Q1.
(a)
The table shows an athlete’s breathing rate after the end of a race.
Use the information shown in the table to draw a line graph.
(3)
(b)
The bar charts show what happens in an athlete’s muscles when running in two
races of different distances.
(i)
Compare what happens in the athlete’s muscles when running in the two
races.
...........................................................................................................................
Page 1
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii)
Use the information in the box to explain your answer to (i).
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
Explain why the athlete breathes at a faster rate than normal for two minutes after
finishing a 100 metres race.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
Q2.
Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disease which causes the tubes in the lungs to be
blocked with sticky mucus. Two parents who do not have the disease can still produce
children who do have the disease.
(a)
Explain how children can inherit this disease from parents who do not have it (use a
genetic diagram in your answer if you want to).
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)
Page 2
(b)
Mucus contains protein. The information for the production of this protein is stored
in a gene.
Explain how a change in a gene causes a different protein to be produced.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
Q3.
Wild salmon hatch from eggs laid in rivers. The small salmon then swim downstream
to the sea. After 3-4 years they return to breed, usually in the same river in which they
were hatched. If fish return to a different river they do not breed as successfully as those
returning to the same one. This means that each river has its own breeding population of
salmon. Each breeding population is slightly different from all the others.
Use the idea of natural selection to explain how each river has its own breeding
population.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
Page 3
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(Total 4 marks)
Q4.
(a)
(i)
The table shows an athlete’s breathing rate after the end of a race.
The results can be put onto a graph.
Three of the points are already plotted.
Plot the other points shown in the table.
Then draw the graph.
Time after end of race
(minutes)
Breathing rate
(litres per second)
0
4
1
2
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
Page 4
(4)
(ii)
What is the athlete’s breathing rate ½ (half) a minute after the end of the race?
.................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
One of the reasons for breathing is to get rid of carbon dioxide from your body.
Choose words from the list to complete the sentences below about how your body
does this.
blood
heart
kidneys
lungs
urine
Carbon dioxide gets out of your body from your .....................................................
The carbon dioxide is carried to this part of your body by your ................................
(2)
(c)
The bar charts show what happens in an athlete’s muscles when running in two
races of different distances.
Page 5
(i)
Compare what happens in the athlete’s muscles when running in the two
races.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii)
Use the information in the box to explain your answer to (i).
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 13 marks)
Q5.
When animals die, bacteria make them decay.
Warmth, moisture and oxygen are needed for this to happen.
(a)
(i)
In northern Russia whole bodies of mammoths have been found in the frozen
soils.
Page 6
Explain why they did not decay.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Fish fossils have been found in mudstone rock. Explain why they did not
decay?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
Some of the mammoths had flint weapons in their bodies.
Suggest two things that this tells us about human evolution.
1 ..................................................................................................................................
2 ..................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
Mammoths are now extinct. Suggest two reasons for this.
Page 7
1 ..................................................................................................................................
2 ..................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
Q6.
The bean aphid is a type of black-fly which lives on broad bean plants in summer.
In the autumn, males and females mate and produce eggs.
(a)
Name the type of reproduction which produces the eggs.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
In spring these eggs hatch. The young aphids are all female.
Explain why they are all similar but not identical to each other.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
These females are then able to produce offspring without needing any males.
(i)
Name the type of reproduction where females do not need males to produce
offspring.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
Page 8
(ii)
How will the offspring from one of these females:
A compare with each other
...........................................................................................................................
B compare with the offspring from other females?
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(d)
Some scientists investigated mutations in these aphids. They exposed the
aphids to X-rays.
They plotted their results.
(i)
What was the connection between the dose of X-rays and the percentage of
mutations?
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Name one other possible cause of mutations.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 7 marks)
Page 9
Q7.
For many years scientists studied the organisms in an area of grassland.
One of the animals was a species of black fly. In this population only one allele B
existed for colour. All the flies were homozygous BB.
A mutation occurred which produced a new recessive allele b which could produce a
green colour.
(a)
Draw two genetic diagrams to show how the single b allele in just one fly was able
to produce homozygous bb green flies in two generations.
First generation
Second generation
(4)
(b)
Although this new allele was recessive and the mutation only occurred once, a large
proportion of the fly population was soon green.
Suggest in terms of natural selection why the recessive b allele was able to spread
through the population.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Page 10
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
Q8.
The diagrams show fossil animals found in rocks of different ages. Scientists have
used this information to work out how the modern horse evolved.
Page 11
(a)
Mesohippus became extinct over thirty million years ago. Use information from the
diagrams to suggest two reasons why this happened.
1 ..................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
2 ..................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
(i)
How do scientists know how big these early horses were?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
How do scientists know when they lived?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
Explain how the information in the diagrams supports the theory of evolution.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
Q9.
The table below shows a wheat farmer’s calendar.
October
Winter Wheat is sown and germinates.
Phosphate/potash fertiliser is applied.
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March
April
May
June
August
Wheat plants resume growth.
Nitrate fertiliser is applied.
Ammonium nitrate, the main fertiliser, is applied.
Fungicide may be sprayed to control mildew or rust on wheat.
Extra ammonium nitrate fertiliser may be applied.
A second spraying of fungicide may be needed.
Dwarfing hormone sprayed to keep wheat straw (stalks) short.
Insecticide spray against aphids may be needed.
Extra spraying of fungicide may be needed.
Wheat is harvested.
August/ September Ground sprayed with weedkiller.
Stubble (remains of wheat plants) is ploughed in ready for the next crop.
This process uses expensive fertilisers and pesticides to grow pest free crops which may
be produced in excess.
What are the reasons for and against growing wheat in this way?
For ........................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(3)
Against .................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 7 marks)
##
Spiders produce a protein thread which is extremely strong compared to man-made
fibres of the same diameter.
Page 13
Explain how genes control the way the protein is made in the spider’s body.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(Total 4 marks)
Q11.
The diagram shows three types of cells in a life history of a simple animal.
(a)
How do the chromosomes of the body cells compare with the chromosomes in
the fertilised egg from which they came?
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
Page 14
(b)
Describe what happens to chromosomes in the nucleus of a body cell when it forms
reproductive cells.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 5 marks)
Q12.
The family trees below show the inheritance of hair colour in two families.
(a)
The allele for black hair is dominant over the allele for red hair.
Use the letter B as the allele for black hair.
Use the letter b as the allele for red hair.
Complete the diagram below to show the chances of Mary Jones inheriting red hair.
Page 15
(4)
(b)
John Smart and Mary Jones grew up, got married and had a child.
What would the chances be that the child had red hair?
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
Explain your answer. Use a genetic diagram if it makes your answer clearer.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
Page 16
(3)
(Total 8 marks)
Q13.
(a)
Breathed-out air is different from breathed-in air.
The two pie-charts show the percentages of different gases in each.
Complete the second pie-chart, using the information from the table.
(3)
(b)
Use the information above to complete the following sentences.
The air you breathe out contains more ............................................ than the air you
breathe in.
The air you breathe out contains less .............................................. than the air you
breathe in.
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Page 17
Q14.
The picture shows a fossil.
(a)
(i)
What is a fossil?
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii)
Describe one way in which fossils are formed.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
We only know about extinct animals and plants because they have left fossils.
What does the word “extinct” mean?
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
Page 18
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
##
Cepaea nemoralis is a snail which is found on sand dunes. It may have a plain or banded
shell. The snails are found on grass stalks and leaves.
Plain
Banded
A scientist collected young unbanded snails and kept them until they were fully grown
and mated them.
The eggs laid produced 35 unbanded and 12 banded snails.
(a)
Explain these figures as fully as you can. You may use a genetic diagram if you
wish to make your answer clearer.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Page 19
.....................................................................................................................................
