Supplementary Table 1: Increase in rs1051730 Minor allele frequency as a function of increased CPD consumption level, as shown
in three independent studies
(Thorgeirsson et al, 2008,80; Weiss et al, 2008,82; Spitz et al, 2008,103).
Thorgeirsson (Iceland sample)
Number of
CPD
1 to 10
11 to 20
21 to 30
31 and more
0.305
0.35
0.38
0.391
Weiss (all sample)
0.359
0.365
0.388
0.428
Spitz
(cases)
0.35
0.37
0.44
0.41
Supplementary Table 2: nAChR genes, personality traits, neurocognition and ND - Key findings
1. General notions
Tobacco use associated with personality traits (such as
neuroticism and impulsivity) and neurocognitive functions
Genetic variants may mediate ND via their influence on
personality traits.
Direct contribution of variants within nAChR encoding genes to
personality is part of a complex interaction of genes, environment
and personality factors in smoking behavior.
Pomerleau et al, 1992,192; Lipkus et al, 1994,193; Patton,
1997,194; Etter et al, 2003,195; Rezvani and Levin, 2001,206;
Newhouse et al, 2004,207
Ebstein, 2006,190; Kreek et al, 2005,191
Greenbaum et al, 2006,81; Rigbi et al, 200,189; Goodwin and
Hamilton, 2002,201
2. Attention, impulsivity, nAChRs and susceptibility to ND
High prevalence of smoking among individuals diagnosed with
ADHD compared to non-smokers.
Association of several SNPs in CHRNA4 with ADHD and
visuospatial attention
Performance on some cognitive tests is modified by specific
variants in nAchR genes, mostly in CHRNA4, CHRNA7 and
CHRNB3.
Lambert et al, 1998,210
Brookes et al, 2006,213; Todd et al, 2003,214; Lee et al,
2008,211; Comings et al, 2000,215; Lee et al, 2008,211; Bobb et
al, 2005,216
Greenwood et al, 2005,217; Rigbi et al, 2008,189; Greenwood et
al, 2008,218.
3. nAChR genes, neuroticism and ND
A connection between neuroticism and smoking is well
established.
Variants in nAChRs, neuroticism and novelty seeking were found
to contribute to models of smoking initiation and ND.
Genetically manipulated α4, β3 and β4 mice display altered level
of anxiety in several behavioral tests.
Kendler et al, 1999,188; Patton et al, 1997,194; Byrne et al,
1995,219; Kassel and Unrod, 2000,221
Greenbaum et al, 2006,81
Salas et al, 2003,70; Labarca et al, 2001,222; Ross et al,
2000,223; Booker et al, 2007,224