Minia J. of Agric. Res. & Develop.
Vol. (31) No. 1 pp 67-80, 2011
FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE
SURVEY OF ARTHROPODOUS AND EFFECT OF COTTON
BOLLWORMS INSECTICIDES ON PIERCING-SUCKING
PESTS AND THEIR ASSOCIATED PREDATORS IN
COTTON FIELD AT ASSIUT DISTRICT
A.G. Ali; A.A.A. Salem and A. K. Abou El-Saad
Plant Protection Research Institute, A.R.C., Giza, Egypt.
Received 5 May
2011
Accepted 29 May 2011
ABSTRACT
Survey of arthropodous fauna on cotton was carried out at
Assiut district from the first week of July till the end of 2008 cotton
growing season. The experiment was carried out weekly on four
plots treated with different insecticides, leaving untreated plot as
control. Results indicated the occurrence of 36 insect and mite
species, pertaining to 24 families of 11 orders, in addition to some
unidentified species of true spiders. The most dominant and
abundant of piercing-sucking pests were: Empoasca spp., Aphis
gossypii and Campylomma impecta. Meanwhile, true spiders,
Scymnus spp. and Orius spp. were the common predators. The
results also showed that, population density of the piercing-sucking
pests increased gradually and reached the maximum during the
fourth week of July then decreased gradually till the end of the
season. Concerning the insecticide treatments, Cloroban pesticide
was less effective on the piercing-sucking pests, followed by
Curacron. Agristar and Bestox were the most destructive
insecticides on the piercing-sucking pests. On the other hand, all
tested insecticides were unsafe on the predators, and can be
arranged descendingly according to their toxicity to predators as
follows: Bestox, Curacron, Cloroban and Agristar. Finally, all
tested insecticides were harmful to pests and predators occurred in
cotton fields.
A.G Ali et al.
INTRODUCTION
Cotton crop, Gossypium barbadense Linn. is subjected to attack
by several pests in Egypt causing severe damage in quantity and
quality of the crop. Recently, the piercing-sucking pests are
considered the most important pests, causing major economic damage
to the cotton plants from seedling stage until crop maturation (ElSayed et al., 1976; Mohamed, 1986; Helaly et al., 1994; Hassanein et
al., 1995; Abdel-Galil et al., 2002 and Nassef & Nassef, 2003). Many
authors discussed the population densities of predators in cotton fields
and studied their role in regulating cotton pests in Egypt (Hafez, 1972;
Ali et al., 1975; El-Heneidy et al., 1979; Hamed et al., 1983; AbdelFattah et al., 1987; Gharib, 1992; Abbas & El-Deeb, 1993 and AboShaeshae, 2001).
The use of pesticides was the basis of most efforts to control
cotton pests. Recently, Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation
started to implement new strategies for the use of pesticides in pest
control management. Among these strategies; biological control
agents (Predators and Parasitoids) of certain serious pests attacking
cotton plants.
The present work was conduced to survey the arthropodous
fauna inhabiting cotton fields in order to determine the dominance and
abundance of the major piercing-sucking pests and their associated
predators. The relative abundance of the piercing-sucking pests and
their predators in untreated and treated cotton plants was also studied.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Experimental outline:
Survey and population densities of the piercing-sucking pests
and their associated predators prevailing in cotton fields were studied
at Mousha Province, Assiut Governorate during 2008 season from the
first week of July till the end of the season. An area of 5 feddans
cultivated with cotton, variety Giza 93 was divided into 5 plots
(1 feddan / each). Four plots were treated with different chemical
insecticides in order to control the cotton bollworms and the remaining
one did not receive any insecticides and served as a control. The
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Piercing-sucking pests in cotton field at Assiut district
control treatment was used to study the fauna composition of the
athropodous exhibiting cotton fields. The insecticides used and the
time of spraying were as tabulated.
Pesticide group
Pyrethroids
Commercial
Dose/
name
feddan
165
Bestox
cm
500
Agristar
Organophosphorus
cm
Curacron
Cloroban
750
cm
1 L.
Time of spraying*
First
Second
Third
5/7
26/7
18/8
5/7
26/7
18/8
8/7
23/7
9/8
8/7
23/7
9/8
* Pesticide applications were practiced on July 5th at 3 week intervals in
case of pyrethroids and 2 week interval in case of the organophosphorus.
