COMMUNICATION AND CULTURE 6308: THE POLITICS OF
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, HUMAN RIGHTS AND
DEVELOPMENT
REVISED SYLLABUS
York University/Ryerson University
WINTER 2005
Professor Rosemary J. Coombe
Canada Research Chair in Law, Communication and Culture
TEL #3007 (York)
Office Hours: Thursdays 1:00-2:45pm or by appointment
rcoombe@yorku.ca
Class Meets Wednesdays 7-10 pm
Room: TEL 0004
Please note that many of the articles for this course (those for which hypertext links are
embedded in this syllabus) are available in full text online through Harvard University. If
you cannot open the link on the syllabus go to the Anthropology 261 website at
http://www.courses.fas.harvard.edu/~anth261/Articles. (I have found that using Firefox
as my web browser has made this easier than using Internet Explorer). We will be
moving these articles over to a course website under my website during the next few
weeks.
Course Description
The expansion of intellectual property rights (IPRs) has become a major area of
international controversy and global resistance as these properties come into conflict with
broader public interests and, arguably, often violate human rights. The course explores
the new regimes of trade that are expanding the privatization of more and more areas of
human life, and the drive to develop new IPRs to recognize more areas of human effort in
the context of the emergence of informational capitalism and neoliberal
environmentalism.
The World Intellectual Property Organization has recognized that the intellectual
property system must “reach out to new beneficiaries.” Some environmentalists have
suggested that IPRs should be used to further goals of biodiversity preservation and
sustainable development. The intellectual property framework, some argue, is sufficiently
flexible to accommodate a range of “traditional” forms of production, handicraft,
medicine, and folklore. Others decry this movement as an insidious form of creeping
commodification. A vibrant public domain, they argue, is necessary for democracy,
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competition, and development. A global commons, others suggest, is absolutely
necessary for human development.
The worldwide indigenist movement has proclaimed the rights of indigenous peoples to
control their own cultural heritage in an international draft declaration (that has arguably
achieved the status of international customary law) while the more general human rights
framework affirms collective rights to the maintenance of cultural identity. The capacity
of IPRs to protect these rights, however, is widely doubted. As a consequence, new
indigenous research protocols and new forms of secrecy have evolved. New protocols
and new professional ethics with respect to research are emerging. Even in more
developed countries there is a growing movement to find means of “protecting” cultural
diversity from the predations of market forces and trade agreements as a means of
ensuring a culturally pluralist public sphere. From an American perspective, however,
these efforts appear to be mere forms of trade protectionism and violations of free speech
rights to boot.
The course will explore these issues as new forms of political struggle. The course will
provide students with a background in understanding the legal regimes and international
social and political networks that create the context for new fields of cultural politics in
an era of informational capital. We will consider four regimes-- human rights, indigenous
rights, environmental rights related to biolological diversity, and trade related intellectual
property rights -- as relevant contexts.
Readings for the course are interdisciplinary (legal studies, anthropology, area studies,
development theory, environmental studies as well as communications) because of the
nature of the fields in which these political issues have emerged.
Following an introduction to the major forms of intellectual property, we will consider
how intellectual property establishes fields of ownership and why these forms of
ownership are so controversial. Intellectual properties create monopolies over public
goods, effect price differentials, and have distributional consequences for the availability
of important technologies (from medicines to seeds). These tendencies are exacerbated
with the rise of information capital in the "new economy" and force us to reconsider the
public interest in access to knowledge and technology, the meanings of the "progress"
interest that underlies these rights, its relation to “development” and the relation of
intellectual property protections to human rights commitments. Specific issues of
controversy in international law and policy are then explored.
Evaluation
Students will be asked to choose one of the weekly topics, present the main themes in the
readings, and pose questions for class discussion (20%). They are encouraged to use
handouts or multimedia aids in the classroom to focus discussion. Each student will use
this preliminary reading to provide a base for further research on the same topic or a
closely related one for the purposes of writing their final paper (60%) which will be
approximately 30 pages long. During the course, students will be expected to choose two
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additional weeks where they will prepare short (6 page) sets of reading notes responding
to a particular week’s readings to be handed in in advance of the class on which the
readings were assigned (20%). It is anticipated that students will choose weeks where the
assigned readings are of particular relevance to their essay topics as a way of beginning
to critically consider the literature in the field.
