
B. dorsal mesentery of the stomach (=greater omentum)
C. circular layer of muscularis externa
D. muscularis mucosae
E. longitudinal layer of muscularis externa
(B) 38. What is the source of the constantly regenerating inner
epithelium of the small intestine?
A. stem cells in gastric glands continually migrate from stomach down
to the intestine.
B. intestinal glands (crypts) in small intestine.
C. esophageal epithelial cells provide the lining of the whole lowerdigestive tract.
D. duct cells of exocrine glands of the pancreas.
E. the renewable epithelial cells on the tips of the villi.
(A) 39. Choose the correct statement about the anal canal.
A. It has veins that are the source of hemorrhoids.
B. Its anal valves help us to inhibit defecation when necessary.
C. It is the same as the anus.
D. Being the end part of the digestive tube, it is all lined by skin,
not by any mucous membrane.
E. It is the same as the rectum.
(E) 40. What is the right superior limb of the “big H” we described on
the postero-inferior surface of the liver?
A. porta hepatis
B. fissure of the liver
C. gallbladder
D. ligamentum teres (round ligament)
E. inferior vena cava
(D) 41. Which of these structures is at an outer corner of a classic
liver lobule?
A. all bile canaliculi
B. sinusoids
C. central vein
D. bile ductule
E. all hepatocytes
(B) 42. In a hepatocyte, what is the special function of its abundant
smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
A. makes blood proteins
B. detoxifies poisons (alcohol, for example)
C. makes the sugar, glucose, into glycogen
D. makes the many digestive enzymes that are secreted by the liver
E. digests phagocytized bacteria
(C) 43. What type of cell, if destroyed by autoimmune attack, leads to
diabetes (type 1)?
A. alpha cell
B. duct cell
C. beta cell
D. delta cell
E. acinar cell
(C) 44. What is the function of the epiglottis?
A. Helps to swirl inhaled air so it is more effectively warmed and
moistened.
B. To support the uvula, that heavy knob that hangs down and thus
minimizes snoring.
C. To close over the entrance to the larynx during swallowing.
D. To seal the passage between the oropharynx and nasopharynx during
swallowing.
E. To increase the respiratory surface of the nasal cavity and
pharynx, so more oxygen is absorbed into the blood there.
(D) 45. What nasal-cavity structure is most responsible for warming
the inhaled air?
A. the lining epithelium (pseudostratified ciliated columnar).
B. bone in the walls of the cavity, the bone providing good insulation
against heat loss.
C. nose hairs.
D. blood in thin-walled veins in the lamina propria.
E. heated cartilages in the nasal septum and external nose.
(B) 46. A paranasal sinus . . .
A. is the same as the nasal cavity.
B. helps to warm, moisten, and filter air.
C. contains conchae.
D. contains choanae.
E. contains the receptors for the sense of smell.
(C) 47. To save a person who is choking on food and turning blue,
should the rescuer FIRST try the Heimlich maneuver or an emergency
cricothyroid tracheotomy, and why?
A. tracheotomy first, because the cut in the neck is more certain to
succeed in opening the airway.
B. tracheotomy first, because the Heimlich is often too weak to
relieve the problem.
C. Heimlich first, because it is easier to perform, is usually
effective, and is less messy.
D. tracheotomy first, because it is easier to perform on a flailing,
uncooperative choker, who will not let you grab him from behind for a
Heimlich maneuver.
E. it is best to do neither and just pound the choker on the back.
(B) 48. Trace the path of an oxygen
air in the alveolus to the blood in
A. air space, through alveolar type
through basal lamina, to blood.
B. air space, through alveolar type
through endothelial cell, to blood.
C. air space, through alveolar type
through endothelium, to blood.
D. air space, through alveolar type
through basal lamina, to blood.
molecule as it diffuses from the
the surrounding capillary.
I cell, through endothelium,
I cell, through basal lamina,
II cell, through basal lamina,
II cell, through endothelium,
E. air space, through dust cell, through endothelial cell, through
basal lamina, to blood.
(C) 49. In one lecture, Dr. Mallatt showed some tissue paper. Why?
A. He used it to cover his mouth in a pretend cough, as he explained
how the rima glottidis opens fast when we cough.
B. He was using it to dab his tears, as he “cried” to show that tears
drain into the nasal cavity.
C. He was saying that the respiratory membrane in the lungs is much
thinner than tissue paper.
D. He waved this tissue in a “good-bye” movement when saying that
blood is the last tissue we will cover in this course.
E. He was showing that the epithelium lining the gallbladder absorbs a
lot of water, like the tissue paper does.
(B) 50. Which kind of bronchus (exclusively and completely) supplies
the air to a lobe of the lung?
A. primary (main)
B. secondary
C. tertiary (segmental)
D. bronchiole
E. respiratory bronchiole
(B) 51. In the lecture demonstration that used the big pink balloon as
an analogy, where would the surfactant be located in relation to the
balloon?
A. On the outer surface of the whole balloon
B. On the inner surface of the whole balloon
C. In the air inside the balloon, as a mist
D. Only on the inner surface of the balloon’s nozzle/spout
E. Only on the outer ring of the balloon’s nozzle/spout