(7)
Variation in colour
(b)
Variation in banding
The snail shells show a lot of variation in colour. They are yellowy/green, brown,
pink or cream. The banding varies from a single wide band to a mixture of thick and
thin bands.
Describe briefly the factors which have produced this variation and explain how
these factors may themselves have arisen.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 11 marks)
Q16.
Plants are grown in glasshouses to protect them from the weather or extend the
growing season.
Plants make food by photosynthesis.
6CO2 + 6H2O
energy from
light
C6H12O6 + 6O2
glucose
In winter, when days are shorter, glasshouses are heated to keep the enzyme reactions
in plants at optimum rates.
Page 20
What else should a grower do to make sure that the plants are photosynthesising at the
optimum rate? Give a reason for your answer.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(Total 3 marks)
Q17.
Diagram 1 shows the main features of human blood circulation.
(a)
What changes in the composition of blood occur in the lungs?
Page 21
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
Diagram 2 shows how the circulation of blood changes between rest and exercise.
Rate of supply of blood to parts of the body (cm³/min) when at rest and during exercise.
Page 22
(b)
(i)
Use the information from Diagram 2 to complete the table below.
Parts of the body to be included:
Digestive System
Skin
Brain
Arteries of Heart
Muscles of Skeleton
Bone
(4)
(ii)
What happens to the rate of supply of blood to the whole body with exercise?
(You should make full use of the information provided.)
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 9 marks)
Page 23
Q18.
Choose words from this list to complete the sentences below.
bones
extinct
muscles
rocks
fossils
In the past some types of animals and plants have died out.
They have become ........................................ .
We know about these animals and plants because we find them as
........................................ .
Sometimes the hard parts of animals such as ........................................ did not decay.
In other cases the bodies of animals and plants were replaced by minerals.
You can still see their shape in ........................................ .
(Total 4 marks)
Q19.
Plants produce glucose by a process called photosynthesis.
carbon dioxide + water
light
oxygen + glucose
chlorophyll
The plant uses glucose to grow.
(a)
The graph shows the change in concentration of carbon dioxide in a glasshouse full
of plants over 24 hours.
Page 24
Draw a line on the graph to show how the concentration of oxygen changes in the
glasshouse.
(3)
(b)
Some plants have variegated leaves with white parts which contain no chlorophyll.
How do you think a variegated geranium would grow compared to a similar sized
geranium with all green leaves?
Explain your answer....................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Page 25
Q20.
Huntington’s chorea is a disease found in 5 out of every 100 000 people.
(a)
Describe, as fully as you can, how the disease is likely to affect these people.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(b)
Some members of the Smith family suffer from Huntington’s chorea. The family tree
gives details.
(i)
Are Mary and John Smith’s children likely to have Huntington’s chorea?
Explain your answer as fully as you can. Use a diagram if it will help.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(4)
Page 26
(ii)
Suppose Mary and John both carry one gene for Huntington’s chorea.
How likely are their children to have Huntington’s chorea?
Explain your answer as fully as you can. Use a diagram if it will help.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
Q21.
In some developing countries woodland is cut down and burned. The ash acts as
fertiliser. Crops are grown for three years. The land is then left as it is too poor to grow
any more crops.
Page 27
(a)
In the original woodland trees and plants died and grew for hundreds of years.
When cleared the land grew crops for only three years. Explain this difference in as
much detail as you can.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(b)
What could farmers do to make crops grow on the cleared land for more than
three years?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Q22.
Choose words from this list to complete the sentences below.
coal
dinosaurs
extinct
fossils
rocks
Many animals and plants which once existed have died out.
They are now ................................... .
We know about them because their remains formed
..................................................... which are found in ................................................ .
(Total 4 marks)
Q23.
The graph shows how the rate of photosynthesis is affected by different conditions.
Page 28
(a)
What patterns can you find from this graph?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(5)
(b)
How useful could this information be to a grower using glasshouses? Give reasons
for your answer.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
Q24.
The figures below show how the yield of a wheat crop is affected by adding nitrogen
fertiliser.
Page 29
(a)
Nitrogen fertiliser
added (kg/hectare)
Yield
(tonnes/hectare)
0
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
26
28
31
34
40
43
44
44
Display these results on the graph paper in the most suitable way.
(4)
(b)
What conclusions can you draw from the graph?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Page 30
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
Q25.
Cystic fibrosis is a disease which affects 1 in 1600 babies.
(a)
What are the symptoms of cystic fibrosis?
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(b)
Two parents with normal characteristics have a child who was born with cystic
fibrosis.
Explain, as fully as you can, how this can happen.
You may use a genetic diagram if you wish.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
Page 31
(4)
(Total 7 marks)
Q26.
(a)
How many pairs of chromosomes are there in a body cell of a human baby?
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Place the following in order of size, starting with the smallest, by writing
numbers 1 – 4 in the boxes underneath the words.
(1)
(c)
For a baby to grow, its cells must develop in a number of ways.
Explain how each of the following is part of the growth process of a baby.
(i)
Cell enlargement
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
The process of cell division by mitosis
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(3)
Page 32
(d)
Why is cell specialisation (differentiation) important for the development and growth
of a healthy baby from a fertilised egg?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
Q27.
A food chain in the North Atlantic Ocean is:
diatoms → small fish → large fish
The graphs show how over a year:
•
the population size of diatoms in the North Atlantic varies;
•
the light intensity alters;
•
the concentration of nitrate and phosphate minerals alters.
(a)
Explain why the light intensity is a major factor in controlling the numbers of
Page 33
diatoms.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
(i)
Suggest two reasons why the population of diatoms decreases between
spring and summer.
1. ......................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
2. ......................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Give two reasons why the population of diatoms decreases in autumn.
1. .....................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
2. ......................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
Use the information on the graph to suggest what change causes the number of
diatoms to increase in the late summer. Give a reason for the change.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
Page 34
Q28.
(a)
Respiration is a process which takes place in living cells. What is the purpose
of respiration?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
(i)
Balance the equation for the process of respiration when oxygen is available.
C6H12O6 +
O2 →
CO2 +
H2O
(1)
(ii)
What is the name of the substance in the equation with the formula C6H12O6?
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
Oxygen is absorbed through the alveoli in the lungs.
(i)
How are the alveoli adapted for this function?
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Name the gas which is excreted through the alveoli.
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(d)
(i)
What is the name of the process of respiration when oxygen is not available?
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Describe the process of respiration which takes place in human beings when
oxygen is not available and give an effect.
Page 35
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 10 marks)
Q29.
The genetic diagram shows how the chromosomes divide and combine in human
reproduction.
(a)
Draw circles around the symbols for the two male gametes.
(2)
(b)
State the chance of a child being a girl.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
(i)
How many pairs of chromosomes are there in a human body cell?
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
Page 36
(ii)
How many chromosomes are there in a human egg cell?
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(d)
Chromosomes contain genes. From what substance are genes made?
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(e)
In the process of mitosis, how do the number of chromosomes in the daughter cells
compare to that in the original cell?
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 7 marks)
Q30.
One of Mendel’s original experiments was to cross pure-breeding, red-flowering pea
plants with pure-breeding white-flowering pea plants. The next year he grew the seed he
had collected. This first generation, F1, of pea plants all had red flowers. Mendel then
made each flower on these plants self-pollinate. He collected the seed from these flowers
and grew them. The second generation, F2, gave the following result:
705 red-flowering plants and 224 white-flowering plants.
(a)
Which flower colour is due to the recessive allele?
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Draw a genetic diagram to show the inheritance of flower colour in the first
generation (F1) of plants.
Page 37
Use the letters r and R to represent the alleles for flower colour.