Readings not available online are photocopied on reserve at York (Scott library) and in
the department (TEL 3RD Floor).
Books you may wish to purchase (but are on reserve at York and will be requested
to be put on reserve at Ryerson):
Peter Drahos and Ruth Mayne, eds., Global Intellectual Property Rights: Knowledge,
Access and Development. (Palgrave, Macmillan 2002).
Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism (New York: New Press,
2002).
Michael Brown, Who Owns Native Culture? (Harvard University Press, 2003).
JANUARY 12, 2005 CLASS CANCELLED – COOMBE TOO ILL (TO BE
RESCHEDULED).
CLASS 1: JANUARY 19, 2005
COURSE INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW
Survey of course themes.
Optional Reading:
The following legal instruments should be kept in mind as references during the course
but you are not responsible for memorizing them or understanding their full meaning (no
one else does).
The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966)
The International Covenant on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights (1966)
Both available online at http://www.unhchr.ch/html/intlinst.htm .
The Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Properties (TRIPS) Agreement of the World
Trade Organization.
Draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (Working Group on Indigenous
Populations)
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CLASS 2: January 26, 2005 (?)
THE JUSTIFICATIONS FOR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
AND ITS ROLE IN THE INFORMATION ECONOMY
Edwin Hettinger, “Justifying Intellectual Property,” Philosophy and Public Affairs 18
(1989): 31-52. Online at http://www.yorku.ca/rcoombe/articles/hettinger.pdf
Arun Kundnani, "Where do you want to go today? The Rise of Information Capital," 40
Race and Class 49 (1998/9)
Peter Drahos, "Introduction: Why ‘Information Feudalism’?" In Peter Drahos and John
Braithwaite, eds., Information Feudalism (New York: New Press, 2002) 1-18. BOOK ON
RESERVE. COPY IN DEPARTMENTs.
Bronwyn Perry, "The Fate of the Collections: Social Justice and the Annexation of Plant
Genetic Resources" in Charles Zerner, ed., People, Plants and Justice: The Politics of
Nature Conservation (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000) 374-400. COPY IN
DEPARTMENTs.
Optional:
John Frow, "Information as Gift and Commodity," New Left Review, number 219
(September-October 1996) 89-108. Online at
http://www.yorku.ca/rcoombe/articles/frow.pdf
Johan Söderberg, “Copyleft vs. Copyright: A Marxist Critique,” First Monday, 7,3,
(March 2002). Online at http://www.ludd.net/retort/msg00100.html
Background:
B. Chimni, "Marxism and International Law" Economic and Political Weekly. Available
at http://www.epw.org.in/ (Archives February 6, 1999). COPY IN DEPARTMENT.
CLASS 3: February 2, 2005
THE POLITICS OF TRADE NEGOTIATIONS
Peter Drahos, "Global Property Rights in Information: The Story of TRIPS at the GATT"
13 Prometheus 6 (1995). Reprinted in Peter Drahos, ed., Intellectual Property (Aldershot:
Dartmouth Publishers 1999) 419-430. COPY IN DEPARTMENT.
Peter Drahos, “Negotiating Intellectual Property Rights: Between Coercion and
Dialogue” in Peter Drahos and Ruth Mayne, eds., Global Intellectual Property Rights:
Knowledge, Access and Development. (Palgrave, Macmillan 2002) 161-182. BOOK ON
RESERVE.
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Venturelli, Shalini. “Cultural rights and world trade agreements in the information
society,” Gazette 60: 47(1998). COPY IN DEPARTMENTS> I HAVE EDITED THIS.
Susan K. Sell, “Industry Strategies for Intellectual Property and Trade: The Quest for
TRIPs. And Post-TRIPs Strategies” Cardozo Journal of International and Comparative
Law 10: 79 (2002).
Susan K. Sell, " Post-TRIPS Developments: The Tension Between Commercial and
Social Agendas in the Context of Intellectual Property." Florida Journal of International
Law 14: 93 (2002).
Martin Khor, “Rethinking Intellectual Property Rights and TRIPs” in Peter Drahos and
Ruth Mayne, eds., Global Intellectual Property Rights: Knowledge, Access and
Development. (Palgrave, Macmillan 2002) 201-213. BOOK ON RESERVE. COPY IN
DEPARTMENTS.
