1. Latin 52: Prose
I. Syllabus & Emphasis
1. Reading Latin ‘prose’ texts (i.e. no poets – Virgil, Ovid, Horace, Catullus)
2. Grammatical Proficiency (Clauses & Subjunctives)
3. Vocabulary-building (thematic presentation of words)
4. Class Structure (generally)
(1) Grammar/Vocab (REVIEW + NEW)
(2) Hist/Cult lecture > Q&A + Discussion
1. Comparative: Roman vs. contemp. American/West. values/tastes
2. Critical Evaluation
3. New Insights (from your own experience/exposure)***
(3) Text: Translation & Questions/Comments (difficulties/interestings)
5. EXPECTATIONS (1) class attendance (2) preparation for trans (3) Qz & Tst
II. Materials & WWW
1. website (running vocabulary, dictionaries, text sites, links)
III. Prose? – What are the characteristics of prose? Why use it?
1. Prose vs. Poetry
1. metrical pattern & rhymes
2. truth-value? (non-fiction vs. fiction?) – ‘rationalizing/argumentative’
3. Rules in prose (more freedom ‘license’ in por
2. Genres of Prose
1. History & Biography
2. Letters (personal & official) Pamphlets
3. Laws, Speeches, Decrees
4. Hand/Textbooks (rhetoric/agriculture/architecture/military strategy)
(science/medicine/geography/philosophical system/)
5. Novels/Tales
3. Sophistication of Prose
1. elaborate rules (established by Greeks & adapted by Romans)
2. Rome: ‘Golden Age’ = Cicero/late 1st c/End of Republic
4. Historical Introduction: Livy as Ciceronian & Augustan
III. Review (8 Parts of speech > 3 categories)
1. Verbs (V)
2. Declinables (N, PN, ADJ) + Ptc/Gerunds/Gerundives/Supines/Infinitives
3. Connective Particles (COJ, ADV, Prep, Interj) > join words/phrases/sentences
Verbs (‘conjugation’)
Declinables (‘case’)
Connectives
Main Verbs
1) indicative (C. mox veniet)
2) subj (C mox veniat)
3)
N
PN
ADJ
CONJ
et
sed
ADV
PRP
saepe
cum
semper ad
mox
ab
Quia
quamquam
cum
Infinitive
Gerund
Supine
IV. Diagnostic Test
Ptc
Gdv
Int
heu
1. GRK 111: Greek Prose Style - Introduction
I. Syllabus
1. Review of Grammatical Constructions (balance of NH & Smyth)
2. Friday hand-in written sentences
3. Mondays – Translation (G > E)
a. arrangement by Genres
Purposes of Prose Composition
1. remedy the deficiency in conversational
2. Tradition (ancients & moderns – Verse Composition)
3. Fruit: Textual criticism & restoration
II. Greek Prose – A Brief survey
1. Poetry > Prose
2. Ionia
3. Genres (in chronological order)
a. Historiography & Related Genres
(1) Geography (2) Genealogies & King-Lists
1. prose = language of rationalizing > separating myth from history
b. Philosophy: Cosmology
III. Lesson 1: The definite Article
1. CLAS 21: The Greeks in Time, Space
Syllabus
1. Texts
2. Website
3. Expectations (1) reading (2) attendance (3) assignments
I. Greeks in Time: Mapping the Old World of the East
1. NE was ancient before Greece was an entity
2. NE = highly evolved & organized “high cultures”
3. Influences on West: numerous & significant > **debate on extent
1. ‘Semites’ & Language/Alphabet
2. Artistic & architectural motifs
1. Eastern Civilizations ‘Near East’ (M-E-L-A-P) – ca. 4000-323 b.c.
***4 major River-based societies (Mesop-Egypt-Indus R.-China (Hwang Ho R)
1. Mesopotamia (N & S) – modern Iraq, Kuwait – RIVER-Based (3200 bc)
1. Sumerians (< Indus Valley?)
2. Akkadians
3. Babylonia
3. Assyrians
2. Egypt – Egypt & N. Sudan (RIVER-Based)
1. power & religious centers (Memphis, Thebes)
2. dominated by Pharoahs (ruler-gods), Priest-aristocracy
3. Levant – Syria, Lebanon & Palestine, Israel, Jordan
(Fr. ‘Orient’ = Ar. Mashriq – sun ‘rise’)
***important role as intermediary between EAST & GREEKS
1. Urartu
2. Phoenicians
a. chief maritime competitors of Greeks in W. Mediterranean
3. Jews
4. Anatolia – Asia Minor – Turkey
1. Hittites (capital: Hattusa)
2. Phrygians – Trojans - Lydians
5. Persia – Iran
1. Medes
2. Persian Empire
2. Measuring Achievement: Near East
1. Political & Social Organization
a. Kings, Priest-Kings, Priests & Class stratification (by profession)
1. “theocratic”
b. Urban Centers (polis?)