(3)
(c)
Explain why Mendel made the first generation of plants self-pollinate.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(d)
If Mendel had taken any two of his white-flowering peas and crossed them, what
would have been the colour of the flowers of the next generation of plants?
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(e)
It is very difficult to get red-flowering pea plants that breed true. Explain why you
cannot guarantee to breed, by self-pollination, pea plants that only have red flowers.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
Page 38
Q31.
The diagram shows the digestive system.
(a)
Complete the following sentences about digestive enzymes.
(i)
Amylase works in the ........................................... where it is involved in the
digestion of ................................................... to ............................................. .
(3)
(ii)
Lipase works in the ............................................... where it is involved in the
digestion of ................................................... to ............................................. .
(3)
(b)
Which gland produces:
(i)
amylase;
Page 39
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
lipase?
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 8 marks)
Q32.
(a)
The air you breathe in and the air you breathe out are different.
Use the names of gases from this box to complete the three spaces.
argon
carbon dioxide
nitrogen
oxygen
water vapour
Compared to the air you breathe in, the air you breathe out contains:
•
more
.....................................................................................................................
•
more
.....................................................................................................................
•
less
........................................................................................................................
(3)
(b)
The process of aerobic respiration takes place in your cells.
(i)
Complete the space in the word equation for this process.
........................ + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
(1)
(ii)
Complete the space to give the main energy transfer which takes place in this
process.
chemical energy → ............................... energy
(1)
Page 40
(iii)
What is the name of the organ where oxygen from the air passes to your
blood?
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
The athlete is taking part in vigorous exercise.
Complete the two spaces in the passage.
The cells in our muscles respire anaerobically during vigorous exercise. This results
in ........................................debt and the production of ....................................... acid.
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
##
A young athlete trains and this makes her heart work harder. The table shows part of her
training record.
Page 41
Time measured in weeks
from the start of training
0
8
16
24
32
40
Resting pulse rate measured
in pulses per minute
75
69
66
63
61
60
(i)
Give two changes to her heart resulting from this training.
1 ..................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
2 ..................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
The graph shows a smooth curve drawn to match the data from her training record.
Use the graph:
(A)
to estimate her resting pulse rate, in pulses per minute, after 18 weeks of
training;
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
Page 42
(B)
to predict her resting pulse rate, in pulses per minute, if she continues her
training until the end of the year.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 4 marks)
Q34.
Oxygen from our lungs is carried, by our blood, to cells in our body where aerobic
respiration takes place.
(i)
Complete the two spaces to balance the chemical reaction for aerobic respiration.
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → ....... CO2 + ...... H2O
(1)
(ii)
Name the substance with the formula C6H12O6.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
Name the structures in the cytoplasm of our cells where aerobic respiration takes
place.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 3 marks)
Q35.
Two heterozygous parents, with alleles Rr, produce offspring.
(i)
Draw a genetic diagram to show all the possible arrangements of alleles in their
offspring.
Page 43
(2)
(ii)
One of the offspring is dominant homozygous. What is the chance of this
occurring?
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 3 marks)
Q36.
In the cell shown in the diagram as a box, one chromosome pair has alleles Aa. The
other chromosome pair has alleles Bb. The cell undergoes meiosis.
(a)
Complete the diagram of the four gametes to show the independent assortment, or
reassortment, of genetic material during meiosis.
(2)
(b)
If the cell undergoes mitosis instead of meiosis, draw the two daughter cells which
result to show the chromosomes in each.
Page 44
(2)
(c)
State the number of chromosomes in:
(i)
a normal human cell;
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
a human gamete;
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
the daughter cell from mitosis of a human cell.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 7 marks)
Q37.
(a)
(i)
Complete the word equation for the process of aerobic respiration.
Glucose
+
........................... → carbon dioxide + water
(1)
(ii)
Which organ removes carbon dioxide from your body?
Page 45
.................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Use names from the box to complete the two spaces in the passage.
carbon dioxide
lactic acid
nitrogen
oxygen
water
Anaerobic respiration can occur when an athlete does vigorous exercise.
This is because there is not enough ....................................................... in the body.
The product of anaerobic respiration is ................................................................. .
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
Q38.
The diagrams show a cheek cell from a human and a leaf cell from a plant.
(a)
The two cells have a number of parts in common.
(i)
On the cheek cell, label three of these parts which both cells have.
(3)
(ii)
In the table, write the names of the three parts you have labelled above and
describe the main function of each part.
Part
Function
..................................
Page 46
..................................
..................................
(3)
(b)
Blood contains white cells and red cells. State the function of each type of cell in the
blood.
White cells .................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Red cells ....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
Q39.
(a)
Balance the following equation for photosynthesis.
............. CO2 + ............. H2O → C6HI2O6 + ............. O2
(1)
(b)
Give two conditions necessary for photosynthesis apart from a suitable temperature
range and the availability of water and carbon dioxide.
1. .................................................................................................................................
2. .................................................................................................................................
(2)
(a)
Plants have leaves which contain guard cells and palisade cells. Explain how each
of these kinds of cell assists photosynthesis.
Page 47
Guard cells ...............................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
Palisade cells ............................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(d)
Glucose is a product of photosynthesis. Give three uses which green plants make
of glucose.
1. .................................................................................................................................
2. ................................................................................................................................
3. .................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 10 marks)
Q40.
(a)
(i)
Complete the genetic diagram to show the possible combinations of
gametes for the four children and state the sex of the child for each
combination.
Sex of
child
....................
....................
Page 48
......................
..............
........
(1)
(ii)
What name is given to the process when a cell divides to produce gametes?
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
How many pairs of chromosomes are there in each human body cell?
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iv)
How many chromosomes are present in a human ovum?
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
(i)
Give two advantages to living things of reproducing sexually rather than
asexually.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
The genetic diagram shows two parents and three children.
Only the son has cystic fibrosis, which is caused by a recessive allele. What
conclusion may be made about the parents’ genes?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
Page 49
(1)
(Total 7 marks)
Q41.
(i)
What is the name of the process which takes place in living cells in your body
and which releases energy from oxygen and glucose?
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Name the two products of the process in part (i).
............................................................... and ..............................................................
(1)
(Total 2 marks)
Q42.
(a)
In sexual reproduction a sperm cell joins with an egg cell.
Complete the sentences by choosing the correct words from the box.
bladder
(i)
kidney
liver
lung
ovary
testis
The organ in which a sperm cell is made is the ............................................
(1)
(ii)
The organ in which an egg cell is made is the ...............................................
(1)
(b)
What name is given to the process in which sperm cells and eggs cells join
together?
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
Page 50
(c)
Two new cells are formed from one cell by asexual reproduction.
How, genetically, does the nucleus of new cell C compare with:
(i)
the nucleus of the other new cell B;
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
the nucleus of the original cell A?
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
Q43.
The graph shows the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air in a greenhouse full
of tomato plants, measured over a period of 24 hours.
Page 51
(a)
Explain why the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air in the greenhouse
increased between X and Y.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
Explain why the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air in the greenhouse
decreased between Y and Z.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
Page 52
Q44.
Nitrate fertilisers are important in agriculture. They help to increase crop yields and
so make food cheaper to buy. Some of the nitrate fertilisers run off into rivers and get into
drinking water. The problem is that the nitrates can react with iron in our blood. This
reduces the blood’s ability to carry oxygen. If the amount of nitrate in drinking water is too
high, it can cause ‘blue baby syndrome’, in which babies look blue due to lack of oxygen.
The table shows the amount of nitrate fertilisers used and the crop yield.
Nitrate fertilisers in kilograms per hectare of land
0 150
Crop yield in tonnes per hectare of land
5
8
250
7
Use the information above to suggest what should be done, by farmers and government,
to prevent ‘blue baby syndrome’. Explain the reasons for your suggestions.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(Total 3 marks)
Q45.