Background:
Both of Sell’s articles are drawn from her book-length study, Private Power, Public Law:
The Globalization of Intellectual Property Rights (Cambridge University Press, 2003).
More historical detail and political context is provided in Peter Drahos and John
Braithwaite, Information Feudalism (New Press, 2002) 55-143. BOOK ON RESERVE..
Further developments including the expanded intellectual property rights contained in
The Free Trade Area of the Americas Agreement are explored in Regional and Bilateral
Agreements and a TRIPS-plus World: The Free Trade Area of the Americas (Quaker
United Nations Office, 2003). Available online at
http://www.geneva.quno.info/pdf/FTAA%20(A4).pdf or
http://www.bilaterals.org/IMG/pdf/Vivas_BTs_study_jul03-2.pdf
CLASS 4: February 9, 2005
RIGHTS AND THE PUBLIC DOMAIN
Sol Piicciotto, “Defending the Public Interest in TRIPS and the WTO” in P. Drahos and
R. Mayne, Global Intellectual Property Rights: Knowledge, Access and Development
(Palgrave Macmillan, 2002), 224-243. BOOK ON RESERVE.
Peter Phillips and Dan Dierker, “Public Good and Private Greed: Realizing Public
Benefits from Privatized Global Agrifood Research” in The Future of Food:
Biotechnology Markets and Policies in an International Setting (International Food
Policy Research Institute, 2001) 129-152. COPY IN DEPARTMENT.
Law and Contemporary Problems (Winter 2003). Available online at
www.law.duke.edu/journals/
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James Boyle, “The Public Domain” at
http://www.law.duke.edu/shell/cite.pl?66+Law+&+Contemp.+Probs.+1+(WinterSpring+
2003)
James Boyle, “The Second Enclosure Movement and the Construction of the Public
Domain”, available
http://www.law.duke.edu/shell/cite.pl?66+Law+&+Contemp.+Probs.+33+(WinterSpring
+2003)
Anpum Chander and Madhavi Sunder, “The Romance of the Public Domain,” California
Law Review 92: 1331-1369 (2004) NOTE THAT AS IN MOST LAW REVIEW ARTICLES, MOST
OF THESE PAGES ARE TAKEN UP BY FOOTNOTES. AVAILABLE ONLINE AT
http://www.yorku.ca/rcoombe/articles/chander.pdf
CLASS 5: February 16, 2005 (To be Rescheduled as February 16 is York reading
week).
“PROGRESS,” “DEVELOPMENT” AND HUMAN RIGHTS
United Nations Human Rights Commission Resolution (April 16, 2001)
Margaret Chon, "Postmodern Progress: Reconsidering the Copyright and Patent Power"
De Paul Law Review 43: 97-135 (1993) (edited: Omit Part II “The Missing Project of
Progress” (this is actually Part I but is mislabeled in Lexus) and start reading again at Part
II, “The Project of Progress: Progress and Modernity.” Do not read Part III “Originality
and Intent” except for the last two paragraphs and read the Conclusion.) ONLINE
Richard P. Norgaard, “The Illusions of Progress” and “The Betrayal of Progress”
in Richard B. Norgaard, Development Betrayed: The End of Progress and a
Coevolutionary Revisioning of the Future (Routledge 1994) 49-60, 1-11. ON RESERVE
AND IN DEPARTMENT..
Audrey Chapman, "A Human Rights Perspective on Intellectual Property, Scientific
Progress, and Access to the Benefits of Science" in Intellectual Property and Human
Rights (World Intellectual Property Organization, 1998) 128-141, 153-162. ALSO
COPIES IN DEPARTMENT.
Vincent Turner, “The Myth of Development: A Critique of a Eurocentric Discourse” in
Ronaldo Munck and Denis O’Hearn, eds., Critical Development Theory (Zed Books,
1999) 1-26. COPY IN DEPARTMENT AND ON RESERVE.
OR
Frederick Cooper and Randall Packard, “Introduction” in Frederick Cooper and Randall
Packard eds., International Development and the Social Sciences (University of
California, 1997) 1-41. COPY IN DEPARTMENT.
