Quiz 5
Multiple Choice
1. The scientific study of earthquakes and seismic waves is known as _______.
C) seismology
2. Fragments of unmelted rocks that are sometimes incorporated in magma are known
as _______.
E) xenoliths
3. _______ are the first waves to leave the focus after an earthquake.
A) P-waves
4. The _______ is the part of the Earth's interior where rocks start to melt.
B) asthenosphere
5. A _______ wave is an elastic rebound wave that travels outward in all directions
from the point of an earthquake.
E) seismic
6. Finding the epicenter of an earthquake using the S-P interval based on data recorded
at different locations is called__________________
B) S-P wave travel time
7. S-P time interval increases
B) as distance increases
True or False
8. The Earth's density as a whole is approximately 2.8 g/cm3.
False
9. P-waves travel by compression-expansion.
True
10. The mantle makes up roughly 80% of the Earth's volume.
True
Fill in the Blank
11. A large, destructive ocean wave sometimes caused by an earthquake is called a
_______. TSUNAMI
12. _______ is the bouncing back of a wave from an interface between two mediums.
REFLECTION
13. The theory that stress is continually built up along a fault and released when
earthquake occurs is known as ___________ rebound theory. ELASTIC
14. The method of using data from three seismic stations to locate an earthquake is
known as _______. TRIANGULATION
15. _______ are fragments of unmelted rock that are sometimes incorporated in
magma. XENOLITHS
16. The area inside the Earth where rocks start to turn plastic is known as the _______.
ASTHENOSPHERE
Short Answer
17. Describe the method of triangulation.
Using a seismogram we can see the difference in the arrival of the P and S waves. This
difference in time is called the S-P interval. We can measure this distance and translate it
distance. The distance obtained is the radius of a circle from the station at which the
earthquake occurred. We plot this circle and we do the same for three stations nearby.
Where the three circles drawn meet is the point of the epicenter.
18. The largest earthquakes occur at ocean/continent convergent boundaries. Explain
why.
The largest earthquakes occurred in subduction zones, here is where a huge slab of
oceanic plate (more dense) is being subducted under a continental plate (less dense). The
oceanic plate doesn’t go down smoothly; instead it goes under a lot of friction. This
friction occurs at great depths and produced the largest earthquakes on Earth.
QUIZ 6
1. The Hawaiian Islands are composed of what type of volcanoes?
o
A) shield
2. The degree to which a substance resists flow is known as _______.
o
o
E) viscosity
3. The igneous rock in the figure above has what type of texture?
o
o
A) glassy
4. A _______ is a mixture of molten and solid rock.
C) fractional melt
5. The figure is an igneous rock with what type of texture?
A) vesicular
6. The figure has what type of texture?
o
D) porphyritic
7. Which of the following terms best describes the lava in the figure above?
o
A) low viscosity
8. The smallest type of tephra is known as _______.
o
B) volcanic ash
9. Fine grained igneous rocks have a _______ texture.
o
A) aphanitic
10. Tsunamies, tremors, lahar, changes in global temperature, and acid rain are
secondary hazards associated with _____________
o
C) volcanoes
11. Rock textures associated with rocks cooled internally produce _________and
______________ are produced by rocks cooled externally.
o
A) large and small crystals
12. A sill is a ______________ intrusion, whereas a dike is a ______________
intrusion.
o
D) horizontal, vertical
13. Volcanoes are located in which type of plate boundaries?
o
C) convergent (subduction zone)
True/False
14. The presence of high amounts of water usually lowers the melting temperature
of the rock.
o
TRUE
15. Hawaiian eruptions are extremely violent and produce large pyroclastic flows.
o
FALSE
16. Igneous rocks high in feldspars and silicates are known as felsic rocks.
o
TRUE
17. Vulcanian eruptions are not very explosive and only release ash 5km into the
air.
o
FALSE
18. Igneous rocks with small crystals undergo slow cooling.
o
FALSE
Fill-In-The-Blank
19. The most violent volcanic eruptions in history are classified as _______
eruptions. PLINIAN
20. When magma is injected horizontally between layers and solidifies, a
_______ forms. SILL
Quiz 7
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. What type of weathering will break a rock by the contraction and expansion of
water to ice?
o
A) Frost wedging
2. __________________consists of sediment particles that are mechanically
transported by suspension within a stream or river.
o
B) suspended load
3. A _______ involves a rotational movement of rock or regolith.
o
D) slump
4. Glacial ______________ are usually multiple, straight, and parallel,
representing the movement of the glacier using small rocks and pebbles,
embedded in the base of the glacier, as cutting tools.
o
C) striations
5. Small boulders carried along underneath the glacier provide the abrasive power
to cut trough-like glacial ________________.