The diagram shows one of the experiments performed by a scientist called Mendel
in the 1850s. He bred pea plants which had different coloured pea seeds.
Page 53
(a)
Use words from the box to help you to explain the results of this experiment.
dominant
factor
recessive
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(b)
Mendel explained these results in terms of inherited factors.
(i)
What do we now call inherited factors?
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Where, in a cell, are these inherited factors found?
Page 54
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
Q46.
The pie chart shows the composition of the air we breathe in.
The table shows the composition of the air we breathe out.
Gas
Percentage
Carbon dioxide
5
Nitrogen
80
Oxygen
15
(a)
Complete the pie chart below for the composition of the air we breathe out.
Remember to label the chart.
Page 55
(3)
(b)
Use the information from the two pie charts to give two differences between the air
we breathe in and the air we breathe out.
the air we breathe in contains more ........................................................................ .
the air we breathe out contains more ....................................................................... .
(2)
(c)
Name the process in the body which produces carbon dioxide.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
Q47.
The diagram shows a timeline for the evolution of some dinosaurs.
The mass of each dinosaur is shown in the brackets by its name.
Page 56
(a)
Name one dinosaur which lived between 100 and 150 million years ago.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Which dinosaur did Ornitholestes evolve from?
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
Apart from body size and mass, give one other difference between Lagosuchus
and Alamosaurus.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(d)
(i)
Which dinosaur had the largest mass?
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
What happened to the mass of dinosaurs during evolution?
...........................................................................................................................
Page 57
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(e)
We know about dinosaurs from their fossils.
Describe one way in which fossils are formed
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(f)
Complete the sentence by using the correct words from the box.
billion
complex
large
million
simple
thousand
The theory of evolution states that all species of living things have evolved
from .......................................... life forms which first developed more than
three .......................................... years ago.
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
Q48.
We use enzymes in industry. These are some of the properties of enzymes:
•
they work at low temperatures and this can save energy
•
they work at atmospheric pressures and therefore use less expensive equipment
•
they are easily broken down by high temperature or the wrong pH
•
they are soluble in water, so it is difficult to separate them from water-soluble
products
•
they are very expensive to buy.
(a)
Use the information above to answer this question.
(i)
Give two advantages of using enzymes in industry.
1
...................................................................................................................
Page 58
...............
.............................................................................................................................
........
2
...................................................................................................................
...............
.............................................................................................................................
........
(ii)
Give two disadvantages of using enzymes in industry.
1
...................................................................................................................
...............
.............................................................................................................................
........
2
...................................................................................................................
...............
.............................................................................................................................
........
(4)
(b)
Different enzymes have different jobs:
•
protease enzymes break down proteins so that they are easier to digest
•
lipase enzymes break down fats
•
carbohydrase enzymes break down starch into sugar for energy drinks
•
isomerase enzymes break down glucose into fructose which is much sweeter.
Which enzyme is used:
(i)
to help to get greasy stains out of clothes?
................................................................
(ii)
in making slimming foods?
........................................................................................
(iii)
in making baby foods?
...............................................................................................
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
Page 59
Q49.
The diagram shows some plants growing in a greenhouse on a hot summer’s day.
Which one of the following factors is most likely to limit the rate of photosynthesis at this
time?
•
carbon dioxide concentration
•
light intensity
•
temperature
Factor ............................................................................................
Explain the reason for your answer.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(Total 4 marks)
Page 60
Q50.
(a)
Sex cells are produced by meiosis.
Describe what happens to the chromosomes when a cell divides by meiosis.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
Darwin’s theory of natural selection depends on the fact that individual organisms
within a species may show a wide range of variation.
Explain how meiosis and sexual reproduction give rise to variation.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
Mutation may also give rise to variation.
(i)
What is meant by mutation?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Are all mutations harmful? Explain the reason for your answer.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
Page 61
Q51.
Energy for living organisms comes from the Sun.
Complete the sentences by using the correct words from the box.
animals
carbohydrates
carbon dioxide oxygen
plants
water
Light energy is captured by green ........................................ .
They use this energy to make ........................................ .
To do this, they also use ........................................ .
(Total 3 marks)
Q52.
In humans, one of the pairs of chromosomes in each cell carries the genes which
determine sex.
What is the difference between the sex chromosomes of a man and a woman?
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
Page 62
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(Total 2 marks)
Q53.
The diagram shows a timeline for the evolution of some groups of animals.
All the groups shown below the line for Present day are extinct.
No copyright clearance for this image - replacement coming soon
(a)
Use information from the diagram to answer these questions.
(i)
Name the four groups of animals which developed legs.
1 ....................................................
2 ......................................................
3 ....................................................
4 ......................................................
(1)
(ii)
Name the two groups of animals which developed wings.
1 ......................................................
2 ......................................................
(1)
(iii)
Which group of animals shown on the diagram evolved first?
.............................................................
(1)
(b)
(i)
The animal labelled X has been extinct for over 50 million years.
How do we know that it once lived?
...........................................................................................................................
Page 63
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
diseases
Complete the sentence by using the correct words from the box.
enzymes
hormones
plants
predators
rocks
Animals may become extinct because of new ...........................................
and new ......................................... .
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q54.
Fermentation of sugar by yeast produces carbon dioxide.
The graph shows the effect of temperature on the production of carbon dioxide by
fermentation.
Page 64
(a)
By how much did the volume of carbon dioxide collected change when the
temperature was raised from 30°C to 40°C?
................................................................................. cm3
(1)
(b)
Complete the sentences to explain the shape of the curve between X and Y.
Raising the temperature .................................. the speed of the reacting particles.
These particles collide more ................................... and more ............................. .
(3)
(Total 4 marks)
Q55.
Low light intensity is one factor that limits the yield of a crop.
In Britain, many tomato growers use artificial lights to increase the yield of tomato crops.
The table shows the amount of natural daylight and artificial lamplight received by a
tomato crop grown in a greenhouse.
Natural daylight received
by tomato plant
Month
Artificial lamplight
given
to tomato plant
Light
Hours of
energy
light given received
per day
by plant
per day
in J/cm2
Total light
Percentage
energy
increase in
received
growth
by plant per resulting from
day
artificial light
in J/cm2
Day length
in hours
Light
energy
received
by plant
per day
in J/cm2
January
8.1
239
18
492
731
206
February
9.9
492
18
492
984
100
March
11.9
848
12
328
1176
39
April
13.9
1401
2
55
1456
4
May
15.5
1786
0
0
1786
0
Page 65
June
16.6
1960
0
0
1960
0
July
16.2
1849
0
0
1849
0
August
14.7
1561
0
0
1561
0
September
12.8
1064
2
55
1119
5
October
10.6
614
11
301
915
49
November
8.8
288
18
492
780
171
December
7.6
183
18
492
675
269
(a)
Describe the pattern for the amount of light energy received from natural daylight by
a tomato plant during the day.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(b)
A tomato plant needs 600 J of light energy per cm2 each day to grow and produce
tomatoes.
Use this information and data from the table to suggest an explanation for the
pattern of the artificial light given to the tomato plants.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Page 66
Q56.
The black pigment in human skin and eyes is called melanin.
A single gene controls the production of melanin.
A person who is homozygous for the recessive allele of the gene has no melanin and is
said to be albino.
The diagram shows the inheritance of albinism in a family.
(a)
Use a genetic diagram to explain the inheritance of the albino allele by children of
parents P and Q.
(3)
(b)
R and S decide to have a child.
What is the chance that this child will be an albino? ...............................................
Page 67
Use a genetic diagram to explain your answer.
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
Q57.
The diagrams show one of the experiments performed by a scientist called Mendel.
He bred sweet pea plants.