Background:
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Rosemary J. Coombe, “Intellectual Property, Human Rights and Sovereignty,” Indiana
Global Legal Studies Jnl. 6: 59-115 (1998). Available at
http://www.yorku.ca/rcoombe/publications/Intellectual_Property_Human_Rights_and_So
verei.PDF
This article puts intellectual property rights in relation to the international human rights
framework. Read pages 59-82 only.
Highly Recommended:
Balakrishnan Rajagopal, International Law From Below: Development, Social
Movements, and Third World Resistance (Cambridge University Press, 2003) 233-270.
ON RESERVE.
February 23, 2005
Ryerson Reading Week – No Class
CLASS 6: March 2, 2005
HUMAN RIGHTS, CULTURE AND CULTURAL RIGHTS
Jane Cowan et. al., Introduction in Jane Cowan, Marie Benedicte Dembour and Richard
Wilson eds., (2001) Culture and Rights: Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge
University Press, 2001) 1-26. ON RESERVE IN DEPARTMENT.
A.K. Peetush, “Cultural Diversity, Non-Western Communities and Human Rights”
Philosophical Forum 34: 1 (2003).
Bruce Robbins and Elso Stamatopolou, “Reflections on Culture and Cultural Rights”
South Atlantic Quarterly 103: 419-434 (2004). Available online at
http://www.yorku.ca/rcoombe/articles/robbins.pdf
George Yudice, “Introduction,” and “The Expediency of Culture,” in The Expediency of
Culture (Duke University Press, 2003) 1-3, 9-39. COPY IN DEPARTMENT.
Ned Rossiter, “Creative Industries, Comparative Media Theory and the Limits of Critique
from Within” Topia 11: 21-48 (2004). COPY IN DEPARTMENT.
Highly Recommended (Again):
Balakrishnan Rajagopal, International Law From Below: Development, Social
Movements, and Third World Resistance (Cambridge University Press, 2003) 233-270.
ON RESERVE. COPY IN DEPARTMENT.
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CLASS 7: March 9, 2005
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, BIODIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL
POLITICS
Richard B. Norgaard, “The Challenge of Sustainability” and “The Co-evolutionary
Process Explained” in Richard B. Norgaard, Development Betrayed (Routledge 1994) 1120, 81-91. ON RESERVE
Melissa Leach and James Fairhead, “Anthropology, Culture and the Environment” in
Jeremy MacClancy, ed., Exotic No More: Anthropology on the Front-Lines (University
of Chicago Press, 2003) 209-226. ON RESERVE
Noah Zerbe, “Contested Ownership: TRIPs, CBD and Implications for Southern African
Biodiversity” Perspectives on Global Development & Technology 294 (2002).
Kathleen McAfee, “Selling Nature to Save it? Biodiversity and Green
Developmentalism,” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 17: 133 (1997).
Available online at http://www.yale.edu/forestry/mcafee/sellingnature.html
Background:
For an overview of the various NGOs active in the area of policy-making with respect to
biodiversity, traditional knowledge, and intellectual property see Geoff Tansey, Study on
the Relationship Between the Agreement on TRIPs and Biodiversity Related Issues.
Report for the DG Trade Commission, September 2000.
CLASS 8: March 16, 2005
PROTECTING TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE
Crucible Group II, “Knowledge” in Seeding Solutions: Policy Options for Plant Genetic
Resources Volume One (Ottawa: International Development Research Centre, 2000) 7282. COPY IN DEPARTMENT.
Graham Dutfield, Protecting Traditional Knowledge and Folklore: A Review of Progress
in Diplomacy and Policy Formation (UNCTAD and ICTSD, October 2002) 1-38. IN
DEPARTMENT. REPLACE WITH COTTIER (2003).
Indigenous Rights
M. Battiste, Protecting Indigenous Knowledge and Heritage (Regina: Purlich Publishers,
2000) 191-201. ON RESERVE. IN DEPARTMENTS.
Background:
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Nino de Carvallis, “From the Shaman’s Hut to the Patent Office: In Search of Effective
Protection for Traditional Knowledge” (Forthcoming from Cambridge University Press,
2005). A good survey of developments at the World Intellectual Property Organization.
Available online
“Being” “Indigenous”
Robert Hitchcock, “We are the First People: Land, Natural Resources and Identity in the
Central Kalahari, Botswana” Journal of Southern African Studies 28: 797 (2002).