Sampling technique:
To study the fauna composition of arthropodous and their
associated predators exhibiting untreated cotton plantation, the sweepnet (15 inches in diameters) was used. Also, the same technique was
used to determine the population densities of the piercing-sucking
pests and their predators in the untreated and treated cotton plantation.
Weekly samples were randomly taken (100 net strokes) from
untreated and treated growing cotton (Samhan, 2003). Each collected
sample was placed in a labeled collecting muslin bag and transferred
to the laboratory. Collected arthropods were killed by chloroform and
examined for counting and identification by means of stereoscopic
microscope. Numbers of species of each sample were recorded.
Identification of collected arthropods was made by specialists of insect
classification Department, Plant Protection Research Institute,
Agricultural Research Center.
From the forementioned counts, the dominance, abundance
degrees and the relative abundance of the piercing-sucking pests and
their predators were determined.
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A.G Ali et al.
Dominance degrees (D) for the identified species were calculated
according to the formula of Facylate (1971):
D = t/T x 100 where,
t= Total number of each species during the collecting periods.
T= Total number of all species collected during the same collecting
periods.
Abundance degrees (A) of the pests and their associated
predators during the collecting periods were calculated according to
the formula of Facylate (1971):
A = n/N x 100 where,
n= Number of samples in which each species appeared.
N= Number of samples taken allover the season
To calculate the Reduction (R%) in number of the predators
Abbott's formula (Abbott, 1925) was used
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Fauna composition of arthropodous species in the untreated
cotton fields:
The surveyed of arthropoda recovered from the untreated cotton
plants are listed in Table 1. Arthropod (36) species pertaining to 24
families under 11 orders were identified. Certain unidentified species
of the true spiders (order: Araneae) were also collected. The list
indicated that, order Hemiptea recorded the highest number of species
(9), followed by Coleoptera (6), Homoptera (5), both Hymenoptera
and Lepidoptera (4), Diptera and Orthoptera (2), then Dictyoptera,
Neuroptera and Thysanoptera (1). The two-spotted spider mite,
Tetranychus arabicus was also recoded.
Regarding to families, the coccinellidae and Noctuidae have the
highest number of species (4) followed by Lygaeidae (3), while
Aphididae, Anthocoridae, Miridae, Jassidae and Acrididae (2). Rest
of families have recorded 1 species. Abdel-Galil et al. (1982) recorded
eighteen species of insects and one species of Araneae in cotton fields,
in Upper Egypt.
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Piercing-sucking pests in cotton field at Assiut district
Table 1:
Order
Araneae
Partial list of arthropodous fauna recovered from
untreated cotton fields, Assiut, 2008.
Family
Various
families
Common name
Scientific name
Remarks
True spiders
Unidentified species
B
Tetranychus arabicus
A
Acari
Tetranychidae
Two spotted
spider mite
Dictyoptera
Mantidae
Praying mantids
Orthoptera
Acrididae
Thysanoptera
Thripidae
Clover
grasshoppers
Egyptian locust
Cotton thrips
Hemiptera
Anthocoridae
Flower bug
Flower bug
Lygaeidae
Cotton seed bug
Large bigeyed
bug
Seed bug
Miridae
Bad-shedder bugs
Nabidae
Pentotomidae
Aphididae
Campylomma
bugs
Damsel bugs
Green stink bugs
Cotton aphid
Aleyrodidae
Cotton whitefly
Jassidae
Leaf hoppers
Neuroptera
Chrysopidae
Leaf hoppers
Green lacewing
Lepidoptera
Noctuidae
Cotton cut worm
Homoptera
Cotton leaf worm
Spiny boll worm
Pink boll worm
-71-
Sphodromantis bioculata
Burm
Eypreponemis aloans
(Charp.)
Anacridium aegyptium L.
Thrips tabaci Lind.
Orius albidipennis
(Rossi)
Orius laevigatus (F.)
Oxycarenus hyalinipennis
Costa
Geocoris pallidipennis
(Rossi)
Nysius gramincohus
Kolenut
Creontides pallidus
Rambur
Campylomma impicta
(Wan.)
Nabis viridis Koch
Nezara viridula L.
Aphis gossypii Glover
Aphidius sp.
Bemisia tabaci (Genn.)
Emposasca descipiens
Padi
Empoasca lybica (Ninfa)
Chrysopa carnea Steph.