Page 68
In the sentences below, cross out the two lines which are wrong in each box.
Mendel proposed that flower colour was controlled by inherited factors.
The first generation plants show that the red factor is
The second generation plants show that the white factor is
Page 69
We now call inherited factors
These factors are passed from generation to generation in
The red-flowered sweet pea plants did not all grow to the same height_.
This was due to
factors.
(Total 5 marks)
Q58.
Fossils give us evidence for the theory of evolution.
The diagrams show how a fish became a fossil.
(a)
In the sentences below, cross out the two lines which are wrong in each box.
Page 70
(4)
(b)
Give one way in which fossils provide evidence for the theory of evolution.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
Page 71
Page 72
M1.
(a)
•
appropriate scales (> halfway along each axis)
•
all points correctly plotted to better than ½ a square
•
lines carefully drawn
(allow point to point in this case)
N.B.
•
no mark available for labelling axes
•
allow either orientation
for 1 mark each
3
(b)
(i)
ideas that
•
energy transferred faster in 100m race
(not more energy transferred)
•
carbon dioxide produced faster during 1500m race
for 1 mark each
(allow more carbon dioxide produced)
correct reference to twice / half as fast in either / both cases
for 1 further mark
3
(ii)
•
respiration during 100m race (mainly) anaerobic
•
respiration during 1500m race aerobic
•
aerobic respiration produces carbon dioxide
•
anaerobic respiration doesn’t produce carbon dioxide
/ produces lactic acid
any two for 1 mark each
2
Page 73
(c)
ideas that
•
there is an oxygen debt / more than normal oxygen needed
•
lactic acid needs to be oxidised / combined with oxygen
for 1 mark each
2
[10]
M2.
(a)
•
caused by a recessive* gene / allele
(allow non / not dominant)
•
both parents heterozygous / carry the gene / allele
for 1 mark each
offspring needs two recessive genes to have / inherit disease
for 2 marks
or
•
Nn × Nn
•
NN
Nn Nn nn
for 1 mark each
nn identified as having the disease*
for 2 marks
4
(b)
any reference to DNA
gains 1 mark
but
different genes means difference in DNA
gains 2 marks
Page 74
idea of
different codes / instructions for making proteins
or
different (order of) amino acids (in proteins)
for 1 mark
3
[7]
M3.
idea that
•
variations / mutations / differences in genes / alleles (in wild salmon population)
•
adapted to own river
•
any appropriate difference between rivers
e.g. flow rate, waterfalls, pH, temperature, food supply, disease predators,
competitors
•
homing instinct
for 1 mark each
survive to breed
gains 1 mark
but
pass on genes to offspring
gains 2 marks
[4]
M4.
(a)
(i)
points correctly plotted
all correct gains 2 marks
2 correct gains 1 mark
each part of line correctly drawn (i.e. curve + straight line)
for 1 mark each part of line
4
(ii)
3 (or according to plotted graph)
Page 75
litres per second
for 1 mark each
2
(b)
lungs
blood
for 1 mark each
2
(c)
(i)
ideas that
•
energy transferred faster in 100m race
•
carbon dioxide produced faster during 1500m race / more
•
carbon dioxide produced
for 1 mark each
3
correct reference to twice / half as fast in either / both cases
for a further mark
1
(ii)
•
respiration during 100m race (mainly) anaerobic
•
respiration during 1500m race (mainly) aerobic
•
aerobic respiration produced carbon dioxide
•
anaerobic respiration produced / lactic acid
for 1 mark each
1
[13]
M5.
(a)
(i)
(too) cold / all moisture / water frozen / no moisture / no warmth /
conditions for decay are absent.
for 1 mark
(No oxygen is neutral)
Page 76
(Do not accept frozen or ice has preserved them)
1
(ii)
•
(bacteria have) no oxygen / air (because dead fish covered in mud)
(No moisture x)
(No moisture and no oxygen or warmth x)
•
bones / hard parts do not decay easily
idea that
•
material of fish replaced by minerals
any two for 1 mark each
2
(b)
ideas that
•
mammoths lived at the same time as humans / there was man in these
times
•
mammoths lived in the same place as humans
•
humans hunted mammoths / ate mammoths / were carnivorous / for fur
etc
•
reference to later use of more advanced weapons
•
humans needed to protect themselves from mammoths
•
humans used flints / weapons / tools
any two for 1 mark each
2
(c)
idea that
•
environment changed / became too cold / became too warm /
vegetation changed / humans destroyed environment
•
(new) predator / humans killed them
•
new disease
•
new competitor / type of elephant
•
shortage of food / no food / ran out of prey
•
mammoths reproduced too slowly
•
mammoths didn’t adapt to changes
Page 77
any two for 1 mark each
2
[7]
M6.
(a)
sexual / sex
for 1 mark
1
(b)
idea that
sexual reproduction brings about a mixture of genes
or similar / different genes / parents / gametes / DNA /
characteristics / chromosomes (not features)
for 1 mark
1
(c)
(i)
asexual / cloning (allow vegetative)
for 1 mark
1
(ii)
(A)
idea that (they are exactly the same). Do not allow
similar or just one named feature.
for 1 mark
2
(b)
(d)
(i)
different (allow similar but do not allow same).
Allow any one named difference
for 1 mark
greater the X-ray dose, greater the % of mutations
or % of mutations increases steadily / in proportion to X-ray dose
for 1 mark
1
(ii)
ionising radiations / ultra-violet light / alpha particles / beta particles
/ gamma rays / radio activity / chemicals / drugs / smoking / natural
in meiosis / spontaneous / cell replication / toxic waste / pollution
1
Accept radioactivity but not radiations alone.
for 1 mark
[7]
Page 78
M7.
(a)
First Generation
or as matrix
allow one mark for being able to produce a correct genetic cross
(even if from an incorrect starting point)
Second generation
or as a matrix
4
(b)
•
green colour gives an advantage/camouflage
•
more green flies dm black flies survive to breed*
Page 79
•
pass on their genes to the next generation
•
(* but implied by 3rd bullet point)
for 1 mark each
3
[7]
M8.
(a)
idea about
•
environment change / habitat drier / climate change
•
couldn’t escape from predators / ref to predators / killed / eaten
[Do not allow "died"]
•
because feet not adapted to run on dry ground
•
couldn’t compete (with Merychippus) / more difficult to get food
[Use v + x = x principle]
any two for 1 mark each
2
(b)
(i)
fossil remains / from the bones
for 1 mark
1
(ii)
(known) age of rock or any reason for knowing the age of the rock
eg by the rock layers by RA dating (not C-dating)
for 1 mark
1
(c)
idea that
(present day) horses / species evolved / adapted / developed from earlier
species/ horses
•
over a long period of time / millions of years
•
via many / gradual changes
•
which gave a survival advantage /passed on genes / characteristics
any three for 1 mark each
[First bullet point answer is required before marks can be awarded for others]
3
Page 80
[7]
M9.
ideas for
•
more food produced/increased yield
•
cheaper food
•
bigger income for farmer (allow profit)
•
less loss/damage/spoilage of crop
•
allow less wasted growth (of straw due to drawing)
any three for 1 mark each
3
ideas against
•
chemicals harm people (do not accept “affect flavour”)
•
fertiliser costly
•
fewer worms (in soil)
•
weedkillers kill valued/useful wild plants
•
insecticides/pesticides kill useful insects/other animals
(general idea that chemicals harm plants/animals gets only 1 of these)
•
(weedkillers insecticides/pesticides/fungicides/hormones/chemicals) contaminate
water
•
(increased risk) pesticide resistance over production/food mountains
•
possible eutrophication/nitrate in river/extra plant growth/
•
explanation of eutrophication
for 1 mark each to a maximum of 4 marks
4
[7]
Page 81
M10.
idea
•
(gene) in DNA (i.e. mention of DNA)
•
(DNA) contains bases
•
(bases) code for amino acids (in protein)
•
(amino acids) in correct order
•
to make the (spider) protein
any four for 1 mark each
(No credit for double helix, pairs of bases - but no penalty)
[4]
M11.