AND
Courtney Jung, “The Politics of Indigenous Identity: Neoliberalism, Cultural Rights and
the Mexican Zapatistas” Social Research 70: 433 (2003). Online at
http://www.yorku.ca/rcoombe/articles/jung.pdf
AND
Tania Li, “Locating Indigenous Environmental Knowledge in Indonesia”
121-144. exact cite to be located
Background:
For an understanding of the global context in which an indigenist movement has emerged
see Ron Niezen, “A New Global Phenomenon” and “Sources of Global Identity” in Ron
Niezen, The Origins of Indigenism (University of California Press, 2003) 1-28, 53-92.
ON RESERVE.
For a comprehensive discussion of the lack of any singular definition of indigenous
peoples in international law and arguments in favour of a constructivist position, see
Benedict Kingsbury, “Indigenous Peoples” in International Law: A Constructivist
Approach to the Asian Controversy” American Journal of International Law 92: 414
(1998).
CLASS 9: March 23, 2005
KNOWLEDGE AND COMMUNITY IDENTITY: CONTESTED CONCEPTS
Agarwal, "Dismantling the Divide Between Indigenous and Scientific Knowledge" 26
Development and Change (1995) 413-439. IN DEPARTMENT
Arturo Escobar, "Whose Knowledge, Whose Nature? Biodiversity Conservation and the
Political Ecology of Social Movements" 5 Journal of Political Ecology (1998) (17
pages).
L. Shane Greene, “Indigenous Peoples Incorporated: Culture as Politics, Culture as
Property in Contemporary Bioprospection Deals” Current Anthropology 44: (2004).
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Raymond l. Bryant, “Non-Governmental Organizations and Governmentality:
‘Consuming’ Biodiversity and Indigenous People in the Phillipines,” Political Studies 50:
268 (2002).
CLASS 10: March 30, 2005
INFORMATION WANTS TO BE FREE? OPEN SOURCE AND PEER TO PEER
POLITICS
Siva Vaidanathan, The Anarchist in the Library (Basic Books, 2003) pages tba. THIS
BOOK WILL BE ORDERED BY YORK BOOKSTORE.
Larry Lessig, Free Culture (2004) pages tba. Available online at
http://www.canadiandemocraticmovement.ca/pdf/freeculture.pdf
The first fifteen pages of the published version of Mackenzie Wark, The Hacker
Manifesto (Harvard University Press 2004) are
available at http://www.hup.harvard.edu/pdf/WARHAC.pdf
Rosemary J. Coombe and Andrew Herman, “Rhetorical Virtues: Property, Speech and
the Commons on the World-wide Web,” Anthropological Quarterly 77: 559-574 (2004) .
Available online at http://aq.gwu.edu/%7Egwaq/aq_cultures_opensources.pdf (pp. 59-74)
or http://www.yorku.ca/rcoombe/publications/Coombe_and_Herman_Rhetorical_Virtues.pdf
CLASS 11: April 6, 2005
THE COPYRIGHTING OF CULTURE AND THE PROBLEM OF CULTURAL
APPROPRIATIONS
Peter Jaszi and Martha Woodmansee, "The Ethical Reaches of Authorship," 95 South
Atlantic Quarterly 947 -970 (1996). ON RESERVE
Philip Scher, “Copyright Heritage: Preservation, Carnival and the State in Trinidad”
Anthropological Quarterly 75: 453 (2002).
Michael Brown, “Cultures and Copyrights” in Michael Brown, Who Owns Native
Culture? (Harvard University Press, 2003) 43-68. ON RESERVE.
Rosemary J. Coombe, “Fear, Hope and Longing for the Future of Authorship in a
Revitalized Public Domain” De Paul Law Review 52: 1171-1191(2003).
Smiers, J. “A Convention on Cultural Diversity: from WTO to UNESCO” Media
International Australia 111: 81-96 (2004). TO BE OBTAINED FROM LIBRARIES.
Background:
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Recent WIPO Report on the Protection of Folklore or Cultural Expressions (August
2003).
CLASS 12: THIS WOULD HAVE TO BE A MAKE-UP OR EXTEND THE TERM
PHARMACEUTICALS AND TRADITIONAL MEDICINE (these readings would
be updated if students chose this module)
Ellen ‘t Hoen, “Public Health and International Law: TRIPs, Pharmaceutical Patents and
Access to Essential Medicines: A Long Way from Seattle to Doha.” Chicago Journal of
International Law 3: 27 (2002).