Spodoptera exigua
(Hubner)
Spodoptera littoralis
(Boisd.)
Earias insulana (Boisd.)
Pectinophora gossypiella
(Saund.)
B
A
A
A
B
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
A
C
A
A
A
B
A
A
A
A
A.G Ali et al.
Table 1: Cont.
Common
Order
Family
Scientific name
Remarks
Coccinella undecimpunctata L.
B
Scymnus interruptus Goeze
B
Scymnus syracus Mars.
B
Scymnus pallipediformis Gun.
B
Phytonomus variabilis Herbst
A
Paederus alfierii Koch
B
name
Ladybird
Coleoptera
Coccinellidae
beetles
Clover leaf
Cuculionidae
weevil
Rove
Staphylinidae
beetles
Hymenoptera
Apidae
Honey bee
Aphis mellifera
D
Braconidae
braconids
Bracon sp.
C
Trichogramma sp.
C
Polistes gallica L.
B
Minute egg
Trichogrammatidae
parasite
Yellow
Vespidae
wasps
Diptera
A = Pest
C = Parasitoid
Muscidae
House fliy
Musca domestica L.
D
Syrphidae
Hover fliy
Syrphus corollae F.
B
B = Predator
D = Visitor
Dominance and abundance degrees of sucking pests and
associated predators:
Data in Table 2 show the dominance and abundance degrees of
the piercing-sucking pests and the associated predators in cotton field
at Assiut Governorate during 2008 season. It is clear that the pests
dominated over the predators. The total numbers of the pest species
comprised 64.77% of the total number of pests and predator species
-72-
Piercing-sucking pests in cotton field at Assiut district
collected during the period which extended from the first week of July
to the end of the cotton growing season, 2008. The corresponding
percentage of predator species was 35.23%. On the other hand, most
serious pests on late cotton season in the studied area were; Empoasca
spp., Aphis gossypii and Campylomma impicta, which had high values
43.08% & 96.88%; 31.75% & 68.75%; and 12.24% & 61.54% for
both dominance and abundance degrees, respectively. The low
dominance and abundance degrees of Bemisia tabaci, Thrips tabaci
and Nezara viridula were 4.90% & 37.50%; 5.97% & 53.13% and
2.07% & 25.00%, respectively. This may be indicated that, these
pests could not be considered as economic pests during the late cotton
season.
The highest degrees of the dominance and abundance of certain
predators such as: true spiders, Scymnus spp. and Orius spp. with
occurrence percentages of 36.56% & 100.00%; 24.61% & 100.00%
and 20.24% & 100.00%, respectively, indicated that these species are
well established themselves in the studied area.
In general, true spiders seemed to be the dominant predator in
the experimental cotton field of Assiut, followed by Scymnus spp.,
then Orius spp. The dominance degrees of the examined pests were in
general greater than those of the recovered predators. The lower
density of the predators in the late cotton season may be due mainly to
the decreasing of the pests and/or the migration of these predators to
the adjacent plants.
These results for certain extent are agreed with those recorded by
Abdel-Galil (1971) was found that true spiders were considered one of
the most dominant predaceous arthropods in cotton fields, it's
appeared during April and reach it's peak throughout June, July and
August. On the other hand, El-Heneidy et al. (1979) reported that,
Orius spp. seemed to be the dominant predator followed by the spiders
in cotton field at El-Fayoum Governorate. Nassef et al. (1996) stated
that, the common dominant predators recorded on cotton plants were
P. alfierii followed by C.undecimpunctata , Scymnus spp., true
spiders, Orius spp. and Ch.carnea
-73-
A.G Ali et al.
Table 2: Dominance and abundance degrees (D & A) of the
piercing-sucking pests and their predators recovered
from untreated cotton fields, Assiut, 2008.
No. of individuals/100 net strokes
Piercing sucking pests
Species
No.
D%
A. gossypii
830 31.75
B. tabaci
128
4.90
Empoasca spp. 1126 43.08
N. viridula
54
2.07
C. impecta
320 12.24
T. tabaci
156
5.97
Total
G. Total
Dominance %
2614
64.77
A%
68.75
37.50
96.88
25.00
61.54
53.13
Predators
Species
No.
D%
C. undecimpunctata
43
3.02
Scymnus spp.
350 24.61
P. alfierii
58
4.08
G. pallidipennis
10
0.70
N. viridis
15
1.05
Orius spp.