(a)
idea
identical (do not allow simply “the same number”)
for 1 mark
1
(b)
idea
chromosomes double/duplicate/copies made
for 1 mark
separate into 2 sets/divide*
gains 1 mark
but
separate into 4 sets/divide twice*
gains 2 marks
number halved compared to bodycell
or
single set (only) 16
accept in terms of cells but only if chromosomes referred to in
Page 82
first and/or last items)
for 1 mark
4
[5]
M12.
(a)
alleles in parents
alleles in sperms/eggs (*)
B
b
B
b
alleles in children (*)
hair colour
black
black
black
red
(*) NB ecf
Allow other letters if a clear key
each line correct for 1 mark each
4
(b)
evens/50:50/equal/half (e.c.f. from cross below)
for 1 mark
parents
children
J Smart
Bb
M Jones
bb
Bb Bb
bb bb
black
red
each line correct for 1 mark each
*(ecf)
3
J Smart must be BB or Bb
M Jones must be bb or from (a)
Credit cross shown in a matrix:
for 2 marks
Page 83
Bb identified as black hair
bb identified as red hair
or
2 red : 2 black
for 1 mark
1
[8]
M13.
(a)
carbon dioxide in range 2.5-5%
gains 1 mark
but
carbon dioxide closer to 4% than to 3% or 5%
gains 2 marks
OR
oxygen in range 15-17.5%
gains 1 mark
but
If 3 sectors drawn and two correctly labelled,
award marks and ignore remaining sector
Oxygen and carbon dioxide sectors labelled
for 1 mark
3
(b)
carbon dioxide
oxygen
for 1 mark each
Do not allow water vapour.
(Allow correct symbols/formulae)
2
[5]
M14.
(a)
(i)
ideas that
Page 84
•
remains of animal/plant of specific organism
•
(from) many years ago/thousands or millions of years
•
found in rocks/covered by sediments
for 1 mark each
Mark (a) as a whole to a total of 5 marks.
3
(ii)
ideas that
•
hard parts/bones/shells/skeletons
link required
•
don’t decay
or
•
no decay
link required
•
conditions needed absent/no oxygen/no water
or
•
parts replaced by rock mineral chemicals;
Do not accept ‘materials’ or ‘substances’.
•
as they decay
Accept ‘hard’ or ‘soft’ parts for 1 mark each
2
(b)
idea
died out/none left/died off
Do not accept ‘died’ alone
for 1 mark
1
[6]
Page 85
M15.
(a)
idea
•
unbanded dominant/plain or banded recessive
•
because banded appears in young/
•
•
parents heterozygous/Bb
offspring
Bb
Bb
bb
BB
}
}
}
}
credit response consistent with parents
even if not both heterozygous
Accept any clear and consistently used notation
•
identify BB, Bb as plain
•
identify bb as banded
•
ratio 3:1 unbanded/banded
(stated or clearly implied
•
matches 35:12 results
e.g. all the outcomes clearly
identified as banded/unbanded)
for 1 mark each
7
(b)
idea
•
many genes control [accept “continuous variation”]
•
many alleles for a gene/large genepool
•
snails can inherit lots of different combinations
•
mutation (gives rise to many alleles)
allow selection allows alleles to be passed on unless
[very]disadvantageous or if advantageous
any 4 for 1 mark each
[Also credit, for 1 mark each, up to 2 causes of mutation,
e.g. mistakes in cell division, radiation]
4
[11]
M16.
idea
provide (more) light
provide (more) CO2
provide (plenty of) water
if any one of these is low it will limit the reaction
Page 86
[Do not allow answers referring to temperature,
as optimum is specified in question 3)
any three for 1 mark each
[3]
##
(a)
idea
O2 increases
CO2 decreases
for 1 mark each
2
(b)
(i)
reduced
unchanged
digestive system
brain
bone
increased
skin
muscles
heart and arteries
All (6) correct gains 4
5 correct gains 3
4 correct gains 2
2/3 correct gains 1
Correct wording not needed if unambiguous. No mark if organ repeated.
4
(ii)
more/higher/quicker/faster
gains 1 mark
but
7500 more/from 5,000 to 12,500 more
gains 2 marks
but
7500 cm3/min more
gains 3 marks
or 2½ times more
3
[9]
Page 87
M18.
extinct (NOT fossils)
fossils
bones
rocks
each for 1 mark
[4]
(a)
line increasing in daylight 6 – 18 ( 2 hr)
line decreasing 0 – 6 ( 2 hr)
line decreasing 18 – 24 ( 2 hr)
for 1 mark each
M19.
but
mirror image (i.e. opposite gradients)
gains 3 marks
3
(b)
idea:
slower growth (credit even if refers only to leaves)
less photosynthesis/glucose (than if leaves fully green)
each for 1 mark
2
[5]
M20.
(a)
idea:
mental/brain deterioration
involuntary muscular movement/fidgety
starts in 40/50’s/middleage
for 1 mark each
3
Page 88
(b)
ideas that:
mother homozygous *
father heterozygous *
(*these terms not essential) ) these marks
) can be gained
allele dominant (H. chorea)
) on diagram*
children normal or heterozygous
chance 50/50
Diagram gains max. 3 marks
for 1 mark each
4
(c)
3 in 4 chance (or 3:1) (of Huntington’s chorea)
gains 1 mark
or equivalent in words
gains 1 mark
2
[9]
M21.
(a)
idea:
wood goodness recycled/crops goodness removed
Page 89
gains 1 mark
1
but
wood minerals/nutrients recycled/crops remove nutrients/minerals
gains 2 marks
wood and crops compared
for 1 mark
2
(b)
(add) fertiliser/nutrients/minerals
(add) manure/animal waste/compost
any two for 1 mark each
(accept move to new area for 1 mark)
rotation
max marks 2
2
[5]
M22.
fossils
gains 1 mark
but
extinct
gains 2 marks
fossils
rocks/coal
each for 1 mark
[4]
##
(a)
+ light = + photosynthesis
+ light = + photosynthesis to a limit
limit depends on temp/CO2 levels
+ CO2 = + photosynthesis
Page 90
+ temp = + photosynthesis
each for 1 mark
5
(b)
need to raise optimum levels
when one other raised
to get max/economic yield
each for 1 mark
2
[7]
##
(a)
both axes labelled
both axes appropriate scale
plotting 7 correct
good attempt at line graph
each for 1 mark
4
(b)
more fertiliser added more yield increased
gains 1 mark
but
yield increases with fertiliser up to maximum
gains 2 marks
yield increase slows down above 125/150 kg/ha
either for 1 further mark
(do not allow yield falls)
maximum yield with 175 kg/ha
3
[7]
##
(a)
idea that
thicker/sticky/viscous mucus;
difficult breathing/trachea blocked;
digestion difficult/glands blocked
Page 91
each for 1 mark
3
(b)
idea
‘normal’ gene/allele dominant
or
cystic fibrosis gene/allele recessive;
idea that
parents heterozygous/carrier;
children heterozygous, homozygous dominant,
homozygous recessive (clearly implied by diagram);
idea one in four chance of cystic fibrosis
each for 1 mark
4
[7]
M26.