”Symposium: Global Intellectual Property Rights, Boundaries of Access and
Enforcement: Aid Drugs and the Developing World. The Role of Patents in the Access
of Medicines.” Fordham Intellectual Property, Media and Entertainment Law Journal
12: 675 (2002).
Post Doha Developments: See Talk at SARAI website.URL to be provided.
“Intellectual Property Rights and Traditional Medicine: Policy Dilemmas at the
Interface.” Social Science and Medicine 7: 745-756 (2003).
Gerard Bodeker, “Traditional Medical Knowledge, Intellectual Property Rights and
Benefit Sharing” 11 Cardozo Journal of International Law 11: 785 –811 (2003).
Available online at http://www.yorku.ca/rcoombe/articles/boedeker.pdf
Background:
Kelly A, Friedgen, “Rethinking the Struggle Between Health and Intellectual Property: A
Proposed Framework for Dynamic rather than absolute Patent Protection of Essential
Medicines” Emory Int'l L. Review 16: 689 (2002).
PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES AND THE DILEMMA OF FARMERS RIGHTS
David A. Cleveland and Stephen C. Murray, "The World's Crop Genetic Resources and
the Rights of Indigenous Farmers" Current Anthropology 38: 477-515 (1997) With
comments by other anthropologists. ALSO COPY IN DEPARTMENT..
Josep-Antoni Gari, "Biodiversity Conservation and Use: Local and Global
Considerations" Science, Technology and Development Discussion Paper, Harvard
University (2000).COPY IN DEPARTMENT.
Stephen Brush, "Bioprospecting the Public Domain" 14 Cultural Anthropology 535 - 555
(1999).ON RESERVE. COPY IN DEPARTMENT.
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How TRIPs threatens biodiversity and food sovereignty: Conclusions and
Recommendations from NGO Perspectives (2003). Available online at
http://www.grain.org/rights/tripsreview.cfm?id=16
BIODIVERSITY POLITICS
Neil Harvey, “Globalisation and Resistance in Post-Cold War Mexico: Difference,
Citizenship and Biodiversity Conflicts in Chiapas” Third World Quarterly 22: 1045-1061
(2001).
Michael Brown, “Ethnobotany Blues” in Michael Brown, Who Owns Native Culture?
(Harvard University Press, 2003) 95-143. ON RESERVE.
Brent and Elois Ann Berlin, “Prior Informed Consent and Bioprospecting in Chiapas,” in
Mary Riley, ed., Indigenous Intellectual Property Rights: Legal Obstacles and Innovative
Solutions (Alta Mira Press, 2004) 341-363.IN DEPARTMENT
CLASS TRADEMARKS: PROTECTING GROUPS, CULTURE AND ORIGINS?
Janet Mc Gowan, "What's In a Name? Can Native Americans control outsiders use of
their tribal names?" 18(4) Cultural Survival Quarterly 11-15 (1995).IN DEPARTMENT.
Michael Brown, “Sign Wars” in Michael Brown, Who Owns Native Culture (Harvard
University Press, 2003) 69-94. ON RESERVE.
Warren Moran, “Rural Space as Intellectual Property.” Political Geography 12: 263 - 277
(1993). Online at http://www.yorku.ca/rcoombe/articles/moran.pdf
ON RESERVE IN DEPARTMENT.
L. Berard and P. Marchenay, "Tradition, Regulation, and Intellectual Property: Local
Agricultural Products and Foodstuffs in France" in Valuing Local Knowledge
(Washington: Island Press, 1996) 230-242. ON RESERVE IN DEPARTMENT.
Christina Grasseni, “Packaging Skills: Calibrating Cheese to the Global Market” in Susan
Strasser, ed., Commodifying Everything (University of Indiana Press, 2003). 259-288.
ON RESERVE IN DEPARTMENT.
CLASS
A RIGHT TO CULTURAL DIVERSITY?
Goldsmith, Ben. Cultural diversity, cultural networks and trade: international
cultural policy debate. Media International Australia (Feb 2002) :35. (Volume no?).
Hammett-Jamart, J. Regulating diversity: cultural diversity, national film
policy and the international coproduction of films. Media International
Australia 111: 46-62 (2004).
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