290 20.40
C. pallidus
67
4.71
C. carnea
57
4.01
S. biculata
12
0.84
True spiders
520 36.56
Total
1422
4036
35.23
A%
31.25
100.00
37.50
25.00
18.75
100.00
62.50
50.00
43.75
100.00
Population densities of the piercing-sucking pests and their
predators in untreated and treated cotton fields:
Data in Table 3 show the total numbers of the piercing-sucking
pests recovered from the untreated and treated cotton fields during
2008 season. The number of the piercing-sucking pests/100 net
strokes in the control plot was 85 individuals on 10th July. The
number increased gradually to reach the peak (268 individuals/100 net
strokes) in the fourth week of July then decreased gradually till the
end of the season, ranging between 28 to 188 individuals/100 net
strokes. Abdel-Galil et al. (2002) reported that leafhoppers, whiteflies,
cotton aphid and spider mites were the most encounted pests
inhabiting cotton fields at seedling and foliage stages.
Concerning the treated plots, the total numbers of the piercingsucking pests were in the of range 22 to 48 individuals/100 net strokes
on 10th July after the application of insecticides. A decrease in number
was always noticed in the treated plots compared with the control till
the end of the season. The data of Table 3 also show that, cloroban
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Piercing-sucking pests in cotton field at Assiut district
pesticide was less effective on the pests (567 individuals), followed by
Curacron (552 individuals). Meanwhile, Agristar and Bestox recorded
(314 and 406 individuals), respectively were the most destructive
insecticides on piercing-sucking pests. Collman and All (1982)
mentioned that the pyrethroids insecticides were the most effective
toxicant against all the life stage on the greenhouse whitefly. The
increase in the late season population of the pests may be due to the
decrease in the early season populations of the predators in the treated
fields (Nassef and Nassef, 2003).
Table 3:
Sampling
date
10/7/2008
17
24
31
7/8
14
21
28
4/9
11
Total
Numbers of piercing-sucking pests recovered from
treated and untreated cotton fields, Assiut, 2008.
Control
85
170
198
268
188
116
122
96
63
28
1334
Number of pests/100 net strokes
Treated plots
Organophosphorus
pyrethroids
Curacron
Cloroban Bestox
Agristar
36
48
26
22
110
86
32
17
44
52
56
45
90
48
24
32
64
44
32
26
38
100
30
38
50
68
78
66
70
57
60
28
33
42
54
26
18
22
13
14
552
567
405
314
The relative abundance of predator species associated with
piercing-sucking pests are summarized in Table 4. In the control plot
it could be arranged in the descending orders according to their
densities as follows: true spiders, Scymnus spp., Orius spp.,
C.pallidus, P.alfierii, Ch.carnea, C.undicimpunctata, N.viridis and G.
pallidipennis. The total number of these predators in the late season
were, 520, 350, 290, 67, 58, 57, 43, 15 and 10, respectively.
-75-
A.G Ali et al.
Table 4: Relative abundance of predators recovered from
untreated and treated cotton fields, Assiut, 2008.
C. carnea
C. pallidus
Coccinella spp.
G. pallidipennis
Orius spp.
P. alfierii
N. viridis
Scymnus spp.
True spiders
Total
Mean
57
10
67
14
43
15
10
8
290
22
58
3
15
13
350
35
520
460
1410
580
156.67 64.44
82.46
79.10
65.12
20.00
92.41
94.83
13.33
90.00
11.54
28
22
13
6
77
18
11
63
390
627
69.67
50.88
67.16
69.76
40.00
73.45
68.97
26.67
82.20
25.00
17
11
13
5
16
7
4
30
420
523
58.11
70.18
83.58
69.76
50.00
94.48
87.93
73.33
91.43
19.23
25
18
38
7
12
20
8
55
480
663
73.67
R%
Agristar
R%
Bestox
R%
Cloroban
R%
Curacron
Predators
Control
Number of individuals/100 net strokes
Treated plots
Organophosphorus
Pyrethroids
56.14
73.13
11.63
30.00
95.86
65.52
46.67
84.29
7.69
In the treated plots, the number of predators decreased
dramatically after insecticides application. All tested pesticides were
found to be unsafety on predators. It could be arranged in the
descending orders according to their effectiveness as follows: Bestox,
Curacon, Cloroban and Agristar. The total numbers of predators in
untreated after application with these forementioned insecticides were:
523, 580, 627 and 663 respectively. Many authors studies the
population abundance of major predators occurring in cotton fields
(Ibrahim, 1962; Habib et al., 1976; El-Heneidy et al., 1979 and
Hamed et al., 1983), they indicated that the successive application of
pesticides to control pests badly affected the natural enemies, for this
reason the population of the piercing-sucking pests increased to
considerable levels, causing injury in cotton yield.