(a)
23
1
(b)
chromosome
2
nucleus
3
gene
cell
1
4
1
(c)
(i)
any one from
(cells which are bigger) take up more space
(cells) have to get bigger or mature to divide
1
(ii)
chromosomes duplicate or
make exact copies of self
accept forms pairs of chromatids
1
nuclei divide
accept chromatids or
chromosomes separate
1
identical (daughter) cells formed
Page 92
accept for example, skin cells make
more skin cells or cells are clones
1
(d)
any two from
Differentiation mark
babies need or are made of different types of cells or cells that have
different functions
accept different cells are needed
for different organs
Division or specialisation mark
as fertilised egg starts to divide each cell specialises to form a part of the body
accept specialised cells make
different parts of the body
Growth mark
specialised cells undergo mitosis to grow further cells
accept cells divide or reproduce
to form identical cells
2
[8]
M27.
(a)
diatoms photosynthesise or are producers
1
the amount of growth depends upon the energy or light they get
accept more light means more growth
or they multiply more in more light
do not accept they need light
1
(b)
(i)
eaten by small fish
do not accept eaten by fish
1
minerals or nitrate or phosphates
or nutrients or food supply used up
or reduced
Page 93
1
(ii)
any two from
gets colder
light decreases
end of their life span or die
accept more being eaten than being formed
eaten by small fish
do not accept a decrease in nitrates
or phosphates
1
(c)
increased minerals or nitrates or phosphates
1
any one from
due to death or decay of diatoms or fish
do not accept death of large fish
1
influx of minerals in an ocean current
do not accept extraneous pollution or
dumping by a ship
1
[8]
M28.
(a)
to transfer / provide / give release energy
or production of ATP / adenosine triphosphate (molecules)
accept to give heat
1
(b)
(i)
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
accept any other
n : 6n : 6n : 6n ratio
do not credit if any other changes have been made
1
(ii)
glucose
do not credit sugar / sucrose
1
Page 94
(c)
(i)
any two from
large surface
thin (surface)
moist (surface)
(with a good) blood supply
2
(ii)
carbon dioxide
accept water vapour
do not credit just water
1
(d)
(i)
anaerobic (respiration)
1
(ii)
any three from
in mitochondria
glucose decomposes / breaks down / reacts
or glucose → lactic acid for (2) marks
to give lactic acid
or breathing hard
or lactic acid → CO2 + water
causing pain
(leaving an) oxygen debt
(quick) source of energy
(but) less efficient than aerobic respiration
accept less efficient than with oxygen
3
[10]
M29.
(a)
circles round right hand X and Y gametes
Page 95
put two ticks or crosses by the circles
2
(b)
50:50 or 1:1 or 50% or 0.5 or ½ equal or evens
credit even
do not accept 2:1 or 50 / 50
1
(c)
(i)
23
1
(ii)
23
credit the same as the one above to be marked
consequential
1
(d)
DNA
do not accept nucleic acid
1
(e)
same
1
[7]
M30.
(a)
white
1
(b)
or a Punnett square
1 mark for parents and separation of genes
1 mark correct set of four pairs, rR
1
Page 96
1
all are red or R is red or Rr are red
1 mark for explanation of colour
1
(c)
any two from
accept allele for gene
to stop cross pollination
credit so they could not breed with other flowers or colours
to control the gene pool or prevent other genes getting in
credit characteristics or factors
do not accept to use the same genes again
to see which genes were present
credit factors
to test if F1 or they contained any genes for white or recessive genes
credit a suitable Punnett square
referenced to white
credit to see if there was variation in the
genes or to see if he got any white flowers
do not accept for a fair test
2
(d)
white
1
(e)
the term gene may be in place of allele
the situation mark
red is dominant so masks any white
alleles or could be heterozygous
credit some (may) have both alleles
Page 97
credit you do not know if a white allele is there
the consequence marks
1
EITHER
if a recessive or white allele is present
there is a chance of a white flower
credit if white alleles are there the recessive can show
OR
chance of white flower could be 1 in 4
if all red flowers contain a dominant and a recessive allele
1
[9]
M31.
(a)
(i)
mouth or saliva
accept small intestine
1
starch
1
maltose or glucose
do not credit sugar
1
(ii)
small intestine
accept duodenum or jejunum
do not credit intestines
1
fats or lipids or oils
fatty acids or glycerol
2
(b)
(i)
salivary
accept pancreas
1
Page 98
(ii)
pancreas
accept small intestine or ileum
1
[8]
M32.
(a)
more water vapour
accept more water
1
more carbon dioxide
1
less oxygen
1
(b)
(i)
glucose
accept carbohydrate(s)
accept sugar(s)
1
(ii)
heat
or thermal
or internal kinetic
1
(iii)
lungs
accept alveoli / alveolus
do not credit air sacs
do not credit capillaries
both neutral if included with lungs
1
(c)
oxygen
accept O2
1
lactic
1
Page 99
[8]
M33.
(i)
any two from
* (heart) more muscular
accept bigger
* (heart) more powerful
accept more efficient
accept stronger
2
(ii)
* pauses longer between (heart) beats
accepts beats more slowly
accept heart rate decreases
* less fast around the heart
recovers more quickly not just ‘heart healthier’
do not credit pulse rate slower
2
[4]
M34.
(i)
6 in both spaces
do not credit if any formula has been altered
1
(ii)
glucose
allow fructose or dextrose
1
(iii)
mitochondria
accept organelles
1
[3]
Page 100
M35.
(i)
a cross over diagram is also acceptable 1 mark for the
separation of alleles to form the two axes (gametes)
1 mark for the four combinations
2
(ii)
25 or 1 in 4 or 1:3
accept ¼ do not credit 1 to 4
1
[3]
M36.
(a)
A
A a
a
Aa allele correctly separated
1
B
b
B
b
Bb allele arranged to form four different pairings
all four pairings must be correct for the second mark
1
(b)
A
A
the two cells the same as the parent
cell
a
a
B
B
b
b
Page 101
1 mark for each cell
2
(c)
(i)
46
accept 23 pairs
1
(ii)
23
accept half if c(i)
1
(iii)
46
accept save as c(i)
1
[7]
M37.
(a)
(i)
oxygen
do not credit air
1
(ii)
lung(s)
do not credit blood or nose or windpipe alone but accept as
a neutral answer if included with lungs
1
(b)
oxygen
1
lactic acid
both words required
1
[4]
M38.
(a)
(i)
the three features correctly labelled on
cheek cell (which are referred to in
Page 102
part (ii)
label lines should touch or end very close to part no marks if
leaf cell labelled
nucleus
cytoplasm
cell membrane
mitochondrion
accept mitochondria or one of these could be labelled
vacuole
3
(ii)
any three from
feature
function
nucleus
controls cell
accept contains genetic material or genes or chromosomes
or stores information
do not credit the brain of the cell
cytoplasm
where respiration
occurs
accept contains food or mitochondria
or reactions occurs
membrane
less water or
chemicals
accept surrounds the cell or lets some things in but not
others
do not credit keeps things out or protection
in and or out
mitochondria
where energy released
ecf from leaf cell labelling
accept chloroplasts make sugar or glucose
accept vacuole contains sap
accept if cell wall mis labelled on cheek cell, support or hold
together
3
(b)
fight or ingest or kill bacteria or
germs or viruses or microbes
accept produce antitoxins or antibodies fight disease
(organisms)
do not credit fungus
Page 103
1
(transport) oxygen or carry
haemoglobin
accept transport carbon dioxide or helps form scabs
1
[8]
M39.