1. Uruk
2. Ur
3. Babylon
4. Assur – Nineveh – Nimrud (Sunni Triangle)
c. Law & Lawcodes (Hammurabi 17th c. Old Babylonian Empire)
2. Militarism & Empire
a. Empire-building > Mass enslavements & deportations
b. ** Mighty hostile empires never reached Greece (exc. Persia)
a. “Fringe Effect”
c. Rise & Fall of Empires a constant
3. Cultural & Artistic
a. Writing (1) hieroglyphs (2) pictographs > cuneiform
b. Literature (Epic Poetry infl. Greeks)
c. Music
4. Economics
a. Farming & Technology (esp. Irrigation) > beyond subsistence farming
b. Tech: tools & metallurgy (*Metals = Oil in modern world)
5. Religion, Myth & Afterlife
a. Religious Space & Structures (mandated by ruler-priest)
1. Ziggurats (akin to pyramids > temple at top)
b. divinities well articulated (Sumerians onward)
III. Greek Civilization over Time: Overview & Chronology
* terms of convenience < material culture (much dispute about chronology)
1. Neolithic ‘Stone Age’
2. Bronze Age (1) Minoan (2) Cycladic (3) Helladic & Mycenaean
a. Indo-Europeans (vs. Semitic)
3. Dark Ages
4. Archaic Period
5. Classical Period
6. Hellenistic Period
III. Geography & Climate: Greece & Greeks in Space
West
Middle
East
Magna Graecia
Mainland
Ionia (W. part of A. Minor)
Sicily
Attica
Islands (Cyclades)
S. Italy
Peloponnesus
N. Greece (Thrace)
1. Geography of Greece & its Effect
1. Mountainous > ‘insularity’ & disunity
2. Barrenness of Land > (1) emigration (2) colonization (W&N) (3) Trade
a. Plus: Olives – Wine –
3. Sea & Islands > trade
IV. PREVIEW: Questions & Emphases
1. Distinct & Unique developments of Greek Society
2. Derivative features of Greek Society & Culture
3. Examination of Greek models in light of Contemporary American/ Western Models
1. Politics:
1. Democracy: nature, role and benefits/liabilities of Democracy
2. Justice: why did the Greeks focus so much on these (Law & Literature)
3. Freedom & Liberty: Slogans?
2. Religion & God(s): role of communal religious activity
3. Law & Litigation
4. Women & Aliens
5. Role of the Arts (Literature, Music, Art & Architecture) > Politics, Society
6. Morals & Social Values: Honor, Shame & Guilt as motives of hum. behav.
7. Psyche & Spirit
8. Nationalism & Regionalism: Greeks vs. Foreigners (“Otherness”)
9. Materialism & Economics
10. Militarism &
11. Competition (Sport, etc.)
12. Daily Life, Family & Household
Near East & Greece (Burkert BMP, Intro)
1. E>W Cultural Interactions & Input (2 major modes)
a. transfer of technology, skills & ideas (POSITIVE)
b. invasion, oppression & exploitation (NEGATIVE)
Hittites
1. discovery as IE language (1915) broke simplistic division of W/E Greek/Semitic
2. MYTH
a. discovery of “Ilyankas and Typhon” = Greek monster Typhon (1930)
b. Kumarbi = Kronos (in Hesiods Theogony)
c. “Kingdom of Heaven” text = Older parallel of Hesiod’s Theogony
Bronze Age
1. WEST – in search of metals & engaged in agriculture
2. EAST – high cultures
a. high state of organization
b. writing
c. power based on (1) Kings and (2) Temples
Bronze Age Collapse: Mediterranean: 1200
1. Greece – Crete – Hittite Anatolia – Syria – Palestine
2. NOT affected: Egypy & Mesopotamia
3. Cyprus (up & down)
Post-Bronze Age Recovery
1. Maritime trade (esp. Metals in W. Medit. by Phoenicians, then Greeks)
2. rise of Assyrian might
3. Alphabet (**accessible now to all eager learners; not just religious & regal scribes)
Assyria, Lydia & the King’s Road – to Nineveh
1. Gyges $$$ < conquest of Greek cities in Asia Minor
2. ‘Vassal’ of King Assurbanipal
Greece’s Benefits
1. Lydia as link between Greek & Assyrian worlds
2. Culture – klinai-couches at symposium-style banquets (Assurbanipal)
Phoenicia’s Demise
1. originally vibrant mariners/traders in Mediterranean
2. Assyrian depradations > SHIFT (Tyre to Carthage) as center of Phoenician culture
Assyria’s Zenith & Downfall
1. Assurbanipal (668-631)
2. 612 destruction of Nineveh (Babylonians & Medes)
Babylon & Nebuchudnezzar’s brief ascendency
Greece & Egypt: Cordial Ties
1. King Psammetichus helped by Greek mercenaries in rebellion vs. Babylonians
a. special ties of Pedon (of Priene) & Psammetichus
2. NAUCRATIS*** (Egyptians allow Greek settlement)
3. PAPYRUS*** (replaces leather as writing material)
________________________________________________
Languages:
1. Sumerian (cuneiform writing) – 3000-2000 bc
a. 1000+ symbol non-alphabetic script
2. Akkadian (cuneiform writing) – Babylonians & Assyrians