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Piercing-sucking pests in cotton field at Assiut district
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‫‪A.G Ali et al.‬‬
‫حصر مفصليات االرجل وتأثير مبيدات ديدان اللوز على الحشرات الثاقبة‬
‫الماصة ومفترساتها فى حقول القطن فى منطقة اسيوط ‪.‬‬
‫عبد العليم جابر علي ‪ ،‬عالء الدين عبد القادر أحمد سالم ‪ ،‬أيمن كامل أبو السعد‬
‫معهد بحوث وقاية النبات ‪ ،‬مركز البحوث الزراعية – الجيزة – مصر‬
‫أجريتته هتتلد الدراست باتتدا دراست العركيتتص التتتوعي لملتتتلياه ا رجتتل العتتي ععواجتتد‬
‫علتتي تتاعتتاه القيتتن ميتتر المعاملت وكتتللث دراست العتتخدير المتاتتتر استتع دام مبيتتداه ديتتدان‬
‫اللوز علي ععداد الحتراه الداقت المات والملعرساه المتاحت لاا تال موستم ‪. 2008‬‬
‫وفيما يلي أهم التعائج‪:‬‬
‫ستتجله التعتتائج ‪ 36‬توع تام متتن ملتتتلياه ا رجتتل عتعمتتي لتتي ‪ 24‬فتتتيل و ‪ 11‬رعت ت‬
‫حتتتري تاافتتاف لتتي تعتت ا تتتوار ميتتر المعرفتت متتن العتابتتص الحقيقيتت العاتعتت لرعتتت‬
‫‪ . Araneida‬ووجتتتد أن حتتتتراه تيايتتتاه ا ورال ‪ ،‬متتتن القيتتتن ‪ ،‬بتتت التتتتتاه هتتتي أهتتتم‬
‫الحتتتتراه الداقتتتت الماتتتت عواجتتتدام علتتتي تتاعتتتاه القيتتتن متتتن حيتتتس درجتتت الستتتياد والتتتوفر‬
‫العددي ‪ ،‬في حين كاته العتابص الحقيقي ‪ ،‬حتر أبي العيد‪ ،‬سكمتس ‪ ،‬حتر ب ا وريتس‬
‫هتي أهتتم الملعرستتاه ستتياد ووفتر عدديت تالتستتت لتتتاقي ا تتوار ا تترم متتن الملعرستتاه ‪.‬‬
‫وقتد وجتتد أن درجت الستتياد لنفتتاه كاتتته عاليت مقارتت تستتياد الملعرستتاه المتتتاحت لاتتا‬
‫وأن الحتراه الداقت المات ستجله أعلتي ععتداد لاتا فتي تاايت تتار يوليتو دتم أ تله فتي‬
‫العتاقص عدريجيام حعي تااي الموسم‪.‬‬
‫كما أوفتحه الدراست أن جميت المبيتداه المستع دم كتان لاتا عتخدير فعتا علتي كتالم‬
‫من الحتراه الداقت الماتت والملعرستاه‪ .‬ستجل مبيتد كلوروتتان أقتل عتخدير علتي الحتتراه‬
‫الداقتت الماتت يليت مبيتتد كتتورابرون بيتمتتا كاتتته المبيتتداه أجريستتعار وتستتعوكس لو عتتخدير‬
‫عتتالي فتتي ل ت ععتتداد الحت تراه الداقت ت المات ت كمتتا أمكتتن عرعيتتص المبيتتداه المستتع دم‬
‫عتازليتتتام علتتتي حستتتص تتتتد ستتتميعاا علتتتي الملعرستتتاه كمتتتا يلتتتي‪ :‬تستتتعوكس ‪ ،‬كتتتورابرون ‪،‬‬
‫كلوروتان وأجريسعار‪.‬‬
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Piercing-sucking pests in cotton field at Assiut district
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A.G Ali et al.
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