(a)
666
all required
accept a ’6n 6 n n 6n’ version of the balanced equation
provided it is correct in every detail
1
(b)
any two of
•
(presence of) chlorophyll or (amount of) chloroplasts
accept green leaves (or other green parts)
•
(sufficient) light (intensity)
•
(light) of a suitable wavelength
any light other than green light
do not credit Sun’s energy or sunshine or Sun
2
(c)
guard cells
any two of
* control by osmosis
* the movement of gases
accept movement of carbon dioxide or oxygen or water
vapour beware movement of CO2 out
accept a diagram or description
* through the stoma
2
palisade cells
Page 104
any two of
* near the upper surface
* contain (a great) many or more chloroplasts
* (so) contain the most chlorophyll
2
(d)
any three of
* for respiration
* conversion to (insoluble) starch
or to food store or to (other)carbohydrates
* (conversion to) sucrose or to food store or to (other) carbohydrates
or polysaccharides
do not credit just to grow or live
or survive
accept conversion to food store
or to (other) carbohydrates once only
* (conversion to) lipids or fats or oils
* (conversion to) amino acids or (plant) proteins or auxins or (plant) hormones or
enzymes
3
[10]
M40.
(a)
(i)
XX
XY
XY
XX
female
male
male
female
the four correct genotypes and sex are required they may be
in any order
1
(ii)
meiosis
correct spelling required but
accept meisosis not miosis or meosis
1
(iii)
23
1
Page 105
(iv)
23
1
(b)
(i)
any two from
(introduces) variation
accept can crossbreed or offspring may gain beneficial
characteristics
prevents the risk of all being the same
and a disease wiping out population
or prevent monoculture
two parents to raise offspring
2
(ii)
both parents carry a recessive allele
or gene or are heterozygous
accept both parents are carriers
1
[7]
M41.
(i)
(aerobic) respiration
do not credit anaerobic respiration
accept cellular respiration
1
(ii)
carbon dioxide and water (vapour)
both required
do not credit heat
1
[2]
M42.
(a)
(i)
testis
1
Page 106
ovary
1
(b)
fertilisation or fertilise(d) / (ing)
accept fusion
do not credit conception or intercourse
1
(c)
(i)
the same, identical
do not credit very similar make clear
their genetic material is the same
do not credit the same number of chromosomes or genes
1
(ii)
the same, identical
make clear their genetic material is the same
do not credit the same number of chromosomes or genes
1
[5]
M43.
(a)
respiration
reject start respiring / respire only at night
1
no photosynthesis because no light
1
(b)
photosynthesis rate greater than respiration rate
1
reject no respiration / photosynthesis only
photosynthesis since light
1
[4]
Page 107
M44.
use less nitrate / fertiliser
accept use none
use a different fertiliser is neutral
prevent nitrate fertiliser run off is neutral
1
any two from:
explanation that with less or none the crops still grow
make more land available to grow more crops
monitoring of water
legislation
organic farming / manure
genetically modified crops
give babies bottled water
2
[3]
M45.
(a)
any three from:
factor for colour has two forms
accept gene for factor and allele for form
yellow dominant since all first generation yellow
accept F1 for first generation
green recessive since reappears in second generation
accept F2 for second generation
3
(b)
(i)
genes
accept alleles / genetic
1
(ii)
nucleus
accept chromosomes / DNA
1
Page 108
[5]
M46.
(a)
plots all correct
allow one mark for 1 / 2 correct plots
2
all labels present and correct (in correct proportions)
1
(b)
oxygen
1
carbon dioxide
1
(c)
respiration
do not accept anaerobic respiration
1
[6]
M47.
(a)
agilisaurus / camarasaurus / ornitholestes
1
(b)
eorapter
allow lagosuchus
1
(c)
lagusuchus (it) walks on hind limbs / two limbs / alamosaurus has
longer neck / lagusuchus has back legs longer than front but
alamosaurus has the reverse
1
Page 109
(d)
(i)
alamosaurus
1
(ii)
increased
1
(e)
from hard parts / bones / imprints
e.g. footprints / parts replaced by other materials / conditions for
decay absent or example
buried is neutral
1
(f)
simple
1
billion
1
[8]
M48.
(a)
(i)
work at low temperatures / save energy
1
work at low or atmospheric pressures / need less expensive equipment
1
(ii)
any two from:
•
easily broken down by high temperature / low pH
•
difficult to separate from water-soluble products
•
very expensive to buy
2
(b)
(i)
lipase
1
(ii)
isomerase
1
Page 110
(iii)
protease
1
[7]
M49.
carbon dioxide concentration
1
since atmospheric concentration very low / value give e.g. 0.03%
allow carbon dioxide used up
1
temperature high
allow if light chosen as a factor
1
light intensity high
allow If temperature chosen as a factor
1
[4]
M50.
(a)
any two from
•
copies of chromosomes made
•
cell divides twice or 4 cells formed
•
each gamete / cell now has single set of chromosomes
allow chromosome number halved /
cells haploid / cells n
2
(b)
any two from
•
sex cells / gametes fuse / fertilisation
•
offspring receive genes or chromosomes or alleles from
both parents / DNA
Page 111
•
alleles in a pair may vary
2
(c)
(i)
new form of gene
allow change in genetic material / DNA / chromosomes /
gene
1
(ii)
(no)
any two from
•
some neutral
•
exemplified
e.g. extra digit
•
some increase chances of survival / reference to natural
selection or evolution
•
exemplified
e.g. example of disease resistance
2
[7]
M51.
plants
1
carbohydrates
accept oxygen
1
carbon dioxide
accept water
(these words must be in this order)
1
[3]
Page 112
M52.
man XY
allow (chromosomes) different
1
woman XX
allow (chromosomes) same
genes and alleles are neutral
allow 1 mark for one is XX and one is XY
1
[2]
M53.
(a)
(i)
amphibia, reptiles, birds, mammals
all needed
accept named animals from the diagram
1
(ii)
reptiles, birds
both needed
1
(iii)
cartilage fish
1
(b)
(i)
from fossils / bones / remains
1
(ii)
diseases
either order
1
predators
1
[6]
M54.
(a)
11
accept 10.5 – 11.5
1
Page 113
(b)
ideas of
increase / rises
1
frequently / often
1
energetically / violently
1
[4]
M55.
(a)
low in winter / named months /when the days are short
accept increases in spring / Dec – June
1
high in summer / named month(s) / (when days are long
decreases in autumn / June – December
1
reasonable quantitative statement
accept any reasonable calculated /
translated quantitative statement
higher in summer than in winter for 2 marks
comparative statements may be worth 2 marks
but
8/11 times higher in summer than in
winter for 3 marks
1
(b)
no artificial light given in summer / light only given in winter
since natural light greatly exceeds minimum / 600 J (required to produce
tomatoes)
accept day length if linked to light energy
OR
Page 114
light only given in winter
as natural light less than the minimum
needed (to grow them) or 600 J
OR
for 2 marks:
percentage increase in growth from artificial] light only significant in winter
2
[5]
M56.
(a)
gametes A or a A or a
1
F1 genotypes correctly derived
1
albino identified
OR
gametes – 1
F1 genotypes corresponding to ‘lines’ – 1
lines must be correct
Albino (aa) identified – 1 (lower case)
1
OR
A
a
A
AA
Aa
a
Aa
aa
gametes –1
boxes all correct –1
albino (aa) identified –1
Page 115
(b)
do not credit 1 to 2 or 50/50
1
gametes A or a a or a or one
parent heterozygous, one parent
homozygous recessive
1
F1 genotypes correctly derived
OR
(R)
(S)
gametes correctly identified – 1
F1 genotypes correctly derived – 1
OR
gametes correctly derived – 1
F1 genotypes correctly derived – 1
1
[6]
M57.
dominant
1
recessive
1
genes
1
Page 116
gametes
1
environmental
1
[5]
M58.
(a)
mud
1
decayed
1
skeleton
1
rock
1
(b)
idea that living things have changed (over time)
do not allow ‘dating’
do not credit ‘evolved’
allow ‘compare the skeleton’
1
[5]
Page 117