o
A) grooves
6. ____________ is the set of processes that breaks down the rock in place, no
movement is involved.
o
B) weathering
7. As soon as a rock particle (loosened by the weathering processes) is transported
somewhere else, that process is called __________.
o
A) erosion
8. __________________ is simply movement down slope due to gravity.
o
D) mass wasting
9. ___________________________ involves a chemical change in at least some
of the minerals within a rock during its break down.
o
B) chemical weathering
10. ___________________________ involves physically breaking rocks into
fragments without changing the chemical make-up of the minerals within it.
o
A) mechanical weathering
11. _______________ is the breakdown of the rock in place (in situ
o
B) Weathering
12. _______________ is the transportation of this loose material mainly by water,
but also by wind (Aeolian), ice and gravity.
o
A) Erosion
13.___________________ weathering involves a chemical change in at least
some of the minerals within a rock during its break down.
o
C) Chemical
14.___________________ weathering involves physically breaking rocks into
fragments without changing the chemical make-up of the minerals within it.
o
D) Mechanical
15. ____________ is an example of mechanical weathering produced by the
action of plants roots breaking up rocks.
o
D) Root wedging
16. ____________ is an example of mechanical weathering produced by the
freezing and thawing of water.
o
B) Frost wedging
17. ________________ - Organic matter (The uppermost horizon in many soil
profiles.)
o
C) O Horizon
18. ________________ - Dark-colored layer of mixed mineral and organic matter
(typically dark in color because of the humus present)
o
B) A Horizon
19. ________________ - Light-colored layer marked by removal of soluble
material ( typically grayish in color because it contains little humus, more
common in acidic soils of evergreen forests).
o
A) E Horizon
20. ________________ - Maximum accumulation of clay minerals (Brownish or
reddish in color because of the presence of iron hydroxides from transported
horizons above.
o
E) B Horizon
21. ________________ - Weathered parent rock.
o
D) C Horizon
TRUE OR FALSE
22. Suspended load is sediment that is moved along the bottom of a stream,
mainly boulder cobbles and pebbles are pushed by the water.
o
FALSE
23. The sand grains are also pushed along the bottom of a river by a process
called saltation (jumping).
o
TRUE
24. Bedload is the sediment that is carried in suspension by a flowing stream of
water, the sediment here is mainly silt and clay.
o
FALSE
25. Dissolved load - soluble materials that are carried on top of the stream along
with floating organic matter.
o
TRUE
QUIZ 8 and 10
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. When all the grains in a rock are roughly the same size, the rock is said to be
_______.
o
B) well sorted
2. Sediment that is carried and deposited by the wind is known as _______
sediment.
o
E) eolian
3. The figure above shows what type of sedimentary rock?
o
B) biogenic
4. A _______ is a sedimentary deposit that forms where a stream enters a standing
body of water.
o
A) delta
5. _______ is the reduction of pore space in sediment as a result of the weight of
the overlying sediments.
o
B) compaction
6. A turbulent, gravity driven flow consisting of water and sediment is known as a
_______.
o
C) turbidity current
7. Which of the following is a type of sedimentary rocks formed by the
precipitation of minerals dissolved in a lake, river, or seawater?
o
C) chemical
8.
According to the figure above, _______ is the temperature at which melting starts.
o
D) 800ºC
9. ______________ refers to the range of sediment grain sizes in a rock. Well
__________ means the grain sizes in the rock are all the same, whereas poorly
______________ means there is a wide range of sizes represented.
o
B) Sorting, sorted, sorted
10. ________________refers to how close the grains are to being perfectly
spherical. The range of ________________ is from angular to round.
o
C) Roundness, roundness
TRUE/FALSE
11. Mudcracks are sedimentary structures that are formed in wet/dry
environments.
o
TRUE
12. A semi-enclosed body of coastal water where fresh water mixes with marine
water is known as a delta.
o
FALSE
13. The figure above shows a sedimentary structure that is formed by wind.
o
FALSE
14. Coal is a classified as a chemical sedimentary rock.
o
FALSE
15. Metamorphic rocks can occur from sedimentary and igneous rocks.
o
TRUE
FILL IN THE BLANK
16, ____________ is the process in which substances dissolved in pore water are
precipitated out and join grains together. CEMENTATION
17. Most of the sediment on land is transported by _______. WATER/RIVERS
18. Seasonal lakes that form in arid areas are known as _______. PLAYAS
19. ______ grade metamorphic rocks are changed under temperatures of less than
400°C and pressures of less than 400MPa. LOW
20. Rocks that are metamorphosed at temperatures and pressures higher than
400°C and 400MPa respectively are known as _______grade metamorphic rocks.
HIGH
21. _______ is the metamorphic rock that results from the metamorphism of
limestone. MARBLE